ABAQUS中定义弹簧单元

ABAQUS 中定义弹簧单元
2011-12-16 17:57
Abaqus Analysis User's Manual
29.1.1 Springs
Products: Abaqus/Standard Abaqus/Explicit Abaqus/CAE
References
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Overview
Spring elements:
 can couple a force with a relative displacement;

 in Abaqus/Standard can couple a moment with a relative
rotation;
 can be linear or nonlinear;
 if linear, can be dependent on frequency in direct-solution
steady-state dynamic analysis;
 can be dependent on temperature and field variables; and
 can be used to assign a structural damping factor to form the
imaginary part of spring stiffness.
The terms “force” and “displacement” are used throughout the

description of spring elements. When the spring is associated with
displacement degrees of freedom, these variables are the force and
relative displacement in the spring. If the springs are associated
with rotational degrees of freedom, they are torsional springs;
these variables will then be the moment transmitted by the spring
and the relative rotation across the spring.
Viscoelastic spring behavior can be modeled in Abaqus/Standard by

combining frequency-dependent springs and frequency-dependent
dashpots.
Typical applications
Spring elements are used to model actual physical springs as well as

idealizations of axial or torsional components. They can also model
restraints to prevent rigid body motion.
They are also used to represent structural dampers by specifying

structural damping factors to form the imaginary part of the spring
stiffness.
Choosing an appropriate element
SPRING1 and SPRING2 elements are available only in Abaqus/Standard.

SPRING1 is between a node and ground, acting in a fixed direction.
SPRING2 is between two nodes, acting in a fixed direction.
The SPRINGA element is available in both Abaqus/Standard and

Abaqus/Explicit. SPRINGA acts between two nodes, with its line of
action being the line joining the two nodes, so that this line of
action can rotate in large-displacement analysis.
The spring behavior can be linear or nonlinear in any of the spring

elements in Abaqus.
Element types SPRING1 and SPRING2 can be associated with

displacement or rotational degrees of freedom (in the latter case,
as torsional springs). However, the use of torsional springs in
large-displacement analysis requires careful consideration of the
definition of total rotation at a node; therefore, connector
elements () are usually a better approach to providing torsional
springs for large-displacement cases.
Input File Usage:
Use the following option to specify a
spring element between a node and ground,
acting in a fixed direction:
, TYPE=SPRING1

spring element between two nodes, acting
in a fixed direction:
, TYPE=SPRING2

spring element between two nodes with its
line of action being the line joining the
two nodes:
, TYPE=SPRINGA
Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Property or Interaction module:
SpecialSprings/DashpotsCreate, then select one of
the following:
Connect points to ground: select points: toggle
on Spring stiffness
(equivalent to SPRING1)
Connect two points: select points: Axis: Specify
fixed direction: toggle on Spring stiffness
(equivalent to SPRING2)
Connect two points: select points: Axis: Follow
line of action: toggle on Spring stiffness
(equivalent to SPRINGA)
Stability considerations in Abaqus/Explicit
A SPRINGA element introduces a stiffness between two degrees of

freedom without introducing an associated mass. In an explicit
dynamic procedure this represents an unconditionally unstable
element. The nodes to which the spring is attached must have some
mass contribution from adjacent elements; if this condition is not
satisfied, Abaqus/Explicit will issue an error message. If the
spring is not too stiff (relative to the stiffness of the adjacent
elements), the stable time increment determined by the explicit
dynamics procedure () will suffice to ensure stability of the
calculations.
Abaqus/Explicit does not use the springs in the determination of the

stable time increment. During the data check phase of the analysis,
Abaqus/Explicit computes the minimum of the stable time increment
for all the elements in the mesh except the spring elements. The
program then uses this minimum stable time increment and the
stiffness of each of the springs to determine the mass required for
each spring to give the same stable time increment. If this mass is
too large compared to the mass of the model, Abaqus/Explicit will
issue an error message that the spring is too stiff compared to the
model definition.
Relative displacement definition
The relative displacement definition depends on the element type.
SPRING1 elements
The relative displacement across a SPRING1 element is the ith

component of displacement of the spring's node:
where i is defined as described below and can be in a local

direction (see ”).
SPRING2 elements
The relative displacement across a SPRING2 element is the difference

between the ith component of displacement of the spring's first node
and the jth component of displacement of the spring's second node:
where i and j are defined as described below and can be in local

directions (see ”).
It is important to understand how the SPRING2 element will behave

according to the above relative displacement equation since the
element can produce counterintuitive results. For example, a SPRING2
element set up in the following way will be a “compressive”
spring:
If the nodes displace so that and , the spring appears to be in

compression, while the force in the SPRING2 element is positive. To
obtain a “tensile” spring, the SPRING2 element should be set up in
the following way:
SPRINGA elements
For geometrically linear analysis the relative displacement is

measured along the direction of the SPRINGA element in the reference
configuration:
where is the reference position of the first node of the spring and
is the reference position of its second node.
For geometrically nonlinear analysis the relative displacement

across a SPRINGA element is the change in length in the spring
between the initial and the current configuration:
where is the current length of the spring and is the value of l in

the initial configuration. Here and are the current positions of the
nodes of the spring.
In either case the force in a SPRINGA element is positive in

tension.
Defining spring behavior
The spring behavior can be linear or nonlinear. In either case you

must associate the spring behavior with a region of your model.
, ELSET=name
Input File Usage:

where the ELSET parameter refers to a set

of spring elements.
Abaqus/CAE Usage:
SpecialSprings/DashpotsCreate: select
connectivity type: select points
Defining linear spring behavior
You define linear spring behavior by specifying a constant spring

stiffness (force per relative displacement).
The spring stiffness can depend on temperature and field variables.

See , for further information about defining data as functions of
temperature and independent field variables.
For direct-solution steady-state dynamic analysis the spring

stiffness can depend on frequency, as well as on temperature and
field variables. If a frequency-dependent spring stiffness is
specified for any other analysis procedure in Abaqus/Standard, the
data for the lowest frequency given will be used.
, DEPENDENCIES=nfirst data linespring

Input File Usage:
stiffness, frequency, temperature, field
variable 1, etc....
Abaqus/CAE Usage:
SpecialSprings/DashpotsCreate: select
connectivity type: select points: Property:
Spring stiffness: spring stiffness
Defining the spring stiffness as a function of

frequency, temperature, and field variables is
not supported in Abaqus/CAE when you define
springs as engineering features; instead, you can
define connectors that have spring-like elastic
behavior (see ).
Defining nonlinear spring behavior
You define nonlinear spring behavior by giving pairs of force–

relative displacement values. These values should be given in
ascending order of relative displacement and should be provided over
a sufficiently wide range of relative displacement values so that
the behavior is defined correctly. Abaqus assumes that the force
remains constant (which results in zero stiffness) outside the range
given (see ).
Figure 29.1.1–1 Nonlinear spring force–relative displacement

relationship.
Initial forces in nonlinear springs should be defined as part of the

relationship by giving a nonzero force, , at zero relative
displacement.
The spring stiffness can depend on temperature and field variables.

See , for further information about defining data as functions of
temperature and independent field variables.
Abaqus/Explicit will regularize the data into tables that are

defined in terms of even intervals of the independent variables. In
some cases where the force is defined at uneven intervals of the
independent variable (relative displacement) and the range of the
independent variable is large compared to the smallest interval,
Abaqus/Explicit may fail to obtain an accurate regularization of
your data in a reasonable number of intervals. In this case the
program will stop after all data are processed with an error message
that you must redefine the material data. See , for a more detailed
discussion of data regularization.
, NONLINEAR, DEPENDENCIES=nfirst data

Input File Usage:
lineforce, relative displacement,
temperature, field variable 1, etc....
Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Defining nonlinear spring behavior is not
supported in Abaqus/CAE when you define springs
as engineering features; instead, you can define
connectors that have spring-like elastic behavior
(see ).
Defining the direction of action for SPRING1 and SPRING2

elements
You define the direction of action for SPRING1 and SPRING2 elements
by giving the degree of freedom at each node of the element. This
degree of freedom may be in a local coordinate system (). The local
system is assumed to be fixed: even in large-displacement analysis
SPRING1 and SPRING2 elements act in a fixed direction throughout the
analysis.
, ORIENTATION=namedof at node 1, dof at

Input File Usage:
node 2
Abaqus/CAE Usage:
SpecialSprings/DashpotsCreate, then select one of
the following:
Connect points to ground: select points:
Orientation: Edit: select orientation
Connect two points: select points: Axis: Specify
fixed direction: Orientation: Edit: select
orientation
Defining linear spring behavior with complex stiffness
Springs can be used to simulate structural dampers that contribute

to the imaginary part of the element stiffness forming an elemental
structural damping matrix. You specify both the real part of the
spring stiffness for particular degrees of freedom and the
structural damping factor, s. The imaginary part of the spring
stiffness is calculated as and represents structural damping. These
data can be frequency dependent.
, COMPLEX STIFFNESSfirst data linereal

Input File Usage:
spring stiffness, structural damping
factor, frequency
Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Linear spring behavior with complex stiffness is
not supported in Abaqus/CAE

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ABAQUS 中定义弹簧单元

 can couple a force with a relative displacement;

The terms “force” and “displacement” are used throughout the

Viscoelastic spring behavior can be modeled in Abaqus/Standard by

Spring elements are used to model actual physical springs as well as

They are also used to represent structural dampers by specifying

Choosing an appropriate element

SPRING1 and SPRING2 elements are available only in Abaqus/Standard.

The SPRINGA element is available in both Abaqus/Standard and

The spring behavior can be linear or nonlinear in any of the spring

Element types SPRING1 and SPRING2 can be associated with

Use the following option to specify a

Use the following option to specify a

Stability considerations in Abaqus/Explicit

A SPRINGA element introduces a stiffness between two degrees of

Abaqus/Explicit does not use the springs in the determination of the

The relative displacement definition depends on the element type.

The relative displacement across a SPRING1 element is the ith

where i is defined as described below and can be in a local

The relative displacement across a SPRING2 element is the difference

where i and j are defined as described below and can be in local

It is important to understand how the SPRING2 element will behave

If the nodes displace so that and , the spring appears to be in

For geometrically linear analysis the relative displacement is

For geometrically nonlinear analysis the relative displacement

where is the current length of the spring and is the value of l in

In either case the force in a SPRINGA element is positive in

Defining spring behavior

The spring behavior can be linear or nonlinear. In either case you

where the ELSET parameter refers to a set

Defining linear spring behavior

You define linear spring behavior by specifying a constant spring

The spring stiffness can depend on temperature and field variables.

For direct-solution steady-state dynamic analysis the spring

, DEPENDENCIES=nfirst data linespring

Defining the spring stiffness as a function of

Defining nonlinear spring behavior

You define nonlinear spring behavior by giving pairs of force–

Figure 29.1.1–1 Nonlinear spring force–relative displacement

Initial forces in nonlinear springs should be defined as part of the

The spring stiffness can depend on temperature and field variables.

Abaqus/Explicit will regularize the data into tables that are

, NONLINEAR, DEPENDENCIES=nfirst data

Defining the direction of action for SPRING1 and SPRING2

, ORIENTATION=namedof at node 1, dof at

Defining linear spring behavior with complex stiffness

Springs can be used to simulate structural dampers that contribute

, COMPLEX STIFFNESSfirst data linereal

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