Shirley Temple

Shirley Temple Black (born Shirley Jane

Shirley Temple
Temple;[note 1] April 23, 1928 – February 10, 2014)
was an American actress, singer, dancer, and diplomat
who was Hollywood's number one box-office draw as
a child actress from 1934 to 1938. As an adult, she was
named United States ambassador to Ghana and to
Czechoslovakia, and also served as Chief of Protocol of
the United States.

Temple began her film career at the age of three in

1931. Two years later, she achieved international fame
in Bright Eyes, a feature film designed specifically for
her talents. She received a special Juvenile Academy
Award in February 1935 for her outstanding
contribution as a juvenile performer in motion pictures
during 1934. Film hits such as Curly Top and Heidi
followed year after year during the mid-to-late 1930s.
Temple capitalized on licensed merchandise that Temple in 1948
featured her wholesome image; the merchandise 27th United States Ambassador to
included dolls, dishes, and clothing. Her box-office Czechoslovakia
popularity waned as she reached adolescence.[2] She In office
appeared in 29 films from the ages of 3 to 10 but in August 23, 1989 – July 12, 1992
only 14 films from the ages of 14 to 21. Temple retired
President George H. W. Bush
from film in 1950 at the age of 22.[3][4]
Preceded by Julian Niemczyk
In 1958, Temple returned to show business with a two-
Succeeded by Adrian A. Basora
season television anthology series of fairy tale
adaptations. She made guest appearances on television 18th Chief of Protocol of the United States
shows in the early 1960s and filmed a sitcom pilot that In office
was never released. She sat on the boards of July 1, 1976 – January 21, 1977
corporations and organizations, including The Walt President Gerald Ford
Disney Company, Del Monte Foods, and the National
Jimmy Carter
Wildlife Federation.
Preceded by Henry E. Catto Jr.
She began her diplomatic career in 1969, when she was Succeeded by Evan Dobelle
appointed to represent the United States at a session of
9th United States Ambassador to Ghana
the United Nations General Assembly, where she
worked at the U.S. Mission under Ambassador Charles In office
W. Yost. In 1988, she published her autobiography, December 6, 1974 – July 13, 1976
Child Star.[5] President Gerald Ford

Temple was the recipient of numerous awards and Preceded by Fred L. Hadsel
honors, including the Kennedy Center Honors and a Succeeded by Robert P. Smith
Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award. She is
Personal details
Born Shirley Jane Temple
18th on the American Film Institute's list of the greatest April 23, 1928[1]
female American screen legends of classic Hollywood Santa Monica, California, U.S.
cinema.
Died February 10, 2014 (aged 85)
Woodside, California, U.S.
Resting place Alta Mesa Memorial Park,
Contents Palo Alto, California, U.S.
Early years Political party Republican
Film career Spouse(s) John Agar
Roles (m. 1945; div. 1950)
Finances Charles Alden Black
Superstar (m. 1950; died 2005)
1935–1937 Children 3, including Lori Black
1938–1940 Occupation Actress · singer · dancer ·
1941–1950 retirement diplomat · political activist
Radio career Other names Shirley Temple Black
Merchandise and endorsements Years active 1932–1965 (as actress)
Myths and rumors 1967–1992 (as public
Television career servant)

Diplomatic career Signature

Personal life
Breast cancer Website shirleytemple.com (http://shirl
Death eytemple.com)

Awards, honors, and legacy

Filmography
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links

Early years
Shirley Jane Temple was born on April 23, 1928, at Santa Monica Hospital (now UCLA Medical Center)
in Santa Monica, California,[6] the third child of homemaker Gertrude Temple and bank employee George
Temple. The family was of Dutch, English, and German ancestry.[7][8] She had two brothers: John and
George, Jr.[8][9][10] The family moved to Brentwood, Los Angeles.[11]

Her mother encouraged her to develop her singing, dancing, and acting talents, and in September 1931
enrolled her in Meglin's Dance School in Los Angeles.[12][13][14] At about this time, Shirley's mother
began styling her daughter's hair in ringlets.[15]
 While at the dance school, she
was spotted by Charles Lamont,
who was a casting director for
Educational Pictures. Temple hid
behind the piano while she was in
the studio. Lamont took a liking to
Temple, and invited her to
audition; he signed her to a
contract in 1932. Educational
Pictures launched its Baby
Burlesks,[16][17][18][19] 10-minute
comedy shorts satirizing recent
Temple in Glad Rags to Riches films and events, using preschool
(1933) children in every role. Glad Rags Temple as a child in 1938
to Riches was a parody of the Mae
West feature She Done Him
Wrong, with Shirley as a saloon singer. Kid 'n' Africa had Shirley imperiled in the jungle. The Runt Page
was a pastiche of The Front Page. The juvenile cast delivered their lines as best they could, with the
younger players reciting phonetically. Temple became the breakout star of this series, and Educational
promoted her to 20-minute comedies. These were in the Frolics of Youth series with Frank Coghlan Jr.;
Temple played Mary Lou Rogers, the baby sister in a contemporary suburban family.[20] To underwrite
production costs at Educational Pictures, she and her child co-stars modeled for breakfast cereals and other
products.[21][22] She was lent to Tower Productions for a small role in her first feature film (The Red-
Haired Alibi) in 1932[23][24] and, in 1933, to Universal, Paramount, and Warner Bros. Pictures for various
parts[25][26] including an uncredited role as a child whose doll's head is shot off right in front of her in To
the Last Man (1933) starring Randolph Scott and Esther Ralston.

Film career
Fox Film songwriter Jay Gorney was walking out of the viewing
of Temple's last Frolics of Youth picture when he saw her dancing
in the movie theater lobby. Recognizing her from the screen, he
arranged for her to have a screen test for the movie Stand Up and
Cheer! Temple arrived for the audition on December 7, 1933; she
won the part and was signed to a $150-per-week contract that was
guaranteed for two weeks by Fox Film Corporation. The role was
a breakthrough performance for Temple. Her charm was evident to
Fox executives, and she was ushered into corporate offices almost
immediately after finishing "Baby, Take a Bow", a song-and-
Temple's handprints and footprints at
dance number she performed with James Dunn. Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los
Angeles

Roles

Most of the Shirley Temple films were inexpensively made at $200,000 or $300,000 apiece, and were
comedy-dramas with songs and dances added, sentimental and melodramatic situations, and bearing little
production value. Her film titles are a clue to the way she was marketed—Curly Top and Dimples, and her
"little" pictures such as The Little Colonel and The Littlest Rebel. Shirley often played a fixer-upper, a
precocious Cupid, or the good fairy in these films, reuniting her estranged parents or smoothing out the
wrinkles in the romances of young couples.[27] Elements of the traditional fairy tale were woven into her
films: wholesome goodness triumphing over meanness and evil, for example, or wealth over poverty,
marriage over divorce, or a booming economy over a depressed one.[28] As the girl matured into a pre-
adolescent, the formula was altered slightly to encourage her naturalness, naïveté, and tomboyishness to
come forth and shine while her infant innocence, which had served her well at six but was inappropriate for
her tweens (or later childhood years), was toned down.[27]

Biographer John Kasson argues:

In almost all of these films she played the role of emotional healer, mending rifts between
erstwhile sweethearts, estranged family members, traditional and modern ways, and warring
armies. Characteristically lacking one or both parents, she constituted new families of those
most worthy to love and protect her. Producers delighted in contrasting her diminutive stature,
sparkling eyes, dimpled smile, and fifty-six blond curls by casting her opposite strapping
leading men, such as Gary Cooper, John Boles, Victor McLaglen, and Randolph Scott. Yet
her favorite costar was the great African American tap dancer Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, with
whom she appeared in four films, beginning with The Little Colonel (1935), in which they
performed the famous staircase dance.[29]

Biographer Anne Edwards wrote about the tone and tenor of Shirley Temple films:

This was mid-Depression, and schemes proliferated for the care of the needy and the
regeneration of the fallen. But they all required endless paperwork and demeaning, hours-long
queues, at the end of which an exhausted, nettled social worker dealt with each person as a
faceless number. Shirley offered a natural solution: to open one's heart.[30]

Edwards pointed out that the characters created for Temple would change the lives of the cold, the
hardened, and the criminal with positive results. Her films were seen as generating hope and optimism, and
President Franklin D. Roosevelt said, "It is a splendid thing that for just fifteen cents, an American can go
to a movie and look at the smiling face of a baby and forget his troubles."[31][note 2]

Finances

On December 21, 1933, her contract was extended to a year at the same $150 per week with a seven-year
option, and her mother Gertrude was hired at $25 per week as her hairdresser and personal coach.[32]
Released in May 1934, Stand Up and Cheer! became Shirley's breakthrough film.[33] She performed in a
short skit in the film alongside popular Fox star James Dunn, singing and tap dancing. The skit was the
highlight of the film, and Fox executives rushed her into another film with Dunn, Baby Take a Bow (named
after their song in Stand Up and Cheer!). Shirley's third film, also with Dunn, was Bright Eyes, a vehicle
written especially for her.[34]

After the success of her first three films, Shirley's parents realized that their daughter was not being paid
enough money. Her image also began to appear on numerous commercial products without her legal
authorization and without compensation. To get control over the corporate unlicensed use of her image and
to negotiate with Fox, Temple's parents hired lawyer Lloyd Wright to represent them. On July 18, 1934, the
contractual salary was raised to $1,000 per week; meanwhile, her mother's salary was raised to $250 per
week, with an additional $15,000 bonus for each movie finished. Temple's original contract for $150 per
week is equivalent to $2,960 in 2019, adjusted for inflation; however, the economic value of $150 during
the Great Depression was equal to around $18,500 in 2019 money due to the punishing effects of deflation
—six times higher than a surface-level conversion. The subsequent salary increase to $1,000 weekly had
the economic value of $123,000 in 2019 money, and the bonus of $15,000 per movie (equal to $296,000 in
2019) had the purchasing power of $1.85 million (in 2019 money) in a decade when a quarter could buy a
meal.[35] Cease and desist letters were sent out to many companies and the process was begun for awarding
corporate licenses.[36]

On December 28, 1934, Bright Eyes was released. The movie was
the first feature film crafted specifically for Temple's talents and the
first where her name appeared over the title.[37][38] Her signature
song, "On the Good Ship Lollipop", was introduced in the film
and sold 500,000 sheet-music copies. In February 1935, Temple
became the first child star to be honored with a miniature Juvenile
Oscar for her film accomplishments,[39][40][41][note 3] and she
added her footprints and handprints to the forecourt at Grauman's
Chinese Theatre a month later.[42]
Publicity photo of Temple and James
Dunn in Bright Eyes (1934)
Superstar

In 1935, Fox Films merged with Twentieth Century Pictures to

become 20th Century-Fox. Producer and studio head Darryl F. Zanuck focused his attention and resources
upon cultivating Shirley's superstar status. She was said to be the studio's greatest asset. Nineteen writers,
known as the Shirley Temple Story Development team, made 11 original stories and some adaptations of
the classics for her.[43]

In keeping with her star status, Winfield Sheehan built Temple a four-room bungalow at the studio with a
garden, a picket fence, a tree with a swing, and a rabbit pen. The living room wall was painted with a mural
depicting her as a fairy-tale princess wearing a golden star on her head. Under Zanuck, she was assigned a
bodyguard, John Griffith, a childhood friend of Zanuck's,[44] and, at the end of 1935, Frances "Klammie"
Klampt became her tutor at the studio.[45]

1935–1937

In the contract they signed in July 1934, Temple's parents agreed to four films a year (rather than the three
they wished). A succession of films followed: Now and Forever starring Gary Cooper and Carole Lombard
(Temple was billed third with her name above the title beneath Cooper's and Lombard's), The Little
Colonel, Our Little Girl, Curly Top (with the signature song "Animal Crackers in My Soup"), and The
Littlest Rebel in 1935. Curly Top was Temple's last film before the merger between 20th Century Pictures,
Inc. and the Fox Film Corporation.[46] Both Curly Top and The Littlest Rebel were named to Variety's list
of top box office draws for 1935.[47] In 1936, Captain January, Poor Little Rich Girl, Dimples,[note 4] and
Stowaway were released.

Based on Temple's success, Zanuck increased budgets and production values for her films. By the end of
1935, her salary was $2,500 per week.[48] In 1937, John Ford was hired to direct the sepia-toned Wee
Willie Winkie (Temple's own favorite), and an A-list cast was signed, which included Victor McLaglen, C.
Aubrey Smith and Cesar Romero.[49][50] Elaborate sets were built for the production at the famed Iverson
Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Calif., with a rock feature at the heavily filmed location ranch eventually
being named Shirley Temple Rock. The film was a critical and commercial hit.[51]

Temple's parents and Twentieth Century-Fox sued British writer/critic Graham Greene for libel and won.
The settlement remained in trust for the girl in an English bank until she turned 21, when it was donated to
charity and used to build a youth center in England.[52][53]
Heidi was the only other Temple film released in 1937.[52] Midway through shooting of the movie, the
dream sequence was added to the script. There were reports that Temple herself was behind the dream
sequence and she had enthusiastically pushed for it, but in her autobiography she vehemently denied this.
Her contract gave neither her nor her parents any creative control over her movies. She saw this as
Zanuck's refusal to make any serious attempt at building upon the success of her dramatic role in Wee Willie
Winkie.[54]

One of the many examples of how Temple was permeating popular culture at the time is the references to
her in the 1937 film Stand-In: newly minted film studio honcho Atterbury Dodd (played by Leslie Howard)
has never heard of Temple, much to the shock and disbelief of former child star Lester Plum (played by
Joan Blondell), who describes herself as "the Shirley Temple of my day", and performs "On the Good Ship
Lollipop" for him.

1938–1940

The Independent Theatre Owners Association paid for an

advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter in May 1938 that
included Temple on a list of actors who deserved their salaries
while others' (including Katharine Hepburn and Joan
Crawford) "box-office draw is nil".[55]

That year, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, Little Miss

Broadway and Just Around the Corner were released. The
latter two were panned by the critics, and Corner was the first
of her films to show a slump in ticket sales.[56] The following
Play media
year, Zanuck secured the rights to the children's novel A Little
Temple in The Little Princess, her first
Princess, believing the book would be an ideal vehicle for the
color film
girl. He budgeted the film at $1.5 million (twice the amount of
Corner) and chose it to be her first Technicolor feature. The
Little Princess was a 1939 critical and commercial success,
with Shirley's acting at its peak.

Convinced that the girl would successfully move from child star to teenage actress, Zanuck declined a
substantial offer from MGM to star her as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz, and cast her instead in Susannah of
the Mounties, her last money-maker for Twentieth Century Fox.[57][58] The film was successful, but
because she made only two films in 1939, instead of three or four, Shirley dropped from number one box-
office favorite in 1938 to number five in 1939.[59]

In 1939, she was the subject of the Salvador Dalí painting Shirley Temple, The Youngest, Most Sacred
Monster of the Cinema in Her Time, and she was animated with Donald Duck in The Autograph Hound.

In 1940, Lester Cowan, an independent film producer, bought the screen rights to F. Scott Fitzgerald's
"Babylon Revisited and Other Stories" for $80, which was a bargain. Fitzgerald thought his screenwriting
days were over, and, with some hesitation, accepted Cowan's offer to write the screenplay titled
"Cosmopolitan" based on the short story. After finishing the screenplay, Fitzgerald was told by Cowan that
he would not do the film unless Temple starred in the lead role of the youngster Honoria. Fitzgerald
objected, saying that at age 12 (going on twenty), the actress was too worldly for the part and would detract
from the aura of innocence otherwise framed by Honoria's character. After meeting Shirley in July,
Fitzgerald changed his mind, and tried to persuade her mother to let her star in the film. However, her
mother demurred. In any case, the Cowan project was shelved by the producer. Fitzgerald was later
credited with the use of the original story for The Last Time I Saw Paris starring Elizabeth Taylor.[60]
In 1940, Shirley starred in two flops at Twentieth Century Fox—The Blue Bird and Young People.[61][62]
Her parents bought out the remainder of her contract, and sent her—at the age of 12—to Westlake School
for Girls, an exclusive country day school in Los Angeles.[63] At the studio, the girl's bungalow was
renovated, all traces of her tenure expunged, and the building was reassigned as an office.[62]

1941–1950 retirement

After her departure from Twentieth Century-Fox,[note 5] Shirley was signed by MGM for her comeback;
the studio made plans to team her with Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney for the Andy Hardy series.
However, upon meeting with Arthur Freed for a preliminary interview, the MGM producer exposed his
genitals to her. When this elicited nervous giggles in response, Freed threw her out and ended their contract
before any films were produced.[64] The next idea was teaming her with Garland and Rooney for the
musical Babes on Broadway. Fearing that either of the latter two could easily upstage Temple, MGM
replaced her with Virginia Weidler. As a result, her only film for Metro was Kathleen in 1941, a story about
an unhappy teenager. The film was not a success, and her MGM contract was canceled after mutual
consent. Miss Annie Rooney followed for United Artists in 1942, but was unsuccessful.[note 6] The actress
retired from films for almost two years, to instead focus on school and other activities.[65]

In 1944, David O. Selznick signed Temple to a four-year contract. She appeared in two wartime hits: Since
You Went Away, and I'll Be Seeing You. Selznick, however, became romantically involved with Jennifer
Jones and lost interest in developing Temple's career. Temple was then lent to other studios for Kiss and
Tell and The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer starring Cary Grant.[note 7] The Cary Grant picture and Fort
Apache starring John Wayne and Henry Fonda were two of her few hit films at the time.[66] Her then
husband John Agar also appeared in Fort Apache.

According to biographer Robert Windeler, her 1947–1949 films neither made nor lost money, but "had a
cheapie B look about them and indifferent performances from her".[67] Selznick suggested that she move
abroad, gain maturity as an actress, and even change her name. He warned her that she was typecast, and
her career was in perilous straits.[67][68] After unsuccessfully auditioning for the role of Peter Pan on the
Broadway stage in August 1950,[69] Temple took stock and admitted that her recent movies had been poor
fare. She announced her retirement from films on December 16, 1950.[67][70]

Radio career
Temple had her own radio series on CBS. Junior Miss debuted March 4, 1942, in which she played the title
role. The series was based on stories by Sally Benson. Sponsored by Procter & Gamble, Junior Miss was
directed by Gordon Hughes, with David Rose as musical director.[71]

Merchandise and endorsements

John Kasson states:

She was also the most popular celebrity to endorse

merchandise for children and adults, rivaled only by
Mickey Mouse. She transformed children's fashions,
popularizing a toddler look for girls up to the age of
twelve, and by the mid-1930s Ideal Novelty and Toy
Company's line of Shirley Temple dolls accounted for
almost a third of all dolls sold in the country.[29]
 Ideal Toy and Novelty Company in New York City negotiated a
license for dolls with the company's first doll wearing the polka-
dot dress from Stand Up and Cheer! Shirley Temple dolls realized
$45 million in sales before 1941.[72] A mug, a pitcher, and a cereal
bowl in cobalt blue with a decal of the little actress were given
away as a premium with Wheaties.

Successful Shirley Temple items included a line of girls' dresses,

accessories, soap, dishes, cutout books, sheet music, mirrors, paper
tablets, and numerous other items. Before 1935 ended, the girl's
income from licensed merchandise royalties would exceed
Temple leaving the White House
$100,000, which doubled her income from her movies. In 1936,
offices with her mother and her income from royalties topped $200,000. She endorsed Postal
bodyguard John Griffith, 1938 Telegraph, Sperry Drifted Snow Flour, the Grunow Teledial radio,
Quaker Puffed Wheat,[72] General Electric, and Packard
automobiles.[73][note 8]

Alongside licensed merchandise came counterfeit items bearing Temple's likeness to capitalize on her fame,
from dolls, clothing and other accessories to even cigars with her face printed on the label.[74] Temple
lamented in her memoirs that it "made no economic sense" to pursue litigation against those who made
unlicensed goods under her name; a successful lawsuit was filed by Ideal Toy Company against a certain
Lenora Doll Company who manufactured and sold Shirley Temple dolls without authorization, with
Temple herself cited as a co-plaintiff befitting her celebrity status.[75]

Myths and rumors

At the height of her popularity, Temple was often the subject of many myths and rumors, with several being
propagated by the Fox press department. Fox also publicized her as a natural talent with no formal acting or
dance training. As a way of explaining how she knew stylized buck-and-wing dancing, she was enrolled
for two weeks in the Elisa Ryan School of Dancing.[76]

False claims circulated that Temple was not a child, but a 30-year-old dwarf, due in part to her stocky body
type. The rumor was so prevalent, especially in Europe, that the Vatican dispatched Father Silvio Massante
to investigate whether she was indeed a child. The fact that she never seemed to miss any teeth led some
people to conclude that she had all her adult teeth. Temple was actually losing her teeth regularly through
her days with Fox, most notably during the sidewalk ceremony in front of Grauman's Theatre, where she
took off her shoes and placed her bare feet in the cement to take attention away from her face. When acting,
she wore dental plates and caps to hide the gaps in her teeth.[77] Another rumor said her teeth had been
filed to make them appear like baby teeth.[78]

A rumor about Temple's trademark hair was that she wore a wig. On multiple occasions, fans yanked her
hair to test the rumor. She later said she wished all she had to do was wear a wig. The nightly process she
endured in the setting of her curls was tedious and grueling, with weekly vinegar rinses that stung her
eyes.[79]

Rumors spread that her hair color was not naturally blonde. During the making of Rebecca of Sunnybrook
Farm, news spread that she was going to do extended scenes without her trademark curls. During
production, she also caught a cold, which caused her to miss a couple of days. As a result, a false report
originated in Britain that all of her hair had been cut off.[78]
Television career
Between January 1958 and September 1961, Temple hosted and
narrated a successful NBC television anthology series of fairy-tale
adaptations called Shirley Temple's Storybook. Episodes ran one
hour each, and Temple acted in three of the sixteen episodes.
Temple's son made his acting debut in the Christmas episode,
"Mother Goose".[80][81] The series was popular but faced issues.
The show lacked the special effects necessary for fairy tale
dramatizations, sets were amateurish, and episodes were not
telecast in a regular time-slot.[82] The show was reworked and
released in color in September 1960 in a regular time-slot as The
Shirley Temple Show.[83][84] It faced stiff competition from
Maverick, Lassie, Dennis the Menace, the 1960 telecast of The
Wizard of Oz, and the Walt Disney anthology television series
however, and was canceled at season's end in September 1961.[85]

Temple continued to work in television, making guest appearances

Temple in 1965
on The Red Skelton Show, Sing Along with Mitch, and other
shows.[83] In January 1965, she portrayed a social worker in a
pilot called Go Fight City Hall that was never released.[86]

In 1999, she hosted the AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars awards show on CBS, and in 2001 served as a
consultant on an ABC-TV production of her autobiography, Child Star: The Shirley Temple Story.[87]

Motivated by the popularity of Storybook and television broadcasts of Temple's films, the Ideal Toy
Company released a new version of the Shirley Temple doll, and Random House published three fairy-tale
anthologies under her name. Three hundred thousand dolls were sold within six months, and 225,000
books between October and December 1958. Other merchandise included handbags and hats, coloring
books, a toy theater, and a recreation of the Baby, Take a Bow polka-dot dress.[88]

Diplomatic career
Temple became active in the California Republican Party. In 1967,
she ran unsuccessfully in a special election in California's 11th
congressional district to fill the seat left vacant by the death from
leukemia of eight-term Republican J. Arthur Younger.[89][90] She
ran in the open primary as a conservative Republican and came in
second with 34,521 votes (22.44%), behind Republican law
school professor Pete McCloskey, who placed first in the primary
with 52,882 votes (34.37%) and advanced to the general election
with Democrat Roy A. Archibald, who finished fourth with Shirley Temple with Richard Nixon
15,069 votes (9.79%), but advanced as the highest-placed and Brent Scowcroft on February 28,
Democratic candidate. In the general election, McCloskey was 1974
elected with 63,850 votes (57.2%) to Archibald's 43,759 votes
(39.2%). Temple received 3,938 votes (3.53%) as an independent
write-in.[91][92]

Temple was extensively involved with the Commonwealth Club of California, a public-affairs forum
headquartered in San Francisco. She spoke at many meetings throughout the years, and was president for a
period in 1984.[93][94]
Temple got her start in foreign service after her failed run for
Congress in 1967, when Henry Kissinger overheard her talking
about South West Africa at a party. He was surprised that she
knew anything about it.[95] She was appointed as a delegate to the
24th United Nations General Assembly (September – December
1969) by President Richard M. Nixon[96][97][98] and United States
Ambassador to Ghana (December 6, 1974 – July 13, 1976) by
President Gerald R. Ford.[99] She was appointed first female Chief
of Protocol of the United States (July 1, 1976 – January 21, 1977),
and in charge of arrangements for President Jimmy Carter's
inauguration and inaugural ball.[99][100]

She served as the United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia

(August 23, 1989 – July 12, 1992), having been appointed by
President George H. W. Bush,[73] and was the first and only
woman in this job. Temple bore witness to two crucial moments in
the history of Czechoslovakia's fight against communism. She was
in Prague in August 1968, as a representative of the International
Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies, and was going to meet Temple (far left) with First Lady Pat
with Czechoslovakian party leader Alexander Dubček on the very Nixon, and Chief Nana Osae Djan II,
day that Soviet-backed forces invaded the country. Dubček fell out in Ghana, 1972
of favor with the Soviets after a series of reforms, known as the
Prague Spring. Temple, who was stranded at a hotel as the tanks
rolled in, sought refuge on the roof of the hotel. She later reported that it was from there she saw an
unarmed woman on the street gunned down by Soviet forces, the sight of which stayed with her for the rest
of her life.[101]

Later, after she became ambassador to Czechoslovakia, she was present during the Velvet Revolution,
which brought about the end of communism in Czechoslovakia. Temple openly sympathized with anti-
communist dissidents and was ambassador when the United States established formal diplomatic relations
with the newly elected government led by Václav Havel. She took the unusual step of personally
accompanying Havel on his first official visit to Washington, travelling on the same plane.[95]

Temple served on boards of directors of large enterprises and organizations, such as The Walt Disney
Company, Del Monte Foods, Bank of America, Bank of California, BANCAL Tri-State, Fireman's Fund
Insurance, United States Commission for UNESCO, United Nations Association and National Wildlife
Federation.[102]

Personal life
In 1943, 15-year-old Temple met John Agar (1921–2002), an Army Air Corps sergeant, physical training
instructor, and member of a Chicago meat-packing family.[103][104] She married him at age 17 on
September 19, 1945, before 500 guests in an Episcopal ceremony at Wilshire Methodist Church in Los
Angeles.[105][106][107] On January 30, 1948, Temple bore a daughter, Linda Susan.[105][108][109] Agar
became an actor, and the couple made two films together, Fort Apache (1948) and Adventure in Baltimore
(1949), for RKO. Temple divorced Agar on December 5, 1949, and was awarded custody of their
daughter.[109]

In January 1950, Temple met Charles Alden Black, a World War II Navy intelligence officer and Silver
Star recipient who was Assistant to the President of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company.[110][111]
Conservative and patrician, he was the son of James Black, president and later chairman of Pacific Gas and
Electric, and reputedly one of the richest young men in California. Temple and Black were married in his
parents' Del Monte, California home on December 16, 1950, before a
small assembly of family and friends.[105][111][112]

The family moved to Washington, D.C., when Black was recalled to the
Navy at the outbreak of the Korean War.[113] On April 28, 1952, Temple
gave birth to a son, Charles Alden Black Jr., in Washington.[105][114][115]
Following the war's end and Black's discharge from the Navy, the family
returned to California in May 1953. Black managed television station
KABC-TV in Los Angeles, and Temple became a homemaker. Their
daughter, Lori, was born on April 9, 1954;[105] she went on to be a bassist
for the rock band the Melvins.

In September 1954, Charles Sr. became director of business operations for

the Stanford Research Institute, and the family moved to Atherton, Shirley Temple with her
California.[116] The couple were married for 54 years until his death on daughter Linda Susan (1948)
August 4, 2005, at his home in Woodside, California, of complications
from a bone marrow disease.[117]

Breast cancer

At age 44, in 1972, Temple was diagnosed with breast cancer. The tumor was removed and a modified
radical mastectomy performed. At the time, cancer was typically discussed in hushed whispers, and
Temple's public disclosure was a significant milestone in improving breast cancer awareness and reducing
stigma around the disease.[118] She announced the results of the operation on radio and television and in a
February 1973 article for the magazine McCall's.

Death
Temple died at age 85 on February 10, 2014, at her home in Woodside, California.[119][120] The cause of
death, according to her death certificate released on March 3, 2014, was chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD).[121] Temple was a lifelong cigarette smoker but avoided displaying her habit in public
because she did not want to set a bad example for her fans.[122] She is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial
Park.[123]

Awards, honors, and legacy

Temple was the recipient of many awards and honors, including a special Juvenile Academy Award,[105]
the Life Achievement Award from the American Center of Films for Children,[99] the National Board of
Review Career Achievement Award,[124] Kennedy Center Honors,[125][126] and the Screen Actors Guild
Life Achievement Award.[127]

On March 14, 1935, Shirley left her footprints and handprints in the wet cement at the forecourt of
Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. She was the Grand Marshal of the New Year's Day Rose
Parade in Pasadena, California, three times in 1939, 1989, and 1999. On February 8, 1960, she received a
star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[128][129] In
February 1980, Temple was honored by the Freedoms Foundation of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, along
with U.S. Senator Jake Garn, actor James Stewart, singer John Denver, and Tom Abraham, an American
businessman who worked with immigrants seeking to become U.S. citizens.[130]
 On September 11, 2002, a life-size bronze statue of the child Temple by
sculptor Nijel Binns was erected on the Fox Studio lot.[131]

Her name is further immortalized by the mocktail named after her,

although Temple found the drink far too sweet for her palate.[132][133] In
1988, Temple brought a lawsuit to prevent a bottled soda version from
using her name.[134][135]

On June 9, 2021, Temple was featured on that day's Google Doodle in

celebration of the opening anniversary of "Love, Shirley Temple” a special
exhibit featuring a collection of her rare memorabilia at Santa Monica
History Museum.[136]

Temple wearing the Filmography

Kennedy Center Honors,
1998
See also
List of former child actors from the United States
List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees

Notes
1. While Temple occasionally used "Jane" as a middle name, her birth certificate reads
"Shirley Temple". Her birth certificate was altered to prolong her babyhood shortly after she
signed with Fox in 1934; her birth year was advanced from 1928 to 1929. Even her baby
book was revised to support the 1929 date. She confirmed her true age when she was 21
(Burdick 5; Edwards 23n, 43n).
2. Shirley and her parents traveled to Washington, D.C. late in 1935 to meet Roosevelt and his
wife Eleanor. The presidential couple invited the Temple family to a cook-out at their home,
where Eleanor, bending over an outdoor grill, was hit smartly in the rear with a pebble from
the slingshot that Shirley carried everywhere in her little lace purse (Edwards 81).
3. Temple was presented with a full-sized Oscar in 1985 (Edwards 357).
4. In Dimples, Temple was upstaged for the first time in her film career by Frank Morgan, who
played Professor Appleby with such zest as to render the child actress almost the amateur
(Windeler 175).
5. In 1941, Temple worked radio with four shows for Lux soap and a four-part Shirley Temple
Time for Elgin. Of radio, she said, "It's adorable. I get a big thrill out of it, and I want to do as
much radio work as I can." (Windeler 43)
6. The teenager received her first on-screen kiss in the film (from Dickie Moore, on the cheek)
(Edwards 136).
7. When she took her first on-screen drink (and spat it out) in Bobby-Soxer, the Women's
Christian Temperance Union protested that unthinking teenagers might do the same after
seeing the teenage Shirley in the films (Life Staff 140).
8. In the 1990s, audio recordings of the girl's film songs and videos of her films were released,
but she received no royalties. Porcelain dolls were created by Elke Hutchens. The Danbury
Mint released plates and figurines depicting her in her film roles, and, in 2000, a porcelain
tea set (Burdick 136)

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Further reading
Basinger, Jeanine (1993). A Woman's View: How Hollywood Spoke to Women, 1930–1960
(https://archive.org/details/womansviewhowhol00basi). Wesleyan University Press.
pp. 262ff. ISBN 978-0-394-56351-0.
Best, Marc (1971). Those Endearing Young Charms: Child Performers of the Screen. South
Brunswick and New York: Barnes & Co. pp. 251–255.
Bogle, Donald (2001) [1974]. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks: An Interpretive
History of Blacks in American Films (https://archive.org/details/tomscoonsmulatto0004bogl).
The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. pp. 45 (https://archive.org/details/tomsco
onsmulatto0004bogl/page/n74)–52. ISBN 978-0-8264-1267-6.
Cook, James W.; Glickman, Lawrence B.; O'Malley, Michael (2008). The Cultural Turn in
U.S. History: Past, Present, and Future. University of Chicago Press. pp. 186ff. ISBN 978-0-
226-11506-1.
Dye, David (1988). Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914–
1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., pp. 227–228.
Everett, Charles (2004) [1974]. "Shirley Temple and the House of Rockefeller" (http://www.ej
umpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC02folder/shirleytemple.html). Jump Cut: A Review of
Contemporary Media (2): 1, 17–20. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190803165832/
http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC02folder/shirleytemple.html) from the
original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
Kasson, John F. The Little Girl Who Fought the Great Depression: Shirley Temple and
1930s America (2014) Excerpt (https://www.amazon.com/Little-Girl-Fought-Great-Depressio
n/dp/0393240797/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160316202846/http://www.ama
zon.com/Little-Girl-Fought-Great-Depression/dp/0393240797) March 16, 2016, at the
Wayback Machine
Minott, Rodney G. The Sinking of the Lollipop: Shirley Temple vs. Pete McCloskey (1968).
Thomson, Rosemarie Garland, ed. (1996). Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the
Extraordinary Body. New York University Press. pp. 185–203. ISBN 978-0-8147-8217-0.
External links
Official website (http://www.shirleytemple.com/)
Shirley Temple (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000073/) at IMDb
Shirley Temple (https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/190104/wp) at the TCM Movie Database

Shirley Temple (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/124923538) at Find a Grave

Photographs of Shirley Temple (http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/1027/shirley-te
mple)
Wee Willie Winkie at the Iverson Movie Ranch (http://iversonmovieranch.blogspot.com/201
1/12/wee-willie-winkie-and-shirley-temple.html)
Norwood, Arlisha. "Shirley Temple" (https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/bio
graphies/shirley-temple). National Women's History Museum. 2017.
Image of Shirley Temple and Eddie Cantor cutting President Franklin D. Roosevelt's
birthday cake in Los Angeles, California, 1937. (http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?a
rk=21198/zz0002vgkx) Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA
Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California,
Los Angeles.

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