CHM013 - Module 4 - Chemical Bond

Module 4.
A : Chemical
Bonding
Rachel Anne E. Lagunay
Department of Chemistry
College of Science and Mathematics
Fisrt Semester AY 2021-2022

Chemical Bonding RAE LAGUNAY, 1
CHemical Bonding
© 2015 and © 2018 Pearson Educ, Inc. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2018, 2014 Cengage © 2009 McGrawHill RAE LAGUNAY, 2
What’s Ahead
v Types of Chemical Bonds
v Nature of atoms that form ionic bonds
v Ionic bond formation and electron transfer (octet rule)
v Electron-dot formula/Lewis structure (valence/electronvalence

number)
CHemical Bonding
Learning Goals..
v Describe ionic and covalent bond formation;
v compare properties of ionic and covalent compounds;
v write Lewis structure of molecules to predict the geometry and

polarity of molecules
CHemical Bonding
Chemical Bonds
q Forces that hold groups of atoms together and make them function as a unit
q Involves electrons (transfer or share of electrons)
q Three types:
v Ionic bonds
v Covalent bonds
v
CHemical Bonding
Types of Chemical Bonds
q Ionic – electron transfer resulting to electrostatic attraction between ions of
opposite charges; formed between a strong metal and a nonmetal
q Covalent – sharing of electrons between atoms; formed usually between

nonmetals
q – force that holds several metallic atoms together ; between

identical metallic atoms or different metals/alloys
CHemical Bonding
Three Models of Chemical Bonding
Lewis Theory
q Valence electrons play a fundamental role in chemical bonding.
q Chemical bonding may result from:

• transfer of one/more electrons  formation of ions  ionic bond
• sharing of electrons between atoms  covalent bond
q Electrons are transferred or shared until each atom acquires an

OCTET of outer shell (valence) electrons  OCTET RULE
CHemical Bonding
Octet Rule
q the tendency to achieve an electronic configuration with eight

valence electrons. An octet of electrons consists of a full s and p
subshells of an atom.
CHemical Bonding
Lewis/Electron Dot Symbols
q Named for the American Chemist G.N Lewis
q Element symbol : represents the nucleus and inner electrons
q Surrounding dots : represent the valence electrons
q shows valence electrons; symbols of the elements surrounded by dot

to represent the valence electrons.
For main group elements:
q group no. = no. valence electrons

CHemical Bonding
Lewis Symbol for Elements in Period 2 & 3
CHemical Bonding
Three ways to represent the formation of
Li+ and F- through electron transfer
CHemical Bonding
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CHemical Bonding
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Ionic Bonding
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Ionic Bonding
CHemical Bonding
Electrical Conductance and Ion Mobility
A.Solid ionic
compound B.Ionic compound
dissolved in water
A. No current flows in the ionic solid-because ions are immobile
B. Mobile solvated ions carry current
CHemical Bonding
Vaporizing an Ionic Compound
Ionic cmpds generally have very high

boiling points because the ions must
have enough kinetic energies to break
free from surrounding ions. In fact,
ionic cmpds usually vaporize as ions
pairs
CHemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
CHemical Bonding
Number of Covalent Bonds
CHemical Bonding
Covalent Bonding
q In these bonds atoms share electrons.
q There are several electrostatic
interactions in these bonds:
Ø Attractions between electrons and

nuclei
Ø Repulsions between electrons
Ø Repulsions between nuclei
CHemical Bonding
Covalent Bonding
q In covalent bonding, each atom achieves a full outer (valence) level of
electron wherein each atom in a covalent bond "counts" the shared electrons
as belonging entirely to itself
v Bonding electrons – electrons shared between two atoms in a covalent bond

v Nonbonding electrons (lone pairs) – belong solely to an individual atom
CHemical Bonding
Types of Bonds and Bond Order
q Bond order – number of electron pairs shared between atoms
v Single bond – formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons
v Double bond – formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons
v Triple bond – formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons
CHemical Bonding
Properties of Covalent Bonds
q Bond energy / bond enthalpy / bond strength – energy required to
overcome attraction between covalently bonded atoms
q Bond length – the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
CHemical Bonding
Types of Covalent Bond
q Polar Covalent Bond
q Nonpolar Covalent Bond
CHemical Bonding
Electronegativity
q The ability of atoms in a molecule to
attract electrons to itself.
q On the periodic chart, electronegativity
increases as you go
v from left to right across a row
v from the bottom to the top of a

column
CHemical Bonding
Electronegativity
CHemical Bonding
Polar Covalent Bonds
TWIN Chubby and Slim
CHemical Bonding
q Although atoms often form compounds by sharing electrons, the
electrons are not always shared equally.
q Formed when one atom has greater electronegativity than another in
a covalently bonded moleculeFluorine pulls harder on the electrons it
shares with hydrogen than hydrogen does.
q Therefore, the fluorine end of the molecule has more electron density
than the hydrogen end.
CHemical Bonding
q In HF, the bonding pair is shared unequally. This unequal
distribution of electron density means the bond has partially negative
and positive poles which is depicted by a polar arrow pointing
toward the negative pole or by using the symbols + and -
CHemical Bonding
Boundary rabges for classifying ionic
character of Chemical bond
DEN
Ø2.0
Ø0.4-1.9
Ø<0.4
CHemical Bonding
Lewis Structure
Lewis structures are representations of molecules showing all

electrons - bonding and nonbonding.
CHemical Bonding
Writing Lewis Structures
1. Find the sum of valence electrons of all
PCl3 •
atoms in the polyatomic ion or molecule.
If it is an anion, add one electron for each

negative charge.
5 + 3(7) = 26 • If it is a cation, subtract one electron for

each positive charge.
CHemical Bonding
2. The central atom is the least electronegative
element that isn’t hydrogen. Connect the
outer atoms to it by single bonds.
Hydrogen and fluorine always serve as outer

atoms.
Keep track of the electrons:
26  6 = 20
CHemical Bonding
3. Fill the octets of the outer atoms.
26  6 = 20  18 = 2
CHemical Bonding
4. Fill the octet of the central atom.
Octet rule – atoms form bonds such that all

atoms get eight electrons (except for
hydrogen that can only have two electrons)
26  6 = 20  18 = 2  2 = 0
CHemical Bonding
5. If you run out of electrons before the central
atom has an octet…
…form multiple bonds until it does.
CHemical Bonding
Formal Charge
q useful for deciding between possible Lewis structures.
q When several Lewis structures are possible, the most stable one will
be that in which the atoms bear the smallest formal charges, and any
negative charges reside on the electronegative atoms
FC = G – U – C
G is the group number
U is the number of unshared electrons
C is the number of covalent bonds around the atom
CHemical Bonding
Writing Lewis Structure
q The best Lewis structure
v …is the one with the fewest charges.

v …puts a negative charge on the most electronegative atom.
CHemical Bonding
Writing Lewis Structure
CHemical Bonding
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
q There are three types of ions or molecules that do not follow the
octet rule:
• Ions or molecules with an odd number of electrons.
• Ions or molecules with less than an octet.
• Ions or molecules with more than eight valence electrons (an

expanded octet).
CHemical Bonding
Odd Number of Electrons
Though relatively rare and usually

quite unstable and reactive, there are
ions and molecules with an odd
number of electrons (i.e. NO, NO2).
CHemical Bonding
Fewer Than Eight Electrons
q Consider BF3:
v Giving boron a filled octet places

a negative charge on the boron and
a positive charge on fluorine.
v This would not be an accurate

picture of the distribution of
electrons in BF3.
CHemical Bonding
More Than Eight Electrons
q The only way PCl5 can exist is if
phosphorus has 10 electrons around it.
q It is allowed to expand the octet of

atoms on the 3rd row or below.
v Presumably d orbitals in these atoms

participate in bonding.
CHemical Bonding
Thank you
for
listening!!!
Evolution of Atomic Theory RAE LAGUNAY, 07/22/20|

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Module 4.

Fisrt Semester AY 2021-2022

v Nature of atoms that form ionic bonds

v Ionic bond formation and electron transfer (octet rule)

v Electron-dot formula/Lewis structure (valence/electronvalence

v compare properties of ionic and covalent compounds;

v write Lewis structure of molecules to predict the geometry and

q Involves electrons (transfer or share of electrons)

q Covalent – sharing of electrons between atoms; formed usually between

q – force that holds several metallic atoms together ; between

q Chemical bonding may result from:

q Electrons are transferred or shared until each atom acquires an

q the tendency to achieve an electronic configuration with eight

q Element symbol : represents the nucleus and inner electrons

q Surrounding dots : represent the valence electrons

q shows valence electrons; symbols of the elements surrounded by dot

q group no. = no. valence electrons

Ionic cmpds generally have very high

Ø Attractions between electrons and

v Bonding electrons – electrons shared between two atoms in a covalent bond

v Single bond – formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons

v Double bond – formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons

v Triple bond – formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons

q Nonpolar Covalent Bond

v from left to right across a row

v from the bottom to the top of a

TWIN Chubby and Slim

Lewis structures are representations of molecules showing all

If it is an anion, add one electron for each

5 + 3(7) = 26 • If it is a cation, subtract one electron for

Hydrogen and fluorine always serve as outer

Keep track of the electrons:

Keep track of the electrons:

Octet rule – atoms form bonds such that all

Keep track of the electrons:

…form multiple bonds until it does.

v …is the one with the fewest charges.

• Ions or molecules with an odd number of electrons.

• Ions or molecules with less than an octet.

• Ions or molecules with more than eight valence electrons (an

Though relatively rare and usually

v Giving boron a filled octet places

v This would not be an accurate

q It is allowed to expand the octet of

v Presumably d orbitals in these atoms

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