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    Cladogram Worksheet Practice KEY

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    PAU FRANCISCO
    The document provides information about cladograms and how they are used to depict evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. It explains that cladograms are based on phylogeny, which is the study of evolutionary relationships, and that cladistics looks at derived characters or innovations in organisms to construct the diagrams. Examples of character matrices and cladograms are given to illustrate how physical traits are used to show how newer species evolved and branched off from older ones.

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    Cladogram Worksheet Practice KEY

    Uploaded by

    PAU FRANCISCO
    3K views5 pages
    The document provides information about cladograms and how they are used to depict evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. It explains that cladograms are based on phylogeny, which is the study of evolutionary relationships, and that cladistics looks at derived characters or innovations in organisms to construct the diagrams. Examples of character matrices and cladograms are given to illustrate how physical traits are used to show how newer species evolved and branched off from older ones.

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    The document provides information about cladograms and how they are used to depict evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. It explains that cladograms are based on phylogeny, which is the study of evolutionary relationships, and that cladistics looks at derived characters or innovations in organisms to construct the diagrams. Examples of character matrices and cladograms are given to illustrate how physical traits are used to show how newer species evolved and branched off from older ones.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3K views5 pages

    Cladogram Worksheet Practice KEY

    Uploaded by

    PAU FRANCISCO
    The document provides information about cladograms and how they are used to depict evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. It explains that cladograms are based on phylogeny, which is the study of evolutionary relationships, and that cladistics looks at derived characters or innovations in organisms to construct the diagrams. Examples of character matrices and cladograms are given to illustrate how physical traits are used to show how newer species evolved and branched off from older ones.

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    Name: _________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Hour:_________

    READ!
    CLADOGRAM ANALYSIS

    What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY,
    which is the study of evolutionary relationships. Sometimes a cladogram is called a phylogenetic tree (though
    technically, there are minor differences between the two).

    In the past, biologists would group organisms based solely on their physical appearance. Today, with the advances in
    genetics and biochemistry, biologists can look more closely at individuals to discover their pattern of evolution, and
    group them accordingly - this strategy is called EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

    CLADISTICS is form of analysis that looks at features of organisms that are considered "innovations", or newer features
    that serve some kind of purpose. (Think about what the word "innovation" means in regular language.) These
    characteristics appear in later organisms but not earlier ones and are called DERIVED CHARACTERS.

    Fill out the following character matrix. Mark an “X” if an organism has the trait.
    shell over
    Cells Legs Antenna Wings 2 sets of wings wings
    Worm
    x
    Spider x x
    Carpenter Ant
    x x x
    House fly x x x x
    Dragonfly
    x x x x x
    JUNEBUGS X X X X X X
    In the box below, create a cladogram based off your matrix. (above)

    1. Start with a timeline: oldest organisms on the bottom left, newest on the top right.
    2. use your derived characters to show the appearance of new species carrying that trait in your timeline.
    3. Remeber: your derived characters are cummulative!
    4. Show each new species branching off to the left and up in your timeline. Name each species.
    1. According to your cladogram, which two species are more closely related: worms and
    spiders or worms and ants? How do you know?

    Worms and spiders are more closely related. They have more traits in common.

    2. According to your cladogram, what species are dragonflies most closely related to? How
    do you know?

    Dragonflies are closely related to the flies. They have more traits in common.

    3. In a different colored writing utensil, add a June Bug to your cladogram based on its
    characteristics.
    JUNE BUGS: ->
    Use the following cladogram to answer the questions below.

    4. What trait separates lampreys from tuna on this cladogram?


    JAWS

    5. What separates a salamander from a turtle?


    AMNIOTIC EGG
    6. Which organism is most related to the leopard?
    TURTLE

    7. Which organism’s DNA will differ the most from the leopard? Why?
    THE LANCELET'S DNA. IT'S THE ORGANISMS WITH LEAST TRAITS IN COMMON
    AND FARTHEST IN THE CLADOGRAM.
    Use the following cladogram to answer the questions below.

    8. What separates rabbits/primate from the crocodiles on this cladogram?


    EGGS WITH SHELLS
    9. Which organism is most related to the rodents and rabbits on this cladogram?

    PRIMATES.

    10. What 5 traits do the bird and its closest relative share?
    a. EGGS WITH SHELL
    AMNIOTIC EGG
    b.

    c. FOUR LIMBS

    d. BONY SKELETON

    e. VERTEBRAE

    11. Which organism will have DNA most similar to the bird? Why?
    CROCODILE. LARGEST NO. OF TRAIS. ALSO CLOSE PROXIMITY IN CLADOGRAM.
    12. Which organism’s DNA will differ the most from the bird? Why?

    SHARKS HAVE THE LEAST TRAITS IN COMMON WITH BIRDS. ALSO FARTHEST IN
    CLADOGRAM.
    Examine the cladogram below. Each letter represents a derived characteristic. Match
    the letter to its characteristic.

    F
    13. _________ Wings E
    17. _________ Cerci (back appendages)
    C
    14. _________ 6 legs D
    18. _________ Crushing mouthparts
    A
    15. _________ Segmented Body B
    19. _________ Legs
    G
    16. _________ Double set of wings H
    20. _________ Curly Antennae

    Circle the correct answer for the cladogram question below.

    The cladogram shows the evolution of land plants as indicated by fossil records.

    21. Which discovery would challenge the validity of this cladogram?


    A. A large aquatic vascular plant about 200 million years old
    B. A species of algae that has existed for less than one million years
    C. A moss species that has existed for less than 380 million years
    D. A fossil of a fern more than 425 million years old
    Biologically, one could use anatomical features, behavior, or molecular similarities and differences in
    constructing a cladogram. Molecularly, one could look at the number of mutations in a common strand of
    DNA. Another way would be to compare strings of amino acids and note differences in the order of the amino
    acids.

    Cytochrome c is a protein located in the mitochondria of cells involved with cellular respiration. Below is a
    table showing the amino acid sequences for cytochrome c in several organisms.

    Organism Biochemical Data

    Amoeba Amino Acid Sequence: ISO-SER-ASP-GLN-PHE-ILE-LEU-GLN-SER-ARG-LEU-LEU-HIS


    DNA Sequence: ATTAGCGACCAGTTTATCCTACAATCCCGTCTACTTCAT

    Kangaroo Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-PRO-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-LEU-SER-HIS-LEU-LEU-SER


    DNA Sequence: CTAATCCCCCCGTTTATCCTACTTTCCCATCTACTAAGT

    Earthworm Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-ASP-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-HIS-SER-ARG-LEU-LEU-ARG


    DNA Sequence: CTTATCGACCCGTTTATCCTACATTCCCGTCTACCTTCGT

    Cat Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-PRO-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-LEU-SER-HIS-LEU-LEU-SER


    DNA Sequence: TTAATCCCCCCGTTTATCCTACTTTCCCATCTACTAAGT

    Shark Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-PRO-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-LEU-SER-ARG-LEU-LEU-ARG


    DNA Sequence: CTTATCCCCCCGTTTATCCTACTTTCCCGTCTACTTCGT

    Dolphin Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-PRO-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-LEU-SER-HIS-VAL-VAL-SER


    DNA Sequence: CTAATCCCCCCGTTTATCCTACTTTCCCATGTAGTAAGT

    Lizard Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-PRO-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-LEU-SER-ARG-LEU-LEU-ARG


    DNA Sequence: CTAATCCCCCCGTTTATCCTACTTTCCCGTCTACTTCGT

    Sponge Amino Acid Sequence: ISO-ISO-ASP-GLN-PHE-ILE-LEU-HIS-SER-ARG-LEU-LEU-ARG


    DNA Sequence: ATTATCGACCAGTTTATCCTACATTCCCGTCTACTTCGT

    22. The more amino acids that an organism has in common, both type and order, indicates the closer the
    relationship. The same is true for nucleotides. Compare the biochemical data above. Which organism
    is most closely related to the lizard? Why?

    SHARK. LARGEST NO. OF SIMILAR AMINO ACIDS IN ORDER.


    23. Which organism is most closely related to the Dolphin? Why?

    24. How do you think different amino acid sequences would effect organisms? Explain your answer.

    THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS IN A PROTEIN DETERMINE ITS FUNCTION. THE


    MORE SIMILAR THE SEQUENCE BETWEEN TWO ORGANISMS, THE MORE SIMILAR
    THE FUNCTION OF THEIR PROTEIN, THE MORE SIMILAR THEIR FUNCTION IN EACH
    ORGANISM.

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