03 Loads On Structures

LOADS ON STRUCTURES
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Determine the different type of loads a
structure is subjected to
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
The objective of a structural engineer is to design a structure
that will be able to withstand all the loads to which it is subjected
while serving its intended purpose throughout its intended lifespan.
In designing a structure, an engineer must consider all the loads
that can realistically be expected to act on the structure during its
planned lifespan.
Three types of loads will be discussed in this topic , which are:
dead loads, live loads and wind loads. Analysis of earthquake
loads will be discussed in another course/subject for the civil
engineering curriculum.
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
DEAD LOADS
These are gravity loads of constant magnitudes and fixed positions
that act permanently on the structure. Such loads consist of the
weights of the structural system itself and of all other materials and
equipment permanently attached to the structural system. For a
building structure, the dead loads include the weight of the
frames, framing and bracing sytem, floors, roofs, ceilings, walls,
stairways, heating and air- conditioning system, plumbing,
electrical system and so forth.
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
DEAD LOADS
(Section 204.3, NSCP 2015) The actual weights of materials and
construction shall be used in determining dead loads for purposes
of design. In the absence of definite information, it shall be
permitted to use the minimum values in Table 204-1 and 204-2.
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
LIVE LOADS
These are loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by
the use of the structure. Sometimes, the term live loads is used to
refer to all loads on the structure that are not dead loads,
including environmental loads, such as snow loads or wind loads.
However since the probabilities of occurrence for environmental
loads are different from those due to the use of structures, the
current codes use the term live loads to refer only to those variable
loads caused by the use of the structure.
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
LIVE LOADS
The magnitudes of design live loads are usually specified in
building codes. The position of live load may change, so each
member of the structure must be designed for the position of the
load that causes the maximum stress in that member. Different
members of a structure may reach their maximum stress levels at
different positions of the given load.
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
LIVE LOADS
(Section 205.3, NSCP 2015) Floors shall be designed for the unit live
loads as set forth in Table 205-1. These loads shall be taken as the
minimum live loads of horizontal projection to be used in the
design of buildings for the occupancies listed, and loads at least
equal shall be assumed for uses not listed in this section but that
creates or accommodates similar loadings.
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
LIVE LOADS
Where it can be determined in designing floors that the actual live
load will be greater than the value shown in Table 205-1, the
actual live load shall be used in the design of such buildings or
portion thereof. Special provisions shall be made for machine and
apparatus loads.
Where uniform floor loads are involved, consideration may be
limited to full dead load on all spans in combination with full live
load on adjacent spans and alternate spans.
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
REDUCTION OF LIVE LOADS (Section 205.5, NSCP 2015)
The design live load determined using the unit live load as set forth in Table 205-1
for floors and Table 205-3, Method 2, for roofs may be reduced on any member
supporting more than 15 m2, including flat slabs, except for floors in places of
public assembly and for live loads greater than 4.8 KPa, in accordance with the
following equation:
R = r( A – 15) (205-1)
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
The reduction shall not exceed 40 percent for members receiving load from one
level only, 60 percent for other members or R, as determined by the following
equation:
R = 23.1 ( 1 + D/L) (205-2)
WHERE:
A = area of floor or roof supported by the member, M2

D = dead load per square meter of area supported by the member, KPa
L = unit live load per square meter of area supported by the member, KPa
R = reduction in percentage
r = rate of reduction equal to 0.08 for floors. See table 205-3 for roofs
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
For storage loads exceeding 4.8 KPa, no reduction shall be made, except the
design live loads on columns may be reduced 20 percent.
The live load reduction shall not exceed 40 percent in garages for the storage of
private pleasure cars having a capacity of not more than nine passengers per
vehicle.
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
ALTERNATE FLOOR LIVE LOAD REDUCTION ( Section 205.6, NSCP
2015)
As an alternate to Equation 205-1, the unit live load set forth in Table 205-1 may
be reduced in accordance with Equation 205-3 on any member, including flat
slabs, having an influence area of 40 m2 or more.
Where:
A1 = influence area, m2
L = reduced design live load per square meter of area supported by the member
Lo = unreduced design live load per square meter of area supported by the member (
Table 205-1)
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
ALTERNATE FLOOR LIVE LOAD REDUCTION ( Section 205.6, NSCP
2015)
The influence area A1 is four times the tributary area for a column, two times the
tributary area for a beam, equal to the panel area for a two-way slab, and
equal to the product of the span and the full flange width for a pre-cast T-
beam.
The reduced live load shall not be less than 50 percent of the unit live load Lo for
members receiving load from one level only, nor less than 40 percent of the unit
live load Lo for other members.
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
EXAMPLE:
1. A four-storey building has interior columns 7.5 meters apart in one direction
and 6.5 meters in the transverse direction. Given design loads are: Roof: DL = 5
KPa, LL = 0; Typical each floor, DL = 8 KPa; LL=3.8KPa in the 4th floor, 4.2 KPa in
the 3rd floor and 4.8 KPa in the 2nd floor. Determine the following:
a. Total axial service live load on a column at the 2nd floor.
b. Total axial service load on a column at the 2nd floor.
c. Total axial service load on a column at the ground floor.
d. Total factored/ultimate load on a column at the ground floor.
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
EXAMPLE:
2. The floor framing plan shown in Fig. 2-1 is that for the upper floor of a building
where the specified live load is 3.0 KN/m2. The 0.15m thick concrete slabs which
are supported by 0.30m x 0.50m reinforced concrete (RC) beams are finished
with cement finish on stone-concrete fill with a unit weight of 1.10 KN/m2.
Exterior partitions are 3.25m high 100 mm CHB plastered on both sides with a unit
weight of 2.5 KPa. Ceiling weighs 0.24 KPa while reinforced concrete weighs 23.6
KN/cubic meter. Determine the total uniformly distributed service load and total
uniformly distributed ultimate load acting on beams ABCD and EFGH. ( No
partitions on beams EFGH).
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
EXAMPLE:
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
EXAMPLE:
3. Shown in Fig. 2-4 is a building frame that supports a 120mm thick reinforced
concrete slab, 0.30mx0.45m shorter RC beam ( beams AH, BG, CF and DE)
0.30m x 0.50m longer beams ( beams AD and HE) with a unit weight of 23.6
KN/m3 , floor finish with a unit weight of 0.77 KPa and a uniform live load of 4.8
KPa. Edge beams carry 100mm CHB with a height of 3.2 m with a unit weight of
2.5 KPa. Determine the following:
a. Reaction at point B of beam BG.
b. Reaction at point A of beam AH.
c. Reaction at point A of beam AD
d. Negative moment at the supports of beam AD
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
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What are the three main types of loads discussed in the document?

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LOADS ON STRUCTURES

A = area of floor or roof supported by the member, M2

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