PRESENTATION

ON
HISTORY OF AVIATION ,
CLASSIFICATION OF
ROCKETS AND MISSILES

FROM :-
TEJAS C C AND TEAM
 MEDIEVAL TIMES
• People have wanted to fly from ancient times, we all know
the story of Icarus who wanted to fly, wanted to reach for
the sun, There is something about 'Hubris' but it is also
about the wish to fly. And also in the Medieval times
Leonardo da Vinci was someone that was inspired by these
dreams.
• He made his paintings which showed that he understood the
aerodynamics of flight. But he also actually designed flying
vehicles. He studied nature and then wanted to mimic
nature with technology, and we see here for instance a
primitive helicopter, which shows a sort of air screw to lift
off.
 HISTORY OF
AVIATION
The 20th Century is often called as “The Century Of Flight” because all major developments in aviation occurred
in this century . In The first aircraft to carry a human in the air propelled by an engine the Wright Flyer is the
one that kicked it all off . A lot obviously has happened in these 100 years, to get from the situation where it was
very hard to get one person in air, to carrying hundreds of passengers in one go.

EARLY PIONEERS (1890-1900)

• It started actually before the 20th Century, Otto Lilienthal constructed his own hill in the vicinity of berlin and
with his hang gliders jumped off and tried to investigate different airfoil and the basic principles of how to
generate lift . He also crashed at some point when he got into a spin and he got injured and a day later he
actually died. He generated a lot of data for the Wright Brothers, and the wright brothers started off with this
and other data, and built their own wind tunnel, and they were very much afraid that the same would happen
to them as what happened to Otto Lilienthal. So they were anxious to make sure that their aircraft were
controllable , were sufficiently stable and in Europe people were even building aircraft so stable that it was
impossible to make a turn.
• So there were a number of challenges set, but one of the challenges were the wright brothers made a huge
leap was to make an aircraft that was agile, that could still turn but it was not too stable, that it could fly in a
straight line.
OTTO LILIENTAL’s Glider
 WRIGHT FLYER - THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL AIRPLANE
• Buoyant over the success of their 1902 glider, the Wright brothers were no longer content to merely add to the growing
body of aeronautical knowledge; they were going to invent the airplane. Still, they recognized that much hard work lay
ahead, especially the creation of a propulsion system. During the spring and summer of 1903, they were consumed with
leaping that final hurdle into history. On December 17, 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright made four brief flights at Kitty
Hawk with their first powered aircraft.  The fourth and final of December 17, 1903, was the longest: 852 feet (260 m)
covered in 59 seconds.  The original is at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.
• To design their first powered airplane, which they simply called the Flyer, the Wrights returned to their wind tunnel data
and the lift and drag equations. To carry the weight of an engine, propellers, and added structural reinforcement, they had
to increase the wing area to more than 500 square feet. Allowing 200 pounds for the propulsion system, they estimated
that the aircraft with pilot would weigh 625 pounds. Based on this estimate, they calculated power, thrust, and speed
requirements and concluded they needed an 8-horsepower engine generating 90 pounds of thrust to achieve a minimum
airspeed of 23 miles per hour. The Wrights used their proven canard biplane configuration. Key to the Flyer’s success was
its three-axis control system, which featured wing-warping for lateral balance, a moveable rudder, and an elevator for pitch
control. The right wing was four inches longer than the left to compensate for the engine being heavier than and mounted
to the right of the pilot. The wings were rigged with a slight droop to reduce the effects of crosswinds.
• In 1904, the Wrights continued refining their designs and piloting techniques in order to obtain fully controlled flight.
Major progress toward this goal was achieved with a new Flyer called the Wright Flyer II in 1904 and even more decisively
in 1905 with a third Flyer, Wright Flyer III, in which Wilbur made a 39-minute, 24-mile (39 km) nonstop circling flight on
October 5. While the 1903 Wright Flyer was clearly a historically important test vehicle, its hallowed status in the
American imagination has obscured the role of its two successors in the continuing development that led to the Wrights'
mastery of controlled powered flight in 1905.
“After a while they shook hands, and we couldn’t help notice how they held on to each other’s hand, sort
of like they hated to let go; like two folks parting who weren’t sure they’d ever see each other again.”
John T. Daniels, Kitty Hawk lifesaving crewman,
recalling the moments before the first flight
HOW WORLD WAR I CHANGED AVIATION FOREVER
 DEVELOPMENT OF AVIATION
• What really accelerated the development of aviation was the First World War. The military
were among the first to adopt this new technology, first for reconnaissance later also to
drop bombs(initially with bare hands) out of the airplane onto to the troops on the
ground. Biplane was the standard aircraft , it was easier to construct a biplane than a
monoplane and in this way they created a stiff structure and of course they thought “well
two wings, you have perhaps twice as much lift”, which is by the way not the Case.
• All these aircrafts were built for military purposes, so at the end of the first world war all
these aircrafts were there while there was no war anymore, and this spurred the
development of this aviation sector. So starting off with transporting mail but also later
passengers, the first airlines were created, initially using bombers and aircraft from the
first world war. Also there was some continued development in aerodynamics, for
instance we see in the biplanes we see that the wings are relatively slim but mister Fokker
found out that when he tried a thick airfoil on the Fokker VII , it was possible to construct
a monoplane which has very good aerodynamic properties . So not only was it easier to
construct a stiff wing when the wing is thicker, in fact aerodynamically for low speeds this
turned out to be a heck of an idea.
THIS IS A PASSENGER AIRCRAFT, DEVELOPED NOT AS A BOMBER BUT MAINLY TO TRANSPORT
PASSENGERS WHICH WERE AMONG THE FIRST USES OF THESE AIRCRAFTS OUTSIDE WARTIME
 WW II: JETS
• Jet Engine was an invention actually slightly before the Second World War, it was already in 1936, the jet engine was
invented in Germany and then the design of the Messerchmitt 262 was started . The Messerschmitt Me 262,
nicknamed Schwalbe (German: "Swallow") in fighter versions, or Sturmvogel (German: "Storm Bird") in fighter-bomber
versions, was the world's first  jet-powered aircraft that reached the operational status. It was a huge leap in technology,
using this jet, which allowed fighters to fly faster and higher. This aircraft reached operational status in 1944 and only
produced in little numbers and that is why it did not really affect the outcome of the second world war. Had it been
invented earlier things might have been very very different. Its Top speed Was 540m/ph. Design work started before 
World War II began, but problems with engines, metallurgy and top-level interference kept the aircraft from operational
status with the Luftwaffe until mid-1944. The Me 262 was faster and more heavily armed than any Allied fighter, including
the British jet-powered Gloster Meteor. Me 262 pilots claimed a total of 542 Allied aircraft shot down, although higher
claims are sometimes made . The Allies countered its effectiveness in the air by attacking the aircraft on the ground and
during takeoff and landing.
• The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied
 countries before, during, and after World War II. It was also the only British fighter produced continuously throughout the
war. During the Battle of Britain, from July to October 1940, the public perceived the Spitfire to be the main RAF fighter,
though the more numerous Hurricane shouldered a greater proportion of the burden against Nazi Germany's air force, the 
Luftwaffe. However, Spitfire units had a lower attrition rate and a higher victory-to-loss ratio than those flying Hurricanes
because of the Spitfire's higher performance. During the battle, Spitfires were generally tasked with engaging Luftwaffe
fighters—mainly Messerschmitt Bf 109E-series aircraft, which were a close match for them. What gave it an edge over
Messerchmitt was its high maneuvarablity .Its top speed was recorded to be 600m/ph . But Messeschmitt was faster at
higher altititude.
MESSERSCHMITT 262
SUPERMARINE SPITFIRE
 COLD WAR: X-PLANES
• Ofcourse the development of faster and higher aircraft continued post WORLD WAR II, mainly for the cold
war. The allied forces were getting into a competition in technology and one of the things that drove the
development of aviation was the X Planes Programme. It started around 1946-1947, and this is the Bell X-1
for instance, a rocket aircraft, which is the first aircraft to reach supersonic flight, to exceed mach 1 .
Controlled by famous test pilot Chuck Yeager. This X-1 was the first of a whole range of X-planes, for
instance another famous one is the X-15, an aircraft which was the first to exceed the 100 kilometre limit in
altitude , and this is also seen as sort of the border of space, so this is in fact the first space plane.
• And the cold war was not only something that took place in aeronautics, but extended into the space race in
the sixties and this aircraft was developed in 1963, a hypersonic plane for very high altitude and prepared
for hypersonic re entry from space. The space race then continued and of course the many technological
innovations for astronautics are also used in aeronautics .Here we see the Apollo mission, the culmination of
the space race, while initially the Soviets had a head start, in the end the manned mission to the moon was
reached first by the Americans . And currently to get into space we are again dependent on the Soviets, so
who the final winner of the space race is, is something you could debate.
• Also in The Gulf War for the first time the stealth technology was used . For Ex: F-117
 HOW BOEING 747 CHANGED THE WAY
AIRPLANES ARE DESIGNED
• The Boeing 747 is a large, long-range wide-body airliner manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in
the United States.  During 1960’s commercial aviation boomed . Pan American Airlines wanted a
jet 21⁄2 times its size, to reduce its seat cost by 30% and to democratize air travel. So they proposed Boeing
to design the largest commercial airplane ever built which almost ended the company. In April 1966, Pan
Am ordered 25 Boeing 747-100 aircraft for US$525 Million and in late 1966, Pratt & Whitney agreed to
develop its JT9D engine, a high-bypass turbofan. On September 30, 1968, the first 747 was rolled out of
the custom-built Everett Plant, the world's largest building by volume(98.7 acres) . The first flight took
place on February 9, 1969, and the 747 was certified in December of that year. It entered service with Pan
Am on January 22, 1970. The 747 was the first airplane dubbed a "Jumbo Jet", the first wide-body airliner.
The High-Bypass Turbofan Engine was a major revolution in aviation.
• As it had twice the number of passengers onboard compared to previous airplanes, the lift had to be
significantly doubled . So the wing surface area was increased by 20% by the use of high lift devices (about
36 in number) which lead to increase in lift by nearly 90% . A completely new engine had to be designed
for the jumbo jet which lead to the development of a high by-pass turbofan engine . It did really create
history.
BOEING 747 (“QUEEN OF THE SKIES”) BeSides Douglas DC-10
ROCKETS
V-2 ( THE WORLD’s FIRST LONG-RANGE GUIDED
MISSILE)
The V-2 (German: Vergeltungswaffe 2, "Retribution Weapon
2"), with the technical name Aggregat 4 (A4), was the world's
first long-range[4] guided ballistic missile. The missile,
powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine, was developed
during the Second World War in Germany as a "
vengeance weapon" and assigned to attack Allied cities as
retaliation for the Allied bombings against German cities.
The V-2 rocket also became the first artificial object to travel
into space by crossing the Kármán line with the vertical
launch of MW 18014 on 20 June 1944.
 Beginning in September 1944, over 3,000 V-2s were
launched by the German Wehrmacht against Allied targets,
first London and later Antwerp and Liège. According to a
2011 BBC documentary, the attacks from V-2s resulted in the
deaths of an estimated 9,000 civilians and military personnel.
Wernher Von Braun was the man behind the V-2 Rocket .
 ROCKETS
A rocket engine is the device or mechanism that converts the energy into
suitable form and ejects stored matter to derive momentum. The working
fluid or the ejected matter in rocket propulsion is called the propellant.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKETS
Accordingly, the various propulsion devices can
be categorized into
1. Chemical propulsion
2. Nuclear energy propulsion
3. Solar energy propulsion and
4. Electric energy propulsion
 CHEMICAL PROPELLANT ROCKET
A. SOLID PROPELLENT ROCKETS:
It consists of a case or tube in which the propellants are packed. Modern rockets use’s cases made of a thin
and lightweight metal such as aluminum. Making the case from thin metal reduces the overall weight of the
structure and increases flight performance. The propellant in solid rockets is packed inside the insulated
case. It can be packed as a solid mass or it may have a hollow core. With a hollow core, the propellants burn
much more rapidly because the entire face of the core is ignited at one time. The advantage of a hollow core
1. The propellant mass burns faster, increasing thrust.
2. To make solid rockets even more powerful, the core doesn’t have to be round. It can have other shapes
that increase the surface area available for burning.
B. Liquid propellant rockets:
A liquid rocket has two tanks within its body. One tank contains a fuel, such as kerosene or liquid hydrogen.
The other tank contains liquid oxygen. When the liquid rocket engine is fired, high-speed pumps force the
propellants into a cylindrical or spherical combustion chamber.
The fuel and oxidizer mix as they are sprayed into the chamber. There they ignite, creating huge quantities of
combustion products that shoot through the throat and are focused downward by the nozzle.
NUCLER ENERGY PROPULSION ROCKET
It is a type of thermal rocket where the heat from a nuclear
reaction, often nuclear fission, replaces the chemical energy of
the propellants in a chemical rocket . A working fluid, usually
liquid hydrogen, is heated to a high temperature in a nuclear
reactor and then expands through a rocket nozzle to create
thrust. The external nuclear heat source theoretically allows a
higher effective exhaust velocity and is expected to double or
triple payload capacity compared to chemical propellants that
store energy internally.

SOLAR ENERGY PRPULSION ROCKET

It is a theoretical spacecraft propulsion system that would make use
of solar power to directly heat reaction mass, and therefore would
not require an electrical generator.
The rocket would only have to carry the means of capturing solar
energy, such as concentrators and mirrors. The heated propellant
would be fed through a conventional rocket nozzle to produce
thrust. Its engine thrust would be directly related to the surface area
of the solar collector and to the local intensity of the solar radiation.
 MISSILES
 Missileis a guided airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight usually by a jet
engine or rocket motor. Missiles have mainly five system components: targeting, guidance
system, flight system, engine and warhead.
• Targeting: target the missile by knowing the location of the target and using a
guidance system such as INS, TERCOM or satellite guidance.
• Guidance system: Guide the missile to the target location by means of the  radiation,
such as infrared ,lasers or radio waves .
• Flight system:  The flight system uses the data from the targeting or guidance system to
maneuver the missile in flight.
• Engine: Provide thrust for high speed moment of the missile.
• Warhead: The warheads of a missile provide its primary destructive power.
Classification based on types:
1. Cruise missiles 2. Ballistic missiles
Cruise missile :A cruise missile is a guided missile (target has to be pre-set) used against terrestrial targets. It remains in
the atmosphere throughout its flight.
Ballistic missile: A ballistic missile follows a ballistic trajectory(Parabolic) to deliver one or more warheads on a
predetermined target. A ballistic trajectory is the path of an object that is launched but has no active propulsion during
its actual flight.

• SUPERSONIC CRUISE MISSILE(BRAHMOS)

NIRBHAY CRUISE MISSILE HYPERSONIC CRUISE MISSILE

(BRAHMOS)
BALLISTIC MISSILES

Tactical BALLISTIC MISSILE(PRAHAAR) SABMARINE BALLISTIC MISSILE(SAGARIKA)

THEATRE BALLISTIC MISSILE

(TR-1 TEMP)
Classification based on launch mode :

1. Surface To Surface:
Missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike
targets on land or at sea.

EX:- PRITHVI

2. Surface To Air:
Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles.
EX:- AKASH
3.Air To Air:
Missile fired from an aircraft for the purpose of destroying another aircraft.
EX:- ASTRA MK-1

4.Air To Surface:  
Missile designed to be launched from military aircraft at targets on land or sea.
EX:-BRAHMOS
Classification based on range:
1. Short range:
Missile with a range of about 1,000 kilometers or less.
EX:- PRITHVI

2. Medium range:
Missile with a range of about 1,000 km to 3500km.
EX:- AGNI II
3. Intermediate ballistic missile:
Missile with a range of about 3500km to 5500km .
EX:- AGNI-III

4. Intercontinental ballistic missile:

Missile with range more than 5500km
EX:- AGNI V
Classification based on propulsion:

1.Solid propulsion missile:

Missiles with a rocket engine that uses solid propellant  (fuel/oxidizer).
EX:- AGNI V

2.Liquid propulsion missile:  

Utilizes a rocket engine that uses liquid propellant.
EX:- PRITHVI II
3.Hybrid propulsion missile:
 Contains a rocket motor that uses rocket propellant  in two different phases one solid and the other either
gas or liquid. 
EX:- SCRAMJET MISSILE (BRAHMOS II)
 L L
U A
Y O M
G E A
IN T
N K ND
HA A
T OM C C
FR JAS
TE