Manual Endnote X2

EndNote®
Windows Version X2
Copyright © 2008 The Thomson Corporation

All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language
in any form by any means, without written permission from The Thomson Corporation
or Thomson ResearchSoft.
Trademark Information:
EndNote is a registered trademark of The Thomson Corporation (Thomson). Cite
While You Write is a trademark of Thomson. Palm OS, Palm Powered, HotSync, and
the HotSync logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of PalmSource, Inc. Palm,
PalmOne, Treo, Tungsten, and Zire are trademarks or registered trademarks of Palm,
Inc. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and ActiveSync are registered
trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other product and service names cited in this
manual may be trademarks or service marks of their respective companies.
NOTICE REGARDING LEGAL USE OF DOWNLOADED REFERENCE DATA
EndNote gives you the capability to import references from online databases and store
them in your personal EndNote libraries. Some producers of online reference databases
expressly prohibit such use and storage of their data, others charge an extra fee for a
license to use the data in this way. Before you download references from a database, be sure
to carefully check the copyright and fair use notices for the database. Note that different
databases from the same provider may have varying restrictions.
2
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Welcome to EndNote

Introducing EndNote ...................................................................................... 20
About This Manual ......................................................................................... 20
Customer Services ........................................................................................... 21
Online Help and Release Notes......................................................... 21
Register Your Copy of EndNote........................................................ 21
Customer Service ................................................................................ 22
Technical Support ............................................................................... 22
International Customer and Technical Support .............................. 22
The EndNote Website......................................................................... 23
The EndNote Discussion Forum ....................................................... 23
ADA VPAT .......................................................................................... 23
What’s New in EndNote X2 ........................................................................... 23
Chapter 2 Installing and Upgrading EndNote

Before You Install EndNote........................................................................... 26
Program Requirements ...................................................................... 26
Word Processor Compatibility .......................................................... 26
EndNote for Handheld Devices ........................................................ 27
EndNote Installation....................................................................................... 28
Installing EndNote ............................................................................. 28
Installed Files ...................................................................................... 30
Custom Installations........................................................................... 32
Upgrading from an Earlier EndNote Version ............................................ 34
Backing Up or Replacing Files........................................................... 34
Opening and Converting Old EndNote Libraries ........................... 35
Using Old Style, Filter, and Connection Files .................................. 35
Checking Your Installation............................................................................ 36
Checking Microsoft Word Support ................................................... 36
Automatically Updating Files ....................................................................... 37
Uninstalling EndNote..................................................................................... 38
Uninstalling Palm OS Support and Word 2007 Settings................. 38
Uninstalling the EndNote Program .................................................. 38
Chapter 3 The EndNote Guided Tour

Introduction to the Guided Tour.................................................................. 43
Are You Ready? .................................................................................. 44
Part I: Introduction to an EndNote Library ................................................ 45
Start EndNote...................................................................................... 45
The Library Window .......................................................................... 47
Preview References............................................................................. 48
Sort the References ............................................................................. 50
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Select and Open a Reference ............................................................. 51
Close the Reference ............................................................................ 52
Save References to a Custom Group................................................. 53
Related Sections .................................................................................. 55
Part II: Setting EndNote Preferences ........................................................... 56
Open the Sample Library ................................................................... 56
Access EndNote Preferences ............................................................. 56
Set a Favorite Library ......................................................................... 56
Change the Library Display Font...................................................... 57
Part III: Entering a Reference ........................................................................ 60
Create a New Reference ..................................................................... 60
Locate References That Contain Attached Files .............................. 67
Part IV: Searching an Online Database....................................................... 69
Connect to an Online Database ......................................................... 70
Search the Database............................................................................ 71
Review the References ....................................................................... 74
Delete Unwanted References............................................................. 75
Part V: Importing Reference Data into EndNote....................................... 77
Search the Database and Save the References ................................. 77
Choose the Correct Import Filter and Import into EndNote .......... 79
Summary of Output Formats and Corresponding Import
Options ................................................................................................ 82
Direct Export from Web Pages .......................................................... 82
Part VI: Searching an EndNote Library and Previewing
a Bibliography .................................................................................................. 83
Search for a Set of References............................................................ 83
Preview the Found References .......................................................... 85
Part VII: Using EndNote While Writing a Paper With
Microsoft Word ................................................................................................ 87
Open a Microsoft Word Document................................................... 87
Cite EndNote References ................................................................... 88
Select a Bibliographic Style................................................................ 91
Edit a Citation ..................................................................................... 93
Insert Figure Citations ....................................................................... 94
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Chapter 4 The EndNote Library
About the EndNote Library..........................................................................101
Important Points About Libraries ...................................................101
Back Up Your Libraries ....................................................................102
Library Summary ..............................................................................102
The Library Window .....................................................................................103
About the Library Window ..............................................................103
The Reference List Pane....................................................................104
The Groups Pane ...............................................................................108
The Tab Pane .....................................................................................110
Creating Libraries...........................................................................................113
Creating a New Library ....................................................................113
Saving a Copy of a Library...............................................................114
Saving a Compressed Copy of a Library ........................................115
Setting a Favorite Library .................................................................116
Opening, Closing, and Deleting Libraries ................................................118
Opening a Library .............................................................................118
Multiple People Opening One Library............................................119
Closing a Library ...............................................................................119
Deleting a Library .............................................................................119
Recovering a Damaged Library .......................................................120
Merging Libraries...........................................................................................121
Importing EndNote Libraries...........................................................121
Using Drag and Drop........................................................................122
Copying References in Libraries ......................................................123
Sharing EndNote Libraries Across Different Versions and
Applications ....................................................................................................123
Compatibility between EndNote 8, 9, X, X1, and X2 .....................123
Opening and Converting Old EndNote Libraries ..........................124
Creating a Library from ProCite ......................................................125
Creating a Library from Reference Manager ..................................126
Converting an EndNote X2 Library for ProCite, Reference
Manager, or an Earlier Version of EndNote ...................................127
Transferring Libraries Across Platforms ...................................................128
From Windows to Macintosh ...........................................................128
From Macintosh to Windows ...........................................................129
Data Visualization .........................................................................................129
Chapter 5 Entering and Editing References

Introduction.....................................................................................................133
Important Points About References ................................................133
The Reference Window.....................................................................134
The Window Menu ...........................................................................135
Previous and Next Reference Commands ......................................135
Changing the Display Fonts .............................................................136
Record Summary ...............................................................................138
Selecting References ..........................................................................138
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Opening, Closing, Saving, and Deleting References ............................. 139
Opening References.......................................................................... 139
Closing References ........................................................................... 140
Saving References ............................................................................. 141
Reverting References........................................................................ 141
Deleting References .......................................................................... 141
Creating a New Reference............................................................................ 143
Overview ........................................................................................... 143
Changing the Default Reference Type............................................ 143
Choosing a Reference Type ............................................................. 144
Tips for Choosing the Right Reference Type ................................. 144
Entering References ...................................................................................... 145
Using Term Lists with Data Entry .................................................. 145
Author and Editor Names ............................................................... 146
Year .................................................................................................... 148
Titles .................................................................................................. 148
Journal Names .................................................................................. 148
Pages .................................................................................................. 149
Edition ............................................................................................... 149
Date and Auto Date Stamp .............................................................. 149
Short Title .......................................................................................... 150
Original Publication ......................................................................... 150
Reprint Edition ................................................................................. 151
Reviewed Item .................................................................................. 151
ISBN/ISSN ........................................................................................ 151
DOI..................................................................................................... 151
Call Number...................................................................................... 151
Label .................................................................................................. 152
Keywords .......................................................................................... 152
Notes and Abstract ........................................................................... 152
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) ................................................... 152
File Attachments ............................................................................... 153
Figure and Caption........................................................................... 155
Font, Size, and Style ......................................................................... 155
Plain Text........................................................................................... 156
Cut, Copy, Paste Text in the References......................................... 156
Using “Drag-and-Drop” Within a Reference ................................. 156
Copying and Pasting Complete References ................................... 157
Entering Several Articles from the Same Source ........................... 158
Entering Special Characters......................................................................... 158
Entering Characters with Diacritical Marks .................................. 159
Using Character Map ....................................................................... 159
Inserting Figures ............................................................................................ 160
Selecting the Appropriate Reference Type .................................... 161
Inserting Graphics and Files............................................................ 161
Entering a Caption ........................................................................... 163
Opening the Figure File ................................................................... 164
Storing and Sharing Figure Files..................................................... 164
Editing Figure Files .......................................................................... 164
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Deleting or Replacing Figure Files ..................................................165
Converting from Figures to File Attachments................................165
Linking References to Websites and Files ................................................166
Linking a URL to an EndNote Reference ........................................166
Linking a File to an EndNote Reference .........................................166
Selecting a Relative Path or an Absolute Path for File
Attachments .......................................................................................168
Removing a Linked File from File Attachments ............................170
Opening a Linked File or URL .........................................................171
Spell Checking................................................................................................172
Starting Spell Check ..........................................................................173
Spell Check Options and Dictionaries.............................................173
Changing Text in Multiple References......................................................174
Common Uses for Change Text, Change Field, and Move
Field ....................................................................................................174
Change Text .......................................................................................175
Change Fields ....................................................................................177
Move Fields........................................................................................178
Chapter 6 Searching Online Databases with EndNote

Introduction to Searching Online Databases ...........................................182
How Does It Work? ...........................................................................182
What EndNote’s Searching Offers ...................................................182
How to Search on Online Database .................................................183
Selecting a Connection File..........................................................................184
Access-Restricted Databases ............................................................184
Free Databases ...................................................................................185
Picking Your Favorite Connection Files..........................................186
What if Your Database Isn’t Listed? ................................................187
Searching an Online Database ....................................................................188
Establishing the Connection.............................................................188
Online Database Searching (Overview) ..........................................189
Available Search Options .................................................................189
Boolean Searches ...............................................................................190
Searching EndNote Fields vs. Online Database Indexes ...............191
Online Database Search Limitations ...............................................192
Changing the Focus of the Search....................................................192
Retrieving and Saving References..............................................................193
Discarding Duplicate References .....................................................194
The Connection Status Window ......................................................195
The Log File .......................................................................................195
Searching ISI Web of Knowledge...............................................................197
Finding Related Online References ...........................................................198
Finding Full Text for a Reference ...............................................................199
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Chapter 7 Importing Reference Data into EndNote
Importing Reference Data into EndNote .................................................. 202
General Importing Instructions .................................................................. 203
Import Options............................................................................................... 205
Importing References Downloaded from Online Databases ............... 206
Getting Data in the Right Format ................................................... 207
Choosing the Correct Import Filter ................................................ 207
Output Formats with Corresponding Import Options/Direct
Export ............................................................................................................... 210
Importing from Online Databases .................................................. 210
Direct Export from Web Pages ........................................................ 210
Creating Structured Text Files that EndNote Can Import ..................... 211
Creating a Tab-Delimited Format ................................................... 211
Creating a Custom “Tagged” Format ............................................. 214
Creating a Tagged “EndNote Import” File .................................... 217
Copying and Pasting References from a Document into EndNote ..... 220
Importing References From Other Bibliographic Software
Programs.......................................................................................................... 221
Chapter 8 Searching and Sorting in EndNote

Showing and Hiding References................................................................ 224
Working with Showing References................................................. 224
Using Show Selected ........................................................................ 225
Using Hide Selected ......................................................................... 225
Searching for References.............................................................................. 225
Quick Search ..................................................................................... 226
The Search Tab.................................................................................. 226
Search Command Tips ..................................................................... 228
Simple Searches ................................................................................ 230
Restricting Searches to Specific Fields............................................ 232
Using Comparison Operators ......................................................... 232
Combining Search Lines with “And,” “Or,” and “Not”............... 235
Combining Results from Separate Searches .................................. 236
Saving Search Strategies .................................................................. 238
Finding Duplicate References..................................................................... 239
Deleting Duplicates .......................................................................... 240
Finding Text in a Single Reference ............................................................ 240
Sorting the Library ........................................................................................ 241
Special Cases in Sorting ................................................................... 242
Chapter 9 Using Groups

What are Groups? .......................................................................................... 246
The Types of Groups in EndNote ................................................... 246
Displaying or Hiding Groups ......................................................... 247
Important Points about Groups ...................................................... 248
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Temporary Groups.........................................................................................249
Custom Groups...............................................................................................250
Creating a Custom Group ................................................................250
Adding References to a Custom Group ..........................................251
Removing References from a Custom Group .................................251
Smart Groups ..................................................................................................252
Creating a Smart Group....................................................................252
Creating a Smart Group from an Existing Search Strategy ...........253
Editing a Smart Group......................................................................253
Searching a Group..........................................................................................254
Renaming a Group.........................................................................................254
Deleting References from a Group.............................................................255
Deleting a Group............................................................................................256
Chapter 10 Term Lists

Introduction to Term Lists............................................................................259
Overview............................................................................................259
Important Points About Term Lists.................................................260
Adding Terms to a Term List .......................................................................260
Automatic Updating of Term Lists..................................................261
Using the “New Term” Command ..................................................262
Copying Terms Between Lists .........................................................262
Copying Terms From Other Sources ...............................................263
Manually Updating Term Lists........................................................263
Importing Terms Into Term Lists ....................................................266
Using Term Lists for Data Entry and Searching ......................................267
Inserting Terms into References ......................................................267
Inserting Terms Without Using the “Suggestion” Feature ...........268
Using Terms For Searches ................................................................268
Editing Terms and Term Lists .....................................................................269
Modifying Terms...............................................................................269
Deleting Terms ..................................................................................269
Defining Term Lists.......................................................................................270
Deleting and Renaming Term Lists .................................................270
Configuring Term Separators (Delimiters) .....................................271
Creating Term Lists........................................................................................271
Predefined Term Lists.......................................................................271
Creating a New Term List ................................................................272
Linking Term Lists to Fields ............................................................272
Exporting and Printing Term Lists .............................................................274
Working with the Journals Term List ........................................................274
Important Points About Entering Journal Names..........................274
Updating a Journal List ....................................................................275
Loading Supplied Journal Abbreviations .......................................276
Creating Bibliographies With Journal Abbreviations ....................277
Converting Old EndNote Journals Files .........................................278
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Chapter 11 Using EndNote with Microsoft Word
Overview of the Cite While You Write Process....................................... 281
Word Processor Compatibility ........................................................ 281
Basic Instructions.............................................................................. 282
Notes about Microsoft Word ....................................................................... 284
Installing Cite While You Write Support in Word ........................ 284
The CWYW Commands in Word 2003 ........................................... 285
The CWYW Commands in Word 2007 ........................................... 287
Field Codes........................................................................................ 290
Using Predefined Manuscript Templates................................................. 291
Creating a Word Document Based on a Template ........................ 292
Supplying Information to the Template Wizard ........................... 294
Writing Your Paper .......................................................................... 295
Citing Sources As You Write ....................................................................... 297
Forms of Citations ............................................................................ 297
Finding and Inserting Citations ...................................................... 298
Finding and Inserting from Highlighted Text ............................... 300
Inserting Selected Citations ............................................................. 300
Using Drag-and-Drop or Copy and Paste ...................................... 300
Manually Inserting Citations........................................................... 300
Inserting Multiple Citations ............................................................ 301
Inserting From Multiple Libraries .................................................. 303
Customizing Individual Citations .................................................. 303
Including Notes in the List of References ...................................... 305
Inserting Citations into a Formatted Paper.................................... 306
Citing References in Footnotes and Endnotes ............................... 307
Typing Citations into Your Paper............................................................... 307
Notes About Temporary Citations ................................................. 308
Components of a Temporary Citation ............................................ 308
Omitting Authors or Years from Citations .................................... 310
Citation Prefixes ............................................................................... 311
Citation Suffixes ............................................................................... 312
Including Semicolons & Other Citation Delimiters in
a Citation .......................................................................................... 312
Citing Specific Page Numbers in Footnotes................................... 313
Examples of Modified Citations...................................................... 314
Changing Existing Citations........................................................................ 315
Editing Citations............................................................................... 315
Unformatting Citations .................................................................... 316
Moving or Copying Citations.......................................................... 318
Deleting Citations ............................................................................. 318
Generating Bibliographies .......................................................................... 319
Basic Instructions.............................................................................. 319
Instant Formatting ............................................................................ 320
Formatting the Bibliography and/or Changing Bibliography
Settings .............................................................................................. 321
Adding Styles to the Output Styles List ......................................... 324
Reformatting Papers......................................................................... 326
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Creating a Bibliography from Multiple Documents ......................326
Directly Editing Bibliographies .......................................................327
Moving Bibliographies .....................................................................328
Deleting Bibliographies ....................................................................328
Inserting and Formatting Figures and Tables ..........................................328
Notes About Formatting Figures and Tables .................................329
Finding and Inserting Figures and Tables ......................................330
Updating Figures and Tables ...........................................................333
Placing Figures and Tables...............................................................335
Moving Figures and Tables ..............................................................336
Deleting a Figure Citation or Figure List ........................................338
Figure and Table Preferences ...........................................................339
Setting Cite While You Write Preferences ................................................339
Making Changes to the EndNote Library .................................................340
Finding Cited References in a Library ............................................340
Editing a Reference in the Library ...................................................340
Deleting a Reference From the Library ...........................................341
Sharing Your Word Documents ..................................................................342
The Traveling Library .......................................................................342
Exporting Word’s Traveling Library to an EndNote Library .......343
Converting Word 2007 Citations to EndNote.................................344
Working on Different Computers....................................................344
Saving Files for Other Versions of Word and Other
Word Processors................................................................................345
Submitting the Final Paper to a Publisher ......................................346
Removing Field Codes ......................................................................346
Chapter 12 Scanning and Formatting Files

Scanning and Formatting Files....................................................................350
Word Processor Compatibility.........................................................350
Basic Instructions ..............................................................................351
Tips on Citing Sources ..................................................................................355
Temporary vs. Formatted Citations ................................................355
Switching Between EndNote and a Word Processor .....................356
Multiple References in One Citation ...............................................356
Citing References in Footnotes ........................................................357
Typing Citations into Your Paper....................................................358
Record Numbers................................................................................358
Formatting Citations and Creating Bibliographies .................................359
The Citations Window ......................................................................359
Bibliographic Styles ..........................................................................361
Previewing Formatted References (or Styles).................................361
Reformatting a Paper ........................................................................362
Creating One Bibliography From Several Papers ..........................363
Specifying the Starting Number of a Bibliography........................364
Copying Formatted References........................................................364
Rescanning the Paper........................................................................365
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Managing Your EndNote Library............................................................... 365
Modifying References in Your Library........................................... 365
Finding EndNote References for Editing ....................................... 365
Formatting With Multiple Libraries ............................................... 366
Finding and Labeling References Used in a Paper........................ 366
Working on Different Computers ................................................... 368
Chapter 13 Creating an Independent Bibliography

Independent Bibliographies........................................................................ 370
Using Drag-and-Drop to Create an Instant Bibliography ..................... 371
Copy Formatted.............................................................................................. 372
Exporting References .................................................................................... 373
Supported Formats ........................................................................... 373
Using the Export Command ............................................................ 374
Printing and Previewing References ......................................................... 376
Important Points ............................................................................... 376
Printing Instructions ........................................................................ 377
Previewing References ..................................................................... 377
Including Notes, Abstracts, and Other Information in a
Reference List ................................................................................................. 378
Creating Annotated Bibliographies ................................................ 378
Printing Only the Notes ................................................................... 379
Chapter 14 Creating Subject Bibliographies and Subject Lists

Overview ......................................................................................................... 382
Printing a Subject Bibliography ................................................................. 382
Basic Procedure ................................................................................ 382
Printing a Subject List .................................................................................. 385
Subject Bibliography Settings .................................................................... 391
The References Tab........................................................................... 391
The Terms Tab .................................................................................. 392
The Page Layout Tab........................................................................ 397
The Bibliography Layout Tab.......................................................... 398
Examples of Subject Bibliographies .......................................................... 400
Using Author Names as Subject Headings .................................... 400
Using Keywords as Subject Headings ............................................ 400
Using Call Numbers as Subject Headings...................................... 401
Chapter 15 Reference Types

Introduction .................................................................................................... 404
What is a Reference Type? ............................................................... 404
Reference Types and Data Entry..................................................... 405
The Generic Reference Type ....................................................................... 407
Special Fields.................................................................................................. 408
12
Customizing the Reference Types ..............................................................410
About the Reference Types Preference ...........................................411
Adding, Deleting, and Renaming Fields.........................................412
Adding and Deleting Reference Types ...........................................414
Sharing Your Reference Type Table ..........................................................417
Table of Predefined Reference Types ........................................................418
Chapter 16 Bibliographic Styles

Introduction.....................................................................................................421
What is an Output Style? ..................................................................421
The Output Styles Menu...................................................................422
The Style Manager.............................................................................422
Previewing Styles and Showing Information .................................425
Copying Styles...................................................................................426
Saving Styles ......................................................................................427
Deleting Styles ...................................................................................427
Renaming Styles ................................................................................428
Reverting Changes to a Style ...........................................................428
Closing a Style ...................................................................................428
What Should I Do if My Style Is Not Included? .............................428
Accessing Styles in Other Places......................................................429
Basic Components of a Style ............................................................429
Modifying Style Templates..........................................................................431
Citation Template..............................................................................431
Bibliography and Footnote Templates ............................................433
Changing the Punctuation in a Formatted Reference ....................435
Adding and Removing Fields in a Formatted Reference ..............436
Adding New Reference Types .........................................................437
Fonts and Text Styles ........................................................................439
Rules for Working with Style Templates ........................................439
EndNote Cleans Up...........................................................................441
Special Formatting Characters .........................................................442
Additional Style Formatting Options ........................................................446
Anonymous Works ...........................................................................446
Page Numbers ...................................................................................447
Journal Names ...................................................................................448
Ambiguous Citations ........................................................................449
Numbering Citations ........................................................................451
Citation Author Lists ........................................................................452
Citation Author Names ....................................................................454
Author List (Bibliography and Footnotes)......................................456
Author Names (Bibliography and Footnotes) ................................457
Editor List and Editor Names ..........................................................458
Bibliography Layout .........................................................................459
Sort Order: Bibliographies and Multiple Citations ........................463
Title Capitalization............................................................................466
Repeated Citations (in Footnotes) ...................................................466
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Figure and Table Placement and Captions............................................... 468
Figures and Tables............................................................................ 469
Separation and Punctuation ............................................................ 470
Creating a New Style .................................................................................... 471
Example: Creating an Author Date Style ....................................... 471
Chapter 17 Filters
Introduction to Filters ................................................................................... 477
What is a Filter? ................................................................................ 477
The Filter Manager ........................................................................... 478
Copying Filters ................................................................................. 479
Saving Filters .................................................................................... 479
Deleting Filters ................................................................................. 480
The Basic Components of a Filter............................................................... 480
The Filter Editor window ................................................................ 481
“About this Filter” Panel ................................................................. 481
Templates .......................................................................................... 482
Options .............................................................................................. 482
Working with Filter Templates................................................................... 483
Navigating in the Templates Panel................................................. 483
Templates for Different Reference Types ....................................... 483
Adding and Deleting Rows in the Filter Template ....................... 484
Cutting, Copying and Pasting Rows .............................................. 484
Literal Text vs. EndNote Fields ....................................................... 485
The {IGNORE} Field ......................................................................... 486
The Source Line ................................................................................ 487
The Reference Type Tag................................................................... 488
Fields with Special Characteristics ................................................. 489
When Punctuation Repeats Within a Field .................................... 490
The Filter Options ......................................................................................... 491
Author Parsing ................................................................................. 491
Continuation Lines ........................................................................... 495
Reference Type ................................................................................. 497
Field Editing...................................................................................... 499
Record Layout................................................................................... 502
Source Parsing .................................................................................. 504
Importing MARC Records ........................................................................... 506
What Are MARC Records? .............................................................. 506
Unique Aspects of MARC Records ................................................. 506
Creating a Filter for MARC Records............................................... 507
Rules for MARC Import Filters ....................................................... 508
Example: Modifying an Existing Filter...................................................... 510
Adding a Tag and Field to a Filter .................................................. 510
Creating a New Filter .................................................................................... 511
Overview ........................................................................................... 511
Tips for Entering Tags and Fields ................................................... 512
Example Data File and Templates .................................................. 513
14
Chapter 18 Connection Files
Introduction to Connection Files ................................................................516
What is a Connection File? ...............................................................516
The Connection Manager .................................................................516
Copying Connection Files ................................................................518
Saving Connection Files ...................................................................519
Deleting Connection Files ................................................................519
Basic Components of a Connection File ....................................................519
Editing a Connection File .................................................................520
The Connection File Window...........................................................520
“About this Connection” Panel........................................................521
The Connection Settings ...................................................................522
Search Attributes ...............................................................................524
Filter Information ..............................................................................526
Creating Connection Files ............................................................................527
Steps to Create a New Connection File ...........................................527
Default Values for New Connection Files.......................................529
Using Z39.50 Command-Line Syntax .........................................................529
Tip for Modifying Search Attributes ...............................................531
Chapter 19 Preferences, Toolbars, and Shortcuts

EndNote Preferences .....................................................................................534
Library Preferences ...........................................................................535
Display Fonts .....................................................................................537
Reference Types.................................................................................539
Temporary Citations .........................................................................540
Sorting ................................................................................................543
Change Case ......................................................................................545
Formatting .........................................................................................546
Display Fields ....................................................................................548
Duplicates ..........................................................................................549
Online Preferences ............................................................................550
Folder Locations ................................................................................551
Term Lists ..........................................................................................553
Spell Check ........................................................................................554
URLs & Links.....................................................................................558
EndNote Web.....................................................................................560
Cite While You Write Preferences ..............................................................561
General Preferences ..........................................................................562
Keyboard Shortcuts in Word............................................................563
Figures and Tables in Word .............................................................564
EndNote Application for CWYW ....................................................565
Showing Word Processor Codes......................................................566
Related EndNote Preferences...........................................................566
Shortcuts to Make Using EndNote Easier .................................................566
Keyboard Commands .......................................................................566
Shortcut Menus .................................................................................567
Toolbars..............................................................................................567
15
Chapter 20 Transferring Between EndNote Desktop and EndNote Web Libraries
Overview of EndNote Web.......................................................................... 570
Before You Begin ........................................................................................... 570
Important Points about Transferring References .......................... 571
Duplicate References ........................................................................ 571
Transferring References ............................................................................... 572
Remembering Connection Details .................................................. 572
Transferring References between EndNote Web and Desktop .... 573
Regularly Updating a Transferred Reference List......................... 575
Saving EndNote Web References to a Custom Group .................. 575
Using Cite While You Write with EndNote Web .................................... 576
Important Points about Cite While You Write and
EndNote Web .................................................................................... 576
Selecting the EndNote Application................................................. 576
The EndNote Toolbar ....................................................................... 577
Chapter 21 Using EndNote on a Palm OS Handheld

Overview of Using EndNote on
Palm OS Handheld Devices ........................................................................ 580
Installing EndNote for Palm OS................................................................. 580
Hardware and Software Requirements .......................................... 580
Installing EndNote for Palm OS...................................................... 582
Synchronizing Libraries............................................................................... 584
Starting EndNote for Palm OS and Displaying References.................. 586
Entering, Editing, and Deleting References ............................................. 587
Searching a Handheld Library .................................................................... 589
Beaming References Between Handhelds ................................................ 590
Viewing Library Statistics ........................................................................... 590
EndNote Preferences..................................................................................... 591
Chapter 22 Using EndNote on a Windows Mobile Device

Overview of Using EndNote on a Windows Mobile Device ................ 594
Installing EndNote on a Windows Mobile Device ................................. 594
Hardware and Software Requirements .......................................... 594
Installing EndNote for the Windows Mobile Operating System . 595
Synchronizing Libraries............................................................................... 597
Starting EndNote for Windows Mobile and Displaying References.. 599
Entering, Editing, and Deleting References ............................................. 601
Searching a Handheld EndNote Library................................................... 603
Viewing Library Statistics ........................................................................... 604
Setting EndNote Preferences....................................................................... 604
16
Chapter 23 Networks and Volume Installations
Using EndNote on a Network......................................................................608
Multi-Platform Networks .................................................................608
Multi-User Library Access................................................................608
Special Issues in Network Environments .......................................608
Custom Settings.................................................................................609
Volume Installations .....................................................................................610
Licensing of Volume Copies ............................................................610
Unlocking the Volume/Site License Installer...........................................611
Mass Program Installations..........................................................................612
Easy Deployment ..............................................................................613
Deploying the EndNote Installer with Group Policy ....................614
Scripted Program Installations ........................................................616
MSI Command Line Options ...........................................................617
Configuring EndNote (Palm OS Support and Word 2007) ...........620
Uninstalling EndNote ...................................................................................621
Appendix A Making Backup Copies of Your EndNote Files

Backing Up Your EndNote Files..................................................................624
Important Files to Backup ................................................................624
Backup Suggestions ..........................................................................627
Appendix B Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting EndNote............................................................................630
Displaying Extended/Special Characters .......................................630
Opening an EndNote X2 Library with EndNote 8 or 9 .................631
The EndNote Library is Corrupted .................................................633
Cannot Save a style, filter, or connection file .................................634
Troubleshooting Cite While You Write.....................................................635
No EndNote commands in Word ....................................................635
Two EndNote toolbars appear in Word ..........................................636
Word crashes or gives an error when I try to insert a large
number of citations ...........................................................................637
Garbled ADDIN EN.CITE code is appearing rather than
citations ..............................................................................................637
Corrupted Word documents ............................................................638
Inserted citations disappear, but the reference list is created.......639
Troubleshooting Connections .....................................................................640
Problems Connecting to the Internet...............................................640
Problems Finding the Host...............................................................640
Problems Connecting ........................................................................641
Problems Communicating with the Host........................................643
The Connection Error Dialog ...........................................................643
Errors Encountered While Retrieving References..........................643
Problems With Retrieved Data ........................................................644
17
Appendix C Reference Types and Fields.............................................................. 647
Appendix D Direct Export Formats and Import Formats

About Direct Export and Import Formats ................................................. 674
Direct Export Formats ................................................................................... 675
Output Formats with Corresponding Import Options........................... 683
Appendix E Keyboard Commands

Menu Keyboard Commands ....................................................................... 690
Editing Keyboard Commands..................................................................... 692
CWYW Keyboard Commands..................................................................... 693
The EndNote Glossary .................................................................................................. 695
Index ................................................................................................................ 703
18
Chapter 1
Welcome to EndNote
Contents
Introducing EndNote ........................................................... 20
About This Manual .............................................................. 20
Customer Services ................................................................ 21
Online Help and Release Notes............................... 21
Register Your Copy of EndNote.............................. 21
Customer Service ...................................................... 22
Technical Support ..................................................... 22
International Customer and Technical Support .... 22
The EndNote Website............................................... 23
The EndNote Discussion Forum ............................. 23
ADA VPAT ................................................................ 23
What’s New in EndNote X2 ................................................ 23
19
Introducing EndNote
Welcome to EndNote—the complete reference solution!
EndNote is an online search tool—it provides a simple way
to search online bibliographic databases and retrieve the
references directly into EndNote. (EndNote can also import
data files saved from a variety of online services and library
databases.)
EndNote is a reference and figure database—it specializes in
storing, managing, and searching for bibliographic
references in your private reference library. You can
organize figures—including charts, tables, pictures, and
equations—and assign each figure its own caption and
keywords.
EndNote is a bibliography and manuscript maker—it
formats citations, figures, and tables in Microsoft® Word
with the Cite While You Write™ feature. Watch the reference,
figure, and table lists grow as you insert citations in your
manuscript. Microsoft Word templates guide you through
the exacting manuscript requirements of publishers.
You can also create bibliographies using Format Paper with
other word processors.
See “What’s New in EndNote X2” on page 23 for a list of the most
recent features added to EndNote.
For late-breaking news and updates, please go to:
http://www.endnote.com/support.
About This Manual

This manual assumes that you know how to use Windows, your
word processor, and the mouse. For help on these topics, consult
your computer owner’s guide or your word processor manual.
Often there is more than one way to select a command in
EndNote. A single command may be available from one of the
main menus, from a context-sensitive right click menu, from a
toolbar icon, or with a keyboard command. In most cases, this
manual gives instructions for selecting commands from the main
menus. If a menu command has a keyboard equivalent, the
keyboard command appears next to the menu item. You can also
refer to the “Keyboard Commands” appendix on page 689.
20 Chapter 1: Welcome to EndNote

The following representations for key combinations are used:
Instruction Explanation
CTRL+ESC While holding down the CTRL key, press
the ESC key.
CTRL+ALT+ENTER While holding down the CTRL and ALT
keys, press the ENTER key.
Menu names, menu selections, and button names appear in text.
Customer Services
Online Help Online Help: You can access all of the information found in the
and Release manual by consulting the online Help file. From EndNote’s Help
menu, select Contents to view the various topics. For context-
Notes sensitive help, click the Help or ? button found on various
windows and dialogs or press the F1 key on your keyboard.
Release Notes: For documentation updates and correction notes
for this release, refer to the Readme.txt file installed in the
EndNote folder.
Late Breaking News: For late-breaking news and updates,
please go to: http://www.endnote.com/support.
Register Your If you haven’t done so already, please mail, fax, or email your
Copy of registration to Thomson ResearchSoft (go to
http://www.endnote.com/encontact.asp). You also have the
EndNote opportunity to register during installation. Even if you
purchased EndNote directly from Thomson ResearchSoft, do not
assume that you are registered. Registered users receive:
free technical support
special upgrade offers
notification of new EndNote versions that are compatible
with the latest version of your word processor
Chapter 1: Welcome to EndNote 21

Customer Contact Sales for general product information, pricing, quantity
Service discounts, and referrals to dealers.
Contact Customer Support to order new copies or upgrades of
EndNote, to check billing/shipping status, and to register your
software.
Sales Information
Phone: 760 438 5526 (country code is 01)
Fax: 760 438 5573 (country code is 01)
Web/Email: http://www.endnote.com/encontact.asp
Customer Support (Orders, Billing, and Shipping)

Phone: 800 336 4474 (country code is 01)
Fax: 215 386 2911 (country code is 01)
Web/Email: http://www.endnote.com/encontact.asp
Technical Contact Technical Support at Thomson ResearchSoft if you

Support encounter problems while using EndNote. When you contact us,
please have a clear description of the problem and know the
version of your copy of Windows, EndNote, and your word
processor. (To find the EndNote version, start EndNote and
choose About EndNote from the Help menu.) Also have your
EndNote serial number available.
For web/email or phone contact, please see:
http://www.endnote.com/encontact.asp
For hours and holiday closures, please see:
http://scientific.thomson.com/support/techsupport/hours/
Technical support tips are also available on the EndNote website
and through the EndNote Discussion Forum (see below).
International For customer support or technical support outside of North

Customer and America, please visit our website to check for a local distributor.
Technical Go to http://www.endnote.com, click on Contact Us, and then

click on International Distributors to find a local distributor.
Support

The EndNote The EndNote website (http://www.endnote.com) contains
Website technical support tips, utilities for data transfer, and information
about the latest versions of EndNote. You can learn about the
various training options. You can also find updated styles,
filters, connection files, and other related documents at this site.
Go to the website and look under Support and Services.
To easily locate incremental updates available on the website, go
to the Help menu in EndNote and select EndNote Program
Updates.
The EndNote If you wish to join an ongoing forum of EndNote users like
Discussion yourself, go to the EndNote website at
http://www.endnote.com, click on Support and Services, and
Forum then scroll down and click on the link to go to the EndNote
Discussion Forum. You can browse several EndNote message
lists, easily search for topics, and join to add messages.
ADA VPAT Thomson ResearchSoft is dedicated to developing software

products that are usable for everyone, including those with
physical challenges and disabilities. EndNote was designed to
adhere to the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) Section 508
accessibility standards.
Please visit our website at http://www.endnote.com, and click
the Support & Services link to access the VPAT (Voluntary
Product Accessibility Template) document that describes the
accessibility features that address the Section 508 Standards. The
VPAT is an informational tool developed by industry and
government to help facilitate the understanding of compatibility
issues under Section 508.
What’s New in EndNote X2

EndNote X2 includes these new and enhanced features:
Start a search with the Search tab on the Tab pane of the
Library window. See “The Search Tab” on page 226.
Quickly initiate an online search by selecting from your list
of favorite connection files in the Groups pane. See “How to
Search on Online Database” on page 183.
Use Smart Groups to view and manage subsets of references
in your library. Set up a custom search strategy to
automatically add references to a Smart Group. See “Smart
Groups” on page 252.
Chapter 1: Welcome to EndNote 23

Use several new reference types: Aggregated Database, Blog,
Catalog, Pamphlet (such as a drug circular), Serial (for
serialized books in a collection), and Standard. See
“Reference Types and Fields” on page 645.
Look for the full text of a referenced work, and attach the file
(typically a PDF file) to your EndNote reference. See
“Finding Full Text for a Reference” on page 199.
References now include automatic date stamp information.
Each reference includes an "Added to Library" date and a
"Last Updated" date in the footer of the reference. See “Date
and Auto Date Stamp” on page 149.
For references entered with EndNote version X1 or earlier,

the “Added to Library” field is left blank and the “Last
Updated” field displays the date of conversion to EndNote
X2. For new installations, the former “Last Modified Date”
field has been renamed “Custom 8” (existing reference type
settings are retained).
Compress your library and automatically attach it to an
email. See “Saving a Compressed Copy of a Library” on page
115.
View a Library Summary that recaps library statistics. See
“Library Summary” on page 102.
View a Record Summary that recaps statistics for a particular
reference. See “Record Summary” on page 138.

Chapter 2
Installing and Upgrading
EndNote
Contents
Before You Install EndNote ................................................ 26
Program Requirements ............................................ 26
Word Processor Compatibility ................................ 26
EndNote for Handheld Devices .............................. 27
EndNote Installation ............................................................ 28
Installing EndNote.................................................... 28
Installed Files ............................................................ 30
Custom Installations................................................. 32
Upgrading from an Earlier EndNote Version ................. 34
Backing Up or Replacing Files................................. 34
Opening and Converting Old EndNote
Libraries .............................................................. 35
Using Old Style, Filter, and Connection Files ........ 35
Checking Your Installation................................................. 36
Checking Microsoft Word Support ......................... 36
Automatically Updating Files ............................................ 37
Uninstalling EndNote .......................................................... 38
Uninstalling Palm OS Support and Word 2007
Settings ................................................................ 38
Uninstalling the EndNote Program ........................ 38
25
Before You Install EndNote
Please read this section before you proceed with the installation.
You will need a valid EndNote product key to install the
program. If you are upgrading from a previous version, you will
also need your previous EndNote serial number.
Program EndNote is available on CD or by downloading. If you have a CD

you need a CD-ROM drive to install the program.
Requirements
System Requirements:
EndNote runs under the following operating systems:
Windows XP, with Service Pack 2
Windows Vista
Hardware Requirements:
A personal computer with a Pentium (or compatible) 450-
MHz or faster processor
A minimum of 256 MB of available RAM
A hard drive with at least 180 MB of free space
In order to use EndNote’s Online Search feature for
searching online databases, an Internet connection is
required. To use the Open Link command to access a website,
you also need a Web browser installed.
NOTE: Make sure that your computer meets the system and hardware
requirements before continuing. If necessary, contact the distributor,
dealer, or store where you purchased EndNote to arrange for a full
refund. If you have any problem obtaining a refund, contact Thomson
ResearchSoft directly. You must do so within 30 days of purchase.
Word As of June 2008, EndNote for Windows is compatible with:

Processor Microsoft Word for Windows 2003 or 2007
Compatibility RTF files created with most word processors, including:
Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, OpenOffice, StarOffice, and
WordPad.
Open Document Format (ODT) documents created with the
OpenOffice Suite.
26 Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote

Microsoft Word:
EndNote installs Cite While You Write commands in Microsoft
Word. Word 2003 displays an EndNote submenu of commands
on Word’s Tools menu. Word 2007 displays Cite While You Write
commands on an EndNote tab. Cite While You Write allows
EndNote to format citations and create a bibliography for the
document that is open in Word. You can format, unformat, and
reformat a document—without exiting your word processor.
In order for Cite While You Write to install properly, Microsoft
Word 2003 or 2007 must be correctly installed on your computer
prior to installing EndNote.
If a supported version of Microsoft Word is installed on your
computer, the appropriate Cite While You Write files are
installed automatically for the current user when you run the
EndNote installation. This feature can be used with a shared
copy of Word or on a network.
RTF and ODT Documents:
For word processors other than Word, first write your paper and
insert in-text citations. If the file format is anything other than an
ODT document, save as an RTF file. Then, use EndNote’s Format
Paper feature to format the citations and bibliography from your
ODT or RTF file. See Chapter 12 for details.
EndNote for If your computer has software installed to allow synchronizing

Handheld with a Palm OS® handheld device or a Windows Mobile® device
Devices such as a Pocket PC ®, the EndNote installation program will
attempt to install EndNote for your handheld device.
See “Using EndNote on a Palm OS Handheld” on page 579 for
information about how to install and use EndNote on a Palm OS
handheld device.
See “Using EndNote on a Windows Mobile Device” on page 593
for information about how to install and use EndNote on a
Windows Mobile OS handheld device.
Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote 27

EndNote Installation
Follow these instructions to install the EndNote program.
If you are upgrading from a previous version of EndNote, please
see “Upgrading from an Earlier EndNote Version” on page 34.
Please see Chapter 23, “Networks and Volume Installations” for
for information about using EndNote in a network environment,
licensing, and performing mass installations.
Installing To install EndNote:

EndNote 1. Log in to the local machine with administrative rights or as a
user with program installation privileges. Make sure no
applications are running, including virus protection
software.
2. Start the EndNote installation program.
If you downloaded the EndNote installer: Double click the
installer file to start the EndNote Setup program.
If you received EndNote on a CD: Insert the EndNote CD
into your CD-ROM drive.
The EndNote Setup program will start. If you do not have
Autoplay enabled, choose Run from the Start menu, type
“d:\setup” (use the drive letter appropriate to the drive
containing the installation CD) and press ENTER.
3. Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the
installation. Use the Next button to move forward between
through these installation dialogs:
Welcome: Thank you for purchasing EndNote!
Registration Information: If you are installing the full
version of EndNote, enter your EndNote product key. You
must enter a valid product key to continue with installation
of the full version of EndNote. The product key can be found
in the EndNote X2 CD packaging, or on the order
confirmation of your digital product.
If you are installing the Demo version, choose the
appropriate button. You do not need a product key or serial
number to install the Demo version of EndNote.
User Information: Enter your name and organization.
If you are upgrading from a previous version, you must also
enter your previous EndNote serial number.

Read Me Information: Read late-breaking news about this
version of EndNote.
Palm and Windows Mobile Read Me Information: Read
late-breaking news about EndNote for the Palm OS and
Windows Mobile OS.
End User License Agreement: You must select “I accept the
license agreement” in order to continue with the installation.
Select Installation Type: We recommend that you select
Complete to make sure you install all options, although you
can choose Custom to hand pick the file groups to install.
Select Destination: By default, EndNote is installed in the
C:\Program Files\EndNote X2 folder. You can use the Browse
button to change the folder selection if you wish.
If a previous installation of EndNote is found in the same
folder, you will be given the option to either back up or
overwrite the older files. If you back up files, they are placed
in a Backup folder in the installation folder.
Select Components: (Custom installations only) If you
selected a Custom installation, see “Selecting Features” on
page 33.
Select Default Citation Manager: (Microsoft Word 2007
only) If the installer detects Microsoft Word 2007, it asks
whether to “Use EndNote as my default citation manager.”
Cite While You Write will be installed in Word 2007 in any
case, but when this item is selected the installer will suppress
Word’s native Citations and Bibliography commands (the
group normally found on the References tab in Word) in
order to avoid confusion for the user.
Ready to Install: You can still click Cancel to stop the
installation. Once you click Next, the installation program
will begin installing EndNote files.
4. On the final “EndNote X2 is Successfully Installed” dialog,
click Register to register your copy of EndNote, click Finish to
close the installation program, or click Run to start EndNote.
To make sure the program installed correctly, see “Checking
Your Installation” on page 36.

Installed Files The full EndNote installation includes the following default
folders and files.
Program Folder
C:\Program Files\EndNote X2
EndNote X2.exe application file
EndNote.chm help file
You can double-click the file to view it. In the EndNote
program, select EndNote X2 Help from the Help menu.
Pressing the F1 key on your keyboard or clicking a Help or ?
button in the program brings up a context-sensitive topic.
Readme.txt text file contains late-breaking news
EndNote.pdf is the full electronic manual
GettingStartedGuide.pdf gives a tour of the program
Examples shortcut folder
This is a shortcut to an Examples folder that contains sample
files to follow the guided tour found in Chapter 3 and the
Getting Started Guide, and to experiment with while
learning EndNote.
Styles folder
This folder contains the full collection of over 3,000
bibliographic styles.
Connections folder
This folder contains thousands of connection files to connect
to and search online bibliographic databases.
Filters folder
This folder contains hundreds of import filters for importing
text files downloaded from online bibliographic databases.
Terms Lists folder
This folder contains journal abbreviation term lists. These
lists contain thousands of journal names and standard
abbreviations. Import a list into your library’s Journals term
list to use the abbreviations in your bibliographies.
Spell folder
This folder contains spell check dictionaries for the EndNote
spell checker.
Templates folder
This folder contains Microsoft Word templates to quickly set
up your papers for electronic submission to publishers.

Palm and Pocket PC folders
These folders contain Read Me files and support files that
allow you to keep an EndNote library on a Palm handheld
device or a Windows Mobile device.
Various additional folders and files are installed to support
the EndNote program and to integrate EndNote with other
software programs.
Shared Folder
Open the Shared Documents or Public Documents folder in
Windows Explorer to find the EndNote folder located at:
Windows XP: Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared
Documents\EndNote
Windows Vista: C:\Users\Public\Public Documents\EndNote
Examples folder
This folder contains a sample library and other sample
documents and graphics to use while learning EndNote.
You may want to use the shared EndNote folder to store your
libraries, so that they are available to all users on your
computer.
Personal Folder
Open the My Documents or Documents folder in Windows
Explorer to find the EndNote folder located at:
Windows XP: C:\Documents and Settings\[UserName]\My
Documents\EndNote
Windows Vista: C:\Users\[UserName]\Documents\EndNote
These folders are created when you create or modify a file:
Styles folder contains new or modified bibliographic styles
Connections folder contains new or modified connection files
Filters folder contains new or modified import filters
While the program folder contains all of the default styles,
connection files, and filters, your personal EndNote folder
contains those files that you have created or modified. This
prevents changes to the original files, and assures that you will
not inadvertently delete a customized file when you remove or
upgrade the EndNote program. It also allows you to make
changes to files even though you may not have administrator
access to modify files in the Program Files folder. EndNote
displays a single list of the files found in both locations. If a file

of the same name appears in both locations, EndNote will
display only the file found in your personal folder.
To change your personal folder locations, see “Folder Locations”
on page 551.
Preferences Folder
Depending on your settings, these folders may be hidden from
view in Windows Explorer.
Windows XP: C:\Documents and Settings\[UserName]\
Application Data\EndNote
Windows Vista: C:\Users\[UserName]\App Data\Roaming\EndNote
While many EndNote preferences are stored in the Windows
registry, some are stored in your personal preferences folder. It
contains the connect.log file that records your latest online
search, the RefTypeTable.xml file that stores your reference type
preferences, saved search strategies, and various other settings.
Custom Although we recommend that you use the Complete installation

Installations option to install EndNote, the Custom installation option can be
useful if you are low on disk space or if you need to reinstall only
certain EndNote components.
To do a new custom installation:
1. Follow the instructions for “EndNote Installation” on page
28.
2. On the dialog titled “Select Installation Type,” select Custom.
3. When you get to the dialog titled “Select Features,” read the
section below, “Selecting Features” to determine what you
would like to select/deselect for installation.
NOTE: If the installer detects another copy of EndNote in the

destination folder, it gives you options to either backup or remove older
files during the installation. When doing a custom install, only selected
components are affected. For example, if you are installing only the
Anthropology styles, and you choose to remove older files, only the
older Anthropology styles are removed; no other part of the installation
is affected.

To install components after EndNote X2 is already installed:
1. Start the installation program as you would for a new
installation.
2. On the “Application Maintenance” dialog, select the Modify
option and click Next.
3. When you get to the “Select Features” dialog, read the
section below, “Selecting Features” to determine what you
would like to select/deselect for installation.
Selecting Features
There are several major categories of components that can be
installed with EndNote.
The components you can select for installation include:
EndNote Application
EndNote Program
Sample Files
EndNote Help
PDF Manual
Word Templates/Add-ins:
Templates for Microsoft Word
Cite While You Write for Microsoft Word
Styles: These formats for creating bibliographies are
grouped by type.
Connections: These files for directly retrieving references
from online reference databases are grouped by information
service provider.
Filters: These files for importing text files of reference data
are grouped by information service provider.
Spelling Dictionaries: These are dictionaries available for
the spelling checker.
EndNote for Palm OS and Windows Mobile: These are files
required for using EndNote for the Palm operating system or
the Windows Mobile operating system.
Click the plus sign next to each category to display a detailed list
of items. For each category or subcategory, click the triangle next
to the name to select from the available installation options. The
options may include:
Will be installed on local hard drive.
Entire feature will be installed on local hard drive.

Will be installed to run from network.
Entire feature will be installed to run from network.
Feature will be installed when required.
Entire feature will be unavailable.
Upgrading from an Earlier EndNote Version

Before you begin, back up any custom styles, import filters, and
connection files that you do not want overwritten.
While it is not required, we recommend that you uninstall any
earlier version of EndNote before you install EndNote X2. See “”
on page 37.
NOTE: During installation, you will need to enter both your new
EndNote X2 product key, which is found in the EndNote X2 CD
packaging or on the order confirmation for your digital product, and your
old EndNote serial number. (The Demo version of EndNote does not
require these.)
Install the upgrade just as you would a new installation. See

“EndNote Installation” on page 28. By default, EndNote X2 is
installed into the C:\Program Files\EndNote X2 folder.
Backing Up or If Setup detects an earlier copy of the EndNote program in the

Replacing installation folder, it alerts you and gives you two options. If you
continue with the installation to install EndNote X2 into your
Files existing EndNote folder, Setup removes the older EndNote
application and word processor support files. You need to select
what it should do with the styles, filters, and connection files
from your older copy of EndNote. No matter which option you
choose, your libraries will not be deleted; nor will any non-
EndNote files in the EndNote folder.
Backup older files: EndNote X2 provides complete, updated
sets of style, filter, and connection files. But if you want to
keep any of your older modified files to use with EndNote
X2, you should choose this option. Doing so has EndNote
create a “Backup” folder in the EndNote folder and all of the
styles, filters, and connection files from your older
installation are copied into that folder. After installing
EndNote, you should move any of these files that you want
to use into the Styles, Filters, or Connections folders installed
with EndNote X2.

Remove older files: If this option is selected, Setup replaces
all of the styles, filters, and connection files from your
existing EndNote installation with the new ones included
with EndNote X2. Do not choose this option if you have
custom styles, filters, or connection files that you want to
save. If they have the same names as any of the files to be
installed, the installer will overwrite them with the new files.
Opening and EndNote X2 opens and uses libraries created with EndNote 8
Converting and later. It converts libraries created with even earlier versions
of EndNote to the latest file format.
Old EndNote
To convert an old EndNote library (created before version 8):
Libraries
1. Start EndNote.
2. From the File menu, select Open and then Open Library.
3. On the file dialog, locate and highlight the old library, and
click Open.
EndNote will warn that the selected library was created with
an older version, and will ask for permission to convert it.
4. Click OK to convert the library. Name the new library and
click Save. The conversion makes a copy of the original library
in the latest file format, and leaves the original library intact.
NOTE: Once you have opened and used a library with EndNote X2, you
should use the library only with version X or later.
Using Old EndNote X2 can use custom styles, filters, and connection files
Style, Filter, that were created with EndNote versions 4.0.1-X2. Once you edit
and save one of these files with EndNote X2, it is converted to the
and latest format, which can be used with EndNote versions 8 to X2.
Connection All of the styles, filters, and connection files supplied with
Files EndNote X2 have been updated to the latest format. The new
filter and connection files can be used by previous versions of
EndNote, with new fields simply ignored. However, the updated
styles cannot be used with versions of EndNote prior to version 8.

Checking Your Installation
To run EndNote, click the Start button, choose All Programs,
select EndNote, and then choose EndNote Program.
A dialog may ask you to open a library file. Choose Cancel or
Close. To check the version number of EndNote, choose About
EndNote from the Help menu. Click the splash screen to clear it.
If you have trouble accessing the program, repeat the installation
steps to verify that the program was correctly installed.
Checking To see whether Cite While You Write is correctly installed, start
Microsoft Word.
Word Support In Word 2003, click on the Tools menu and you should see
EndNote commands on an EndNote X2 submenu.
In Word 2007, you should see an EndNote tab.
Cite While You Write commands may not be available if you

installed Word or upgraded your version of Word after installing
EndNote.

If Cite While You Write commands do not appear in Word,
repair the EndNote installation:
1. Log in to the machine with administrative rights or as a user
with program installation privileges.
2. From the Windows Start menu, select Control Panel, or
choose Settings and then Control Panel.
3. Choose Add or Remove Programs.
4. Highlight EndNote X2 and click Change.
5. Select Repair and click Next.
Your entire EndNote installation is checked and repaired as
needed. For more information, see “No EndNote commands in
Word” on page 635.
Automatically Updating Files

You can automatically update EndNote X2 when incremental
program enhancements are available.
To update your copy of the EndNote program:
1. Open a connection to the Internet.
2. From EndNote’s Help menu, select EndNote Program Updates.
The wizard checks for an update, lets you know whether an
update is available, and then downloads the file(s) and applies
the update to your EndNote installation.
NOTE: You also have the option to download the latest content files at
any time from our website at http://www.endnote.com. We continually
update output styles, filters, connection files, and Microsoft Word
templates.

Uninstalling EndNote
Before you remove EndNote, back up your libraries and any
other files you have created or customized.
For volume installations, see “Uninstalling EndNote” on page
621.
Uninstalling Palm OS files and Word 2007 settings are typically registered
Palm OS during installation of the EndNote program, and in those cases
they will also be uninstalled along with the program. You can
Support and jump to the next section, “Uninstalling the EndNote Program.”
Word 2007 If you used the Configure EndNote utility for a specific user
Settings account, to register Palm OS files and/or suppress the “Citations
and Bibliography” group on the References tab in Word 2007,
you should use that utility again to uninstall.
To uninstall Palm OS support and Word 2007 settings:
1. Log on to the workstation as the current user. You do not
have to be an administrator.
2. Launch the Configure EndNote utility. You can do this in
one of these ways:
From the Windows Start menu, choose All
Programs>EndNote>Configure EndNote.
Go to the EndNote program folder and double-click
"Configure EndNote.exe."
3. Select Remove all EndNote components for me and click Next.
4. Continue through the uninstall process as instructed.
This uninstalls only Palm OS support and a single Word 2007
setting, and only for the current user.
Uninstalling To uninstall EndNote:

the EndNote 1. Log in to the machine with administrative rights or as a user
Program with program installation privileges.
3. Select Add or Remove Programs.
4. In the list of currently installed programs, select EndNote X2.
5. Click the Remove button.

Or, you can uninstall by using the EndNote installation
program:
2. From your EndNote CD, run Setup.exe.
3. On the “Application Maintenance” dialog, select Remove and
click Next.
4. Click Next again to begin removing EndNote.
The uninstall procedure removes only files, groups, and icons
installed by the EndNote installer the last time it was run. For
example, if you used the installer’s Custom installation option to
reinstall only style files, the Uninstall program removes only
style files.
To remove any modified EndNote files that remain:
We purposely do not remove any EndNote libraries or
customized files. You can manually delete these files with
Windows Explorer. Once you are sure you do not want to save
any of the files contained in the following folders, you can delete
them:
Windows XP
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared Documents\EndNote
C:\Documents and Settings\[UserName]\My Documents\EndNote
C:\Documents and Settings\[UserName]\Application Data\EndNote
Windows Vista
C:\Users\Public\Public Documents\EndNote
C:\Users\[UserName]\Documents\EndNote
C:\Users\[UserName]\App Data\Roaming\EndNote

Chapter 3
The EndNote Guided Tour
Contents
Introduction to the Guided Tour ....................................... 43
Are You Ready? ........................................................ 44
Part I: Introduction to an EndNote Library ..................... 45
Start EndNote............................................................ 45
The Library Window ................................................ 47
Preview References................................................... 48
Sort the References ................................................... 50
Select and Open a Reference.................................... 51
Close the Reference .................................................. 52
Save References to a Custom Group ....................... 53
Related Sections ........................................................ 55
Part II: Setting EndNote Preferences ................................ 56
Open the Sample Library ......................................... 56
Access EndNote Preferences.................................... 56
Set a Favorite Library ............................................... 56
Change the Library Display Font ............................ 57
Part III: Entering a Reference ............................................. 60
Create a New Reference ........................................... 60
Locate References That Contain Attached Files..... 67
Part IV: Searching an Online Database............................ 69
Connect to an Online Database ............................... 70
Search the Database .................................................. 71
Review the References.............................................. 74
Delete Unwanted References ................................... 75
41
Part V: Importing Reference Data into EndNote............ 77
Open the Sample Library ........................................ 77
Search the Database and Save the References ....... 77
Choose the Correct Import Filter and Import
into EndNote ...................................................... 79
Summary of Output Formats and Corresponding
Import Options .................................................. 82
Direct Export from Web Pages ............................... 82
Related Sections ....................................................... 82
Part VI: Searching an EndNote Library and Previewing
a Bibliography ....................................................................... 83
Search for a Set of References ................................. 83
Preview the Found References ............................... 85
Part VII: Using EndNote While Writing a Paper With
Microsoft Word ..................................................................... 87
Open a Microsoft Word Document ........................ 87
Cite EndNote References......................................... 88
Select a Bibliographic Style ..................................... 91
Edit a Citation .......................................................... 93
Insert Figure Citations ............................................. 94
42 Chapter 3: The EndNote Guided Tour

Introduction to the Guided Tour
This guided tour introduces you to the basics of using EndNote
for storing references and writing papers. The guided tour is not
designed to show you everything about EndNote, but it does
provide a quick summary of some important features.
Part I: Introduction to an EndNote Library
Learn how to start EndNote, open a reference library, sort the
reference list, select, open, and close a reference, and save
references to a custom group. These skills prepare you for the
rest of the Tour.
Part II: Setting EndNote Preferences
Learn how to set a favorite library to open automatically and
how to change the display fonts.
Part III: Entering a Reference
Learn how to enter a reference, including inserting a figure and
a file attachment.
Part IV: Searching Online Databases
Learn how to use EndNote to search online databases and library
catalogs available online and save those references to an
EndNote library. This feature requires that you have a
connection to the Internet.
Part V: Importing References
Learn how to import references that have been downloaded from
a database to a tagged text file.
Part VI: Searching EndNote Libraries and Previewing a
Bibliography
Learn how to search for references in an EndNote library, and
preview a formatted bibliography from an EndNote library.
Part VII: Using EndNote While Writing a Paper
Learn how to cite EndNote references while writing a paper with
Microsoft Word (2003 or 2007). You will insert citations and
figures, and have EndNote generate a bibliography plus figures
and tables for the paper.
(If you use a word processor other than Word, please see Chapter
12, “Scanning and Formatting Files”for information about
Format Paper.)
Chapter 3: The EndNote Guided Tour 43

Are You At this point we assume that both EndNote and Word are
Ready? installed on your computer. If you have not installed EndNote,
please follow the instructions in Chapter 2 before continuing.
The guided tour uses sample files that are installed in an
Examples folder. The Examples folder is in your computer’s
Shared Documents or Public Documents folder, but you can also
easily find it from a shortcut in the EndNote X2 program folder.
The example files include a sample EndNote reference library
called Sample_Library.enl and a number of image files.

Part I: Introduction to an EndNote Library
This part of the guided tour covers the basics of working with
EndNote. In particular, you will learn how to:
Start EndNote and open a library.
Sort the reference list.
Select, open, and close a reference in the EndNote library.
Save references to custom groups.
Quit from the EndNote program.
Start EndNote To start the EndNote program and open the sample library:
1. From the Start menu, choose Programs, select EndNote, and
then choose the EndNote Program. If this is the first time you
have used the program, a dialog appears prompting you to
open a reference library.
NOTE: If you have set a favorite library to open automatically, that

library will open instead of the dialog shown above. If this happens,
close the library, choose Open from the File menu, and continue with
step 3.
2. Select Open an existing library.

3. To open the library, do one of these:
Select Sample_Library.enl in the drop-down list, and click
OK.
If Sample_Library.enl does not appear in the drop-down
list, click Browse to locate it. A dialog will appear,
prompting you to locate and open a reference library.
Use the “Look in:” list to find the EndNote X2 folder. By

default, this will be on the C drive in the Program Files
folder. To get there, click the “Look in:” list, choose the
“C:” drive and click Open; select Program Files and click
Open; and then select and open the EndNote X2 folder.
Select the Examples shortcut that points to the Examples

folder, and click Open. You should now see the file
Sample_Library.enl, the example EndNote library. (Your
folder View settings may or may not be set up to show
the extension .ENL.) Select Sample_Library.enl and click
Open.
NOTE: You can open a library from within EndNote by choosing Open
from the File menu.

The Library When you open the sample library you see the Library window
Window listing all of the references that the library contains:
Move column dividers to adjust column widths
The Library window includes three panes:

The Reference List pane displays a multi-column list of
references. By default, the first column in the reference list shows
a paper clip icon for references that include an attached file in the
File Attachments field. Then, the first author’s last name, the
year, the title, the journal name or secondary title, the reference
type, the URL, and the Last Updated date are displayed for each
reference.
The Groups pane at the left of the window lists various groups
of references for easy retrieval.
The Tab pane displays a Preview tab to view formatted
references and a Search tab for searching either the current
library or an online database.
The information displayed in the reference list, as well as the font
used for the display, can be changed using the EndNote
Preferences. Chapter 4 provides more information about
customizing the Library window.

You can browse through the reference list by first selecting a
reference, and then using the scroll bar, the scroll arrows, or the
PAGE DOWN, PAGE UP, HOME, END, and ARROW keys.
Preview You can easily see more detail about a reference by highlighting
References the reference and viewing the Preview tab at the bottom of the
Library window.
To preview a reference:
1. First, if you do not have a Tab pane in the window, click on
the Show Tab Pane button at the bottom of the window and
then click on the Preview tab.
2. For this example, click on the reference titled “Geophysical
Research Letters.”
The Preview tab uses the current output style to display the
selected reference as it will be formatted for a bibliography.
EndNote’s output styles (or just styles) represent the rules
for creating bibliographies for a variety of journals and other
publications. The styles determine how your references look
when you print, export, preview, or create bibliographies.
3. To select a different output style to apply to the reference, go
to the toolbar and select Numbered from the drop-down list of
output styles.
Only one reference is displayed on the Preview tab at a time. If

multiple references are selected, only the active reference
(surrounded by a dotted line) is displayed. The format of the

reference on the Preview tab can be changed at any time by
choosing a different output style.
When the Tab pane is showing, a Hide Tab Pane button is

available at the bottom of the window. You can click Hide Tab
Pane to hide the Preview tab if you wish. The name of the button
will toggle to Show Tab Pane.

Sort the References can easily be sorted by clicking on a column heading
References (such as Author, Year, or Title).
To change the sort order:
1. Click the Author column heading to change the current
Author sort from ascending order to descending order.
NOTE: This example shows references that include Japanese

characters. EndNote uses Unicode to encode special characters, so
that data is easily translated between platforms, programs, and
languages. If boxes appear instead of characters, you may need to
change the EndNote display fonts to a Unicode font. You will learn how
to do this in the next section, “Part II: Setting EndNote Preferences.” For
some display elements, you may need to install special Windows
Language Packs. Consult your Windows documentation for more
information about Language Packs.
2. Click the Year column heading to see the references sorted in

ascending order based on the year of publication.
3. Click the Year column heading again (a second time) to
reverse the sort order and see the references sorted in
descending order.
4. Now, click the Author column heading to return the sort
order of the library to an alphabetical list sorted by the
author names.

Select and To work with specific references you must first select them in the
Open a Library window.
Reference There are different ways to select a reference, such as clicking on

the reference using the mouse, using the arrow keys, or typing
the first few letters found in the field by which the library has
been sorted.
To see how this works, click once on any reference to select it. If
you have arrow keys on your keyboard, press the UP or DOWN
ARROW to select the previous or next reference. When the library
is sorted by author name (as it should be now), you can also
select a reference by typing the first few letters of the author’s
last name.
To quickly find and display a reference:
1. Select the first Argus reference in the list by clicking in the
list and then typing “arg” without pausing between letters.
Now that the reference is selected, there are a number of

things you can do with it, such as view its contents, copy, cut,
delete, or edit it. For now, just open the reference to view the
contents.
2. Open the selected Argus reference by pressing the ENTER key
or by using the Edit References command on the References

menu. You can also open a reference by double-clicking on it
in the reference list.
The Reference window opens to display all of the information
associated with the reference.
Show or Hide empty close
title bar fields in the reference. button
Click and drag to resize the window.
This is where you enter or edit information for a reference. The

citation information is displayed at the top of the Reference
window in the title bar, “Argus, 1993 #32.” This information—
the first author’s last name, year, and record number—is used by
EndNote to match citations in a paper to references in a library.
To view the rest of the reference, use the mouse to scroll down
the Reference window, or press the TAB key to move forward
from one field to the next. Press SHIFT+TAB to move backwards
through the fields. Click the Show Empty Fields/Hide Empty Fields
button to toggle between showing all fields in the reference and
only those fields that contain data.
The window may also be resized by clicking and dragging the
lower right window corner. To reposition the window, click on
the title bar and drag the window to the desired location.
Close the Next, close the reference. You can do this in one of these ways:
Reference Click the close button in the upper corner of the Reference
window.
From the File menu, choose Close Reference.

From the keyboard, press CTRL+W. Note that many of the
menu commands have a keyboard equivalent next to them.
EndNote automatically saves all changes to a reference when the
Reference window is closed.
Save The left pane of the library window lists groups of saved
References to a references. In a new library, only the All References group
contains references; it displays all of the references in the library.
Custom Group However, you can add up to 500 custom and smart groups to a
library.
A custom group is built by specifically adding individual
references to the group. A smart group is compiled
automatically, and is based on a search strategy.
The sample library has several custom groups of references.
Click on the group names under Custom Groups in the left pane
of the library window to view the references in each group. Then,
click All References to display all of the references in the library
again.
To create a custom group and add references to it:
1. From the Groups menu, select Create Group. (Or, you could
right click under Custom Groups in the Groups pane to
display a context-sensitive menu, and then select Create
Group.)
In the Groups pane of the Library window, a group titled
New Group is now highlighted for editing.
2. Type “Geology” as the group name, and then press ENTER or
click in the reference list area to save the change. The
reference list is blank, as there are no references in this new
group.
3. Click on the All References group to display the entire library
again.
4. In the Journal column, look for the first two references to
Sedimentary Geology, and highlight them. To select non-
contiguous references, hold down the CTRL key as you click
on them.
5. Drag the selected (highlighted) references to the new
Geology group and drop them on the title of the group. (Or,
you could go to the Groups menu and choose Add References
To>Geology.)

6. Click on the Geology group to display the two references now
included in the group.
Click on All References to display all of the references in the

library again.
To delete a custom group:
1. Right click on the Geology group name to display a context-
sensitive menu, and select Delete Group.
(Or, you could click on the group name and then select Delete
Group from the Groups menu.)
2. When you are asked to verify the deletion, click Delete.
Only the Group subset is deleted; no references are deleted from
your library.
Many of the commands for managing groups are available both
from the Groups menu and from the right click context-sensitive
menu.
This concludes Part I of the guided tour. If you do not plan to
continue the tour, go to the File menu and choose Exit to close the
program. Otherwise, you can continue with the tour.

Related See these sections in the manual for information related to this
Sections portion of the tour:
Learn how to change the display of the Library window in
Chapter 4, “The EndNote Library.”
To learn more about sorting, see “Sorting the Library” in
Chapter 8.
To learn more about creating and managing groups, see
Chapter 9, “Using Groups.”

Part II: Setting EndNote Preferences
In this part of the guided tour you will learn how to:
Display EndNote preferences
Set a favorite library to open each time you start EndNote.
Change the display fonts.
Open the If EndNote is not already running, start it and open the sample
Sample library (Sample_Library.enl) as shown under “Start EndNote” on
page 45.
Library
Access To view or change the EndNote preferences:

EndNote From the Edit menu, choose Preferences.
Preferences Many of these preferences are stored in your Windows registry,
although there are exceptions.
Set a Favorite You can assign a library to open automatically every time you
Library start EndNote. You will find it useful to set the sample library
(Sample_Library.enl) as your favorite library for now. Later, when
you create your own library, you can set it as the favorite library.
To set a favorite library:
1. If you haven’t already, go to the Edit menu and choose
Preferences.
2. In the list on the left, click Libraries.
3. Next to “When EndNote starts,” use the drop-down list to
select “Open the specified libraries.”

4. Click Add Open Libraries. You should see the full path and
filename of the sample library (Sample_Library.enl) listed at
the top of the box.
5. Click Apply to save this change.

While you could click OK to leave the Preferences dialog, we are
going to change another preference first.
Change the Next, pick a different font to display text in the Library window
Library and the Reference window.
Display Font To change the display fonts:

1. If you are not currently viewing the EndNote Preferences
window, go to the Edit menu and choose Preferences.
2. In the list on the left, click Display Fonts.
The Library font determines the font and size of the
references listed in the Reference List pane of the Library
window.
The General font changes the font used to display most
text that is typed into EndNote (such as in the Reference
or Style windows). The General font is also used for most
of the previews and information panels in EndNote, as
well as for bibliographies that are printed or copied
directly from EndNote.
The Labels font determines the font and size used for the
Reference window field labels.

The Search font determines the font and size applied to
user-entered text on the Search tab.
3. On the Library tab, click the Change Font button.

4. In the Font list, select Arial Unicode MS (or another Unicode
font that supports Japanese characters) and click Apply to
save the change.
EndNote uses Unicode to correctly handle extended
characters. By selecting a Unicode font here, you can view
extended characters in the Library window, such as the
Japanese characters found in the sample library.
5. On the General tab, click the Change Font button.
6. In the Font list, select Arial Unicode MS (or another Unicode
font that supports Japanese characters) and click Apply to
save the change.
7. Click the red close button or OK to leave the Preferences
dialog.

Learn how to change the display of the Library window in
Chapter 4, “The EndNote Library.”
The Preferences panels provide many ways to customize
your version of EndNote. For example, you can ignore
articles when sorting, set duplicate detection options, etc.
See Chapter 19 for more information about setting
preferences.

Part III: Entering a Reference
Enter a reference into a library.
Attach a figure and other types of files to a reference.
In this part of the tour, you are going to enter a journal article
reference that includes attached files.
Sample library (Sample_Library.enl), as shown in Part I of the guided tour.
Library
Create a New There are various ways to add references to an EndNote library:
Reference Type the reference information into the Reference window.
Connect to an online bibliographic database and retrieve the
references directly into EndNote, as demonstrated in part IV
of this tour and described in Chapter 6: “Searching Online
Databases with EndNote.”
Import text files of references that have been downloaded
from online bibliographic databases, as demonstrated in part
V of this tour and described in Chapter 7: “Importing
Reference Data into EndNote.”
This example demonstrates how to type reference information
into EndNote.
Once a library is open, you can add a new reference to it:
1. Click in the reference list and then, from the References menu,
choose New Reference (CTRL+N). An empty Reference

window opens with the words “New Reference” displayed
at the top.
New references appear as journal articles (unless you change

the default setting) but can be changed to any other type of
reference using the Reference Type list at the top of the
window.
2. Next, choose a reference type. Click the Reference Type list
and choose Book.
Notice that the field list changes to reflect the type of

bibliographic information you would record for a book. You
are welcome to select other reference types from the list to
see how the list of fields changes for each type of source.

Three reference types—Figure, Chart or Table, and
Equation—are available specifically for cataloging picture
files and object files, although you can add File Attachments,
Figures and Captions to any reference type.
When you are done looking at different reference types, set
the reference type back to the Journal Article reference type.
You are now ready to enter reference information, beginning
with the author names.
3. Enter author names for the reference. Individual author
names must be entered one per line.
a. Enter a personal author name with the first name first.
With the cursor in the Author field, type:
Tiberius Rex
As you type, EndNote suggests names similar to the one
you are entering. This is EndNote’s way of using term
lists to facilitate the process of entering new references.
NOTE: The auto-complete feature can be turned on or off with EndNote

Term List preferences. It is available for Author fields when you enter
author names with the last name first.
The name you are entering, Tiberius Rex, is a new author

in this library, so keep typing until you complete the
name and then press the ENTER key.
The name appears in red text to indicate that it is a new
name in the Author term list for this library. When you
close the reference, it will be added to the Author term
list and the red text will change to black. You can read
more about term lists (and how to turn these options on
or off) in Chapter 10.
b. Enter the second author’s name, but with the surname
first:
Roe, Jennifer
This author is already in the sample library, so as you
start typing the last name, you will see EndNote
complete the name for you.
Press ENTER to accept EndNote’s suggested author name.

c. For the third author, enter:

de Young, John Robert, Jr.
The first comma separates the last and first name. The
second comma is inserted before suffix text, to make it
clear that it is not part of the author’s name for
manipulation of name order or stripping to initials.
Suffix text will always print after the other information
for this author.
d. Enter the fourth author’s name, which in this case is a
corporate author:
University of California,, Berkeley
Corporate author names are entered with a following
comma, so they will not be manipulated like personal
author names. In this case, the corporate author name
has a comma within the name. We inserted two commas
to allow for correct formatting. The first comma makes it
clear that text up to that point should not be
manipulated, and the second comma indicates that there
is no “first name,” yet includes suffix text.
4. Press TAB to accept the author name and move to the Year
field. In the Year field, type:
2006
5. Continue entering the reference as shown below, using the
TAB key to move to the next field, and SHIFT+TAB to move to
the previous field, if necessary. You can also use the mouse
to click in the desired field. If information is not provided for
a particular field, leave that field empty.
Title: The scale and the feather: A
suggested evolution
Journal: Paleontology
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
Pages: 125-128
Date: November 22
Keywords: Feathers
Evolution
Birds
No extra punctuation (such as parentheses around the year)
or text styles (such as bold or italic) are entered into the
reference. EndNote adds the necessary punctuation and text
style changes to the references when it creates a
bibliography.

While we are not entering any text into the Abstract or Notes
fields, you could enter 64 K into each of these fields, which
amounts to 10-12 pages text.
6. Next, attach a PDF file to the reference. You can attach just
about any type of file to the File Attachments field of a
reference.
Scroll to the File Attachments field, and from the References
menu, select File Attachments and then Attach File to display
a file dialog. On the file dialog:
a. Navigate to the folder Program Files\EndNote X2.
b. Notice the check box titled “Copy this file to the default
file attachment folder and create a relative link.” Make
sure this box is selected so that EndNote will make a
copy of the file to store with the library. That way, the
attached file is always available to you, even when you
move the library.
c. Highlight the file titled EndNote.PDF. This is the full
EndNote manual located in the EndNote program folder.
d. Click Open to insert the file into the File Attachments
field. A file icon will appear in the field.
You can attach up to 45 different files to a single

reference, and you can double click a file icon to open the
file with the default application.
7. Next, attach a figure file. Attached figures can be cited and
displayed in Microsoft Word, which we will do later in the
tour. You can attach a single figure file to each EndNote
reference.
Microsoft Word recognizes many file types as figures. Some
valid file types include these graphic files:
Windows Bitmap (BMP)
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
JPEG File Interchange Format (JPEG)
Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
Tag Image File Format (TIFF)
You can also insert object files, such as:
Audio files (WAV, MP3)
Microsoft Access files

Microsoft Excel files
Microsoft Power Point files
Microsoft Project files
Microsoft Visio files
Microsoft Word files
Multimedia files (MOV, QuickTime)
Technical drawing files
Text files (TXT, RTF, HTML)
Scroll to the Figure and Caption fields, and from the

References menu, select Figure and then Attach Figure.
Click Choose File to display a file dialog.

On the file dialog:
a. Navigate to the folder Program Files\EndNote X2\
Examples. (The Examples folder found here is a shortcut to
a shared location.)
b. Highlight the file titled Feather2.BMP.
c. Click Open to insert the file into the Figure field.

The graphic appears as a thumbnail in the reference.
EndNote copied the file to a .DATA folder stored with the
Sample_Library, and linked the copied graphic to this
reference.
In the Caption field, enter:
Cockatiel Crest Feathering
Always enter a caption for your image. It assists in locating
images, and it labels figures in your Microsoft Word
documents.
8. Close the Reference window by clicking the close box (the X
in the upper right corner of the Reference window), or by
choosing Close Reference (CTRL+W) from the File menu.
All information is automatically saved when you close the
reference window. Your new reference will appear in the Library
window.
A paper clip icon appears next to the reference to indicate an

attached file. You could also modify the reference list to show a
column for attached figures, but that is not a default setting.

Locate You can easily locate those references that contain attached files.
References To locate the references containing attached files:
That Contain Click the paper clip icon in the first column heading twice to sort
Attached Files records containing attached files at the top of the list. References
that include a paper clip have one or more attached files.
You can double-click on an individual reference if you would

like to view the complete reference. When you are done viewing
a reference, click the close button to close it.
Click the Author column heading to again order the list by
author names in ascending (A to Z) order.
This concludes Part III of the guided tour. Part IV demonstrates
how to search online databases and save your search results to
an EndNote library. If you do not have an Internet connection,
skip Part IV and move on to “Part V: Importing Reference Data
into EndNote” on page 77.
If you are finished working with EndNote for now, go to the File
menu and choose Exit to close the EndNote program.
If you are eager to begin creating your own library, see
Chapter 4, “The EndNote Library. “
Chapter 5, “Entering and Editing References,” provides
more detail about typing references into your library and
inserting figures and files.
For information about connecting directly to online
bibliographic databases and retrieving references into
EndNote, see Part IV of this tour and Chapter 6, “Searching
Online Databases with EndNote.”

If you will be importing references that have been
downloaded from an online or CD-ROM database, see Part V
of this tour and Chapter 7, “Importing Reference Data into
EndNote.”

Part IV: Searching an Online Database
With EndNote's Online Search command, you can search online
bibliographic databases just as easily as you can search an
EndNote library on your own computer. And to make it even
easier, the results of your searches are saved as references in
your own EndNote library.
This section will guide you through these basic steps:
Connect to an online database.
Search the database and download the references into an
EndNote library.
NOTE: In order to follow this exercise, you must be at a computer with

access to the Internet (either dial-up or a direct network connection).
About the PubMed Database

For this lesson, you will connect to PubMed, the National Library
of Medicine’s online public access version of their MEDLINE
database. PubMed is the online database you will be searching;
the National Library of Medicine is the information provider.
For Users With “Dial-up” Internet Connections

If you use a modem and a phone line to connect to the Internet,
as opposed to a direct network connection, this section pertains
to you.
Connecting: Most setups for dial-up connections are configured
to automatically dial your information provider and connect to
the Internet when you use an application that requests an online
connection (as EndNote’s Online Search command does).
However, some setups require that you establish an online
connection (sign on) before choosing EndNote’s Online Search
command.
Disconnecting: EndNote disconnects from an online database as
soon as a search is completed, but will not disconnect your
Internet connection at any point. You need to shut down your
connection when you have finished using EndNote’s Online
Search feature.
Library

Connect to an The first step in searching an online database is connecting to it.
Online To connect to the PubMed Database:
Database 1. Go to the Tools menu and select Online Search to see the
available list of online databases. You could also look under
Online Search in the Groups pane and click more.
(The Groups pane will remember databases you have
connected to in the past for easy access under Online Search.
You can also customize a list of favorite databases to search
by using the Connection Manager. See page 185.)
Click to
show more
or less info
about the
selected
connection
file.
NOTE: This window displays all of the connection files available in your
Connections folders. Use the Find by list to quickly view various
categories of databases to help you locate the one that you need. Or,
type text into the Quick Search text box and press ENTER.
2. Select the PubMed connection file (you can start typing the
file name to quickly jump to it in the list), and click Choose.
By selecting that connection file, you have directed EndNote to
connect to the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database.
If for any reason the connection cannot be established, EndNote

alerts you with an error message and closes the connection. See
“Troubleshooting Connections” on page 640.
When the connection has been established, EndNote displays a
Search tab. Note that the search tab is titled, “Online Search -
PubMed MEDLINE at PubMed (NLM).” The PubMed MEDLINE
database is selected and EndNote is ready to search.
NOTE: If you previously set a default configuration for the Search tab,
the search field lists display the fields you selected as your defaults. If
one of these fields appears italicized in the Search tab lists, that
indicates it is not a valid option for this particular online database.
Search the The next step is to enter the search term(s) to find the references
Database you need. Searching an online database is very similar to
searching an EndNote library, with a few exceptions. (See
“Available Search Options” on page 189.)
Let’s say you are interested in finding more information about
fossils for the sample library.

To enter the search term(s) and perform the search:
1. Set the field list for the first line to Keywords (MeSH), and
enter “fossil” into the search text field. The comparison list
for online searches is always set to Contains.
field list comparison list search term
logical
operator
lists
Match Case and Match Words are not available for online searches
2. Click Search.
EndNote sends the search request off to the online database
(PubMed MEDLINE, in this example), and a summary of the
search results is displayed:
The dialog displays the number of references that were

found to match your search request, and gives you the
option to retrieve them.
NOTE: PubMed is updated regularly, so you may find a different

number of references than illustrated here.
If the result set seems too big, you can always refine the
search to get closer to exactly those references you want.
Let’s refine this search by looking for just those references
that include mention of a “trilobite,” a group of extinct
marine animals that were abundant in the Paleozoic era.
3. Click Cancel, and you are returned to the Search tab.
4. Set the operator at the beginning of the second search line to
And.

5. In the second search line, select Any Field from the field list
and type “trilobite” as the search text.
6. Click Search.
This time only 14 references were found.
7. For our purposes, limit the download even further. Change

the number in the second box to “10” to limit our download
to the first 10 records.
8. Click OK to retrieve and save the matching references.
The references are downloaded into your library and appear
both in the All References group and in a temporary group
for the PubMed database connection.

You can halt a retrieval in progress by clicking the Cancel
button on the Search tab. Records that have been processed
up to that point already exist in the library.
The temporary PubMed (NLM) group will reset back to 0

references when you close the library.
Review the At this point you can peruse the retrieved references to make
References sure you want to keep all of them. You may find that some of the
references are not helpful for your research.
While you could open each reference individually to scan
through the bibliographic data, you can also use the Preview tab.
To quickly look at the new references:
1. Click on a reference in the reference list.
2. In the Tab pane, click on the Preview tab to display a
reference preview.
3. On the toolbar, select the Show All Fields output style from
the output style list.
The Show All Fields style is not bibliographic, but represents
all of the fields in your references. On the Preview tab, you
can scroll through the data in the selected reference.

Delete Once you identify references you do not want, you can delete
Unwanted them.
References To delete references:

1. In the PubMed (NLM) group, select two of the displayed
references by holding down the CTRL key and clicking on the
individual references. (Use SHIFT+click, or click and drag, to
select a range of references.)
2. From the References menu, select Move References to Trash. The

selected references are removed from the library and put in
the Trash group.
While the references are officially no longer in your library
(they will not appear in any other group or reference list,
they are not included in your reference count, and they
cannot be cited), they are not completely deleted until you go
to the Groups menu and choose Empty Trash. Until you
choose Empty Trash, you can still drag references from the
Trash group back to your active library.
3. Because you are sure that you want to delete the references,
click on the Trash group and then go to the References menu
to select Empty Trash.
4. Confirm the deletion by clicking OK.

5. Click the All References group to return to the full reference
list, and on the toolbar, set your output style back to
Numbered.
If you wanted to do another search of PubMed at this point, you
could display the PubMed group, enter another search strategy,
and click Search again. On the Confirm Online Search dialog, you
are asked, “Clear currently displayed results before retrieving
records?” This check box simply removes the previous
downloaded references from the PubMed group; they still exist
in the library. It is an easy way to see just those references
downloaded with the current search strategy.
This concludes the tutorial for using EndNote’s Online Search
command.
See Chapter 6 for details about establishing connections,
searching for references, and retrieving references.
Read “Selecting a Connection File” on page 184 to learn
about the connection files that are available with EndNote.
See “Troubleshooting Connections” on page 640 if you
encountered any problems establishing a connection.
See Chapter 18, “Connection Files” for information about
creating and editing connection files.

Part V: Importing Reference Data into
EndNote
Online searching, described in the previous section, is the easiest
way to retrieve references from online databases, but not all
information providers offer that option.
If you have access to an online bibliographic database or a
university catalog, you can probably use EndNote’s import
filters to import text files saved or downloaded from these
sources. EndNote filters are configurable, so they give you the
flexibility to import the reference data you need and eliminate
data you do not need.
In this part of the guided tour you will learn about:
Downloading data in a tagged output format.
Selecting an import filter and importing data into EndNote.
Library
Search the Often when you search a database, the matching references are
Database and displayed as text, with no clear indicator between each piece of
bibliographic information. The PubMed reference below, saved
Save the in a Citation format, is an example. There is no clear indicator for
References EndNote to be able to differentiate a title from an address or an
abstract.
Am J Med Genet A. 2005 Mar 9; [Epub ahead of
print]
Reconstructing the behaviors of extinct species:
An excursion into comparative paleoneurology.
Rogers SW.
Salt Lake City VA-Geriatrics Research,
Education and Clinical Center and Department of
Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah
School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
How can the behavior of an extinct species be
reconstructed-say a dinosaur such as Allosaurus?
Despite the relatively abundant fossilized
remains of this and other dinosaurs, the
incompleteness of the fossil record has permitted

room for considerable speculation, mythology,
and perhaps a bit of unsettling reflection on
what factors contributed to the eventual fate of
these remarkably successful animals. (continued)
(c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 15759265 [PubMed - as supplied by
publisher]
To use this information effectively, each piece of bibliographic
information must be consistently tagged so it can be directed to
the correct EndNote field.
Database providers typically offer several different download
formats. Regardless of which system you are searching, you need
to save the references in a tagged format to a text file.
For this tour, we will use a text file of PubMed references that
were previously downloaded in the tagged MEDLINE format.
The file Pubmed-dinosaur.txt is provided in the EndNote
Examples folder. A single reference in the file appears like this:
PMID - 15759265
OWN - NLM
STAT - Publisher
DA - 20050310
PUBM - Print-Electronic
IS - 1552-4825
DP - 2005 Mar 9
TI - Reconstructing the behaviors of extinct
species: An excursion into comparative
paleoneurology.
AB - How can the behavior of an extinct species
be reconstructed-say a dinosaur such as
Allosaurus? Despite the relatively
abundant fossilized remains of this and
other dinosaurs, the incompleteness of
the fossil record has permitted room for
considerable speculation, mythology, and
perhaps a bit of unsettling reflection on
what factors contributed to the eventual
fate of these remarkably successful
animals. (continued) (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss,
Inc.
AD - Salt Lake City VA-Geriatrics Research,
Education and Clinical Center and
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy,
University of Utah School of Medicine,
Salt Lake City, Utah.

AU - Rogers SW
LA - ENG
PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE
DEP - 20050309
TA - Am J Med Genet A
JID - 101235741
EDAT - 2005/03/11 09:00
MHDA - 2005/03/11 09:00
AID - 10.1002/ajmg.a.30538 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO - Am J Med Genet A 2005 Mar 9;.
Each tag can be mapped to a corresponding EndNote field. If

data is inconsistently tagged, or poorly delimited, it may not be
possible to import all the data accurately.
Choose the Once you have captured and saved your data file in a tagged
Correct Import format, you need to identify the proper EndNote filter to import
the data. There are hundreds of filters included with EndNote;
Filter and each one is designed to read a specific tagged format from a
Import into specific information provider.
EndNote To import the sample PubMed text file into the sample library:
1. View the Library window in EndNote.
2. From the File menu, choose Import.
3. Click the Choose File button to display a file dialog.

4. Browse to the EndNote X2\Examples folder and then highlight
and Open the Pubmed-dinosaur.txt file.
5. From the Import Option list, select Other Filters to display the
list of filters supplied in the EndNote Filters folder. (You
may experience a delay before EndNote displays the full list
of filters.)

You may want to peruse the list, to get an idea of what filters
are supplied. You can create new filters or copy and edit
existing filters.
6. Begin typing “PubMed” to jump to that filter in the list.
If the More Info button is available, click it and notice that the
Comments section at the bottom of the window gives tips for
downloading references from the selected source.
7. With the PubMed (NLM) filter highlighted, click Choose.
8. Leave the other two options at their default settings:
Duplicates: Import All
By default, a reference is considered a duplicate if the
Author, Year, Title, and Reference Type match a reference
already in the library. You can change the duplicates criteria
under EndNote Preferences. We will import all references
regardless of duplicates.
Text Translation: No Translation
This option allows you to specify the text character encoding
of the file you import. This is important when you import
references in languages that include extended characters.
You would typically contact your database provider for the
appropriate setting.

9. Click Import to import the file.
When the process is complete, only newly imported
references display in the reference list. This is a good time to
peruse the new references to make sure they imported as
expected. You can display the Preview tab to view the
formatted references, you can open individual references to
make sure all information transferred to the correct fields,
and you can easily edit or delete the new references.
Notice that the focus in the Groups pane has switched from
the All References group to a new Imported References
group.
The Imported References group is a temporary group. It is
replaced each time you import a new set of references, and it
is removed when you close the library. The references
themselves remain in the library unless you specifically
delete them.
10. To return all of your references to the library display
(including the newly imported references), choose Show All
References from the References menu or click on the All
References group.

Summary of A subset of supported information providers are listed with their
Output recommended output formats in Appendix D under “Output
Formats with Corresponding Import Options” on page 683.
Formats and Check this list for guidance in order to download in the
Corresponding appropriate tagged format and select the appropriate import
Import filter. This information was accurate at the time of publication,
but you may need to contact your information provider if
Options changes occur. You can also check our website at
http://www.endnote.com for updated information and import
filters.
Direct Export Certain websites contain a download button that will send your
from Web search results directly to EndNote, pick the correct import
option, and start the import process automatically. All you need
Pages to do is choose the EndNote library into which the data should
be imported. This “direct export” or “direct download” method
does away with the additional steps of saving the references to a
text file, and then importing that file with the appropriate filter.
For a list of systems that provide a direct export of references
into EndNote, see “Direct Export Formats” on page 675 of
Appendix D. The list keeps growing, so contact your information
providers to find out whether they participate!
This concludes the tutorial for using EndNote’s Import
command.
See Chapter 7, “Importing Reference Data into EndNote,” for
details about import options and about importing references
from other bibliographic software programs.
Read Chapter 17, “Filters,” to learn how to create or modify
filters that map downloaded references to corresponding
fields in EndNote. You can enter tags and map them to
specific EndNote fields.
See Appendix D, “Direct Export Formats and Import
Formats,” for detailed tables of instruction for importing
reference data from various online systems.

Part VI: Searching an EndNote Library and
Previewing a Bibliography
Search an EndNote library for a subset of references.
Preview a bibliography in EndNote.
In this part of the tour, you will search for a set of related
references and preview them formatted in a bibliographic style.
Library
Search for a Set Let us assume that you want to generate a list of all references
of References found in the sample library that are about extinction and that
were published from 1990 to 1999.
To search for references:
1. Make sure that the All References group is displayed.
2. In the Tab pane, display the Search tab.
3. The Search tab remembers the last search you entered. To
clear it, use the Options button to select Restore Default.
4. On the first search line:

a. In the first drop-down list, the field list, select Any Field.
This means that EndNote will search all fields.
b. In the next drop-down list, the comparison list, the
Contains comparison operator means that EndNote will
search for the string of text anywhere in the field.

c. Type “extinct” as the first search term.
Next, set up the search to find references dated from 1990 to

1999.
5. From the field list in the second search line, choose Year;
from the comparison list, choose Is greater than or equal to;
and type 1990 as the search term for the second search line.
6. If you do not have a third search line available, click the plus
sign button (+) next to the last search line to insert another
line. You can also click and drag the top of the pane to view
more of the Search tab.
7. From the field list in the third search line, choose Year; from
the comparison list, choose Is less than or equal to; and type
1999 as the search term.
8. Notice the “And, Or, Not” logical operator list at the
beginning of each search line. Select the “And” logical
operator between the three search lines.
Your search tab should look like this:
logical
operator
lists
This search will find all references containing the text

“extinct” that also were published between 1990 and 1999.
Notice that the following check boxes are not selected for this
search:
Match Case: This option would limit our search to “extinct”
in lowercase. If it were found capitalized at the beginning of
a sentence, or all uppercase, it would not match the search.
Match Words: This option would limit matches to full
words, with no truncation. The word “extinction” would not
match our search.

9. Click the Search button to begin the search. In a moment,
EndNote displays the search results.
The status area at the bottom of the Library window should read,
“Showing 5 of 5 references in Group.”
Notice in the Groups pane that these search results are
automatically retained in a Search Results group. This makes it
easy to display other sets of references, but still go back and
display your most recent search results. This temporary Search
Results group will be replaced the next time you run a search on
the library. When you close the library, this group is removed.
Now that you have located all of the desired references, you are
ready to preview them.
Preview the In order to format your references, you need to select an output
Found style. Styles determine how your references look when you print,
export, preview, or create bibliographies.
References
To preview the bibliography:
1. On the Main toolbar, select an output style from the output
style list. For this example, you can leave the Numbered style
selected.
2. If you want to further limit the references to preview, select
(highlight) those references you want to include. To select all

references in the list, first click in the list, then go to the Edit
menu and choose Select All.
3. From the File menu, choose Print Preview to display the
bibliography on your computer screen.
4. You can use the buttons along the top of the window to walk
through the pages of the bibliography.
5. When you are done previewing, click the Close button.
You may want to return to the full list of references in the sample
library. To show all references again in the library window, click
on the All References group.
This concludes Part VI of the guided tour. Part VII demonstrates
how to write a paper and cite references and figures in Microsoft
Word.
More information about searching the EndNote library and
saving references in groups can be found in Chapter 8,
“Searching and Sorting in EndNote.”
Read Chapter 13, “Creating an Independent Bibliography,”
about creating reference lists directly from your EndNote
library, including printing your bibliography and saving
your bibliography to an RTF file.
See Chapter 16, “Bibliographic Styles,” for information about
modifying and selecting styles.

Part VII: Using EndNote While Writing a
Paper With Microsoft Word
NOTE: Continue with this part of the tour only if you use Microsoft Word
2003 or 2007. If you use a different word processor, or if you have an
older version of Word, turn to Chapter 12 to learn how to cite EndNote
references and create bibliographies in your papers.
EndNote’s Cite While You Write feature inserts EndNote

commands into Word’s Tools menu in Word 2003, or on an
EndNote tab in Word 2007, to give you direct access to your
references while writing in Microsoft Word. The Cite While You
Write commands enable EndNote to do bibliographic formatting
to the document that is currently open in Word.
In this part of the guided tour, you will learn how to:
Insert EndNote bibliographic citations into your paper and
create a bibliography.
Edit citations to suppress author names and add cited pages.
Insert EndNote figure citations into your paper. (This section
uses the figure reference that was inserted while following
Part III of the guided tour.)
Library EndNote will look for matching references in the currently open
libraries. While EndNote can start and open your favorite library
when needed by Word, opening the library first assures you that
you are citing references from the appropriate library.
Open a For this tour, start Microsoft Word and open a new document.
Microsoft While we are not using one for this tour, EndNote does include
Word manuscript templates that make it easy to set up your paper for
electronic submission to a publisher. When you use one of these
Document templates to start your paper, many formatting issues are
already set up for your target publication, such as proper
margins, headings, pagination, line spacing, title page, font type
and size, etc. For more information about using manuscript
templates, see “Using Predefined Manuscript Templates” on
page 291.

Cite EndNote You are going to start entering text and citations. For this tour,
References you are going to enter minimal information.
To start writing your paper and inserting citations:
1. Enter text as though you were writing your paper:
The fossil in question was generally
regarded to be the 220 million year-old
remains of tyrannosaurus. Several years ago,
however, Morehouse overturned this hypothesis
with the discovery of yet another species.
Now you are ready to insert a citation.
2. Word 2003: From the Tools menu, go to the EndNote X2
submenu and then Find Citation(s).
Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in the Citations group, click

the Insert Citation icon.
3. The EndNote Find Citations dialog appears. Type the author

name “Morehouse” in the “Find” box and click Search.

EndNote lists the matching references. In this case, a single
reference matches the search.
4. Click Insert to insert the selected reference as a citation. There

may be a delay the first time Word communicates with
EndNote for the document.
EndNote not only inserts a citation, but Instant Formatting
formats the citation in the currently selected Numbered style
and adds it to a formatted bibliography at the end of the
paper.
5. Add more text to the paper:
It is now the undisputed progeny of the
species at hand.
submenu and then Find Citation(s).
the Insert Citation icon.

7. Type the date “1987” into the find box and click Search.
EndNote searches all fields and lists the matching references.
8. Scroll down the list of matching references, select the

reference by the author Turnhouse, and click Insert.
EndNote inserts the citation, and Cite While You Write
technology formats it and adds it to the bibliography at the
end of the paper.
Your document text should now look like this:
The fossil in question was generally regarded to be the 220

million year-old remains of tyrannosaurus. Several years ago, however,
Morehouse overturned this hypothesis with the discovery of yet another
species. [1] It is now the undisputed progeny of the species at hand. [2]
1. Morehouse, S.I. and R.S. Tung, Statistical evidence for early

extinction of reptiles due to the K/T event. Journal of
Paleontology, 1993. 17(2): p. 198-209.
2. Turnhouse, M.B., Role of 14C dating in paleontology. Journal
of Paleontology, 1987. 75(6): p. 11-15.
NOTE: You can shade each of the Cite While You Write citation and
bibliography fields so they are easy to locate. This is set with Microsoft
Word’s Field Shading option. The shading is for on-screen help only,
and does not print.

9. Assume that you have finished inserting citations in your
paper.
Word 2003: From Word’s File menu, choose Save to save your
document.
Word 2007: Click the Office icon and select Save.
NOTE: You can also insert citations in footnotes. First, use the
appropriate Word command to create the footnote. Then, insert the
EndNote citation in the footnote. Word controls the placement and
numbering of the footnote, and EndNote formats the citation based on
the current style. You must select a style that formats footnotes; for
example, Chicago 15th A.
Select a You can format your citations and bibliography as many times as
Bibliographic you like, changing the output style and various other layout
settings each time.
Style
To select the bibliographic style used for formatting:
1. Word 2003: From Word’s Tools menu, go to the EndNote X2
submenu and choose Format Bibliography.
Word 2007: on the EndNote tab, in the Bibliography group,

click the bottom corner arrow.

A Format Bibliography dialog appears, where you can select
a bibliographic style.
Styles contain instructions for how EndNote will format

citations and the bibliography. For the previous example, we
illustrated the Numbered style, which sequentially numbers
citations and then inserts a numbered reference list at the
end of the paper.
As you can see, there are many other formatting options
available here; you can make changes that override the
settings in the current output style.
2. For this example, click the Browse button next to “With
output style” to display the list of output styles supplied
with EndNote.
3. Select the APA 5th style and click OK.
(To locate the APA 5th style, click in the list and type “APA.”
You can sort the list of styles by Name or by Category by
clicking on a column header.)
4. Click OK to leave the Format Bibliography dialog.
EndNote automatically updates the existing citations and
regenerates the bibliography in the APA style.
In the future, if you need to make changes to the paper such as
adding or deleting citations or text, just do the necessary updates
in your paper. If you want to change the output style or
bibliography layout settings, choose the Format Bibliography
command again. EndNote will reformat the in-text citations and
generate a new bibliography based on your changes.

NOTE: More than 3,000 styles are installed in EndNote’s Styles folder.
To see a list of them organized by discipline, choose Output Styles from
the Edit menu in EndNote and select Open Style Manager.
Edit a Citation If you directly edit a citation or the bibliography, the changes
will be lost when you Format Bibliography again because EndNote
reformats according to the rules of the selected output style. To
make and retain changes to all citations and/or the bibliography,
modify the output style. However, if you want to make a change
to an individual citation, use the Edit Citation command as
described below.
For some bibliographic styles, the majority of references are cited
in an “Author, Date” format; but if the author’s name is
mentioned within the paragraph text, the style dictates that the
name not be repeated in the citation. In our example, we mention
Morehouse within the text of the paper, so we will remove the
author’s name from the citation. We also want to add a page
reference to this particular citation.
To edit an individual citation:
1. Click anywhere on the Morehouse citation.
submenu and then Edit Citations.
Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in the Citations group,
select Edit Citations.
3. In the Formatted Citation section, select the Exclude Author

box.

4. Next to Pages, type “34-35”.
NOTE: Typing cited page numbers in this box does not guarantee that
they will appear in your citation. You must use an output style that lists
the “Cited Pages” field in the Citation template. You can edit any style
to include this special field.
5. Click OK to update the citation in your paper.
The fossil in question was generally regarded to be the 220

million year-old remains of tyrannosaurus. Several years ago, however,
Morehouse overturned this hypothesis with the discovery of yet another
species. (1993, pp. 34-35) It is now the undisputed progeny of the
species at hand. (Turnhouse, 1987)
Morehouse, S.I. & Tung, R. S. (1993). Statistical evidence for early

extinction of reptiles due to the K/T event. Journal of
Paleontology, 17(2), 198-209.
Turnhouse, M. B. (1987). Role of 14C dating in paleontology. Journal
of Paleontology, 75(6), 11-15.
Insert Figure Next you are going to insert two figure citations—one inserted
Citations and numbered as a figure, and one inserted and numbered as a
table. This section uses the reference inserted in Part III of the
guided tour as well as another reference in the sample library.
All figure citations are inserted in the same way; the EndNote
reference type determines whether it is inserted and numbered
as a figure or a table. Images found in the Chart or Table reference
type are inserted as tables, while images found in any other
reference type are inserted as figures.
To find and insert figure citations:
1. First, add more text to your paper:
As researchers look at evidence, even the
crest on the modern cockatiel provides insight
into the evolution of feathers.
Now you are ready to insert a figure citation.
submenu and then Find Figure(s).

on the Insert Citation text and select Find Figure.
The EndNote Find Figures dialog appears.
3. Type the search term “bird” in the “Find” box and click
Search.
EndNote lists only references that match the search text and
contain an image. As you highlight a reference, the graphic
stored within the reference is displayed below the reference
list. (Object files display a file icon.)
You can use your mouse to move the column dividers to set
column widths and to drag the lower right corner of the
window to adjust the size of the window.
4. Select the reference with the Caption “Cockatiel Crest
Feathering,” a reference inserted earlier in this guided tour,
and click Insert to insert the figure citation.
As researchers look at evidence, even the crest on the modern

cockatiel provides insight into the evolution of feathers. (Figure 1)
5. Next enter the text:

While exploring the evolution of dinosaurs
and birds, it is interesting to also explore
a parallel time line of extinctions.

Now you are ready to insert a reference to a Microsoft Excel
file that was saved in the Figure field of an EndNote
reference that uses the Chart or Table reference type.
submenu and then Find Figure(s).
on the Insert Citation text and select Find Figure.
The EndNote Find Figures dialog appears.
7. Type the text “extinction” in the “Find” box and click Search.
EndNote displays a single matching reference. The file
attachment icon shows that the figure is in a Microsoft Excel
document.
8. Click Insert to insert the citation. (It may take some time for
Word to import the file.)
The image was found in the Chart or Table reference type, so
it was added to Word and numbered as a table.
As researchers look at evidence, even the crest on the modern

cockatiel provides insight into the evolution of feathers. (Figure 1)
While exploring the evolution of dinosaurs and birds, it is
interesting to also explore a parallel time line of extinctions. (Table 1)
9. Scroll to the end of the document, and you will find that
EndNote used Word bookmarks to place the images under
labeled List of Tables and List of Figures sections as defined
by the APA style.

10. You may want to resize your figures to fit on the page
appropriately. Click on an image, and then hold down the
Shift key while you drag a corner of the figure to resize it
proportionally.
11. You can also reduce the size of the Cockatiel Crest
Feathering graphic.
As you are working, remember to often Save your document.

You can continue adding text, bibliographic citations, and figure

citations to the paper, and EndNote will continue adding to the
lists of references, figures, and tables!
This completes the guided tour. You can close Microsoft Word:
Word 2003: Exit Word by choosing Exit from the File menu.
Word 2007: Click the Office icon and then Exit Word.
To close the EndNote program, go to the File menu in EndNote
and choose Exit.
The process of citing references and figures and creating
bibliographies with Cite While You Write is covered in
Chapter 11.
More than 3,000 styles are installed in EndNote’s Styles
folder. To see a list of them organized by discipline, choose
Output Styles from the Edit menu and select the Style
Manager. See “Accessing Styles in Other Places” on page 429
for information about how to access other styles.
Chapter 16, “Bibliographic Styles,” includes instructions for
editing output styles.

Chapter 4
The EndNote Library
Contents
About the EndNote Library .............................................. 101
Important Points About Libraries ......................... 101
Back Up Your Libraries .......................................... 102
Library Summary.................................................... 102
The Library Window.......................................................... 103
About the Library Window ................................... 103
The Reference List Pane ......................................... 104
The Groups Pane .................................................... 108
The Tab Pane ........................................................... 110
Creating Libraries ............................................................... 113
Creating a New Library ......................................... 113
Saving a Copy of a Library .................................... 114
Saving a Compressed Copy of a Library .............. 115
Setting a Favorite Library ...................................... 116
Opening, Closing, and Deleting Libraries .................... 118
Opening a Library .................................................. 118
Multiple People Opening One Library ................. 119
Closing a Library .................................................... 119
Deleting a Library ................................................... 119
Recovering a Damaged Library............................. 120
Merging Libraries ............................................................... 121
Importing EndNote Libraries ................................ 121
Using Drag and Drop ............................................. 122
Copying References in Libraries ........................... 123
Sharing EndNote Libraries Across Different Versions
and Applications................................................................. 123
Compatibility between EndNote 8, 9, X, X1,
and X2 ................................................................ 123
Opening and Converting Old EndNote
Libraries ............................................................ 124
Creating a Library from ProCite ........................... 125
99
Creating a Library from Reference Manager....... 126
Converting an EndNote X2 Library for ProCite,
Reference Manager, or an Earlier Version
of EndNote ....................................................... 127
Transferring Libraries Across Platforms........................ 128
From Windows to Macintosh................................ 128
From Macintosh to Windows................................ 129
Data Visualization .............................................................. 129
100 Chapter 4: The EndNote Library

About the EndNote Library
An EndNote library is a collection of references, each containing
the information required to create a bibliography. Additional
information such as keywords, notes, and abstracts can also be
stored in these references. This chapter provides an overview of
the EndNote library, including instructions for opening and
creating libraries, and navigating within a library.
Important Listed below are some important points about the EndNote
Points About library. Detailed information about each of these items follows.
Libraries There is no limit to the number of references you can create

in an EndNote library. It is recommended that the number
not exceed 100,000 to maintain efficient performance
managing the database.
There is no limit to the number of libraries you can create,
assuming that you have the disk space to store them. We
recommend that you keep all the references you cite in your
papers in one primary library.
You can select default libraries to open automatically when
EndNote is started.
You can open more than one library at a time.
Libraries created with the Macintosh versions of EndNote
can be used by the Windows version of EndNote, and vice
versa (see page 128 for more information on transferring
libraries across platforms).
Each library can be independently moved, copied, renamed
or deleted using the Windows Explorer (or by opening “My
Computer”). Move, copy, rename or delete both the main
.ENL file and the .DATA folder.
Figures, Groups, and other significant files are stored in a
[library name].DATA folder which is in the same folder as
your main library file. This folder is an extension of the
library, so remember to move, copy, rename, or delete the
associated .DATA folder along with the main library file.
Library filenames include the extension .ENL. If your library
filename does not include an .ENL extension, Windows
Explorer may not be displaying file extensions. You can
change this setting in Windows Explorer if you wish.
The Library window can be resized and the display font can
be changed to any font or size that you prefer.
The Library window displays a multi-column reference list.
By default, the first column shows a paper clip icon for
Chapter 4: The EndNote Library 101

references that include attached files in the File Attachments
field. Then, the first author’s last name, the year, the title, the
journal name or secondary title, the reference type, the URL,
and the Last Updated date are displayed for each reference.
You can change the displayed fields with the Display Fields
preference.
Back Up Your Your EndNote library becomes increasingly valuable to you as

Libraries you add references to it. Consequently, it is imperative that you
back up your libraries, along with any other important
documents. Each library is made up of a file with the extension
.ENL plus a corresponding .DATA folder. Always back up both
the .ENL file and the .DATA folder.
You can use the Save a Copy command or one of the Compressed
Library commands to save a copy of your library to a removable
disk (or elsewhere) for safe keeping. See Appendix A for more
information about making backup copies of your files.
Library To see a list of statistics about the currently open library, go to

Summary the Tools menu and choose Library Summary.
If you wish to save and print this information, use the Copy text
to clipboard button and then paste the text into a word processor
document.
For a list of statistics about a specific reference, see “Record
Summary” on page 138.

The Library Window
About the When you first open a library with EndNote, you see a Library
Library window made up of three different panes: a Reference List pane,
a Groups pane, and a Tab pane.
Window
The Reference List pane displays individual references on a
single line, showing first a paper clip icon for references that
have a file attached to the File Attachments field, and then the
first author’s last name, the year, the title, the journal name or
secondary title, the reference type, the URL, and finally the Last
Updated date.
The Groups pane allows you to display subsets of references
from your library. See “The Groups Pane” on page 108 for
information about Temporary groups, Custom groups, Smart
Groups, and Online Search favorites.
The Tab pane includes several tabs to easily access common
library tasks. See “The Tab Pane” on page 110 for a description
of the Preview and Search tabs.
Resizing the Library Window

Like most windows in EndNote, you can resize the Library
window by clicking the window border or lower right window
corner and dragging to the desired size, or by clicking the
maximize or minimize buttons in the upper right corner of the
Library window.
EndNote remembers the new size of the Library window as well
as its location on the screen so the next time you open it, the
library appears with the same dimensions and in the same
location as when you last closed it. Each EndNote library can
have its own unique dimensions and screen location.
Changing the Library Display Font

Choose a different font and size for the text displayed in the
Library window by using EndNote’s preferences. The Reference
List in the Library window uses the Library display font. (The
Preview tab on the Tab pane uses the General display font.)
Changes made to the display fonts apply to all EndNote libraries
opened on that computer.
To change the Library display font:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Preferences.

2. Click the Display Fonts option.
3. On the Library tab, click the Change Font button, and select a
different display font and/or size from the lists. Click OK to
close the font selection dialog and return to the Display Fonts
preferences panel.
4. Click OK to save the changes and close the dialog.
Changing the display fonts does not affect the font EndNote uses
when it creates a bibliography. EndNote uses the font specified
in the selected output style for the bibliography.
The Reference The Reference List pane in the main Library window displays
List Pane individual references on a single line, showing first a paper clip
icon for references that have a file attached to the File
Attachments field, and then the first author’s last name, the year,

the title, the journal name or secondary title, the reference type,
the URL, and finally the Last Updated date.
Click a group name to
display the references Click column Click and drag column minimize, maximize,
in that group. headings to sort. dividers to resize columns. and close buttons
Double-click a reference Click and drag window

to open it. corner to re-size.
Navigating in the Reference List

There are a number of ways to browse through your references.
Scroll through the list of references in the Library window by
clicking in the vertical scroll bar with the mouse.
The ↑ and ↓ keys move up or down from the currently
selected reference, or if nothing is selected they select the last
or first reference in the library, respectively.
You can quickly sort the references by clicking on a column
heading. For example, click Year to sort by year. A second
click will change the order of the sort from ascending to
descending.
Typing a letter selects the first matching reference. The
matching depends on the order in which the library is sorted.
If the library is sorted by the Author field, typing a letter
selects the first reference in which the author’s last name
begins with that letter. For example, typing the letter “Z”

selects the Zartman reference in our sample library since
Zartman is the first author’s name to begin with a “Z.” Type
several letters and the selection jumps to the first name that
begins with those typed letters. Letter matching starts over
after a half-second pause.
The HOME and END keys go to the first or last reference
respectively; PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN move up or down a
screen of references.
To find specific references, choose Search Library from the
Tools menu. (See Chapter 8 for more information.)
Changing Display Fields

In the Library window, EndNote defaults to showing first a
paper clip icon if a file is attached to the File Attachments field,
and then the Author, Year, Title, Journal Name or Secondary
Title, reference type, URL, and Last Updated date for each
reference. You may display other fields, change the order of the
fields displayed, or change the names used for the column
headings in the Library window.
These settings apply to all libraries.
To customize the Library window display:
2. Click the Display Fields option in the list.
3. Choose the desired field from the Field list. You may select
up to eight fields to be displayed in the Library window.

Select [Do not display] instead of a field name if you want to
show fewer than eight fields. You must select at least one
field for display in order to save your changes.
4. By default, the column heading in the Library window will
be the same as the Generic name of the field (the Figure field
is indicated by Fig., and the File Attachments field is
indicated by a paper clip icon). If you would like to change
the name for the Library window display, you may do so by
entering a new name in the Heading section next to the
chosen field.
5. If you would like to display all author names under the
Author heading in the library reference list, rather than just
the first author, select the check box next to Display all authors
in the Author field.
6. Click OK to save the changes and close the dialog.
The Reference List Sort Order

The references listed in the Library window are automatically
sorted by the first author’s last name and first initial, the year,
and the order in which they were entered (the record number).
This sort order can be changed by choosing Sort Library from the
Tools menu (see “Sorting the Library” on page 241) or by clicking
the column headings. When you sort a library, that sort order is
retained even after you close and reopen a library.
When you sort the library, all alphabetical sorting is carried out
according to the language and locale settings of your operating
system—unless you specify a different language in the Sort
Options dialog.
The library sort order is not remembered for all groups. EndNote
displays the results of a search in the order in which they were
found. Similarly, after importing references, EndNote displays
the newly imported references in the order in which they were
imported. This behavior greatly enhances the speed of these two
functions. Choosing Show All References from the References menu
returns all of the references to the Library window and lists them
according to the last sort order specified.
“Sort Order: Bibliographies and Multiple Citations” on page 463
describes how to set the sort order for a bibliographic style. See
“Sorting” on page 543 for information about having EndNote
ignore certain words or names when sorting references.

The Groups Groups are subsets of references saved for easy retrieval. The left
Pane pane of the library window lists several types of groups:
Automatic groups, Custom Groups, Smart Groups, Online
Search, and EndNote Web. Each is described below.
A new library may display only the permanent All References
and Trash groups. To display a group of references in the
Reference List pane, click on the group name. You can expand or
collapse the list under a group heading by clicking the plus (+)
or minus (-) sign.
GRAPHIC
Automatic Groups
The automatic groups include both permanent and temporary
groups, are listed at the top of the Groups pane in the Library
window, and cannot be changed.
The permanent groups are:
All References: This displays all of the references in the current
library. If you highlight a subset of references in this group and
then display only those selected references, the name of the
group changes to Showing References. The status line along the

bottom of the window will always tell you how may references
you are viewing plus the total number of references in the
library.
Trash: This group contains the references you have removed
from the library by highlighting references and selecting Move
References to Trash from the References menu. While the references
are officially no longer in your library (they will not appear in
any other group or reference list, they are not included in your
reference count, and they cannot be searched or cited), they are
not completely deleted until you go to the Groups menu and
choose Empty Trash. Until you choose Empty Trash, you can still
drag references from the Trash group back to your active library.
The temporary groups are:
Duplicate References: This temporary group displays the
results of duplicate detection in your library. You can run
duplicate detection with the References>Detect Duplicates
command. The criteria used in detecting duplicates is set under
Preferences; see “Duplicates” on page 549.
Full Text: This temporary group displays the last set of
references for which EndNote inserted either the full text file of
the referenced work or a URL to the referenced work. When you
close the library, the group is deleted. (Only the group is deleted;
the references are still in the library.)
Imported References: This temporary group displays the last set
of references imported into the library with the File>Import
command. When you close the library, the group is deleted.
(Only the group is deleted; the references are still in the library.)
Search Results: This temporary group displays the most recent
search results. Each time you run another search on the library,
this group is replaced. When you close the library, the group is
deleted. (Only the group is deleted; the references are still in the
library.)
Custom Groups and Smart Groups

Custom Groups and Smart Groups are user defined. You can
create up to 500 user defined groups.
You can easily drag and drop individual references or lists of
selected references to and from Custom Groups. Custom Groups
are updated only when you specifically add or remove
references.
Smart Groups are dynamically updated by applying search
criteria to each reference as it is added or updated.

For more detailed information about saving references in
groups, see Chapter 9, “Using Groups.”
Online Search
The Online Search section in the Groups pane lists your
"favorite" connection files for online searching. When you click
on one of these connection file names, the Search tab in the Tab
pane becomes active and you are connected to the selected online
service in order to begin searching. For more information about
online searching, see Chapter 6, “Searching Online Databases
with EndNote.”
EndNote Web
The EndNote Web section in the Groups pane lists your online
EndNote Web folders. You can copy references between your
EndNote desktop library and your EndNote Web folders. See
Chapter 20, “Transferring Between EndNote Desktop and
EndNote Web Libraries.”
The Tab Pane The Tab pane in the main Library window includes two tabs,
which give easy access to common library tasks: a Preview tab,
and a Search tab.
You can hide or display the Tab pane. When the Tab pane is
displayed, click the Hide Tab Pane option at the bottom of the
Library window to hide the pane. Once the Tab pane is hidden,
the command changes to Show Tab Pane; clicking that option
restores the Tab pane. You could also select Hide Tab Pane/Show
Tab Pane from the Tools menu.
To change the height of the Tab pane, click on the bar that
separates the pane from the reference list, and drag up or down.
(When the cursor is over this area, it changes to indicate that you
are in the right place to resize the pane.)
The Preview Tab

To view a formatted preview of the currently selected reference,
click on the Preview tab or press Alt+P.
The preview displays the selected reference in your current style.
If multiple references are selected, it displays just the last one in

the selection. The preview is not editable; to edit the reference,
double-click it in the reference list.
NOTE: If the font specified in the selected output style does not support
italics, any italics will display as plain text.
Choosing the Current Style

Since the preview uses the current style, it’s important to know
how to set that style. To select your current style:
On the Main toolbar, use the Output Styles list to select a new
style.
Or, from the Edit menu, choose Output Styles and select a
style in the list. The check mark next to a style name indicates
that it is the current style.
If you do not see the style that you want on the toolbar or in the
Output Styles menu, do not worry. Over 3,000 styles are provided
with EndNote and are available via the Style Manager. Go to the
Edit menu, choose Output Styles, and then Open Style Manager.
Then, mark the style or styles that you would like to be available
in your Output Styles menu. You should now be able to choose
the style that you need from the Output Styles menu. (For more
information about using the Style Manager, see “The Style
Manager” on page 422.)
You can also add styles to the menus using the Select Another
Style option from the style list on the Main toolbar. Simply
choose Select Another Style, select the style, and click Choose.

Previewing Multiple References
The preview tab displays a preview for only one reference at a
time, formatted according to the current style. To preview
multiple references:
1. Select (highlight) the references in the Library window.
2. From the Edit menu, choose Copy Formatted to copy the
formatted references to the Windows Clipboard.
3. Use the Windows Clipboard Viewer to view the contents of
the Clipboard, or Paste the formatted references into a word
processor document.
Using the Preview to Display Notes or Abstracts
You may find it useful to configure the Library window so that
the reference list displays bibliographic data (such as author,
year, title, and journal), and the preview tab displays just notes
or abstracts. That would allow you to browse through your
references in the Library window without having to open
individual references to see more about them.
To get the preview to display just the notes or the abstract, you
will need to create a custom style to include just those fields (see
“Printing Only the Notes” on page 379).
You can use the Show All Fields style to display all reference fields
on the preview tab.
The Search Tab

To begin a search of your EndNote library, display the group of
references you want to search and then choose Search Library
(Ctrl+F) from the Tools menu or click the Search tab on the Tab
pane. The Search tab appears, displaying several empty search
lines (you can add more if necessary). See “Searching for
References” on page 225 for more information about searching
EndNote libraries.
To begin a search of an online database, click on the database
name in the Groups pane under Online Search or go to the Tools
menu and choose Online Search. See “Searching Online
Databases with EndNote” on page 181.

Creating Libraries
Although you can create as many libraries as you like, we
strongly recommend that you keep all of your references
together in one main EndNote library. Having all of the
references you need in one place avoids unnecessary complexity
when you are writing papers, creating bibliographies, or moving
files between computers. Instead of making different “specialty”
libraries, you will find it more useful to create one library and
use Groups to help you organize and categorize your references.
You can also use the Keyword and Label fields to assign terms to
references, and easily assign them to a Smart Group or find them
with EndNote’s Search and Sort References commands.
Creating a To create a library:

New Library 1. From EndNote’s File menu, choose New.
EndNote presents a dialog prompting you to name and save
the new library:
2. Enter a name for your new library. If you include an

extension, use the extension “.ENL” which stands for
“EndNote Library”. If you do not include an extension,
EndNote will add “.ENL” automatically.
3. Using the “Save in” list, choose the location where you
would like to save the library.

4. Click Save and the new library appears as an empty EndNote
library, showing “0 out of 0 references.”
Now that you have created a new library, you can begin entering
references into it. The following chapters illustrate the different
ways to add references to an EndNote library:
Chapter 5, “Entering and Editing References,” discusses how
to enter individual references manually.
Chapter 6, “Searching Online Databases with EndNote,”
describes how to connect directly to online databases and
retrieve references from them.
Chapter 7, ““Importing Reference Data into EndNote”,”
shows you how to import references that you have
previously downloaded from online bibliographic
databases.
If you have just created a library that will be the main library that
you use, you can set it to open automatically every time you start
EndNote by setting it to be your “favorite library” (see page 116).
Saving a Copy EndNote automatically saves changes to your library as you

of a Library work with it, so there is no Save or Save As command for the
library. You can, however, use the Save a Copy command to create
an exact copy of your library.
To create a copy of your library:
1. With a library open, choose Save a Copy from the File menu.
2. Name the new library and choose where to save it.

3. Click Save and EndNote creates a copy of the library.
The new library does not open. It is simply saved to disk, where
you can then open it with EndNote. EndNote leaves your
original library open as it was before the command was chosen.
NOTE: The Save a Copy command also creates a [library name].DATA

folder for the new library and copies all necessary files and figures to it.
Saving a You can save your complete library (the filename.ENL file as
Compressed well as its associated .DATA folder and all of its contents) to a
single compressed filename.ENLX file in order to easily back up
Copy of a your library or send a copy to a colleague. Later, you can easily
Library restore (unzip) the compressed library with EndNote.
NOTE: EndNote libraries larger than 4 gigabytes (GB) or 65,535 files

(64 K) cannot be compressed with EndNote’s Compressed Library
commands.
To save to a compressed library file:

1. Open the library in EndNote.
2. From the File menu, select Compressed Library (.enlx) and then
Create.
3. Use the file dialog to save to an EndNote Compressed
Library (filename.ENLX).
Any of the following characters in the original library
filename will be replaced with an underscore in the
compressed library filename.
These characters are replaced

with an underscore
\ back slash
/ forward slash
: colon
* asterisk
? question mark
" quotation mark
< less than
> greater than
| vertical bar

To save to a compressed library and send it in an email:
2. From the File menu, select Compressed Library (.enlx) and then
Create & Email.
Library (filename.enlx). Once the file is saved, EndNote
launches your default email system, creates a new email, and
attaches the compressed library file to the email.
4. Enter additional information to the email, such as a recipient,
subject, and message, and Send.
To restore a compressed library file:
1. Use EndNote (version X or later) to open the filename.enlx
file, which will extract the .ENL file and the .DATA folder to
the same folder where the .ENLX file is located.
2. Use EndNote to open the filename.enl file as you normally
would to use the library.
Setting a EndNote allows you to specify the libraries that you want to
Favorite open automatically when EndNote starts up. We call these your
“favorite” libraries.
Library
You do not need to select a favorite library. By default, EndNote
will open the last used library.
To assign or change a favorite library:
1. Open the library (or libraries) that you would like to set as
your favorite. (You must have a library open in order to set
it as your favorite library.)

2. From the Edit menu, choose Preferences and select Libraries.
3. In the drop-down list at the top of the window, choose

“Open the specified libraries.”
4. Click Add Open Libraries and all of the currently open
libraries will be added to the list of favorite libraries that
should open every time EndNote starts.
5. Click OK to save your changes and close the Preferences
dialog.
Removing Favorite Libraries

To remove a library from the list of favorite libraries:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Preferences and select Libraries
from the list of options.
2. Select the library that you would like to remove from the list
of favorite libraries and click Remove Library.
3. Click OK to save your changes and close the Preferences
dialog.

Opening, Closing, and Deleting Libraries
Opening a To open a library when the EndNote program is already running,

Library choose Open from EndNote’s File menu and select Open Library.
(If you have previously opened a library, EndNote will list that
library below the Open Library command; you can simply choose
the library to open it directly, and skip the dialog shown below.)
When you choose the Open Library command, EndNote displays
a dialog similar to this:
“Look in”
list
By default, this dialog displays all files with the extension ENL,
ENLX, or LIB. If your library name has a different extension, you
should change the “Files of Type:” option to All files (*.*).
If your library is listed in the dialog, select it and click Open. If
your library is not listed there, then it is probably saved in a
different place on your hard drive or removable disk.
To locate a library:
1. Click the “Look in” list and select the letter of the drive on
which your library is stored.
2. Select the folder that contains your library and click Open. (If
your library is within several folders, continue to open each
folder until you locate the library.)
3. When you see your library, select it and then click Open.

Multiple EndNote does not perform record locking functions that would
People allow multiple users to edit one library at the same time.
However, multiple users can access one EndNote library
Opening One simultaneously as long as the library is restricted to read-only or
Library locked status. This will allow users to perform searches, copy
information to their documents, and format their papers.Use
Windows Explorer to change the Properties of your EndNote
library; select the Read-Only attribute for the .ENL file and the
.DATA folder.
The simplest way to set up an EndNote library for shared
network access is to use the network’s system of file permissions
to control the type of access allowed for users and groups. Except
for the person who posts the database, grant all users read-only
access. One person should be assigned the responsibility for
maintaining and updating the library at a separate location; this
user should be granted full access to the file. Then, periodically
post the updated library on the network for all other users, with
read-only access.
Closing a To close a library, do one of the following:

Library Choose Close Library from the File menu.
Type CTRL+W or CTRL+F4 when the Library window is
active.
Click the close button in the top right corner of the Library
window.
Type CTRL+SHIFT+W to close all open libraries.
EndNote automatically saves the information in your library
when you close each reference. As a result, closing the library
does not invoke the familiar “Save changes?” question. Instead,
the Library window simply disappears, as all changes have
already been saved.
Closing a library does not quit the EndNote program. If you
want to quit from EndNote, simply choose Exit from the File
menu and any open libraries are saved and closed automatically.
Deleting a You can delete an EndNote library in one of two ways.

Library One option is to exit EndNote and delete the library file and its
associated .DATA folder by dragging the icons to the Recycle Bin
on the Windows desktop.

To delete a library from within EndNote:
1. Close the library, but keep EndNote open.
3. In the file dialog, highlight the libraryname.enl file, right
click your mouse, and click Delete.
4. Next, highlight the libraryname.DATA folder, right click
your mouse, and click Delete.
5. Click Cancel to close the file dialog.
Recovering a Occasionally computer files get damaged. If an EndNote library

Damaged gets damaged, you may get an error message when trying to
open it or work with the references. The best way to protect
Library yourself from damaged files is to make regular backup copies of
your important documents (see Appendix A). If you do not have
a backup copy of a damaged EndNote library, you can use the
Recover Library command to repair the damaged file.
To repair a damaged EndNote library:
1. Close the library if it is currently open.
2. From the Tools menu, choose Recover Library. Read the
information about the Recover Library command, and click
OK.
3. In the dialog that appears, locate and select the library that
needs to be repaired, and click Open.
4. EndNote creates a copy of the library with the suffix
“-Saved” added to the name. For example, if you were
repairing a library called “References” the original library
would remain untouched and a new, repaired library called
“References - Saved” would be created in the same location.
Once the new library has been saved, you should be able to open
it and use it in place of the damaged library.
NOTE: The Recover Library command also creates a new .DATA

folder. If you rename the recovered library to the original library name,
remember to also rename the .DATA folder to match.
Differences Between Saved Libraries & the Original

The purpose of the Recover Library command is to recover as
many references from the original library as possible. This means
that it may also recover references that had previously been
deleted from the library, but not yet purged from the file itself. If
there are more references recovered in the saved library than

existed at the time the original library was damaged, it means
that EndNote was able to reconstruct references that had
recently been deleted. These references must be deleted again.
Term lists are not recovered with the library. Consequently, you
will need to rebuild each term list by choosing Define Term Lists
from the Tools menu, highlighting the list, and then clicking
Update List to fill the term list with the terms used in your library.
Figures cannot be repaired, but are simply copied from the
original library’s .DATA folder to the new .DATA folder.
Merging Libraries
There are three ways to merge libraries: import one library into
another, drag-and-drop references between open libraries, or
copy and paste references between open libraries.
Any time you add references to a library, the newly added
references are assigned new record numbers in the order that
they are added to the library. This means that a reference that
was #23 in a smaller library, could become #600 in a larger
library. As a result, you cannot use the larger, merged library to
format papers that have citations with the older record numbers.
NOTE: Before merging libraries, it is a good idea to make a backup

copy of the library into which you are transferring references.
Importing The advantage of using the Import command to combine

EndNote libraries is its ability to filter out duplicate references during the
import operation.
Libraries
To import an EndNote library into an EndNote library:
1. (Optional) If you want to import only a subset of references
from a library, first open that library and show only the
references you wish to copy. For example, if the library says,
“Showing 10 out of 200 references,” EndNote imports only
10 references. If the library you are importing is locked or in
“Read-Only” mode, all references are imported regardless of
what is currently showing.
2. Open the library into which you want to import the
references.
4. Click the Choose File button to locate and open the library you
want to import. Select the file and click OK.

5. From the Import Options list, select EndNote Library.
6. Select an option from the Duplicates list:
Import All: Imports the references, including duplicates.
Discard Duplicates: Imports the references, except
duplicates.
Import into Duplicates Library: Duplicate references are
imported into a library called File-Dupl.enl, where “File”
is the name of the library into which you are importing.
By default, a reference is considered a duplicate when the
already in the library. See “Duplicates” on page 549 if you
would like to change the duplicates criteria.
7. Choose a Text Translation option.

of the file you import, so that extended characters transfer
correctly. You can use No Translation for text files that do not
contain any extended characters.
NOTE: The time required to import an EndNote library is proportionate

to the size of the library. Refer to the progress indicator to determine
when EndNote has completed the task.
When the import is complete, only newly imported references

display in the Library window. This is a perfect time to add a
keyword to each imported reference with the Change Field
command, or to peruse the imported data to make sure it
imported as expected. Make sure to check references that contain
extended characters.
To return all of your references to the library display (including
the newly imported ones), choose Show All References from the
References menu.
Using Drag To copy specific references from one library to another, simply
and Drop select them in one library (hold down the C TRL key to select non-
consecutive references; use the SHIFT key to select a range), click
on any part of the selection and use the mouse to drag the
selection to another library. The selected references are copied to
the library where they were “dropped.”

Copying You can also use the Copy and Paste commands in the Edit menu
References in to transfer references. Select the references that you want to copy
and choose Copy (CTRL+C) from the Edit menu. Open the library
Libraries to which you want to add the references and choose Paste
Sharing EndNote Libraries Across Different

Versions and Applications
Compatibility EndNote X, X1 and X2 are fully compatible. You can share your
between libraries between these versions with no conversion. New
features in EndNote X2 (such as Smart Groups) are simply
EndNote 8, 9, ignored by the earlier versions.
X, X1, and X2 EndNote X2 can open and use EndNote 8 and EndNote 9
libraries with no conversion. Technically, EndNote 8 and
EndNote 9 can open libraries created with EndNote X2, but we
do not recommend it; you risk loss of data. Once you have
opened and used an EndNote 8 or 9 library with EndNote X2,
you should only use the library with EndNote X or later.
Because EndNote X2 does include enhancements, please note
that:
The DATA folder is a critical part of your library. Whenever
you copy or move a library, include not only the filename.enl
file, but also its associated .DATA folder and all of its
contents.
NOTE: If you want to back up your library, or share it with another

EndNote X or later user, there is an easy way to compress your
EndNote library and include all of the associated files and folders. See
“Saving a Compressed Copy of a Library” on page 115.
EndNote X2 included new reference types. If an earlier

version of EndNote does not recognize the reference type, it
will display and print the Generic reference type for those
references entered into the new reference types.
In order to allow cross-version and cross-platform
compatibility of attached files, you will need to replace the
characters below if they are used in the filenames of existing
attached files and graphics—and then reinsert the files. One

option is to replace these characters with an underscore.
Replace these characters

in attached filenames
\ back slash
/ forward slash
: colon
* asterisk
? question mark
" quotation mark
< less than
> greater than
| vertical bar
EndNote X1 included a new grouping feature, and EndNote

X2 added Smart Groups. If you open an EndNote X2 library
with an earlier version of EndNote, you cannot view groups.
However, groups are remembered when you open the
library again with EndNote X2.
Opening and EndNote 8, 9, X, and X1 Libraries

Converting EndNote X2 can easily open and use libraries created with
Old EndNote EndNote 8, 9, X, and X1. No conversion is necessary. EndNote X,
X1 and X2 are fully compatible; you can regularly share your
Libraries libraries between these versions
NOTE: Once you have opened and used an EndNote 8 or 9 library with
EndNote X2, you should only use the library with EndNote X or later.
EndNote Libraries Prior to Version 8

EndNote X2 can automatically convert libraries created with
earlier versions of Endnote (versions 5, 6, or 7) to the latest file
format. In most cases, the same process will work for libraries
created in EndNote 4 and earlier.
To convert an old EndNote library:
1. Start EndNote.
3. On the file dialog, locate and highlight the old library, and
click Open Library.
EndNote will warn that the selected library was created with
an older version, and will ask for permission to convert it.

4. Click OK to convert the library. Name the new library and
click Save.
NOTE: The time required to convert an EndNote library is proportionate

to the size of the library. Refer to the progress indicator to determine
when EndNote has completed the task.
The conversion makes a copy of the original library in the latest

X2 file format, and leaves the original library intact.
NOTE: You must use EndNote X, X1, or X2 to access the converted

library.
Creating a EndNote can easily convert ProCite databases to EndNote

Library from libraries. The original ProCite database is left intact; references
are copied and converted.
ProCite
While every effort has been made to map ProCite workforms to
corresponding EndNote reference types, and ProCite fields to
corresponding EndNote fields, you may wish to make some
adjustments. There are some ProCite fields, such as Connective
Phrase and Author Role, that do not have an equivalent EndNote
field; text from these fields will transfer into the Notes field. As
you go through the conversion process, you are given the option
to Customize the workform and field mapping. For a matrix
showing the default mapping of workforms to reference types,
see the EndNote Help file (press F1 to bring up the Help file).
NOTE: Custom ProCite workforms do not convert to specific EndNote

reference types, and are displayed as a generic EndNote reference.
You should either globally change the workform assignment in ProCite
before conversion, or, during conversion, click the Customize button to
map custom workforms to EndNote reference types.
To convert a ProCite database to an EndNote library:

1. In EndNote, go to the File menu and choose Open>Open
Library to display a file dialog.
2. At the bottom of the dialog, next to “Files of type,” use the
drop-down list to select “ProCite database (*pdt).”
3. Use the file dialog to navigate to the folder that contains the
ProCite database, highlight the database name, and click
Open.
A message will let you know that the database must be
converted for use.

4. You can either:
a) Click Convert to proceed with the conversion, or
b) Click Customize if you wish to modify the mapping of
ProCite workforms to EndNote reference types and
ProCite fields to EndNote fields for each document type.
Use the top half of the dialog to map each workform to a

corresponding EndNote reference type. When you highlight
a setting in the top half of the dialog, you can change the field
mapping for that reference type in the bottom half of the
dialog. Click OK to save changes to the mapping.
5. On the “Save Converted Library as” file dialog, give the new
EndNote library a name (the default is the same as the old
ProCite name), select a folder, and click Save.
EndNote will convert the library. When the conversion is
complete, the library will open in EndNote.
Creating a To use a Reference Manager database with EndNote, you must

Library from first export the references to a text file and then import from the
text file into an EndNote library.
Reference
To convert a Reference Manager database to an EndNote
Manager library:
1. Export your Reference Manager references to a text file:
a. Open Reference Manager and the database you want to
convert.
b. From the File menu, choose Export.
c. Select the RIS export format, and choose All References.

d. Export to a text file.
2. Start EndNote and open or create the library to contain the
imported references.
3. From the File menu, select Import.
4. Click Choose File and select the text file you created.
5. Next to Import Option, select the RefMan (RIS) import filter.
6. Click Import.
Converting an Converting an EndNote X2 library for use with EndNote

EndNote X2 versions 5-7, for Reference Manager, or for ProCite requires
exporting the references from your EndNote library to a text file,
Library for and then importing from the text file into the other program.
ProCite, If your references contain diacritics, you must do this carefully
Reference so that your diacritics transfer correctly. Because EndNote X2 is
Manager, or an Unicode compliant, it exports text as UTF-8 Unicode, and not as
traditional ANSI text. Reference Manager, ProCite, and earlier
Earlier Version versions of EndNote are not Unicode compatible, so they need
of EndNote the document converted to ANSI text. If you attempt to import
references that have not been saved as ANSI text, diacritics will
appear scrambled in the new database or library format.
NOTE: EndNote X2 allows the use of Extended Latin and double-byte

character sets, which are not supported by EndNote versions earlier
than version 8. Extended Latin and double-byte characters will not
transfer to earlier version file formats.
To convert your EndNote X2 library for other applications:

1. In EndNote X2, go to the drop-down output style list on the
Main toolbar, and choose Select Another Style. Highlight and
Choose the appropriate output style:
For EndNote 5, 6, or 7: Select the Refer style.
For Reference Manager or ProCite: Select the RefMan (RIS)
style.
2. Go to the File menu and use Export to export your library to
a plain text file.
3. Use Microsoft Word to open the text file you exported from
EndNote.
4. When Word asks you to select an encoding option, choose
“Other Encoding” and “Unicode (UTF-8).”

5. In Word, choose File>Save As and save the document with a
new name, as plain text, and with Windows-default as the
encoding option.
6. To import the saved file:
With EndNote: Use the Refer/BibIX import filter.
With Reference Manager or ProCite: Use the RIS import
filter.
Transferring Libraries Across Platforms

EndNote X2 can read libraries created in versions 5 or later of
EndNote for Windows or Macintosh. See “Sharing EndNote
Libraries Across Different Versions and Applications” on page
123 for more information.
If you plan to send or email an EndNote library to someone,
remember to send not only the .ENL file, but all of the files found
in your library’s .DATA folder. For an easy way to compress all
of your library files and folders into a single file, see “Saving a
Compressed Copy of a Library” on page 115. You can then send
the single, compressed file to the other user, and they can restore
the filename.enl file and its associated .DATA folder.
To copy a library to your handheld device, see “Using EndNote
on a Palm OS Handheld” on page 579.
From Windows Any library created or updated by EndNote X2 under Windows

to Macintosh can be used by EndNote X, X1, or X2 for the Macintosh. No
conversion is necessary, however you should make sure the
name of the library includes the “.ENL” extension (for example,
Medicine.enl) and include the associated .DATA folder.
1. If you are on a network, simply copy the library from the PC
to the Macintosh. Or, use Windows Explorer to copy the
library to a removable storage disk. Use your Macintosh to
copy the library from the removable storage disk to the
Macintosh. Make sure you also copy the .DATA folder found
in the same folder as the library.
NOTE: If you plan to send an EndNote X2 library to another EndNote X

or later user, there is an easy way to compress all of your library files
and folders into a single file. See “Saving a Compressed Copy of a
Library” on page 115.

2. Start the EndNote program on the Macintosh. (If you see a
dialog prompting you for a reference library file, choose
Cancel.)
3. From the File menu, choose Open Library. Navigate to the
library you want to open.
As long as the library has the “.ENL” extension, EndNote can
display it. If the library does not have the “.ENL” extension
as part of the file name, EndNote will not recognize it.
4. Select the library and click Open.
Once the library has been opened in EndNote on a Macintosh, it
maintains the EndNote Macintosh icon and can be opened just
like any other library created by EndNote on the Macintosh.
From Any library created or updated by EndNote X2 on a Macintosh

Macintosh to can be used by EndNote X, X1, or X2 for Windows. No
conversion is necessary, however you must make sure the name
Windows of the library includes the “.ENL” extension (for example,
Medicine.enl) and include the associated .DATA folder.
1. If you are on a network, simply copy the files from the
Macintosh to the PC. Otherwise, use a file transfer utility to
move the library from the Macintosh to a removable storage
disk and then to the PC. Make sure you copy the .DATA
folder found in the same folder as the .ENL library.
NOTE: If you plan to send an EndNote X2 library to another EndNote X

or later user, there is an easy way to compress all of your library files
and folders into a single file. See “Saving a Compressed Copy of a
Library” on page 115.
2. Start the EndNote program in Windows. (If you see a dialog

prompting you for a reference library file, choose Cancel.)
3. Select Open from the File menu, and choose Open Library. Use
the “Look in” list to navigate to the library you want to open.
If your library does not have the extension “.ENL” or “*.LIB”
it will not appear in the dialog. If that is the case, select All
Files *.* from the file type list at the bottom of the dialog, and
you should be able to see your library.
4. Select your library and click Open.
Data Visualization
Data Visualization (or Information Visualization) is the direct
visual representation of selected features or elements of complex

multi-dimensional text, image, sound, voice, video, or numerical
data. Data visual analysis software provides tools to interact
with data that has been visualized. Users with access to data
visual analysis software, such as RefViz, can use EndNote’s
Tools>Data Visualization command to access EndNote data in a
new way.
Data visualization tools, which allow for direct importing of
EndNote files, give you the capability to combine and analyze
numeric, text, categorical and sequence data from a variety of
sources. Tools for clustering collections of text documents and
combined data sets are also included.
To turn on the Data Visualization feature:
1. Make sure you have a Data Visualization software
application installed on your computer (such as OmniViz,
RefViz, etc.).
2. In the EndNote folder, start the CONFIGURE DATAVIZ
application.
3. Follow the prompts to select the location of your Data
Visualization program.
4. Click Finish.
The Data Visualization command should now be active on the
Tools menu in EndNote.
NOTE: If you are running Windows Vista, you must have administrative
access in order to use this utility and see your references with a data
visualization tool.
To export data from your EndNote library to Data

Visualization software:
1. Open an EndNote library.
2. Select all references.
3. Select the RefMan (RIS) Export output style.
4. From the Tools menu, select Data Visualization.
This launches your Data Visualization software to run a
visualization of the text included in your library. Depending on
the size of your library, a visualization may take several minutes.
NOTE: Data Visualization is most useful when most of your records

contain information in the Abstract field.

Chapter 5
Entering and Editing References
Contents
Introduction ......................................................................... 133
Important Points About References ...................... 133
The Reference Window .......................................... 134
The Window Menu ................................................. 135
Previous and Next Reference Commands ............ 135
Changing the Display Fonts .................................. 136
Record Summary .................................................... 138
Selecting References ............................................... 138
Opening, Closing, Saving, and Deleting
References ............................................................................ 139
Opening References ................................................ 139
Closing References.................................................. 140
Saving References ................................................... 141
Reverting References .............................................. 141
Deleting References ................................................ 141
Creating a New Reference................................................. 143
Overview ................................................................. 143
Changing the Default Reference Type .................. 143
Choosing a Reference Type ................................... 144
Tips for Choosing the Right Reference Type ....... 144
Entering References ........................................................... 145
Using Term Lists with Data Entry ........................ 145
Author and Editor Names ..................................... 146
Year .......................................................................... 148
Titles......................................................................... 148
Journal Names......................................................... 148
Pages ........................................................................ 149
Edition ..................................................................... 149
Date and Auto Date Stamp .................................... 149
Short Title ................................................................ 150
Original Publication ............................................... 150
Reprint Edition........................................................ 151
131
Reviewed Item........................................................ 151
ISBN/ISSN.............................................................. 151
DOI .......................................................................... 151
Call Number ........................................................... 151
Label ........................................................................ 152
Keywords ................................................................ 152
Notes and Abstract ................................................ 152
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) ......................... 152
File Attachments .................................................... 153
Figure and Caption ................................................ 155
Font, Size, and Style ............................................... 155
Plain Text ................................................................ 156
Cut, Copy, Paste Text in the References .............. 156
Using “Drag-and-Drop” Within a Reference ...... 156
Copying and Pasting Complete References ........ 157
Entering Articles from the Same Source .............. 158
Entering Special Characters .............................................. 158
Entering Characters with Diacritical Marks ........ 159
Using Character Map ............................................. 159
Inserting Figures ................................................................. 160
Selecting the Appropriate Reference Type .......... 161
Inserting Graphics and Files ................................. 161
Entering a Caption ................................................. 163
Opening the Figure File......................................... 164
Storing and Sharing Figure Files .......................... 164
Editing Figure Files................................................ 164
Deleting or Replacing Figure Files ....................... 165
Converting from Figures to File Attachments..... 165
Linking References to Websites and Files ..................... 166
Linking a URL to an EndNote Reference............. 166
Linking a File to an EndNote Reference .............. 166
Selecting a Relative Path or an Absolute Path
for File Attachments ........................................ 168
Removing a File from File Attachments .............. 170
Opening a Linked File or URL .............................. 171
Spell Checking .................................................................... 172
Starting Spell Check............................................... 173
Spell Check Options and Dictionaries ................. 173
Changing Text in Multiple References .......................... 174
Common Uses for Change Text, Change Field,
and Move Field ................................................ 174
Change Text ............................................................ 175
Change Fields ......................................................... 177
Move Fields ............................................................ 178
132 Chapter 5: Entering and Editing References

Introduction
There are various ways to add references to an EndNote library.
This chapter explains how to type information into EndNote,
edit EndNote references, and insert graphics and files.
See Chapter 6 for information about connecting to online
bibliographic databases and retrieving references directly into
EndNote. Chapter 7 describes how to import references from a
variety of sources using EndNote’s Import command.
Important Here is an overview of important aspects of EndNote references:

Points About Each EndNote reference stores the information required to
References cite it in a bibliography. Keywords, notes, abstracts, URLs
and other information can be stored in a reference as well.
Each reference added to a library is automatically assigned a
unique record number that never changes for that reference
in that particular library. EndNote uses these numbers to
format papers. You cannot change these record numbers.
There is no limit to the number of references you can create
in an EndNote library, however we recommend that the
number not exceed 100,000 to maintain efficient performance
managing the database.
Forty-five reference types are already defined (such as
Journal Article, Book, Conference Proceedings, etc.). Three
additional Unused reference types are available so you can
define your own.
The fields (Author, Title, Year, etc.) displayed for each
reference type can be modified or deleted. New fields can
also be added, up to a total of 52 fields per reference,
including the reference type name.
The text of the references should remain as “plain text”
unless a special font, size, or style of text is required for a
specific term or character.
The font used to display the text in the references can be
changed using the General Display Font preference.
You can insert one graphic or file into the Figure field of a
record, and the figure can be cited in Microsoft Word.
However, you can insert multiple files into the File
Attachments field.
References are automatically saved when they are closed;
however, you may save a reference while editing the
reference using the Save command on the File menu.
Chapter 5: Entering and Editing References 133

The Reference The Reference window displays the contents of the reference.
Window Each part of the reference is stored in its own field, and the type
of reference is displayed below the title bar.
Minimize, Maximize,
title bar Reference Type list and Close buttons
Previous
and Next
Reference
buttons
Title field {
Drag to resize
The Reference Type list displays the type of reference that
you are viewing, such as a journal article or a book.
Click the double triangle icon to toggle between Hide Empty
Fields and Show Empty Fields. Initially, EndNote displays all
fields in a reference. Click the Hide Empty Fields to view only
those fields that contain data. This setting is remembered
until you click the icon again.
Click the left arrow (Previous Reference) or right arrow
(Next Reference) buttons to close the current reference and
open either the previous or next reference (based on the
order the references appear in the Library window). All
changes to the open reference are saved when you click these
buttons.
Resize the Reference window by clicking on the lower right
window corner and dragging the window to the desired size.
EndNote remembers the size and location of the last
reference that you closed, so the next time you open a
reference it will appear with the same dimensions and in the
same location.

Click the close button to close the reference, or type CTRL+W
(or CTRL+SHIFT+W to close all references at once). All
changes are saved automatically when a reference is closed.
Click in the scroll bar with the mouse to scroll through the
information in the Reference window.
Press the TAB key to move to the next field and select its
contents. SHIFT+TAB selects the previous field.
The first author’s last name, the year, and the EndNote
record number appear at the top of the Reference window in
the title bar. This is the same information that is used for the
temporary citations in word processing documents.
Click the maximize or minimize buttons in the top corner to
expand or minimize a Reference window. Click the restore
button to restore the window to its original size.
The Window Any open library or reference is listed in EndNote’s Window

Menu menu. The title of each open Reference window (that is, the
author, year, and record number of a reference) appears in the
Window menu, and it can be selected to bring that reference
forward on the screen.
Previous and When a Reference window is open, use the Previous Reference and
Next Reference Next Reference commands in the References menu to quickly
browse through your references. The Reference window also
Commands includes arrow buttons to move to the previous or next
reference.
When you choose one of these commands (or click the buttons),
the content of the References window changes to display the
information for the previous or next reference listed in the
Library window.
This command has the same effect as closing the reference that is
currently displayed and opening another reference, so any
changes to the currently opened reference will be saved before
EndNote switches to display another reference.

Changing the By default, any text that you type or edit in EndNote is displayed
Display Fonts in 12 point Arial font. You can change this to another font and/
or size using the Display Fonts option in EndNote’s preferences.
The General display font changes the font used to display most
text that is typed into EndNote (such as in the Reference or Style
windows). The General display font is also used for most of the
previews and information panels in EndNote, as well as for
bibliographies that are printed, exported, or copied directly from
EndNote.
opened on that computer. They do not affect the font used when
you are formatting bibliographies in a word processing
document. The normal font of the document is used for that.
Changing the General display font simply changes the font that
EndNote uses for its “Plain Font” and “Plain Size” settings.
Deliberate font changes that you have made in your references
are not affected by the display font.
EndNote uses Unicode to encode special characters, so that data
can be easily translated between platforms, programs, and
languages. However, some fonts do not include certain Unicode
characters. If some characters do not display correctly in your
EndNote library, you can switch the display font to a Unicode
font, such as Arial Unicode MS. Or, you may need to install a
language pack (see “Changing Language Settings” on page 631).

To change the display fonts:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Preferences and click the Display
Fonts option.
2. On each tab, click Change Font, then select a different font

and/or size from the lists in the font dialog. Click OK to close
the font dialog and see the example text displayed in the
chosen font and size.
Library: The Library setting determines the font and size
of the references listed in the Library window.
General: The General setting changes the font and size
used to display most text that is typed into EndNote
(such as in the Reference or Style windows). The General
display font is also used for most of the previews and
information panels in EndNote, as well as for
bibliographies that are printed or copied directly from
EndNote.
Labels: The Labels setting determines the font and size
used for the Reference window field labels.
Search: The Search setting determines the font and size
applied to user-entered text on the Search tab.
3. To see your changes in any EndNote windows that are
currently open, click Apply. Click OK to save these changes
and close the Preferences dialog.

Record To see a list of statistics about a reference, highlight the reference
Summary in the Library window, then go to the References menu and
choose Record Summary.
If you wish to save and print this information, use the Copy text
to clipboard button and then paste the text into a word processor
document.
For a list of statistics about the library, see “Library Summary”
on page 102.
Selecting To work with individual references (for example to copy, open,

References export or edit them), first select them in the Library window. The
simplest way is to click on a reference in a reference list. That
reference is then highlighted to indicate it is selected.
You can also select a reference by typing the first few letters
found in the field by which the library is currently sorted. For
example, if the library is sorted by the author field, type the first
few letters of an author’s last name to select the first reference by
that author. If the library is sorted based on title, type the first
few letters of the title of the reference that you want to select.
(When typing the letters to match a title, articles such as “a,”
“an,” and “the” are skipped.)
To select multiple references:

Hold down the CTRL key while clicking on individual
references. Press the CTRL key and click on a selected

reference to deselect that reference and retain the rest of the
selection.
Select a range of references by clicking on the first reference,

then press the SHIFT key and click on the last reference of the
range.
You can also select a range of references by holding down the
mouse button and dragging the mouse vertically across a
range of references.
Choose Select All from the Edit menu (CTRL+A) to select all of the
references showing in the Library window. When all the
references are selected, the Select All command changes to
Unselect All. See “Showing and Hiding References” on page 224
in Chapter 8 to learn how to display only the selected references,
or temporarily hide the selected references from view.
Opening, Closing, Saving, and Deleting

References
Opening Once you have the references selected, any of the following
References actions opens them (a maximum of 10 references at a time):
Double-click the selected reference(s).
Press Enter.

Choose Edit References (CTRL+E) from the References menu.
You can stop a series of selected references that are in the process
of opening by pressing the Escape key (ESC).
The Reference window that opens for each of the references is
where you enter and edit the reference data. Modify this text just
like you would edit a word processing document: select the
incorrect text and retype it, or delete and add text as necessary.
Important information about entering reference data follows.
Closing To close a currently open reference, do any of the following:

References Click the close button on the Reference window.
From the File menu, choose Close Reference (CTRL+W).
To close one reference and view the next or previous
reference in the library, use the Next Reference and Previous
Reference commands in the References menu (or the buttons in
the Reference window). See page 135 for details.
Close all open references by holding down the SHIFT key
while pressing CTRL+W.
NOTE: All data in a reference is automatically saved when you close

the Reference window.

Saving To save a reference that you have just created, or to save any
References changes made to an existing reference:
Close the reference(s) as described above, or
From the File menu, choose Save (CTRL+S).
If you exit from EndNote while Reference windows are open, the
references are closed and saved automatically.
Reverting The Revert Reference command on the File menu discards all
References changes made to a reference since it was last opened or saved.
Revert Reference is not available after you close the reference.
To remove the very last change made to a reference, use the Undo
CTRL+Z command in the Edit menu before closing or saving a
reference.
Deleting To delete references:

References 1. Select (highlight) those references you want to delete.
NOTE: Make sure you are not viewing a custom group. If you display a
custom group and attempt to delete a reference, it will be removed only
from that group but still exist in the library. However, you can highlight
references in a custom group, then display All References in the Library
Window; the highlighted references are still selected.
2. Do one of these, which moves the selected references to the

Trash group:
Drag the selected references and drop them on the Trash
group.
From the References menu, choose Move References to
Trash (CTRL+D).
From the Edit menu, choose Cut (CTRL+X), which also
stores the references temporarily on the Clipboard.
From the Edit menu, choose Clear.
3. When you are absolutely certain that you want to delete the
references in the Trash, go to the References menu and choose
Empty Trash.

4. You must confirm that you want to remove the references
from the library.
NOTE: You cannot undo the Empty Trash command, so be sure you
want to delete reference(s) in Trash before dismissing the EndNote
warning.
5. Display All References again to continue working in your

library.
About the Trash group:
The Trash group contains references you have removed from the
library by using any of the methods mentioned above. While the
references are officially no longer in your library (they will not
appear in any other group or reference list, they are not included
in your reference count, and they cannot be searched or cited),
they are not completely deleted until you go to the References
menu and choose Empty Trash. Until you choose Empty Trash,
you can still drag references from the Trash group back to your
active library.
If you do not actively choose the Empty Trash command, you will
be prompted when you close the EndNote library.
NOTE: When you delete a reference, you delete its record number in
that library forever. Even if you paste the reference back into the same
library, it is assigned a new, unique record number. This may cause
incompatibilities with older papers that have citations that use old
record numbers. We strongly recommend that you do not delete
references that have been used in papers that you might want to
reformat later, and keep backups of your libraries!

Creating a New Reference
Overview To add a new reference to an open library:

1. From the References menu, choose New Reference (CTRL+N).
This opens an empty Reference window:
Reference
Type list
2. Choose a reference type from the Reference Type list at the top
of the window.
3. Enter the bibliographic data into each of the fields in the
reference according to the rules outlined later in this chapter.
When you are finished, close the reference to save it and add
it to the library.
The rest of this chapter goes into more detail about how to enter
references into EndNote.
Changing the By default, new references appear as Journal Article references.

Default You may change this using the Default Reference Type option in
the Preferences panel.
Reference
Type
2. Click the Reference Types option in the list.
3. At the top of that Reference Types preferences panel, click the
Default Reference Type list and choose the reference type that
new references should use.

Choosing a When you create a new reference, that reference is assigned the
Reference default reference type. If you want to add a different type of
reference, click the Reference Type list at the top of the Reference
Type window, and select the reference type that you need.
Normally, you should select the reference type before entering
information in the reference. However, you can change the
reference type at any time, and the information you have entered
is retained and transferred to the corresponding field for the new
reference type.
In addition to determining how the reference is formatted in the
bibliography, the reference type determines which fields appear
in the Reference window. For example, a Journal Article
reference would have fields for Journal, Volume, and Issue,
whereas a Book would have fields for Editor and Publisher.
Customizing Fields and Reference Types

Fields can be removed, added, or renamed. You can also rename
reference types. See Chapter 15 for instructions on removing,
adding, or modifying fields for each reference type.
Tips for Use Book for books written by one or more authors, and use
Choosing the Edited Book for books edited by one or more editors (whether
they are books in a series or not).
Right
Use Book Section for references to parts of edited or non-edited
Reference books (a chapter, for example, or one article in a published
Type conference proceedings).
The Conference Paper reference type is best used for
unpublished papers. Articles that are published as part of the
comprehensive conference proceedings should be entered as
Conference Proceedings references.
Use the Electronic Article, Electronic Book, or Web Page
reference type for citing material from a Web page or FTP site. If
you are citing a journal article that appears both online and in
print, most style guides prefer that you use the print information
and cite it as a regular journal article. Email discussions should
be cited as Personal Communications, just like any other
correspondence.
Use the Chart or Table reference type if you want to include a
figure and later insert that image as a table in Microsoft Word.
Figures in all other reference types will insert into Word as
figures, which are listed and numbered separately from tables.

Entering References
Bibliographic information (as well as keywords, notes, and other
relevant information) is entered into separate fields in each
EndNote reference. By storing the pieces of bibliographic data in
different fields, EndNote can later rearrange the elements to
conform to various bibliographic formats (such as APA or MLA).
Special bibliographic formatting and punctuation should not be
included when you enter reference data into EndNote. For
example, you do not need to put quotes around titles, italicize
journal names, or include the abbreviation “Vol.” along with
volume numbers. Enter only the raw data, and leave the
formatting to EndNote.
NOTE: There are a few exceptions to this punctuation rule, notably in

the Author, Editor, and Edition fields. Read on for details.
Each field can contain up to 64 KB, or approximately 16 pages of

plain text.
A full set of key commands is available so that you can enter
references without using the mouse. See Appendix E, “Keyboard
Commands” for a list of commands available to you.
Using Term EndNote uses term lists for the Author and Editor names,
Lists with Data Journals, and Keywords. Term lists can also be created for other
fields. These lists are updated automatically as you enter new
Entry terms into these fields. The benefit of this is that the term lists
also help with data entry. If you begin to enter a name, journal or
keyword that you have used before in that library, EndNote will
complete the term for you to speed up data entry:
To accept a term that EndNote has suggested, simply press

ENTER, TAB, or click in the next field. Terms that are new (that is,
those that do not already appear in the corresponding Author,
Journals, or Keyword term list) appear in red text.
See Chapter 10 for more information about EndNote’s term lists.
NOTE: Both the “Auto-Update” and “Auto-Complete” term list features

may be turned off with the Term Lists panel in the EndNote preferences.

Author and The following information about Author and Editor fields
Editor Names applies to the following “Generic” field names: Author,
Secondary Author, Tertiary Author, and Subsidiary Author.
Always enter author and editor names one name per line. If an
author’s name is too long to fit on a single line, let it wrap to the
next line as you type it.
Author
names are
entered
one per
line.
Author names can be entered either with the last name followed
by a comma and the first name, or the first name followed by the
last name. Both are correct. However, note that if you have the
“Suggest Terms as You Type” feature of the term lists turned on,
EndNote suggests author names based on the assumption that
the names are being entered with the last name first.
EndNote can abbreviate first and middle names, so for
maximum flexibility enter whole names whenever possible. If
you are entering initials instead of full names, be sure to type a
period or a space between initials, (for example “Fisher, J.O.” or
“J O Fisher”), otherwise EndNote interprets the initials as a
single name: “Jo.”
See “Author List (Bibliography and Footnotes)” on page 456 for
information about how EndNote can format author names in
bibliographies. For more information about term lists, see
Chapter 10.

Using “et al.” or Similar Abbreviations
Enter all author names for a particular reference. EndNote will
truncate the list of authors with “et al.” or “and others” as
required by the bibliographic style. If you do not know all of the
authors’ names, then the last author should be “et al.” or “and
others” followed by a comma.
Anonymous Works
If a reference has no author, you should leave the Author field
blank. Do not enter “Anonymous.” The style that you use to
format the bibliography determines how anonymous references
are treated.
Note that if a work is published with “Anonymous” printed on
the title page, most style guides request that “Anonymous” be
entered as though it were the author name.
Corporate Authors
When entering corporate authors, put a comma after the name:
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Apple Computer Inc.,
This ensures that the entire name is treated as a first name, so no
name manipulation will be applied.
If your corporate author name includes a comma in the name
itself, use two commas in place of the first comma:
University of California,, Irvine
EndNote treats this as a last name followed by a blank first name.
Then, everything after the (blank) first name is appended,
including a second comma in the name. The formatted result is
the corporate name with the comma in place.
Complex Author Names

For multiple-word last names, like Charles de Gaulle, enter the
name with the last name first, such as:
de Gaulle, Charles
Entering a name this way ensures that both words “de” and
“Gaulle” will format as the last name.

Enter authors with titles, such as “Jr.” or “III”, as Last, First, Title.
For example, “Alfred Smith Jr.” must be entered as:
Smith, Alfred, Jr.
The text after the second comma will print exactly as entered.
NOTE: See the Sorting section of the EndNote preferences if you do not
want EndNote to include prefixes (such as de, van, von, etc.) when it
alphabetizes references in a bibliography (page 543).
Year Normally, you should enter the four numbers of the year of
publication, as in 2002. When appropriate, you may enter in
press, or in preparation, or some other notation.
NOTE: When you transfer references from an outside source into

EndNote, only valid dates are parsed and transferred. Text such as
“submitted” or “in print” is ignored. However, you can manually type this
information into the field.
Titles The following information about Title fields applies to the

“Generic” fields Title, Secondary Title, Tertiary Title, and
Alternate Title.
Enter titles without a period or any other punctuation at the end.
Do not press the ENTER key while typing titles into EndNote;
allow long titles to just wrap to the next line. Although the
EndNote styles can change the capitalization of titles, it is best to
capitalize the title in the same way you would like it to be
capitalized in your bibliographies.
Journal Names The Journal field is automatically set up to work with the
Journals term list. This means that the Journals list is updated as
you add new journal names to your references, and EndNote will
use this list to facilitate data entry by suggesting journal names
as you enter them into the Journal field. See Chapter 10 for more
information about term lists and turning these options off.
The Journal field (in the Journal Article reference type) can be
used with the Journals term list to allow for multiple formats of
a journal name to be used in your bibliographies, depending on
the format required (see page 277 for details). When the different
forms of the journal name are entered into the Journals term list,
all it takes to change the format of your journal names in a
bibliography is one change in the style used (see “Journal

Names” on page 448). All of the appropriate substitutions are
made when the bibliography is created.
EndNote includes several predefined journal lists in the Terms
folder. If you would like to use these lists, you should import
them into your Journals list as described in “Loading Supplied
Journal Abbreviations” on page 276.
The Alternate Journal Field

The Alternate Journal field is most useful when importing or
retrieving references from an online source that provides two
forms of each journal name (full and abbreviated). By importing
both, you can easily update the Journals term list and use the
correct form of the name without having to enter it yourself (see
page 275).
If you do not import from sources that include an alternate
journal name, this field is probably not necessary for you to have
in your Journal Article references. You can remove it by editing
the Reference Types preference (see page 412).
Pages Page ranges can be entered as complete (1442-1449) or

abbreviated (1442-9) ranges. The style used to create the
bibliography can change the page numbers to be either full or
abbreviated page ranges, or show just the first page (see the
“Page Numbers” section in Chapter 16).
Do not use commas in the Pages field for page numbers in the
thousands.
Edition The text of the Edition field is not modified by EndNote for your
bibliographies, so be sure to enter “1st,” “2nd,” and so on for this
field if that is what you need in your bibliography.
Date and Auto The Date Field

Date Stamp In the Date field of your references, enter dates as you would like
them to appear in your formatted list or bibliography; EndNote
does not reformat dates. The output style determines which date
field prints in your bibliographic references.
NOTE: When you transfer references from an outside source into

EndNote, only valid dates are parsed and transferred. Text such as
“submitted” or “in print” is ignored. However, you can manually type this
information into the field.

The Auto Date Stamp Fields
Two Auto Date Stamp fields appear in the footer of each
EndNote reference. The Added to Library and Last Updated
dates are inserted when you save a new reference, and then the
Last Updated date is reset each time you save changes to a
reference. The date format of the Auto Date Stamp fields, such as
“4/16/2008,” adheres to your default operating system settings.
You cannot edit either of the Auto Date Stamp fields. However,
you can display, search, sort, print, or export these fields just as
you would any other EndNote field.
For references entered with EndNote version X1 or earlier, the
“Added to Library” field is left blank and the “Last Updated”
field displays the date of conversion to EndNote X2.
Short Title Use the Short Title field to enter abbreviated versions of the
regular title which should be used as part of an in-text citation or
a footnote citation. This is a common request for many of the
humanities styles which use a shortened form of the title in the
citation to help identify which reference is being cited. For
example, MLA typically lists just the author name and the
specifically cited pages in the in-text citation:
(Perin 141)
But if there are multiple works by that author, MLA requires that
the title, or a shortened form of it be added to the citation. If the
full title of the reference is fairly long, such as “Burning the
Midnight Oil: Tales from Working the Night Shift,” you should
enter an easily recognizable form of the title that starts with the
first word on which the normal title would be sorted. For
example:
(Perin, Burning 141)
If an EndNote style is configured to use the Short Title field, and
that field is empty for a particular reference, the normal Title
field is used instead.
Original Use the Original Publication field to enter any information about
Publication the original publication that you need to be included in the cited
reference. For example, when citing a republished book you
might want to include the original publication date, as well as
any other supplementary information about the original
publication (such as place published and publisher). Enter this
information just as you would want it to appear in your

formatted bibliography reference (including text styles and
punctuation).
Reprint Use the Reprint Edition field for references that were originally
Edition published under a different title. The field should include the
original title and year to indicate that this reference is a reprint
of an earlier publication. Enter this information exactly as you
would want it to appear in your formatted reference (including
text styles and punctuation).
NOTE: This field is not intended to be used to indicate whether or not

you have a reprint of the article on file. You may use one of the custom
fields for that.
Reviewed Item Use the Reviewed Item field for articles or chapters that are
critical reviews of books, cinema, art, or other works. The
contents of the Reviewed Item field varies depending on the type
of review that you are citing, but typically you should enter the
title of the reviewed work and the primary person responsible
for it (author, artist, performer, etc.). Additional information
about a production or performance may also be included. Enter
the information exactly as you want it to appear in the formatted
references (including punctuation and text styles).
ISBN/ISSN ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) and ISBN

(International Standard Book Number) are codes used to identify
a particular publication. An ISSN number would refer to an
entire journal (such as the Journal of Virology), and an ISBN
would refer to a particular book.
These numbers help to identify a specific publication if you
needed to order it or locate it. This field is also used for Report
Number and Patent Number.
DOI A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique ID for locating a

digital version of a document, PDF, or figure. It is most useful if
you are importing reference data or retrieving references directly
from an online source.
Call Number The Call Number field is used to store library call numbers.
These are the codes that help you to locate a particular
publication on the shelves in your library. When available, the
EndNote connection files import the call number information

into this field. If you do not plan to use this feature, you may
remove the field (see page 412).
Label The Label field can be used for many purposes, such as special
in-text citations or reprint numbers.
Some citation styles require that citations include only part of the
author’s name, such as [SMIT 90]. EndNote cannot create this
citation for you, but if you type “SMIT 90” into the Label field
and use the Label field in your style’s citation template, EndNote
will insert the Label field into the citation.
If you do not need the Label field for citation purposes, it can be
used as an additional field for categorizing references or storing
reprint numbers. (Do not use EndNote’s record numbers to
number reprints because these numbers change when references
are moved to different libraries. EndNote’s record numbers
cannot be assigned or changed by the user.)
Keywords Use the Keywords field to store keywords that you want to
associate with the reference. You can restrict a search to just the
Keywords field, so the terms you enter into this field can be used
to later retrieve the references when using EndNote’s Search
command.
The Keywords term list (which maintains a list of terms used in
the Keywords field) can be set up to recognize semicolons (;),
slashes (/), backslashes (\), and returns as the delimiters that
separate individual keywords. If you would prefer to use other
punctuation to separate your keywords, you may change these
settings using the Define Term Lists command from the Tools
menu. See Chapter 10 for details.
Notes and The Notes, Research Notes, and Abstract fields can each hold up
Abstract to 64 KB, which is equivalent to about 16 pages of plain text. Use
the Notes field to store personal reminders, such as the location
of a quotation in a book or the quotation itself. Use the Abstract
field for a brief description of the contents of the work.
URL (Uniform A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the term for the address
Resource used to locate a specific page of information with your Web
browser.
Locator)

To link a URL to a reference in your EndNote library:
1. Select a reference in the Library window and open the
reference. Put your cursor in the URL field.
2. Type or paste a valid URL into the field. For example:
http://www.endnote.com
or
ftp://ftp.cuteftp.com
The URL becomes a hyperlink (blue and underlined).
If you need to enter multiple links into the URL field, enter them
one per line. Adding any other information along with the link
may keep the Open URL command from successfully finding the
desired site.
When a correctly formatted URL is entered into the URL field,
the URL>Open URL command in the References menu can be used
to launch a Web browser and take you to that site or file.
Some online reference databases include a URL for the full text
of an article online. When importing or retrieving references
directly from these sources, the URLs can import directly into
this field to take advantage of the Open URL command. You can
also store a URL to related information on the Web or other
relevant material.
EndNote automatically recognizes URLs if they are entered with
the correct prefix (such as “http://” or “ftp://”) in any field.
When recognized, they become clickable Web links and appear
as blue and underlined text. Simply clicking on one of these links
will open your Web browser and go to the address given. This
feature is not specific to the URL field.
For more information, see “Linking References to Websites and
Files” on page 166.
File Use the File Attachments field to store the path to PDF files (and
Attachments other file types) on your hard drive.
NOTE: Use the Figure field to attach a graphic or file that you want to
insert into a Word document with Cite While You Write.
To link a file to a reference in your EndNote library:

1. Select a reference in the Library window, or open the
reference.

2. From the References menu, choose File Attachments>Attach
File.
3. On the file dialog, select a file to link to the selected (or open)
reference.
4. Note the check box along the bottom titled, "Copy this file to
the default file attachments folder and create a relative link."
This gives you the option to:
Select the check box to copy the original file and place the
copy in the DATA\PDF folder that is part of your
EndNote library.
Deselect the check box to always have EndNote look in
the original folder for the inserted file.
For more information about this option, see, “Selecting a
Relative Path or an Absolute Path for File Attachments” on
page 168.
5. Click Open.
EndNote will display an icon indicating the type of file inserted.
You can insert additional files into the same File Attachments
field.
NOTE: Another way to link a file to the File Attachments field is to drag
and drop the file onto the reference in either the Library window or the
Reference window. Whether the file is saved with the database or is
linked with an absolute path is determined by the default file attachment
setting. See “URLs & Links” on page 558.
In order to maintain cross-platform compatibility, any of the

following characters in a filename will be replaced by an
underscore when EndNote saves a copy of the file in the
DATA\PDF folder with a relative path.

with an underscore
\ back slash
/ forward slash
: colon
* asterisk
? question mark
" quotation mark
< less than
> greater than
| vertical bar

For more information, see “Linking a File to an EndNote
Reference” on page 166 and “Opening a Linked File or URL” on
page 171.
To automatically search online to locate and attach the full text
of a referenced document, see “Finding Full Text for a
Reference” on page 199.
Figure and The Figure field can contain a graphic or an object (file
Caption attachment). For information about entering figures, see
“Inserting Figures” on page 160.
The Figure field is included by default for all reference types, but
you can remove it from any reference type or rename it in any
reference type.
NOTE: Each reference can contain only one graphic or file attachment.
The figure itself is copied to the [library name]. DATA folder

found in the same folder as the library file.
A related Caption field appears directly under the Figure field in
a reference. Use this field for a short description of the image or
file.
Cite While You Write allows you to insert the figure and its
caption into a word processing document. See “Inserting and
Formatting Figures and Tables” on page 328. Figures in most
reference types will insert into Word as figures. The only
exception is the Chart or Table reference type; use the Chart or
Table reference type if you want to include an image and later
insert that image as a table in Microsoft Word. Tables are listed
and numbered separately from figures in Word.
Font, Size, and EndNote is designed to produce bibliographies that

Style automatically use the font and size of the text in your word
processing documents. Normally, when you type text into an
EndNote reference, it is entered in a default font, size, and style,
which means that your references follow the font settings in your
paper.
If any fonts, sizes, or styles other than the default are entered into
your library, the text will appear that way in your bibliography
regardless of the font of your paper. For example, you can
italicize species names, add a superscripted number, or enter
Greek characters such as β.

To apply font or text styles, select the text to be changed and then
choose the desired font, size, or style from the Edit menu or the
toolbar.
Plain Text The Plain Text, Plain Font, and Plain Size commands on the Edit
menu or on the toolbar remove overriding fonts, text sizes, or
text styles from the selected text in a reference or a Style window.
When EndNote creates a bibliography, text in Plain Font and
Plain Size uses the font and size of your paper. To use these
commands, first select the text you want to change, and then
choose Plain Text, Plain Font, or Plain Size from the Edit menu or
the toolbar.
The default font used to display EndNote’s “Plain Text” is the
default font for your operating system, but it can be changed
using the General font option in the Display Fonts section of the
EndNote preferences. (Choose Preferences from the Edit menu
and click the Display Fonts option.) The General font setting
changes the font in which the references are displayed but does
not affect the font of a bibliography created for a word
processing document.
Cut, Copy, The Cut, Copy, and Paste commands in the Edit menu can be used
Paste Text in to move text from one field in a reference to another field by
selecting and copying or cutting the text and then pasting it in
the References the desired location. You can also Copy and Paste text from a field
in an EndNote reference to your word processor. Similarly, you
can Copy text from a word processing document and Paste it into
a reference. If it is important to paste the text along with the fonts
and text styles, use the Paste with Text Styles command in the Edit
menu. The regular Paste command does not include font, size, or
text style information when pasting into EndNote from another
program. Avoid pasting unwanted fonts and text styles into
EndNote references because those fonts and text styles will carry
through into future bibliographies.
Using “Drag- Text may also be moved around within a reference by selecting
and-Drop” the text and then dragging and dropping it in a new location.
When text is moved this way within a reference, it is moved from
Within a one location to another. When it is dragged from one reference to
Reference another reference or to another program (such as your word
processor), it is copied and therefore not removed from the
reference.

To drag-and-drop text: First select the text of interest. Then click
on the selection, and keep the mouse button pressed while you
drag the text to another location. When the cursor is positioned
in the right place, release the mouse button to “drop” the text
there.
Copying and In addition to copying and pasting text between fields, EndNote
Pasting can Copy and Paste entire references between libraries.
Complete To use the Copy and Paste commands:

References 1. Select one or more references in the Library window (hold
down the CTRL key to select multiple references or the SHIFT
key to select a range of references). Do not open the
references.
2. Choose Copy (CTRL+C) from the Edit menu and those

references are copied to the Clipboard.
3. Open another EndNote library and choose Paste (CTRL+V)
from the Edit menu to paste directly to the Library window.
The references you copied are pasted into the library and
sorted correctly with the existing references.
Copying references using drag-and-drop:
An easy way to copy references between libraries is to use the
drag-and-drop functionality. Simply select the references you
want to copy, click on any part of the selection, and use the
mouse to drag them to another open library. Release the mouse
button when the cursor is over the destination library, and all of
the select references will be copied into the library.

If you need to copy all of the references in one library to another
library, you can also use the Import command to directly import
one library into the other (see Chapter 7).
NOTE: Any time you copy a reference and paste it into another library,
or import a reference into another library, the reference is assigned a
new record number in the destination library.
Entering Use a reference “template” to facilitate entering a series of

Several references that have some information in common (such as
various sections from one book, or a number of papers presented
Articles from at the same conference). The template you create is an
the Same incomplete EndNote reference with just the common
Source information entered into it.
To create a reference template:
1. From the References menu, choose New Reference.
2. Enter all of the bibliographic information that the references
have in common (such as the year, book title, publisher, and
city for different sections from one book).
3. Close the reference when you are finished. It remains
selected in the Library window.
4. Choose Copy (CTRL+C) from the Edit menu to copy it.
5. Use the Paste (CTRL+V) command to paste the reference
several times, to create as many partially-filled references as
you need. You should paste directly to the Library
window—do not open a new reference and choose Paste.
6. Select all of the partially-filled references that you just
created and edit them (double-click them, press ENTER, or
type CTRL+E to open up to 10 selected references at one
time).
Complete each of the individual references. Close and save them
by pressing CTRL+W.
Entering Special Characters

EndNote references can include special characters, including
characters with diacritics, and Greek, mathematical, and
typographical symbols.Diacritical characters are a part of
standard Windows fonts, while most symbols can be entered in
the Symbol font.

languages.
EndNote uses the default language setting set by your operating
system.If the characters you wish to use require installing a
different language pack, see “Displaying Extended/Special
Characters” on page 630.
Entering Special characters can be entered into EndNote using any of

Characters these text-entry methods:
with Type the character on the keyboard (if the character is part of
the language supported by the keyboard).
Diacritical
Copy the character from another program, and paste it into
Marks your EndNote library.
Use the Character Map program supplied with Windows for
this purpose. Character Map is described in the next section.
Diacritical characters can be entered into EndNote references
and into EndNote term lists. If you frequently use certain
diacritical characters, or words that include diacritical
characters, you can store them in a term list and then choose
them from the list when entering references. For more
information about term lists, see Chapter 10, “Term Lists.”
NOTE: If characters do not appear as they should in EndNote, see

“Displaying Extended/Special Characters” on page 630.
Using The Character Map program (CHARMAP.EXE) is supplied with

Character Map all versions of Windows. Both diacritical characters and symbols
can be entered using the Character Map:
To use the Character Map program:
1. From the Windows Start >Programs menu, choose
Accessories, then System Tools, then Character Map.
2. Select the Symbol font, if necessary. (Other fonts will revert to
the Typing Display Font when pasted in EndNote.)
3. Double-click the character(s) you need.
4. Click the Copy button to copy the characters to the Clipboard.

5. Return to EndNote, position the cursor in a reference, then
select Paste from the Edit menu to paste the characters.
Or, with both your EndNote reference open and Character Map
open, you can click on a character in Character Map and then
drag-and-drop it into your EndNote reference.
NOTE: The Character Map may include some Unicode characters that
will not work in your selected font. If you insert a character that is not
recognized, it will appear in EndNote as a box.
Inserting Figures
EndNote extends the organization of reference information by
including the ability to embed graphics and files in an EndNote
library and link them to a paper. You can insert a single graphic
or file into the Figure field of any EndNote reference.
NOTE: While the Figure and Caption fields are included by default for
all reference types, you can remove them at any time if you do not
intend to use them and they are just taking up space. See “Adding,
Deleting, and Renaming Fields” on page 412.
Once you have a figure in your EndNote reference, Cite While

You Write allows you to insert the figure and its caption into a
word processing document. See “Inserting and Formatting
Figures and Tables” on page 328 for more information about
using figures with Cite While You Write.

Selecting the You can insert a graphic or file into the Figure field of an
Appropriate EndNote reference. Depending on the reference type, the field
may be labeled Figure or have a custom label assigned by you.
Reference
By default, the Figure and Caption fields are included in all
Type reference types. So, while a reference to a journal may contain
primarily bibliographic information, you can also include an
illustration that appeared with the journal article.
The Figure, Chart or Table, and Equation reference types can be
used specifically to catalog graphics and files, and may contain
minimal reference information.
NOTE: Figures in the Chart or Table reference type are inserted into
Word as tables, and are labeled and numbered separately from the
figures found in all other reference types.
To add or remove the Figure and Caption fields from a reference

type, go to the Edit menu, choose Preferences, and select Reference
Types. For more information about modifying reference types,
see “Adding, Deleting, and Renaming Fields” on page 412.
Inserting Notes about inserting graphics and files into the Figure field:
Graphics and Always use the Figure>Attach Figure command from the
Files References menu to insert graphics and other files into the
Figure field. If you simply use Copy and Paste, System
settings are used and you could ultimately lose colors and
other attributes from the original file.
Each EndNote reference can contain only one graphic or file
attachment in the Figure field. If you insert a second graphic
or file, it will replace the first one. The previous figure is
deleted from the .DATA folder. See “Storing and Sharing
Figure Files” on page 164 for more information about the
.DATA folder.
After inserting a graphic or file, you should always type
Caption text into the Caption field, particularly if you intend
to later insert the figure into a Word document. The Caption
will label the image in the figure list at the end of the Word
document. The Caption also helps you search for the figure.
You can insert a figure only into a reference that contains the
Figure field. If you need to add the Figure field to a reference
type, use the Reference Types preferences panel as described
on page 539.

DATA folder.

with an underscore
\ back slash
/ forward slash
: colon
* asterisk
? question mark
" quotation mark
< less than
> greater than
| vertical bar
To insert a graphic (picture) or other file into the Figure field:

1. With the reference open for editing, go to the References menu
and choose Figure>Attach Figure. (The Attach Figure
command is also available on the toolbar.)
2. Click Choose File to display a file dialog.

3. Locate the figure file and Insert it. EndNote recognizes at least
these types of picture and object files:
Windows Bitmap - BMP
Graphics Interchange Format - GIF
JPEG File Interchange Format - JPEG
Portable Network Graphics - PNG
Tag Image File Format - TIFF
Valid picture files are those that Microsoft Word recognizes
as pictures.

EndNote also recognizes at least these other file formats:
Audio files (WAV, MP3)
Microsoft Access files
Microsoft Excel files
Microsoft Power Point files
Microsoft Project files
Microsoft Visio files
Microsoft Word files
Multimedia files (MOV, QuickTime)
Technical drawing files
Text files (TXT, RTF, HTML)
4. On the Attach Figure dialog, click OK to copy the file to your
EndNote record.
A graphic appears as a thumbnail within the reference.
Other types of files will appear as an attachment, with the

program icon and filename. (If the application used to create the
document is not available on your system, the icon simply gives
generic Windows file information.)
Double-clicking on the thumbnail or file icon will launch an
associated application to open the file, with the same effect as if
you had double clicked the file on your computer desktop.
Entering a A related Caption field appears directly under the Figure field in
Caption a reference. Use this field for a short description of the image or
file. The Caption field allows you to easily search for figures.

If you insert an EndNote figure into a Word document with Cite
While You Write, the corresponding caption appears either
above or below the figure in your paper (the placement is
determined by the current output style).
NOTE: The Caption field is a text-only field. URLs or paths and

filenames are not hot linked when entered into this field.
Opening the Double-clicking on a graphic or attachment icon in the Figure

Figure File field of a reference will launch an associated application
(determined by the file type and your operating system) and
open the file for viewing or editing. It is the same as if you had
double clicked on the figure file on your computer desktop. Any
changes to the file are saved for this EndNote reference.
When you double click on a figure file such as a GIF file,
Windows will look for an image viewer like Paint or Photo
Viewer to preview the figure. The program used to create the file
may not open.
Storing and When you insert a figure, EndNote copies the file and places the
Sharing Figure copy in a [library name].DATA folder, which is found in the
same folder as the main library file. The copied figure file is
Files specifically linked to a single EndNote reference.
NOTE: Simply putting a figure file into the .DATA folder does not link it
into a reference. You must use the Figure>Attach Figure command.
If you move your library to a different computer, or if you want

to share your library with someone, remember to always copy
the .DATA folder along with the library.
Editing Figure To edit a figure stored in an EndNote reference, open the

Files reference and double click on the figure icon. This launches an
associated application to open the file for editing. See “Opening
the Figure File” on page 164.
Editing changes are made to the file stored in the library’s
.DATA folder for this reference, and not to the original figure file
that was inserted.
NOTE: Never rename figure files within the .DATA folder. EndNote
assigns each figure a unique name that helps link it to a specific
reference.

Deleting or To delete a figure from an EndNote reference:
Replacing 1. Open the EndNote reference, scroll to the Figure field, and
Figure Files select the figure icon.
2. Press the Delete key or use your mouse to right click and
select Clear.
Deleting a figure from the reference also deletes it from the
.DATA folder.
NOTE: If you insert the same figure in two different references,

EndNote stores two copies of the figure in the .DATA folder. Deleting
the figure from one of the references will not affect the other reference.
To replace a figure in an EndNote reference, you can do one of

these:
Open the EndNote reference and Attach the new figure. The
existing figure is deleted from the .DATA folder and is
replaced with the new figure.
Delete the old figure from the reference, and then Attach the
new figure.
Converting You can move a linked file from the Figures field to the File
from Figures to Attachments field in a reference. Keep in mind that only figures
stored in the Figures field can be cited in Microsoft Word with
File Cite While You Write.
Attachments Earlier versions of EndNote did not include a File Attachments
field. You may have linked a file to the Figures field, and later
decided that you really wanted to link the file to the File
Attachments field.
To convert file links from the Figures field to the File
Attachments field:
1. In a reference list, highlight the reference(s) you wish to
change. Or, open a specific reference for editing.
2. From the References menu, choose Figure and then Convert
Figures to File Attachments.

Linking References to Websites and Files
EndNote includes a URL field and a File Attachments field that
you can use to link URLs and disk files to EndNote references.
Linking a URL What is a URL?

to an EndNote “URL” stands for “Uniform Resource Locator” and is a common
Reference term for the “address” used to identify the location of an item
online. Most often, URLs refer to Web pages, such as this
example from the EndNote website:
URLs can also be used to identify the location of FTP (File
Transfer Protocol) sites.
To link a URL to a reference in your EndNote library:
1. Select a reference in the Library window and open the
reference. Put your cursor in the URL field.
2. Type or paste a valid URL into the field. Two examples:
ftp://ftp.cuteftp.com
The URL becomes a hyperlink (blue and underlined).
For more information about linking to a URL, see “URL
(Uniform Resource Locator)” on page 152.
Linking a File You can link a file on your computer—such as a graphic, a word
to an EndNote processing document, a spreadsheet, or a PDF file—to an
EndNote reference.
Reference
The File Attachments options are available only when a single
reference is selected in the Library window, or when you are
editing a reference.
NOTE: The URL and File Attachments commands are available both
from the References menu and from the right click context-sensitive
menu.
To link a file to the File Attachments field in a reference:

1. Select a reference in the Library window, or open the
reference.
2. From the References menu, choose File Attachments>Attach
File.

3. On the file dialog, select a file to link to the selected (or open)
reference.
4. Note the check box along the bottom titled, "Copy this file to
the default file attachments folder and create a relative link."
This gives you the option to:
Select the check box to copy the original file and place the
copy in the DATA\PDF folder that is part of your
EndNote library.
Deselect the check box to always have EndNote look in
the original folder for the inserted file.
For more information about this option, see, “Selecting a
Relative Path or an Absolute Path for File Attachments” on
page 168.
5. Click Open.
EndNote will display an icon indicating the type of file inserted.
You can insert up to 45 files into the same File Attachments field.
NOTE: Another way to link a file to the File Attachments field is to drag
and drop the file onto the reference in either the Library window or the
Reference window. Whether the file is saved with the database or is
linked with an absolute path is determined by the default file attachment
setting. See “URLs & Links” on page 558.

DATA\PDF folder with a relative path.

with an underscore
\ back slash
/ forward slash
: colon
* asterisk
? question mark
" quotation mark
< less than
> greater than
| vertical bar

To link a file to any field in an EndNote reference:
1. Open the reference.
2. Type or paste, into any text field, the path and filename you
wish to link. For example:
file:///C:/Documents/Word%20Tips.pdf
EndNote will display the full path to the file. The path and
filename become hyperlinked— blue, underlined text—which
you can click to open the file.
Note that spaces in local folder and file names are indicated with
“%20.”
Selecting a When you link a file to the File Attachments field in a reference,
Relative Path you have the option of saving a relative path to the file, or an
absolute path to the file.
or an Absolute
Path for File What is a Relative Path versus an Absolute Path?
Attachments When you insert a link to a file with the File Attachments>Attach
File command from the References menu, the file dialog includes
a check box titled, "Copy this file to the default file attachments
folder and create a relative link."
Relative Path (check box selected)
When the check box is selected, EndNote makes a copy of the
original file and places it in the DATA\PDF folder that is part of
your EndNote library. This saves the file as a “portable link” that
can move as part of the library. EndNote will always be able to
access the file, even when you share your library with a
colleague (always include the complete DATA folder along with
the .ENL file). However, if you edit the original file on your
computer, those changes will not be reflected in EndNote. You
would need to clear the file from your EndNote reference and
reinsert the file.
Absolute Path (check box blank)
When the check box is blank, EndNote will use the complete path
and filename to look in the original folder for the inserted file.
This can be helpful if you plan to edit the original file, and you
want those changes reflected when you access the file from
within EndNote. However, if you ever move the file from the
original folder, EndNote will not be able to access it unless you
clear the file from your EndNote reference and reinsert it from
the new folder location. If you send your library to a colleague,
the file will not be available.

How Can I Tell Which Type of Path Was Used?
Open a reference that contains a linked file in the File
Attachments field, and hold your mouse pointer over the file
icon in the File Attachments field. EndNote will display a tooltip
with the full path and filename of the linked file.
If the file was linked with a relative path, only the filename will
appear, as a copy of the file is stored in the library’s DATA\PDF
folder.
You can also determine which type of path was used by
previewing the File Attachments field. Use an output style such
as Show All Fields, which includes the File Attachments field. In
the preview, file attachments appear as:
Absolute Path:
file://C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Documents\EndNote\
Filename.PDF
Relative Path:
internal-pdf://Filename-3869284362/Filename.PDF
Selecting a Default Setting for the Path

Since you likely will want all of your linked files treated the same
way, you can select a default setting for the check box titled
"Copy this file to the default file attachments folder and create a
relative link." You can change the default setting from the
Preferences panel. See “URLs & Links” on page 558.
You still have the option to override the default setting each time
you insert a file into the File Attachments field.
Converting Absolute Paths to Relative Paths

If you are working with a library that was created with a version
of EndNote prior to version X, all of your existing linked files are
saved with absolute paths. You can easily change your absolute
paths to relative paths, which will allow you to easily share your
library, along with linked files, with colleagues.
To convert absolute paths to relative paths:
1. Before you begin, please back up your library. This change
cannot be reversed.

2. In the Library window, highlight the references you wish to
modify.
3. From the References menu, select File Attachments>Convert to
Relative Links.
For each selected reference, EndNote locates each file linked into
the File Attachments field, and copies those files into the
DATA\PDF folder for the library.
Inserting the Same File Again

If you try to insert a link to the same filename again in the same
reference, your results are different depending on whether you
are inserting files with a relative path or an absolute path.
Relative Path: Because the relative path always points to the
library’s DATA\PDF folder, a message will warn you that you
cannot insert the same file again with the same name. You have
the option to either replace the current link or give the newly
linked file a new name.
Absolute Path: Because you could have several absolute paths
pointing to the same filename in different folders, it is possible
to link to the same filename numerous times. When you hold
your mouse pointer over each file icon in the File Attachments
field, the tooltip will display the full path and filename.
Removing a Before you remove a linked file, please make sure you have a
Linked File backup of the original file. This process cannot be undone.
from File To remove a linked file from the File Attachments field:
Attachments 1. Open the reference for editing.
2. Scroll to the File Attachments field and highlight the file icon
you wish to remove.
NOTE: You can hold your mouse pointer over the file icon in the File
Attachments field to display the path and filename of the linked file.
3. From the Edit menu, select Clear.

If the file was linked with an absolute path, the File Attachments
field no longer points to the file. The original file remains intact.
If the file was linked with a relative path, that file is deleted from
the library’s DATA/PDF folder, and the File Attachments field
no longer points to it. You will not be able to reinsert the link
unless you have the original file stored elsewhere on your
computer.

Opening a Once a valid, hyperlinked URL or path and filename appear in a
Linked File or reference, you can open the reference and click the hyperlinked
text or icon to open the linked URL or file.
URL
Or, from the References menu, use the URL>Open URL or File
Attachments>Open File command to look specifically in the URL
field or File Attachments field to open the Internet site or linked
file.
You must have the necessary program installed on your
computer in order for EndNote to open a file created by another
program. For example, to open a PDF file, you must have Adobe
Acrobat, Adobe Acrobat Reader, or another program that can
read PDF files installed on your computer.
Similarly, EndNote does not include a Web browser. If you do
not already have a browser installed, you will need to install one
before using this feature to open a link to a website. Use the
Online settings in EndNote’s preferences to select the Web
browser that should open when the Open URL command is
activated. See page 550 for details.
Using the Open URL and Open File commands

The URL>Open URL (CTRL+G) and File Attachments>Open File
(CTRL+ALT+P) commands on the References menu can be used to
launch a URL or open a linked file entered into an EndNote
reference under the following conditions:
When just one reference is selected in the Library window,
the Open URL command opens the first URL that is listed in
that reference’s URL field. The Open File command opens the
first linked file that is listed in that reference’s File
Attachments field.
When multiple references are selected, EndNote checks the
URL or File Attachments field in each of the selected
references (in the order listed), and opens the first link it
finds.
If you need to enter multiple links into the URL field of one
reference, enter them one per line. EndNote will open the
first link in the field when you choose Open URL or Open File.
If you have multiple links, you can click on any one of them
to activate the link. (We recommend that you enter multiple
URLs on separate lines. However, if more than one URL is
entered on a single line, separated by semicolons, hold down
the Alt key while you click on the URL you wish to open.)

To display an Internet site from the URL field:
You could open the reference and click on the hyperlink found in
the URL field. Or,
1. Select or open a reference in the Library window.
2. From the References menu, choose URL>Open URL (CTRL+G).
The Open URL command opens the linked URL with your default
browser, or opens the linked file with the appropriate program.
To open a linked file from the File Attachments field:
You could open the reference and click on the file icon found in
the File Attachments field. Or,
1. Select or open a reference in the Library window.
2. From the References menu, choose File Attachments>Open File
(CTRL+ALT+P).
The Open File command opens the linked file with the
appropriate program.
If the file was linked with a relative path, EndNote looks in the
library's DATA\PDF folder to find the file. If the file was linked
with an absolute path, EndNote looks for the file in the original
folder from which it was inserted.
NOTE: Please see “Selecting a Relative Path or an Absolute Path for

File Attachments” on page 168 for information about the difference
between a file linked with a relative path and a file linked with an
absolute path.
Spell Checking
To begin using EndNote’s spell checker, you must have an open
record as the active window. If the active window does not
display an open record, the spell check command is disabled.
If text is highlighted in the active record, that selection is checked
first, and then you are prompted to check the rest of the record.
If there are other open records, you are then prompted to check
those records.
EndNote’s spell checker can check spelling accuracy in all fields
except the Author fields (Author, Secondary Author, Tertiary
Author, Subsidiary Author, and Translated Author) and the
URL, Figure, and File Attachments fields.

Starting Spell To start spell checking:
Check 1. Open the record(s) you wish to check.
2. (optional) If you want to check only a portion of the text,
highlight only that text.
3. From the Tools menu, select Spell Check.
NOTE: These are other ways to start spell checking: Right click the
mouse and select Spell Check from the contextual menu, or click the
Spell Check toolbar button, or press F7.
4. If EndNote finds a word that is not found in the selected

dictionaries, it displays a Check Spelling dialog.
The Check Spelling dialog works just like a spell checker in a

word processor. For a complete description of each button on the
Check Spelling dialog, click the Help button.
Spell Check You can access Spell Check Options and Dictionaries in two
Options and ways:
Dictionaries From the Edit menu, select Preferences. At the bottom of the
left column, click on Spell Check. An Options button and a
Dictionaries button appear.
Start Spell Check. When EndNote detects a misspelled word,
the Spell Check dialog appears. An Options button and a
Dictionaries button are available on the dialog.
For information about the Spell Check Options and Dictionaries
preferences, including a list of dictionaries supplied with
EndNote, see “Spell Check” on page 554.

Changing Text in Multiple References
Global editing commands make it easy to keep your reference
data consistent: Change Text is available from the Edit menu,
while Change and Move Fields is available from the Tools menu.
The Change Text command searches for text in your library, and
either deletes that text or replaces it with other text that you
specify. The Change Field command modifies any field in your
library by either inserting text at the beginning or end of the
field, replacing all contents of the field with different text, or
deleting the contents of the field. The Move Field command
moves the entire contents of a field to a different field.
NOTE: Be sure that you have a current backup of your library; these
operations cannot be undone with the Undo command.
Common Uses Correcting consistently misspelled words or names.

for Change Use Change Text to search for the misspelled term and replace it
Text, Change with the correct spelling.
Field, and Updating author’s names.
Move Field There may be variations of an author’s name in your data. For
example, “Joe Cool”, “Joe A. Cool”, “J. A. Cool.”, etc. Since some
styles prefer whole names and others abbreviated first and
middle names, it is best to update names to full names and leave
the work of abbreviating to the EndNote styles.
Marking the result of a search for easy retrieval.
If you have developed a complex search to locate a set of
references, use Change Fields to add a unique keyword to those
references, so that the next time you want to retrieve that set, you
can just search for the keyword.
Cleaning up your keywords.
You can add a keyword to a group of references using Change
Fields. Use Change Text to replace a term with a new one. If there
is a keyword that you no longer want in your references, use
Change Text to search for that text and replace it with nothing,
thereby deleting it (you might also want to open your term list
and delete it from there so that you do not use that term again).
Dating or labeling a set of imported references.
It can be useful to add the date or source of data to a batch of
newly imported references. Only the imported references are

“showing” in the Library window after importing. At this point,
use Change Fields to add a word or phrase to any field in just
those references.
Moving fields of information in a set of imported references.
Maybe your import filter or connection file consistently sent
Note information to the Abstract field. Use Move Fields to cut all
information from the Abstract field and move it into the Note
field. (Don’t forget to update your filter or connection file so it
directs information to the correct field next time!)
Change Text Use the Change Text command to find text in your references and
replace it with other text. Changes can be restricted to a
particular field in your references, and you can also apply
“Match Case” and “Match Words” restrictions.
NOTE: The Undo command cannot be used to undo the results of the
Change Text command. Make sure you have a backup before making
changes.
To change any text in your references:

1. Decide which references you want EndNote to scan when it
looks for text to change. Make sure only those references are
showing in the Library window (use Show All References, Hide
Selected References, Show Selected References, or Search Library
commands to control which references are showing).
2. From the Edit menu, choose Change Text.
3. From the In field list, select the field to be searched.
4. In the “Search for:” box, type the text to be changed.
To enter a Tab or Carriage Return in the text box, use the
Insert Special button (ALT+S).
5. Change the “Match Case” or “Match Words” settings if
necessary (see page 227 for details).
By default, the “Match Words” option is always selected. If

you change this setting, pay close attention to whether or not
the term you are changing could appear as part of another
word or in a different context depending on the
capitalization. This operation cannot be undone.
6. In the “Change the text to:” box, type the text that should
replace the original text.

7. Select the “Retain Capitalization” option to maintain the
same capitalization as the text being replaced.
“Retain Capitalization” should be selected if replacing a

term that might appear with different capitalizations. For
example, any word may have its first letter capitalized if it is
the first word in a title, but may also appear in all lowercase
in other places. Do not choose “Retain Capitalization” if you
are replacing an acronym with its unabbreviated version.
This set up changes

all occurrences of
“US” to “United
States” in the
Keywords field.
8. Click Change to search the showing references for the

specified text and replace it with the new text. Before
replacing any text, EndNote has you verify the change.
The dialog EndNote presents provides this information:
Which references were searched
What text will be replaced
How many references were found to include the text in
the specified field
What text will replace it
9. Click OK if all of those items are correct. EndNote replaces
the text and displays the number of references that were
changed.
Important Points About the Change Text Command

The Change Text command applies only to the references
showing in the Library window.
When using Change Text, the new text adopts the text style of
the first character of the text being replaced. For example, if
you replace an italicized word, the new text will also be
italicized. If only the first term that you are replacing is

italicized, as in “Thecideid genus” then all of the replacement
text will be italicized: “Thecideid Varigata genus.”
If you need to search for text and then delete it, simply leave
the “Change the text to” box empty.
When using the Retain Capitalization option, EndNote
maintains ALL CAPITAL LETTERS and “Sentence style”
capitalization. It will not recognize “Headline Style.” If the
first letter of the text to be replaced is lowercase, the
replacement text will be capitalized exactly as it was entered
in the dialog.
Change Fields The Change Fields tab can change the contents of a field for the
references that are “showing” in the Library window.
NOTE: This operation cannot be undone, so make sure you have

backups before making changes.
To change the contents of a field:

1. Determine which references you want to modify. Make sure
only those references are showing in the Library window.
2. From the Tools menu, choose Change and Move Fields to
display the Change Fields tab.
3. From the In field list, choose the field that you want to
modify.
4. Select one of the following options:
Insert after field’s text appends text at the end of the
chosen field. It does not modify the text already in the
field.
By default, the Include a space before the new text check box
is selected at the bottom of the dialog, to insert a space
between the existing text and the new text.
Insert before field’s text:
Inserts the text at the beginning of the chosen field. It
does not modify text that is already in the field.
By default, the Include a space after the new text check box
is selected at the bottom of the dialog, to insert a space
between the new text and the existing text.
Replace whole field with:
Replaces the entire contents of the field with the text
entered in the text box.

Clear field:
Deletes the entire contents of the chosen field. It is not
necessary to put any text into the text box.
5. In the text box, type the text that should be added to the field.

6. Click Change. EndNote will ask you to confirm the changes.
The dialog EndNote presents provides this information:
How many references will be changed
The library in which the changes will be made
The type of change that will be made
7. Click OK to continue with the changes, or click Cancel to
cancel this operation.
Move Fields Use the Move Fields tab to move the entire contents of one field to
another field within a reference. The command applies to all of
the references that are “showing” in the Library window.
NOTE: This operation cannot be undone, so make sure you have a

backup copy of your library before making changes.
To move the contents of one field to another:

1. Determine which references you want to modify. Make sure
only those references are showing in the Library window.
2. From the Tools menu, choose Change and Move Fields.

3. Click the Move Fields tab.
4. In the dialog that appears, use the “Move from” list to select
the field you want to move the data from.
5. Use the “Move to” list to select the field where you want that
data to end up.
6. Click OK to move the data from one field to the other within
each reference that is currently showing in the Library
window.
You have the option of inserting the moved text before or after
the data in the destination field, or replacing the entire contents
of the destination field. In the latter case, you have the additional
option of whether or not to move empty fields. If you uncheck
the option “Don’t move empty fields,” then any reference with
an empty originating field deletes the contents of the
corresponding destination field (and thereby making it empty as
well). If this option is turned on, the contents of the destination
field will not be deleted if the originating field is empty.
The example below shows the Move Field options set up to move
the contents of the Notes field into the Custom 1 field. If the
Custom 1 field already has data in it, the contents of the Notes
field will be added after the existing text.

Chapter 6
Searching Online Databases
with EndNote
Contents
Introduction to Searching Online Databases................ 182
How Does It Work? ................................................ 182
What EndNote’s Searching Offers ........................ 182
How to Search on Online Database ...................... 183
Selecting a Connection File .............................................. 184
Access-Restricted Databases .................................. 184
Free Databases ........................................................ 185
Picking Your Favorite Connection Files ............... 186
What if Your Database Isn’t Listed? ..................... 187
Searching an Online Database......................................... 188
Establishing the Connection .................................. 188
Online Database Searching (Overview)................ 189
Available Search Options....................................... 189
Boolean Searches..................................................... 190
Searching EndNote Fields vs. Online Database
Indexes .............................................................. 191
Online Database Search Limitations ..................... 192
Changing the Focus of the Search ......................... 192
Retrieving and Saving References .................................. 193
Discarding Duplicate References .......................... 194
The Connection Status Window ............................ 195
The Log File ............................................................. 195
Searching ISI Web of Knowledge ................................... 197
Finding Related Online References ................................ 198
Finding Full Text for a Reference .................................... 199
181
Introduction to Searching Online Databases
Using EndNote’s Online Search commands, you can search online
bibliographic databases just as easily as you can search an
EndNote library on your own computer! And to make it even
easier, the results of your searches are saved as EndNote
references in your own EndNote library.
How Does It EndNote is able to provide access to these remote sources using
Work? an information retrieval protocol called “Z39.50.” Z39.50 is
widely supported by libraries and information providers around
the world as a convenient method to access their library catalogs
and reference databases.
EndNote stores the information necessary to connect to and
search these online databases in individual connection files.
Pre-configured connection files are provided for a number of
these sources. If necessary, you can also customize or configure
your own connections to Z39.50-compliant databases (see
Chapter 18).
NOTE: If the online database that you access is not available on a

Z39.50 server, EndNote will not be able to connect directly to it. We
suggest that you submit a request for Z39.50 compatibility to your
librarian or the institution that provides access to the database. You can
still import references downloaded from non-Z39.50 databases. See
Chapter 7 for instructions.
What EndNote’s search interface provides a simple way to do basic

EndNote’s searches on EndNote libraries and remote online databases. The
same Search tab is used for both purposes. This removes the need
Searching to learn a separate program to access the online databases or go
Offers through the extra steps of saving the references to a text file and
importing them into EndNote.
This search interface is not intended to replace the advanced
search options that may be available using the search interface
offered by your information provider. There may be times when
you want to use the information provider’s search interface (for
example, to take advantage of a thesaurus of search terms) and
then import those references into EndNote. This is still an option
using EndNote’s Import command (see Chapter 7). But once you
know the terms that you want to use in your searches, being able
to retrieve the necessary references directly from EndNote is a
very fast and efficient approach.
182 Chapter 6: Searching Online Databases with EndNote

How to Search The process of searching an online database is very similar to
on Online searching an EndNote library. Here are the basic steps involved;
more detailed descriptions of these steps are provided
Database throughout this chapter. Also see page 69 (in the guided tour
chapter) for a detailed demonstration of how to use this feature.
To retrieve references from a online database:
1. Open the EndNote library that will receive the downloaded
references.
NOTE: In EndNote X1 and earlier, retrieved references were displayed

in a temporary window until you explicitly saved them. In EndNote X2,
retrieved references are automatically saved in the current library.)
2. From the Tools menu, choose Online Search.

3. Select the online database that you would like to search, and
click Choose.
When the connection has been established, EndNote’s Search
tab appears in the Tab pane, ready for you to enter a search.
4. Enter your search request into the Search tab, and click
Search.
EndNote searches the database and displays the number of
references that were found to match your search criteria.
If you would like to pause during a long search, click Options
and choose Pause. When you are ready to continue the
search, click Options and choose Resume.
5. Click OK to retrieve the references and save them in your
EndNote library.
The retrieved references are saved in the current library and are
displayed in a group under Online Search.
NOTE: The connection to the online database is maintained only until

the search is completed and the matching references are retrieved;
when the references are downloaded, you are automatically
disconnected. Each time you initiate another search, EndNote
reconnects.
If you decide you do not want to keep the references, display the
group of retrieved references, go to the Edit menu and Select All,
and then go to the References menu and select Move References to
Trash.
Chapter 6: Searching Online Databases with EndNote 183

Once you have searched an online database:
When you have searched a database previously, or marked the
database as a favorite, it appears in an Online Search list in the
Groups pane of the Library window. That makes it even easier to
initiate searching.
1. In the Groups pane, click on the online database you wish to
search. EndNote connects to the online database and
displays the Search tab.
2. Enter your search request into EndNote’s Search tab, and
click Search.
3. EndNote searches the database and displays the number of
references that were found to match your search criteria.
Click OK to retrieve the references and save them in your
EndNote library.
Selecting a Connection File

Before an online source may be searched, you must first connect
to it by selecting the corresponding connection file. The
connection file tells EndNote which online database you want to
search, where to find it online, and what search options are
available for it.
Access- EndNote comes with pre-configured connection files to free

Restricted reference databases and library catalogs as well as databases that
require payment and/or authentication for access. Most of the
Databases databases offered by the commercial information providers
(Ovid, OCLC, DIMDI, SilverPlatter, etc.) require an account for
access. There are, however, numerous databases that are
available at no cost to you, and no account is required (see “Free
Databases” on page 185).
NOTE: To gain access to a restricted database, you will need to contact

the information provider directly to set up an account. Thomson
ResearchSoft does not control access to any of the sources.
When you attempt to connect to a restricted database, by default

EndNote prompts you to enter your user ID and/or password. If
you have a user ID and/or password supplied by the data
provider that hosts the restricted database, simply enter the
necessary information, and click OK to log on. (Depending on the
database you are accessing, the passwords and IDs may be case-
sensitive.)

If you do not have a user ID and/or password, but instead have
authenticated access to a database either by IP address
recognition (for example, your computer is on your university
campus or company network and has an IP address that is
recognized as authenticated by the data provider’s server) or
through a proxy server, it may be possible to configure the
connection file and your Network Preferences so that you do not
need to enter a user ID and password.
If you have access to a restricted database by IP address
recognition, you may need to edit the connection file so that it
does not prompt you for a user ID and/or password. In
EndNote, select Edit>Connection Files>Open Connection Manager.
Locate the connection file for the database you wish to access,
select it, and click Edit. Click on Connection Settings and uncheck
the User ID and Password boxes under “Login Information
Required.” Select Save from the File menu to save your changes,
and then close the connection file.
If you have access to a restricted database via a proxy server, you
must make sure that your Internet settings are properly
configured, because EndNote uses these settings. See “Firewalls
and Proxy Servers” on page 641 for information about proxy
servers. You will need the address and port number of your
proxy server.
Free Databases Two major databases that do not require passwords are the
PubMed database from the National Library of Medicine, and
the Library of Congress. Many of the general library catalogs are
also unrestricted. Additional connections may be available at the
EndNote website (http://www.endnote.com/support/
enconnections.asp).
Databases Not Requiring an Account

Description Information Provider/Category
PubMed (MEDLINE and pre-MEDLINE) NLM
references from the National Library of Medicine
Most university library catalogs Library Catalogs
Books at the Library of Congress Library of Congress

Picking Your EndNote provides hundreds of connection files for a variety of
Favorite sources. To peruse the list of available connection files, choose
Connection Files from the Edit menu, and select Open Connection
Connection Manager. The list includes the original connection files installed
Files in the EndNote program folder (Program Files\EndNote
X2\Connections) as well as any user created or edited files stored
in your personal Connections folder (see “Folder Locations” on
page 551).
Click column
headings to sort
the list.
Click to
search
Click to display for files.
more or less
information about
the selected file.
When you have found a connection file that you’ll want to use in
the future, click the check box to the left of it to mark it as a
favorite. All marked files (up to 500) appear under the Online
Search section in the Groups pane of the Library window, giving
you easy access to those files you use most often. This step is not
required; you can always choose the Online Search command, or
the more item under Online Search in the Groups pane, to pick a
connection file that is not listed in the Groups pane.
Use the following features in the Connection Manager window

to locate the connection file(s) that you want to use:
Type a database name into the Quick Search text box and
press ENTER to search for a connection file by the name of the
database.

Click Find by and EndNote displays the list of information
providers (categories) used for all of the connection files.
Choose one to restrict the list to show just that set of files.
That will help you to find the one you want, or choose Mark
All to mark up to 500 connection files in the subset.
Click the column headings to sort the connection files by
name or by information provider. Clicking the same column
heading a second time will change the sort order from
ascending to descending. Click again to set it back to
ascending order.
If you know the name of the connection file that you want to
use, you may start typing it and the first file that matches
what you type will be selected.
Click the More Info triangle button at the bottom of the dialog
to display additional information about the selected
connection file.
NOTE: For information about editing connection files or creating new

ones, see Chapter 18.
What if Your If a connection file hasn’t been provided for the database that
Database Isn’t you want to search, contact your librarian or information
provider to see if their database is available on a Z39.50 server. If
Listed? it is, you should request the information required to set up a
Z39.50 client for that database. See “Steps to Create a New
Connection File” on page 527 for more information.
Adding Connection Files

The Connection Manager displays all of the connection files in
the EndNote program folder as well as in your personal
Connections folder. If you have received a connection file from a
colleague or librarian or downloaded one from the Web, copy it
into your personal Connections folder and it will appear in the
Connection Manager. Keeping the file in your personal
Connections folder ensures that it will not be deleted or
overwritten with future updates to the EndNote program.
To locate your personal Connections folder, or to designate a
different Connections folder:
1. Choose Preferences from the Edit menu, and select the Folder
Locations option.
2. In the “Connection Folder” section, click Select Folder and
select the folder that contains the connection files that you
want to use.

3. Open the folder and then click Select.
4. Click OK.
NOTE: New and updated connection files are posted on the EndNote
website (http://www.endnote.com) as they become available.
Searching an Online Database

The first step to searching an online database is to connect to it.
Once the connection has been made, you’re able to use
EndNote’s Search tab to search the online database.
Establishing If you have connected to a particular database before, or if you

the Connection have selected a database as one of your “favorites” (see page 186)
it will appear in the Groups pane under Online Search. This saves
you a few steps in the process of using the Online Search
command.
To connect to an online database, do one of these:
On the Groups pane, under Online Search, select the online
database you want to search. That initiates the online
connection.
If the database you want to search is not listed under Online
Search in the Groups pane, choose Tools>Online Search, select
the desired database, and click Choose to initiate the
connection.
Click column
headings to sort
the list.
Enter text and

press Enter to
search by name.
Click to
Click to display look for
more or less files by
information about category.
the selected file.

(This Connection dialog is very similar to the Connection
Manager described on page 186, but it does not provide the
options to edit connection files or mark them as favorites.)
When a successful connection has been made, the Search tab is
automatically opened with the online database selected for
searching. You are now ready to begin searching the database.
The connection to the online database is maintained only until
the search is completed and the matching references are
retrieved; when the references are downloaded, you are
automatically disconnected. Each time you initiate another
search, EndNote reconnects.
NOTE: If you have difficulty establishing a connection, see

“Troubleshooting Connections” on page 640.
Online Searching an online database is essentially the same as searching

Database your own EndNote library. After establishing a connection:
Searching 1. Enter your search term(s) into EndNote’s Search tab.

(Overview) 2. Choose the appropriate search options.
3. Click Search to send the search request to the online database.
A few significant differences between searching an online
database and an EndNote library are described in this section.
See “Searching for References” on page 225 for general
information about using the Search tab.
Available Once you are connected to an online database and that database
Search is selected for searching, certain elements on the Search tab
change from the settings that are available for EndNote library
Options searches.
The search set list changes when searching an online source.
You can search either the remote database or the list of

references already retrieved and saved from the remote
source.
The Match Case and Match Words options are not available
for online database searches.
The options available in the search menus (such as Author,
Title, or Keywords) vary with each database, and they are not
the same as searching the fields in an EndNote library (see
“Searching EndNote Fields vs. Online Database Indexes” on
page 191).
The comparison list for each search line is always set to
Contains.
Boolean Multiple search terms can be combined using the boolean

Searches operators And, Or, and Not. EndNote constructs a search from
the top to the bottom of the search tab, finding the search results
of the first two items, then combining that result set with the
third search line, and so on.
Click and drag the separator

between the Reference List and
the Tab pane to
increase the
height of the Tab
pane and view
more search
lines.
Click “+” to add

additional search
lines to the list.
For example, the search shown above could be written as:

(((lasik AND cornea surgery) NOT complications)
OR Machat, J)
First EndNote looks for references about LASIK and cornea
surgery, then any references about complications would be
omitted from that set, and finally all references by “J. Machat”
would be added.
Keep in mind that “OR” broadens your search by adding
together two result sets; “AND” narrows the focus of the search
by looking for the intersection of references found; “NOT” also
narrows the search by omitting the results for one term from the
current result set. See Chapter 8 for more information about the
Search command.

Searching When searching an online database, you are not searching the
EndNote specific fields in each record, but rather the available search
indexes for that database. The search menus on EndNote’s
Fields vs. Search tab list only available indexes for the online database, so
Online you won’t see all of the generic EndNote field names listed as
Database you do when searching an EndNote library.
Indexes If the current search strategy is set up to search an EndNote field

that does not exist as an online database search index, that field
name will appear in italics. If you try to execute a search,
EndNote will advise you that the field is not valid. Change the
search field selection to a valid index for the selected online
database.
The connection file for a particular database stores the names
and settings for the search options listed in the search menus. See
“Search Attributes” on page 524 if you are interested in changing
the pre-configured options.
NOTE: Comparison operators other than “Contains” cannot be used

when searching online databases.
Understanding Search Results

When searching an online database, the search menus display a
list of available search indexes supported at the remote site. These
are not fields in the online database, but rather sets of search
terms and synonyms designed to facilitate your searches.
It is not uncommon to search for a term in an index and notice
that the exact term appears nowhere in the retrieved reference(s).
For example, you might search for “heart attack” in the Title
index of a medical database and find references that do not
include “heart attack” in the Title field but, instead, they use the
term “myocardial infarction.” This apparent discrepancy can be
attributed to the search index of the online database, which has
mapped the common term “heart attack” to its scientific
equivalent “myocardial infarction.”
It is also not uncommon for some of these databases to index
personal names that appear in the titles or keywords along with
the author names. For example, a search of the Library of
Congress for “Charles Dickens” in the Author index displays
books about Dickens as well as those written by him. This form of
indexing is most commonly seen with library book catalogs and
not with the scientific reference databases. Sometimes you can
restrict the searches to books by that particular author by setting

up a search to find (for example) “Charles Dickens” in Author,
NOT “Charles Dickens” in Keywords.
These search indexes are maintained by the providers of the
databases and are not controlled by EndNote.
Online Some of the search options have additional limitations that you
Database wouldn’t encounter when searching an EndNote library. For
example, some databases prohibit searching for a year alone. The
Search year can be specified only to limit a search (these are called “limit
Limitations fields”). In such a case, a search for 1997 as the year would be
denied, but searching for Smith as an author AND 1997 as the
year (thereby limiting the results of the author search), would be
allowed.
If you have set up a search that is not accepted by the online
database, an error message will describe the source of the
problem as specifically as possible. (See “Troubleshooting
Connections” on page 640.) Keep in mind that these restrictions
are set by the information provider, not EndNote.
Documentation from the information provider may help to
clarify what search options are available.
Changing the The target of the search is the online database (represented by
Focus of the the database name on the Search tab) or the current EndNote
library group that is displayed when the Search command is
Search chosen. (If you haven’t yet connected to the online database or
opened a library, you will need to do so before you can search it.)
To change the focus of a search, click on a different library group
or online database in the Groups pane.
The available search options differ among the various online
databases, as well as between online databases and EndNote
libraries. When you change the target of a search, the field
options on the Search tab change automatically. You could set up
a Keywords search for a particular online database, but when
you select a different online database, the field selection changes
because Keywords is not an option for the new database
selection.
When switching the focus of your search from one group to
another and back again, the original search setup is retained as
long as you haven’t changed any settings on the Search tab and
the field selections are available in both databases.

Retrieving and Saving References
After a successful search, EndNote alerts you to the number of
references that were found. You have the option of retrieving all
of the references or a specific range of references. (The order of
the retrieved references reflects the way they were returned from
the server—this is not necessarily alphabetical, chronological, or
in order of relevance.)
NOTE: EndNote version X1 and earlier retrieved references to a

temporary Retrieved References window; you could then decide which
references you wanted to save to an EndNote library. EndNote X2
automatically saves retrieved references directly to the open library;
you can then decide which references you would like to delete.
Change one or
both of these
numbers to specify
the range of
references to be
downloaded.
Choosing OK allows EndNote to begin retrieving references. The

references are saved to your EndNote library and are displayed
in a temporary group.
If you have previously downloaded references from an online
database since opening the library, you may want to select the
check box to “Clear currently displayed results before retrieving
records.” This simply removes the previously downloaded
references from the Online Search group; they are still saved in
your library.
Changing the range of references to be retrieved is useful if you
want to check the results of your search before downloading the
entire set of references. For example, if your search found 50
references, you may want to retrieve only references 1-10, then
check those references, and either continue downloading or
change your search criteria. To continue downloading, submit
the search again, then request only references 11 through 50. You
can also pause a search; on the Search tab, click Options and select
Pause. Click Resume when you want to continue.
If you discovered that you should refine your search to get better
results, it’s helpful to look at the keywords of the references you

have downloaded to see if there are terms there to help you
refine your search strategy.
If you decide you don't want to keep the retrieved references,
select them (you can use Select All from the Edit menu to select all
in the current list) and choose Move Reference to Trash from the
References menu.
Discarding If you use the same search strategy to search multiple online
Duplicate sources, you are likely to introduce duplicate references into
your EndNote library. There are two methods to identify and
References remove duplicates:
You can identify and delete duplicates in your EndNote
library after downloading is completed. This process allows
you to view each duplicate before deleting it. See “Finding
Duplicate References” on page 239.
You can discard duplicates during the downloading process,
as described below.
To automatically discard duplicates:
2. Under Online Search Results, select the “Automatically

discard duplicates” box.
Future online searches will automatically use the duplicate
detection criteria on this panel to identify and discard duplicate
references. The duplicates never appear, and are not inserted
into the library. This means that the number of references saved

to your library could be fewer than the number reported found
on the Confirm Online Search dialog.
The The Connection Status window provides detailed information

Connection about a connection and EndNote’s interactions with the online
database and server. This window is useful to help you or to help
Status EndNote Technical Support assist you in tracking down the
Window source of a problem with an online database.
View the connection status information by choosing Show
Connection Status from the Window menu to display the Status
window. When that window is open, this command changes to
Hide Connection Status, which closes the Status window.
The Status window displays information for the latest
connection. A menu at the top of the Status window lets you
view either the record data for each reference or the status
messages returned from the server of the online database.
Click to change the

view between Record
Data and Status
Messages.
The data shown here is

in MARC format. This
format is described on
page 506
NOTE: The Connection Status window displays the last 32K of text
written to the log file. If you need to see more than that, you can open
the Connect.log file in a word processor after closing the Retrieved
Reference window(s).
The Log File All messages and retrieved references for a given EndNote
session are recorded in a log file. By default, the log file is called
“Connect.log” and is saved in the folder:
Windows XP: C:\Documents and Settings\[UserName]\Application
Data\EndNote
Windows Vista: C:\Users\[UserName]\App Data\Roaming\EndNote\
An existing log file is overwritten the first time EndNote
establishes a connection after being started.

You can choose a different name and/or location for the log file
using the Online settings in the Preferences window. To do so,
choose Preferences from the Edit menu and select the Online
option from the list. Click Choose in the “Connection Log” section
to name the new log file and choose where to save it.
You may also choose not to create a log file by clearing the “Use
Log File” option. This will slightly speed up the retrieval
process. However, without a log file you will not be able to scroll
back through the record data or status messages after you change
the View setting in the Connection Status window.
Importing a Log File

The log file is a regular text file. It can be viewed using a word
processor and imported, if necessary, using the connection file.
In this sense, the log file is a back up for the references retrieved
in a particular EndNote session. You can verify that EndNote
retrieved the reference data correctly by browsing through the
log file in your word processor and comparing the unmodified
data to what appears in your EndNote references. If necessary,
you can change the settings in your connection file and re-import
the references (without reconnecting to the online database).
To import a log file using the filter options of a connection file:
1. Open a library into which you want to import the log file.
2. Choose Import from the File menu.
3. Click Choose File and select Connect.log. (Substitute the name
of your log file if you have changed the default name.)

4. Choose Use Connection File from the Import Options list in the
Import dialog
5. Select the desired connection file and click Choose.
Now you should be back in the Import dialog with both the
file and the import option set.
6. Next to Text Translation, choose No Translation.
7. Click Import.
NOTE: The connection file and filter file for a database are likely
configured to import very different reference formats. Normally, a
connection file is set up for MARC data, whereas a filter is set up for
tagged data. Because the output formats are so different, you should
not use a filter file (*.ENF) to import a log file from the same database—
instead, choose the connection file (*.ENZ) as the import option.
Searching ISI Web of Knowledge

ISI Web of Knowledge is a comprehensive research platform,
which means it brings together many different types of content
for searching. Journal articles, patents, websites, conference
proceedings, Open Access material—all can be accessed through
one interface, using a variety of powerful search and analysis
tools.
Search the ISI Web of Knowledge just as you would search any
other online database. Your search results are copied directly to
the EndNote library of your choice.
Once the records are in EndNote, you can click on an EndNote
record’s URL to jump back to the original ISI Web of Knowledge
online record. Various options are available to you online, such
as viewing a list of related references.
Available ISI Web of Knowledge Databases
As of this release, at least the following ISI Web of Knowledge
databases are available for direct online searching with EndNote.
Biological Abstracts
BIOSIS Previews
CAB Abstracts
Current Contents
FSTA
Medline
Web Citation Index
Web of Science

Web of Science AHCI
Web of Science SCI
Web of Science SSCI
Zoological Records
Full Record Charges
ISI Web of Knowledge requires a paid subscription. You may
have an online subscription with username and password, or
you may have access to a local ISI Web of Knowledge server.
Users of Previous Versions of EndNote
If you used a previous version of EndNote, many of your
preferences were saved when you upgraded to EndNote X2.
However, if you want the ability to link back to ISI Web of
Knowledge records, you may need to update the Base URL.
From the Edit menu, select Preferences. Then select Online, and
click the EndNote Defaults button to update to the latest Base
URL.
Locally Mounted ISI Web of Knowledge Servers
You must use ISI Web of Knowledge version 4.3.2 or later. To
access your local ISI Web of Knowledge server, first contact your
network administrator for the server address (URL) plus the
path to your institution’s copy of the ISI Gateway V2.5 software.
To search a locally mounted ISI Web of Knowledge server, open
the appropriate ISI Web of Knowledge connection file, click on
Connection Settings, and update the Server Address and Custom
fields with your local server address and ISI Gateway software
path.
To link back to ISI Web of Knowledge records once they are in
EndNote, you must change the Base URL to your local server
address. From the Edit menu, select Preferences. Then select
Online, and enter your local server address as the Base URL.
Finding Related Online References

Highlight a reference in EndNote and use the URL>OpenURL
Link command on the References menu to start your default web
browser and display the full text article (if available) plus a list
of links to similar articles.

OpenURL Link connects to an OpenURL standard syntax server
and uses EndNote’s OpenURL preferences along with data in
your EndNote record to find related online references.
NOTE: This command has no relation to the URL field found in EndNote
references or to the URL>Open Link command on the References
menu (which opens the specific URL found in the URL field).
To enable this feature, and find out what preferences are

available, see “URLs & Links” on page 558.
Finding Full Text for a Reference

EndNote X2 can automatically locate and download full text files
by accessing several sources, including: DOI (Digital Object
Identifier), PubMed LinkOut, and ISI Web of Knowledge Full
Text Links. EndNote will try to use all of these methods to
optimize the likelihood of finding full text files associated with
your bibliographic records.
The ISI Web of Knowledge free journal set is checked for all
users; subscribers may have full IP-based access to all resources.
In cases where full text PDF files require a subscription, and you
or your institution have the appropriate access, EndNote will
attempt to authenticate and automatically download the
appropriate files. If EndNote cannot find the full text file, it will
often be able to attach the URL of the provider's Web page for the
article for easier future access.
When you retrieve the full text file of a referenced work, it is
saved to the File Attachments field as a relative link (the file itself
it stored in the current library’s .DATA folder). The file is saved
in its native format, which in most cases is a PDF file.
When a full text file is downloaded and attached to a reference,
a file attachment icon appears in the File Attachment field for the
reference. In the Library window, a paper clip icon appears in the
File Attachments column for that reference.

To find and retrieve full text:
1. Select the reference(s) to which you want to add full text.
In the Library window, highlight any number of
references.
For example, you can select a single reference, or hold

down the CTRL key to highlight individual references, or
use Edit>Select All to select an entire Group of displayed
references.
Or, open an individual reference for editing.
2. From the References menu, select Find Full Text.
If you have a reference open, you can use the right-click
contextual menu to select Find Full Text.
EndNote begins searching for and downloading full text for the
selected references.
During the searching and downloading process, the selected
references appear in a temporary Full Text group. When the
operation is completed, the Full Text group includes only those
references to which EndNote added either a full text file
attachment or a URL. When you close the library, the temporary
Full Text group is removed.
Full text downloading happens in the background, which may
affect the performance of other operations.
If EndNote finds a full text file for a reference, but discovers that
the reference already has a file attachment with the same name,
the new copy will also be attached to the reference, but with a
number appended to the file name.
You can cancel the Find Full Text operation at any time by
clicking Stop full text download in the status line at the bottom of
the window. Full text that has been retrieved until that point is
already saved in the library.

Chapter 7
Importing Reference Data
into EndNote
Contents
Importing Reference Data into EndNote ....................... 202
General Importing Instructions ....................................... 203
Import Options.................................................................... 205
Importing References Downloaded from Online
Databases.............................................................................. 206
Getting Data in the Right Format .......................... 207
Choosing the Correct Import Filter....................... 207
Output Formats with Corresponding Import
Options/Direct Export........................................................ 210
Importing from Online Databases ........................ 210
Direct Export from Web Pages .............................. 210
Creating Structured Text Files that EndNote Can
Import.................................................................................... 211
Creating a Tab-Delimited Format ......................... 211
Creating a Custom “Tagged” Format ................... 214
Creating a Tagged “EndNote Import” File .......... 217
Copying and Pasting References from a Document
into EndNote........................................................................ 220
Importing References From Other Bibliographic
Software Programs ............................................................. 221
201
Importing Reference Data into EndNote
Retrieving References Directly from Online Databases
If you have access to a library catalog or bibliographic database that

supports the Z39.50 protocol, you can use EndNote as a tool to search
and retrieve references directly from that database into EndNote. You
do not need to use EndNote’s Import command at all; use the Online
Search command instead. This is by far the easiest way to get data into
EndNote because it involves no intermediate steps. The direct retrieval
of references is not covered in this chapter. See Chapter 6 for
information.
There are many sources of bibliographic data that can be used to

help you create your EndNote library. To avoid re-typing this
data into EndNote, we have provided several means by which
you can get references into EndNote:
Import references saved or downloaded from online data
services (for example, Ovid, SilverPlatter, or Thomson
Scientific)
Import text files that conform to a particular format (such as
the Tab-delimited or EndNote Import format). These files
can be created by you or generated from other databases.
Import text files exported from other bibliographic software
programs
Once you have a file in the proper format and you know which
import option or filter to use, the import instructions are the
same for all of these types of data. This chapter covers the basic
import instructions first, and then goes into detail about how to
get your data files in the right format and choose the correct
import option.
NOTE: Although we try to provide many flexible ways to get data from
other sources into EndNote, we do not claim that EndNote can import
data from all sources. In some cases, you may have to write your own
import filter (see Chapter 17), or you may need to manipulate the data
in a word processor before it can be imported. If none of these tools
helps you to import your data, tips on how to quickly copy and paste
data into EndNote are described on page 220.
NOTE: When importing records, we recommend that you import into a

temporary new library, determine which ones you want to keep, and
then move those records into your permanent library.
202 Chapter 7: Importing Reference Data into EndNote

General Importing Instructions
NOTE: See “Importing EndNote Libraries” on page 121 for specific
instructions about merging two EndNote libraries.
To import a text file or an EndNote library into an EndNote

library:
1. Open the library into which you want to import the
references.
3. Click the Choose File button to locate and open the file you
want to import. All files, except for EndNote libraries, must
be plain text files. Select the file and click OK.
4. Select the appropriate import option from the Import Option
list. Import options are described on page 205.
5. Select an option from the Duplicates list:
Import All
Imports all references, including duplicates.
Discard Duplicates
Imports all references except duplicates.
Import into Duplicates Library
Duplicate references are imported into a library called
File-Dupl.enl, where “File” is the name of the library into
which you are importing.
By default, a reference is considered a duplicate when the
already in the library. See page 549 if you would like to
change the duplicates criteria.
6. Choose a Text Translation option.
of the file you import, so that extended characters transfer
correctly. You should verify the setting with your database
Chapter 7: Importing Reference Data into EndNote 203

provider. Some U.S. databases that contain extended
characters require ANSI-Latin1 or UTF8. MARC format files
may require ANSEL translation. You might be able to use No
Translation for text files that do not contain any extended
characters.
NOTE: The time required to import a file, including an EndNote library,

is proportionate to the size of the library and the number of references
being imported. Refer to the progress indicator to determine when
EndNote has completed the task.
When the import is complete, the newly imported references are

displayed in an Imported References group. This is a perfect time
to add a keyword to each imported reference with the Change
Field command (page 177), or to peruse the imported data to
make sure it imported as expected. Make sure to check references
that contain extended characters.
The Imported References group is a temporary group that is
replaced each time you import another set of references. It is
removed when you exit EndNote (although the references
remain in the library).
To return all of your references to the library display (including
the newly imported ones), choose Show All References from the
References menu or click on the All References group.

Import Options
EndNote’s import options include:
EndNote Library
Used to import references from one EndNote library into
another. If the library you are importing from is closed or
locked, all references are imported. If you the library you are
importing from is open, with read/write access, the showing
references are imported.
EndNote Import
Used to import text files that have been downloaded from
online databases or exported from EndNote using the
EndNote format. See page 217 for more information.
Refer/BibIX
Used to import text files exported from the Refer or BibIX
programs. The EndNote Import format is based on the
Refer/BibIX format.
Tab-Delimited
Used to import text files in which the fields within a single
reference are separated by tabs. For details see page 211.
Reference Manager (RIS)
Used to import text files exported from Reference Manager,
Reference Update, Reference Web Poster, or any other source
that uses the RIS format. For ProCite and Reference
Manager, see “Creating a Library from ProCite” on page 125.
ISI-CE
Used to import text files downloaded from the Web of Science
and other Thomson Scientific sources.
NOTE: See “Searching ISI Web of Knowledge” on page 197 for

information about directly retrieving Web of Science records.
Multi-Filter (Special)
A special option for importing files that include references
from multiple sources (see “Identifiers” on page 498).
EndNote Generated XML
Used to import EndNote’s proprietary XML format.
Other Filters
EndNote includes hundreds of import filters configured to
import data from a variety of online databases. Most likely,
the first time you import a file, you won’t see the import filter
that you need in this list. Choose Other Filters from the Import
Option list to find the filter that matches the source of the
data you want to import. Import filters that you have
recently used or chosen as your favorites will be listed in the

Import Option list in the Import dialog.
The table on page 683 provides more information about the

download formats that work with these filters. See page 207
for information about how to choose the filters to appear in
the Import Option list.
Use Connection File
EndNote provides the option of using a connection file as an
import filter. This is useful if you need to import the
Connect.log file generated by using EndNote’s Online Search
command to search an online database. The Connect.log file
should include all of the references from your previous
session. See Chapter 6 for more information.
NOTE: See Chapter 17 for information about creating and modifying
import filters. All of the import filters (except Tab Delimited and EndNote
Generated XML) can be modified.
Importing References Downloaded from

Online Databases
If you have access to an online bibliographic database or a
university catalog, you can probably use EndNote’s import
filters to import text files saved or downloaded from these
sources. EndNote filters are configurable so they give you the
flexibility to import the reference data you need, and eliminate
data you do not need.
There are two main things you need to know in order to correctly
import downloaded references into EndNote:
How to download the data in the right output format.
Which import filter to use to import the data into EndNote.
This section describes these two items. The table on page 683
summarizes a number of common sources of bibliographic data,
the instructions for downloading tagged files, and the EndNote
import option to use to import the references into EndNote.

Getting Data To import text with any of the EndNote filters, the data must be
in the Right consistently “tagged,” with each tag starting on a new line, and
the file saved as text. Here are two examples:
Format
AU- CRAMER, -Z.O.
TI- AQUATIC MACROPHYTES AND LAKE ACIDIFICATION
PY- 1993
SO- ENVIRONMENTAL-POLLUTION. VOL. 5, NO. 2, PG.54-79
DE- LAKES, ACIDIFICATION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS,
MACROPHYTES, ECOLOGY, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Author: Cramer, ZO
Title: Aquatic macrophytes and lake acidification
Year: 1993
Source: Environmental Air Pollution. Vol. 5(2)
pp.54-79
Keywords: lakes--acidification--environmental
effects--macrophytes--ecology--plant
physiology
NOTE: If data is inconsistently tagged, or poorly delimited, it may not

be possible to import all the data accurately. See page 477.
If references have been emailed to you, save the email to a plain

text file. You will import the text file.
Choosing the Once you have captured and saved your data file in the
Correct Import appropriate format, you should identify the proper EndNote
filter to import the data. There are hundreds of filters included
Filter with EndNote, each designed to read a specific tagged format
from a specific information provider.

To see a complete list of available filters, choose Import Filters
from the Edit menu, and select Open Filter Manager.
Use the Find by button in the middle of the Filter Manager

window to find all filters for a particular information provider.
To search by name, use the Quick Search text box on the EndNote
toolbar. You can click the More Info button to display additional
information about the filter. The Comments section may give
critical information about how to appropriately download
information from the source database.
When you have located the filters that you want to use, mark
them as your favorites by clicking the check box to the left of the
filter name. You can also mark all of the filters currently showing
after using the Find option by clicking Mark All. Once a filter is
marked as a favorite, it will appear in the Import Options list in
the import dialog.
NOTE: There are many more databases and services that provide data
than there are filters included with EndNote, so in some cases you may
need to write your own filter or modify one of ours. See Chapter 17 for
information about creating and modifying filters. You can also check our
website periodically for new and updated filters
(http://www.endnote.com).
Comparing a Filter to a Data File

If you are uncertain whether a filter matches a data file that you
have downloaded, you can compare the format from your
downloaded data file to a filter. To do so, select a filter in the

Filter Manager, and click the Edit button. When the Filter
window opens, select the Templates option in the list at the left of
the window to display the tags recognized by that filter.
The tags and templates in the filter should match the data in the
file you want to import. See Chapter 17 for information about
editing filters.
Changing the Filter Folder

By default, all filters provided with EndNote are stored in the
Filters folder found in the EndNote X2 program folder. These are
the filters displayed when you open the Filter Manager. EndNote
also displays filters found in your personal Filters folder.
When you create a new filter, it is saved to your personal Filters
folder. When you attempt to save changes to an existing filter,
you must use Save As to save a copy to your personal Filters
folder. For more information about your personal folders, and
information about how to change the location of your personal
folders, see “Folder Locations” on page 551.

Options/Direct Export
Before you download references from an online source, please
consider copyright issues.
Copyright Issues and Fair Use of Downloaded Data

EndNote gives you the capability to import references downloaded from
online databases into its libraries. Some producers of online reference
databases expressly prohibit such use and storage of their data, others
charge an extra fee for a license to use the data in this way. Before you
download references from a database, be sure to carefully check the
copyright and fair use notices for the database. Note that different
databases may have varying restrictions, even from the same information
provider (such as DIALOG or Ovid).
Importing A subset of supported services are listed in Appendix D with

from Online their recommended output formats and EndNote import filters.
At the time this manual was printed, these were the current
Databases format options for each information provider listed in the table.
If you find that these formats have changed, please check the
documentation from your information provider or contact us.
Direct Export Certain websites contain a download button that will send your
from Web search results directly to EndNote, pick the correct import
option, and start the import process automatically. All you need
Pages to do is choose the EndNote library into which the data should
be imported. This “direct export” or “direct download” method
does away with the additional steps of saving the references to a
text file, and then importing that file with the appropriate filter.
A list of systems in Appendix D provide a direct export of
references into EndNote. This is not a complete list, and the
number of providers keeps growing, so check with your
information providers to find out whether they participate!

Creating Structured Text Files that EndNote
Can Import
What do you do if your data is not in a format that EndNote can
automatically import? You can do one of several things (or even
a combination these options):
Rearrange the reference data using your word processor so
that it is in a format that EndNote can import (as described
in this section).
Copy and paste each piece of data from its source into the
proper fields in EndNote, as described on page 220.
Enter the data manually by typing it into EndNote as
described in Chapter 5.
Creating a file that EndNote can import can be a lot of work if
your data is in an arbitrary or inconsistent format. If you only
have a few references to import (less than 30 or 40), it might be
faster and easier to retype them or copy and paste the references
than to try to put them into a format that EndNote can import.
However, if you have many references to import, it might save
time to first manipulate the data in a word processor as best you
can, and then import the references into EndNote and clean up
the references there. Even if the imported data does not come
through perfectly, it can be rearranged with EndNote’s various
commands, drag-and-drop, and copy and paste.
This section describes two different formats that you can put
your data into such that it can be imported into EndNote:
A tab-delimited format (best if your data is in a database or
spreadsheet that can export to a tab-delimited file)
A tagged format (best for when your data is in a word
processor document and looks like a bibliography)
Creating a The Tab-delimited import option can import text files in which
Tab-Delimited each reference is separated by a paragraph mark (¶), and the
fields within a reference are separated by tabs. Most databases or
Format spreadsheets can export a tab-delimited text file.
Preparing the Data Before Exporting

Author Names:
Before you export data from a database or spreadsheet into a
text file, we recommend that you separate multiple author
names with a semicolon (;) or two forward slashes “//”, such
as: McCartney, P.//Harrison, G.//Lennon, J. If you cannot

easily do this in your database, you can do it after exporting,
or manually edit the data after it is in EndNote.
Reference Types:
If possible, you should make sure that each of your
references includes a field indicating the reference type. Use
EndNote’s Reference Type names so that EndNote is able to
recognize the formats. If you have only one type of reference
(such as Journal Articles), it is not necessary to do this—the
import settings can indicate that all references should be
imported as journals by default.
If you cannot label each reference with the appropriate

Reference Type name, you should export your data into
separate files based on reference type. This makes it easy to
preserve the original reference types of the references when
importing the data files into EndNote.
Preparing the Data File for Import

Once the tab-delimited file(s) are generated, you must open each
file in a text editor or word processor and add two lines to it.
These lines tell EndNote what the default reference type is for
the data, and how the data should be interpreted.
First Line: The Default Reference Type
The first line of the file must define the default reference type for
the entire file. The format for the first line is an asterisk
immediately followed by a valid EndNote reference type,
followed by a paragraph mark (¶). For example,
*Journal Article <¶>
A file of journal articles might look like this:
*Journal Article<¶>
Author <tab> Year <tab> Title <tab> Journal <tab> Volume <¶>
Jones, J// Shoe, S <tab> 1994 <tab> Easy Food <tab> J. of Eating <tab> 1 <¶>
Woo, W //Lee, L <tab> 1995 <tab> Rain Hats <tab> J. of Clothing <tab> 2 <¶>
Carlos, C//Luis, L <tab> 1991 <tab> Cat Talk <tab> J. of Animals <tab> 3 <¶>
If you could not make separate files based on reference type, you
can specify each reference type individually within one file. In
this case, your first line must be the list of field names found in
the Generic reference type, starting with a field for “Reference
Type.” (See page 649 for the Generic field names.) Then you can

use the additional “Reference Type” column to define the actual
EndNote reference type names. For example:
Reference Type <tab> Author <tab> Year <tab> Title <tab> Secondary Title <¶>
Journal Article <tab> Jones, J// Smith, S.<tab> 1994 <tab> Easy Pie <tab> J. of Eating <¶>
Book Section <tab> Woo, W. //Lee, L. <tab> 1995 <tab> Rain Hats <tab> J. of Clothing <¶>
Report <tab> Carlos, C.//Luis, R. <tab> 1991 <tab> Cat Talk <tab> J. of Animals <¶>
NOTE: The “<tab>” and “<¶>” characters are used to indicate where an
actual tab and paragraph mark should be entered; the literal text
“<tab>” and “<¶>” should not be typed.
Second Line: EndNote Field Names

The second line of the tab-delimited file must contain the actual
field names used by EndNote into which you want the data
imported. The order of the fields names does not matter, as long
as they correspond to the order of the data in the rows beneath
them and correspond to the names of the default reference type.
For example, if your default reference type is “*Journal Article,”
then the field names in the second line of your file will be those
of the Journal Article reference type:
*Journal Article<¶>
Author <tab> Year <tab> Title <tab> Journal <tab> Volume <¶>
Jones, J// Shoe, S <tab> 1994 <tab> Easy Food <tab> J. of Eating <tab> 1 <¶>
Woo, W //Lee, L <tab> 1995 <tab> Rain Hats <tab> J. of Clothing <tab> 2 <¶>
Carlos, C//Luis, L <tab> 1991 <tab> Cat Talk <tab> J. of Animals <tab> 3 <¶>
NOTE: The field names must be separated by tabs, and a paragraph

mark must follow the last field name.
Additional Considerations
ANSI, ASCII, or UTF-8 formatted text files can be imported.
This means that, typically, no font styles or text styles can be
preserved during import.
All field names and reference type names in the file must be
identical to those in EndNote. See Appendix C for a listing of
all of the reference types and field names. If you have custom
reference types, you may check them by choosing Preferences
from the Edit menu, selecting Reference Types, and clicking
the Modify Reference Types button.
Multiple author names should be separated by semicolons (;)
or by two forward slashes (//).
Fields cannot contain tabs or paragraph marks. Let the lines
of data “wrap” to the next line.

Leading and trailing spaces are removed during importing.
No upper/lower case conversion is made during importing.
A reserved field name called “Unused” may be used for data
that you do not want imported into EndNote.
Errors While Importing Tab-delimited Files

When you are ready to import this file into EndNote, choose
Import from the File menu, and select Tab-Delimited as your
import option. See “General Importing Instructions” on
page 203 for detailed instructions on importing.
If EndNote cannot import a record or a field within a record, it
will alert you to the error. There are three basic alerts:
Bad Default Reference Type — The default reference type
that you specified in the first line of the file is not a valid
EndNote reference type name. (The problem can be as simple
as extra spaces after the reference type name in your text
file.)
Bad Field Name — A field name that you entered in line 2 of
the file is not a valid EndNote field name.
Missing Reference Type Information — There is no default
reference type specified for the file and there is no reference
type field defined for the references.
If you get one of these error messages during the import process,
open the import file in your word processor, correct the problem,
save the file as a text file, and try again.
Creating a If you have a large bibliography that you would like to import
Custom into EndNote, it may be possible to use your word processor’s
Find and Replace commands to insert descriptive tags in front of
“Tagged” some of the fields of data so that EndNote can accurately import
Format the references. In addition to adding tags, you also need to make
a filter to read your tags. (See page 217 for information about
using a predefined EndNote Import format if you would rather
not create your own filter.)
This section outlines the basic steps to convert a bibliography
into a tagged text file.

Step I. Save a Copy of Your File
Open your bibliography in a word processor and save a copy
of the file with a new name (this is your backup).
Remove everything but the reference data from the file.
Step II. Add Descriptive Field Tags

Use your word processor’s Find and Replace commands to search
for unique delimiters between fields, and insert paragraph
marks and descriptive field tags in front of specific fields. For
this example, we will show a very simple case where only the
start of each reference is tagged, and the filter does the rest of the
work. This works well for reference lists that have clear
delimiters separating the individual components of the reference
(author, year, title, etc.). In some cases, you may have better
results making additional replacements in the text file before
importing. The more tags you add to your data, the greater
degree of accuracy you can get with the import filter.
Suppose your references look like this:
Jones, M. C. and Harrison, G. (1990) “Planet X”
Icarus. Vol. 3 no. 4, pp. 11-23.
Billoski, T.V. (1990) “Greenhouse hypothesis”
Extinction. Vol 2 no. 1, pp. 12-18.
The process of converting this bibliographic format to a tagged
format would be something like this:
Search for 2 paragraph marks (since the references are
separated by 1 blank line), and replace with two paragraph
marks and a tag “XX-” followed by a space.
The result is a tagged data file that looks like this:
XX- Jones, M. C. and Harrison, G. (1990) “Planet
X” Icarus. Vol. 3 no. 4, pp. 11-23.
XX- Billoski, T.V. (1990) “Greenhouse
hypothesis” Extinction. Vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 12-18.
Once you have made all the changes to tag as much of the data
as necessary, save the file (as a plain text file), and create an
import filter to match the tags and formats of the references.

Step III: Create a Filter
Using EndNote, create a new filter to read your data file (see
Chapter 17 for instructions on how to create a filter). The
template of a filter for the above data file would look like this:
NOTE: Each field listed for the Tag must appear in each of your
references. If a reference is missing any of the fields, the entire
reference will not be imported into your EndNote library.
Step IV: Clean Up the Data

After you set up your file with tags and create a filter to import
it, you should test and refine the filter by importing into a new
library. Once your filter is working as you would like it, you can
use it to import the data file into your real EndNote library.
If you can’t get the filter to import everything exactly as you
want, you may have to do some manual editing to correct this
either before or after importing the data into EndNote. You
might find it useful to import into a test library, then use the
Change and Move Fields commands in EndNote’s References menu
and the Change Text command in EndNote’s Edit menu to clean
up the data. Then, transfer these references to your real library
with drag-and-drop, copy and paste, or the Import command.

Creating a The EndNote Import format is a tagged format based on the rules
Tagged of Refer/BibIX format. In this format, each field of data (i.e.,
Journal, Volume, or Title) is preceded by an identifying tag: a
“EndNote percent sign (%) followed by a single capital letter. Entire
Import” File references are separated by one blank line:
%0 Book
%A Geoffrey Chaucer
%D 1957
%T The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
%E F. N. Robinson
%I Houghton
%C Boston
%N 2nd
%0 Journal Article
%A Herbert H. Clark
%D 1982
%T Hearers and Speech Acts
%B Language
%V 58
%P 332-373
%0 Thesis
%A Cantucci, Elena
%T Permian strata in South-East Asia
%D 1990
%I University of California, Berkeley
%9 Dissertation
Author Names in the EndNote Import Format

Author names use the %A tag. This tag should repeat for
each author, with the names listed one per line:
%A Jones, Mary
%A Simon, Jeff
Author names can appear either as:
Geoffrey Chaucer or Cohen, Sarah
Either initials or full names are accepted.

Defining Reference Types
Set the reference type for each of the imported references by
using %0 (zero) and the reference type name.
The default reference types are listed below. If you have
modified a reference type, your EndNote data files should use
the new name instead.
%0 Generic %0 Government Document
%0 Aggregated Database %0 Grant
%0 Ancient Text %0 Hearing
%0 Artwork %0 Journal Article
%0 Audiovisual Material %0 Legal Rule or Regulation
%0 Bill %0 Magazine Article
%0 Blog %0 Manuscript
%0 Book %0 Map
%0 Book Section %0 Newspaper Article
%0 Case %0 Online Database
%0 Catalog %0 Online Multimedia
%0 Chart or Table %0 Pamphlet
%0 Classical Work %0 Patent
%0 Computer Program %0 Personal Communication
%0 Conference Paper %0 Report
%0 Conference Proceedings %0 Serial
%0 Dictionary %0 Standard
%0 Edited Book %0 Statute
%0 Electronic Article %0 Thesis
%0 Electronic Book %0 Unpublished Work
%0 Encyclopedia %0 Web Page
%0 Equation %0 Unused 1
%0 Figure %0 Unused 2
%0 Film or Broadcast %0 Unused 3

EndNote Tags and Corresponding Fields
The table below shows the tags recognized in the EndNote
Import format, and the corresponding EndNote field into which
each tagged item is imported for the Generic reference type. For
other reference types, many fields may be mapped to the Notes
field (since a limited number of fields are included in each
reference type). The Figure field is not included for importing.
Tag EndNote Generic Field Name

%A Author
%B Secondary Title
(of a Book or Conference Name)
%C Place Published
%D Year
%E Editor /Secondary Author
%F Label
%G Language
%H Translated Author
%I Publisher
%J Secondary Title (Journal Name)
%K Keywords
%L Call Number
%M Accession Number
%N Number (Issue)
%P Pages
%Q Translated Title
%R DOI
%S Tertiary Title
%T Title
%U URL
%V Volume
%W Database Provider
%X Abstract
%Y Tertiary Author
%Z Notes
%0 Reference Type
%1 Custom 1
%2 Custom 2
%3 Custom 3
%4 Custom 4
%6 Number of Volumes
%7 Edition

Tag EndNote Generic Field Name
%8 Date
%9 Type of Work
%? Subsidiary Author
%@ ISBN/ISSN
%! Short Title
%# Custom 5
%$ Custom 6
%] Custom 7
%& Section
%( Original Publication
%) Reprint Edition
%* Reviewed Item
%+ Author Address
%^ Caption
%> File Attachments
%< Research Notes
%[ Access Date
%= Custom 8
%~ Name of Database
Copying and Pasting References from a

Document into EndNote
If you have a bibliography that is too inconsistent or difficult to
parse using your word processor (as suggested in “Creating a
Custom “Tagged” Format” on page 214), you can use the Copy
and Paste commands as an alternative method for getting your
data into EndNote and still avoid a lot of re-typing. For example,
let’s say you have a paper with a bibliography entry such as:
Blocker, C. E., R. H. Plummer and Richard C.
Richardson. The Two Year College: A Social
Synthesis. 1965.
To transfer the references into EndNote:
1. Open the list of references in a word processor.
2. Select a reference and copy it using the Copy command in
your word processor’s Edit menu. (Some word processors
allow you to triple-click a paragraph to select the whole
thing at once. That might be a useful shortcut for quickly
selecting a reference.)
3. Open your EndNote library, and choose New Reference
(CTRL+N) from the References menu to create a new reference.

4. Put the cursor in the Title field of the new reference and
choose Paste from the Edit menu.
This will paste the entire reference into the Title field of the
Reference window. From here, you can drag-and-drop (or cut
and paste) the individual pieces of data into their proper fields.
Be sure to remove extraneous punctuation, and make sure
author names are each on a separate line. Follow the guidelines
for entering references in Chapter 5. See page 406 for information
about setting a default reference type for new references.
Importing References From Other

Bibliographic Software Programs
If you wish to convert references from another bibliographic
program into EndNote, consult the chart below for instructions.
Conversion Utilities at the EndNote Website

In some cases, you may be directed to download a conversion
utility or instructions from the EndNote website at:
Follow the “Support and Services” link from the home page to
display the EndNote Technical Support page. Under
“Downloads,” follow the “Database conversion utilities” link.
Some conversion utilities are available only for a specific
platform (Windows or Macintosh).
If you do not have Internet access, contact EndNote technical
support for assistance.
Unsupported Databases
If your program is not on the chart, see page 211 for instructions
on setting up a tab-delimited file for importing into EndNote. If
your database does not offer a tab-delimited export option,
contact technical support for other suggestions.

Software Basic Conversion Instructions
Bookends and Bookends Export from Bookends or Bookends Pro using the “ProCite”
Pro format, and import the resulting file into EndNote using the
ProCite import option.
BibTex User-contributed utilities and instructions for converting
BibTex files are available from the EndNote website at:
http://www.endnote.com. Go to the “Support and Services”
section. Under “Downloads,” find “BibTex conversion tools,”
and click More to browse the FTP site.
Citation 6 and 7 Conversion utilities are available from the EndNote website.
Go to http://www.endnote.com/support/enconversion.asp.
EndNote Library Go to the File menu in EndNote, choose Open, and then Open
Library. Locate and Open the old EndNote library. The
references will be copied into a new EndNote X2 library.
NoteBook II Plus and Conversion utilities are available from the EndNote website.
NoteBuilder Go to http://www.endnote.com/support/enconversion.asp.
Papyrus 6 and 7 Conversion utilities are available from the EndNote website.
Go to http://www.endnote.com/support/enconversion.asp.
ProCite See “Creating a Library from ProCite” on page 125.
Publish or Perish A conversion utility is available from the EndNote website. Go
to http://www.endnote.com/support/enconversion.asp.
Ref-11 A conversion utility is available from the EndNote website. Go
to http://www.endnote.com/support/enconversion.asp.
Reference Manager See “Creating a Library from Reference Manager” on page 126.
Refer/BibIX Use the Refer/BibIX import option to import a Refer or BibIX
text file.
RefWorks See a description under Frequently Asked Questions at
http://www.endnote.com/support/ensupport.asp.

Chapter 8
Searching and Sorting in
EndNote
Contents
Showing and Hiding References..................................... 224
Working with Showing References ....................... 224
Using Show Selected .............................................. 225
Using Hide Selected ............................................... 225
Searching for References................................................... 225
Quick Search ........................................................... 226
The Search Tab ........................................................ 226
Search Command Tips ........................................... 228
Simple Searches ...................................................... 230
Restricting Searches to Specific Fields .................. 232
Using Comparison Operators ................................ 232
Combining Search Lines with “And,” “Or,”
and “Not” .......................................................... 235
Combining Results from Separate Searches......... 236
Saving Search Strategies ........................................ 238
Finding Duplicate References.......................................... 239
Deleting Duplicates ................................................ 240
Finding Text in a Single Reference ................................. 240
Sorting the Library ............................................................. 241
Special Cases in Sorting ......................................... 242
223
Showing and Hiding References
When working with references in your EndNote library, you can
view all of the references or just a subset. Here is an example of
an EndNote library showing only 10 of the 210 references in the
library. Notice the words “Showing 10 out of 210 references” at
the bottom of the Library window.
Working with Some EndNote commands (such as Search Library, Change Field,
Showing Change Text, Sort, Print, and Export) can work with only those
references that are “showing” in the Library window. Here are a
References few examples of operations that you can do with the showing
references:
Restrict the Search Library command to search only the
showing references. (Choose 'Search showing references” on
the Search tab.)
Add the results of a new search to the currently showing
references, as a way to combine search results. (Choose “Add
to showing references” on the Search tab.)
Use the Change Text, and Change Field, and Move Field
commands to modify only the showing references.
Use the term lists’ Update List command to scan only the
showing references for new terms.
Print or Export only the “showing” references.
One way to view a subset of references is to use the Search Library
command as described later in this chapter. The Show Selected
References and Hide Selected References commands in the References
224 Chapter 8: Searching and Sorting in EndNote

menu provide another convenient way for you to control which
references are showing in the Library window.
To save a set of references to a group, which you can easily
display later, see Chapter 9, “Using Groups.”
Using Show Use the Show Selected References command to restrict the
Selected references showing in the Library window to only the selected
references.
To use the Show Selected References command:
1. Select the references of interest (hold down the CTRL key and
click the references with the mouse, or hold down the SHIFT
key to select a range of references).
2. Choose Show Selected References from the References menu.
The references that you had selected will now be the only
ones showing in the Library window.
3. After completing the work you need to do with the showing
references, choose References>Show All References (CTRL+M)
to display all references in the Library window.
Using Hide The Hide Selected References command is similar to the Show
Selected Selected References command except that it temporarily hides the
selected references in the Library window from view.
To use the Hide Selected References command:
1. Select the references that you want to temporarily hide.
2. Choose Hide Selected References from the References menu.
3. After you have completed your work with the showing
references, choose Show All References (CTRL+M) from the
References menu to return all of the references to the Library
window.
Searching for References

EndNote provides a powerful and flexible Search Library
command that enables you to locate specific references or groups
of references. For example, you can choose a very general search,
one that scans the entire library, or you can limit your searches
to specific fields (such as Author or Keywords). You can also
create more complex searches using a variety of operators such
as And, Or, Not, Greater than, Less than, and others.
Chapter 8: Searching and Sorting in EndNote 225

You can use the Search Library command to search EndNote
libraries as well as remote databases that are available online.
See Chapter 6 for information about online database searches.
Quick Search To quickly search your entire library, use the Quick Search item
on the Main toolbar.
With your library list displayed, enter a word or phrase and

press ENTER. EndNote executes a general search of all fields. You
can use the drop-down list to select a recent search term.
If you need a more specific or complicated search, click on the
Search tab in the Tabs pane. Read further for information about
more complex searching.
The Search To begin a search, display the group of references you want to
Tab search and then choose Search Library (CTRL+F) from the Tools
menu or click the Search tab in the Tab pane. The Search tab
appears, displaying several empty search lines (you can add
more if necessary).
add or
remove
search
lines
Boolean operator list search set list
Quick Overview of the Search Tab

Functions are described in more detail in the sections that follow.
Search Line
A search line includes the field to be searched (from the Field
list), the comparison operator, and the text to be found (the
“search term”). Use the plus or minus buttons to the right of each
search line to insert or delete a line.

Field List
The field list allows you to restrict your search to a particular
field—such as Author, Year, or Keywords—or all fields. By
default, the Field lists are set to search Author, then Year, then
Title. See “Restricting Searches to Specific Fields” on page 232.
Comparison List
Choose an item from the comparison list to indicate how the
search term should relate to the field(s) being searched. For
example, EndNote can find references in which the Journal Field
begins with "science," the Journal field Contains “science”
anywhere in the field, or the full Journal name actually Is
“science.” See page 232.
Search Term
The search term is the word or phrase that you want to locate.
Use the Options button at the bottom of the Search tab to insert a
Tab or Carriage Return in the search line.
Boolean Operator List
The “And,” “Or,” and “Not” list between the search lines
indicates how the search lines are to be combined. See page 235.
Search Set List
Use the search set list to specify the set of references to search
and how the search results should be combined with other
references in the Library window. By default, EndNote searches
the group of references currently displayed, and then shows only
the results of the search.
Match Case
By default, EndNote ignores capitalization when searching for
text in a library. For example, a search for the text
“paleontology” also finds “Paleontology.”
When the “Match Case” option is checked, EndNote finds only
those records in which the search term is capitalized exactly as
you typed it on the Search tab. For example, if your search term
is “AIDS” and you select “Match Case”, EndNote ignores the
word “aids” and finds only the acronym “AIDS.”
When the “Match Case” option is checked, a search for specific
diacritical marks such as é, ü and î will match those letters
exactly. Thus, a search for “résumé”will not find “resume.” If
you want to find all variations of a letter, deselect the “Match
Case” option.

Match Words
With “Match Words” selected, EndNote finds only exact
matches to the search term, rather than partial-word matches.
For example, a search for the term “state,” with the “Match
Words” option selected, finds references with the word “state”
while ignoring words like “statehood” or “understated.”
Save Search and Load Search
If you frequently use the same search strategies on the Search
tab, you can use the Options button to save these searches and
later load them when you need them. See “Saving Search
Strategies” on page 238 for more information.
Set Default and Restore Default
Click the Options button and select Set Default to save the
configuration of all of the items on the Search tab except for the
search terms. Click the Options button and select Restore Default
at any time to return the tab to that configuration. See “Setting
and Restoring Defaults for the Search Tab” on page 230 for more
information.
Search Canceling Searches

Command Pressing ESC cancels a search in progress.
Tips Matching Partial Words
Unless you have selected the “Match Words” option, EndNote
matches partial words when searching for text (both right- and
left-truncation are enabled). Consequently, you can search for
just the root of a word and find all related terms. This is a good
tactic for general subject searches. Select an appropriate
comparison operator, such as “Field begins with” or "Word
begins with," to limit your search term.
Diacritics (Accents)
To search for specific diacritical marks, select the “Match Case”
option; letters such as é, ü and î will match those letters exactly.
Thus, a search for “résumé” will not find “resume.” If you want
to find all variations of a letter, deselect the “Match Case” option.
See “Entering Special Characters” on page 158 for information
about entering diacritics.
Finding Tabs and Carriage Returns
Use the Options button to insert a Tab or Carriage Return in the
search line.

Searching for Numbers
When you search for a number, EndNote looks for that string as
text, exactly, in your reference text. For example, a search on
“Any Field” which “Contains” the search text “0025” will match
the numbers 00025 and 0025, but it will not match 25.
There is an exception for record numbers. Record numbers,
which are assigned by EndNote, cannot include leading zeros.
When you search Any Field for a number, EndNote looks for an
exact match in all text fields; however, leading zeros are stripped
from your search text before comparing it to record numbers.
Only an exact match of a record number will be returned. So, a
search for “0025” will match record number 25. It will not match
record number 250.
Searching with Multiple Libraries Open
The Search Library command searches one library at a time.View
the library you want to search, and use the Search tab on the Tab
pane.
Author Fields
The field names in the Field list are EndNote’s “Generic” field
names, which means that Author represents Reporter, Editor,
Artist or any other variations of the Author field used in the
different reference types.
If you wish to search for author initials, make sure to include a
space between the first and second initial. For example:
Smith, J P
If you do not include a space between initials, EndNote will
assume that JP is a complete first name.
The Year Field
When searching in the Year field, a search for “1994” retrieves
only references published in 1994, where as a search for “94”
retrieves references from the 1940s and 1994.
Finding Empty Fields
EndNote can search for empty fields. Leave the search term
blank, choose the desired field from the Field list, and choose Is
as the comparison operator. Click Search and EndNote finds
references in which the chosen field is blank.
Cleaning Up Search Results
After executing a search, there may be a handful of references
that you want to exclude from the search results. Select those

references and choose Hide Selected References to hide them from
the set of found references and display exactly the references that
you want. Often this is much easier than trying to refine your
search.
Viewing the Opposite of Your Search Results
Let’s say that you have searched for all of the references written
by Billoski or Hall, so you are currently viewing only those
references. Now, you would like to view the references not
written by those authors. Instead of doing another search:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Select All (CTRL+A) to select all
of the Hall and Billoski references.
2. From the References menu, choose Show All References
(CTRL+M) (notice that the original selection is maintained).
3. From the References menu, choose Hide Selected References.
You are left viewing only those references that were not
previously showing in the Library window, that is, all
references not written by Hall or Billoski.
Setting and Restoring Defaults for the Search Tab
Click the Options button and select Set Default to save the current
configuration of the Search tab as your default. The default
configuration will appear whenever you first display the Search
tab.
The layout of the tab (such as the number of search lines) is
saved, as are all of the operators, field names, and the Match
Case and Match Word settings. The search terms are not saved.
Click the Options button and select Restore Default on the Search
tab to clear out all of the search terms currently entered in the
Search tab, and reset all of the settings back to the default
configuration.
Simple Using Quick Search:

Searches On the toolbar, type a search term into the Quick Search text box
and press ENTER to search all references. See “Quick Search” on
page 226.
Using the Search tab to find all references that contain a
particular term:
1. Display All References to make sure you are searching your
entire library.
2. From the Tools menu, choose Search Library (CTRL+F). Or,
click on the Search tab in the Tabs pane.

3. Set the search field to Any Field and the comparison list to
Contains.
4. Type the desired text into the first search line. This example
uses the word “triceratops” as the search term.
5. Click Search to begin the search.

If no references in the library match your search request,
EndNote displays “No matching references were found.”
Otherwise, all matching references are displayed in the Library
window. (Click on a column header to apply a sort order):
When you are finished working with the found references, click
the All References group or choose Show All References (CTRL+M)
from the References menu to restore all references to view, or start
another search.
After completing a search, EndNote displays the same library
that you were viewing before the search, however only the
references that match your search requests are showing.
The references found in the last search operation are saved in a
temporary Search Results group. Each time you run a search, the
temporary Search Results group is updated with the new set of
references. When you close the library, this temporary group is
discarded.

Restricting Use the Field list on the Search tab to narrow your search to a
Searches to specific field. (You can select Any Field to look for a match for the
search term in any of the fields in your references.)
Specific Fields
For example, to find references published in 2002, restrict the
search to the Year field to avoid finding entries that include
“2002” in the abstract, title, or elsewhere.
The search is
restricted to
the Year field
The field names in the Field list are EndNote’s “Generic” field
names. For example, Author represents Reporter, Editor, Artist
or any other variations of the Author field used in the different
reference types. See Appendix C for a complete list of Generic
field names and their corresponding field names in each
reference type.
EndNote can import references from hundreds of sources, each
of which uses its own set of field names. Once you have
transferred references into EndNote, you will search for
information by using the destination EndNote generic field
names, and not the original field names from the information
provider. For example, the PMID number from PubMed
typically transfers into the Accession Number field in EndNote.
To search for a specific PMID in EndNote, search the Accession
Number field.
Using Comparison Operators

Comparison The “comparison operators” are used to indicate how the search
Operators term relates to the chosen field in that search line. For example,
if you have a search line that looks like this:
You will be searching for references where the Title (the search
field) contains (the comparison operator) dinosaur (the search
term).
The comparison operators function as follows:
Contains: finds all references where the search field includes
the search term. The search term includes both left and right
truncation, so a search for "house" would find "house,"
"greenhouse," and "household" anywhere in the field. If you

want to limit the search specifically to the word "house,"
check the Match Words box on the Search dialog.
NOTE: Comparison operators other than “Contains” cannot be used

when searching online databases.
Is: finds all references in which the entire content of the

search field is exactly the same as the search term.
Is Less Than: finds all references in which the search term is
less than the contents of the search field.
Is Less Than or Equal To: finds all references in which the
search term is less than or identical to the contents of the
search field.
Is Greater Than: finds all references in which the search term
is greater than the contents of the search field.
Is Greater Than or Equal To: finds all references in which
the search term is greater than or identical to the contents of
the search field.
NOTE: For all of the “Greater Than” and “Less Than” comparisons, the
comparison is either numerical or alphabetical based on the nature of
the term. When the fields have both numbers and letters, numbers are
considered “less than” letters, and empty fields are ignored.
Field Begins With: finds all references in which the search

term is found at the beginning of the selected field (also
referred to as right field truncation). The search term can be
a partial word, a full word, or several words, and will be
compared to the initial text in the field. If you enter more
than a single word, remember that punctuation and spaces
are significant, so you must enter exactly what is found in the
reference. If you do not want to match partial words, check
the Match Words box.
Field Ends With: finds all references in which the search
term is found at the end of the field (also referred to as left
field truncation). The search term can be a partial word, a full
word, or several words, and will be compared to the ending
text in the field. If you enter more than a single word,
remember that punctuation and spaces are significant, so
you must enter exactly what is found at the end of the field.
If you do not want to match partial words, check the Match
Words box.
Word Begins With: finds all references in which the search
term is found at the beginning of a word anywhere in the
field (also referred to as right word truncation). Punctuation

and spaces are ignored. This can help you find words that
start with the same root. For example, searching for a word
that begins with "land," would also find "landing" and
"landfill," but not "Iceland" or "island."
NOTE: The "Field begins with," "Field ends with," and "Word begins
with" comparisons all treat Author fields like any other field. There is no
manipulation of surnames and first names; EndNote simply looks at the
literal string of text in the field.
Examples of Comparison Operators in Searches

Comparison Search
Field Operator Term EndNote finds:
Year Is Greater Than 2000 all references published after 2000
Year Is Less Than 2000 all references published before 2000
Year Is Greater Than 1998 references published during or after 1998

or Equal to
Title Is Less Than A all references where titles start with a

number
Author Is Less Than C all references with authors whose last

or Equal to names begin with A, B, or a number; this
would not match a name such as
“Carter,” as “Ca” is greater than C
Author Is Greater Than S all references with authors whose last

or Equal to names begin with S-Z
Title Contains hawaii all references with “hawaii” in the title
Title Is hawaii all references with “hawaii” as the exact

title
Abstract Is all references with no abstract (empty

field)
Title Field begins with sediment all references where titles start with
"sediment," including "Sediments," and
"Sedimentation," but not
"Synsedimentary"

Examples of Comparison Operators in Searches
Comparison Search
Field Operator Term EndNote finds:
Abstract Field ends with dinosaur all references where abstracts end with
"dinosaur," which would include "duck-
billed dinosaur," but not "dinosaur
extinction" or "dinosaurs"
Any Field Word begins with house all references where any field includes a
word that begins with "house," which
would include text such as "U.S. House of
Representatives" and "household," but
not "greenhouse."
Combining You can combine search lines on the EndNote Search tab with the
Search Lines Boolean operators “And,” “Or,” and “Not” to produce the
following effects:
with “And,”
And finds references that match the preceding search line(s)
“Or,” and and the following search line. “And” narrows search
“Not” results.
Example: A search for “triceratops” And “extinction”
finds only those references that mention both terms.
Or finds references that match either the preceding search
line(s) or following search term. “Or” broadens the
search.
Example: A search for “triceratops” Or “extinction”
finds all references that include either term.
Not finds all references containing the preceding term(s) and
then omits references that contain the subsequent term.
“Not” narrows search results.
Example: A search for “triceratops” Not “extinction”
finds all references including “triceratops,” excluding
any triceratops references that mentioned extinction.
You can use the Boolean operators (“And,” “Or,” and “Not”) in
sequence with as many as nine search lines to build your search
strategy.
Items in combination searches are executed from the top to the
bottom of the Search tab. For example, if you have entered four
search lines on the Search tab, EndNote carries out the search by

combining the results of the first two items with the third search
line. Those results are combined with the fourth search line to
produce the final search results.
For example, the search below could be represented as:
(((confidentiality and insurance) not medicare) or Qualler, J)
Adding or Deleting Search Lines

You can add or delete search lines by using the plus and minus
buttons next to each line. Click the minus button (-) next to the
line you want to delete. Click the plus button (+) to add a line
below the current line.
Combining By default, EndNote searches the entire library and then displays
Results from only the results of the search in the Library window. To search
only a subset of references, or to combine your search results
Separate with other references, choose one of the following options from
Searches the Search Set list on the Search tab.
search set list

Search Whole Library/Search Whole Group
If All References or one of the automatic temporary groups are
displayed in the reference list, the first item in the search set list
(and the default setting) is Search Whole Library. The tab itself is
titled “Search.” Use the Search Whole Library setting to make sure
you are searching every reference in your library.
If the reference list displays a Custom Group, Smart Group,
Online Search group or EndNote Web group, the first search set
item is Search Whole Group. Use this setting to limit your search
to a specific group of references. The title of the Search tab
changes to Search plus the name of the group, such as “Search-
Literature.”
Add Search Results to Currently Showing

References
Choose Add to showing references if you want to search the whole
library and add the results of your search to a subset of showing
references. For example, if you have already found a group of
references written by Komar in 2000, and now you want to add
all references written by Billoski in 1997:
1. From the Tools menu, choose Search Library (CTRL+F).
2. Enter “Billoski” in Author And “1997” in Year.
3. From the Search Set list, choose Add to showing references.
4. Click Search and you should see the combined results of the
two searches.
Search Only the “Showing” References

Select the Search showing references option in the Search dialog to
restrict a search to only those references that are currently
displayed in the Library window.
This is useful to narrow the results of a previous search, to search
a saved group of references, or to search a set of references that
you have just imported from another library or online database.
Omit Search Results from Showing References

Choose the Omit from showing references option to hide the results
of a search from the references that are showing in the Library
window. This is a convenient way to locate all references that do
not include a particular term or to narrow the results of a
previous search. For example, to find all references not about
extinction:

1. With all of the references showing in the Library window,
choose Search Library from the Tools menu.
2. Choose Omit from Showing References from the Search Set list
on the Search tab.
3. Type “extinction” into the first search line, leaving the Field
list set to Any Field.
4. Click Search.
EndNote displays every reference except those that contain the
word “extinction.”
Saving Search The Save Search and Load Search commands accessed with the
Strategies Options button allow you to save the settings currently on the
Search tab and recall them for later use. Most of the options on
the Search tab are saved, including the search terms; however,
the target of the search (the EndNote library or online database)
is not saved, nor are Match Case and Match Words.
To save a search:
1. Configure the Search tab as you would like.
2. Click the Options button and select Save Search.
3. A dialog appears, prompting you to name the search
strategy. Enter or edit the name and click Save. The search
files are saved by default in the EndNote\Searches folder in
the Windows Application Data folder. You may save them
elsewhere if you prefer, but EndNote will open to this
Searches folder when you choose to Load a saved search.
EndNote adds “.ENQ” as the file name extension for saved
searches.
To load a saved search:
1. On the Search tab, click the Options button and select Load
Search.
2. In the dialog that appears, select the search strategy that you
would like to use, and click Open.
3. The contents and settings of the Search tab change to reflect
the saved search. Click Search to initiate the search.
When you save a search strategy, it is easy to run a complicated
search again, which you may want to do as you add references to
the library.
You can save the search results (the set of matching references)
as a group. You can use the saved search strategy to set up a
Smart group. Smart groups are updated as you add references to

your library. Or, you can save the specific results to a Custom
group, but the group will not be updated as you add references
to your library; you would need to run the search again to find
references entered since the last search. For information about
Groups, see Chapter 9, “Using Groups.”
Finding Duplicate References

In order to help locate duplicate references, EndNote offers a
Find Duplicates command. This command searches the references
that are currently showing in the Library window to identify
duplicates (based on the duplicate criteria specified in the
preferences—see page 549).
To find all of the duplicate references in a library:
1. With the Library window open, go to the References menu
and choose Show All References.
2. From the References menu, choose Find Duplicates.
EndNote displays a temporary Duplicate References group; the
group does not include the original reference for each set of
duplicates, but only subsequent duplicates added to the library.
By default, references are considered duplicates if they have the
same reference type (such as Journal Article or Book), and the
Author, Year, and Title fields are identical. The criteria for
detecting duplicates can be changed using the Duplicates settings
in EndNote’s Preferences dialog. See page 549 for details.
References which seem identical may not show up as duplicates
if the information in the fields EndNote checks is slightly
different or if the reference types are different. When trying to
determine how references differ, it is helpful to know exactly
how EndNote compares them.
Author: Compares last name and first initials (even
if the first or middle name are written in
full). Capitalization is not important.
Year: Compared exactly as entered.
Title: Leading articles “A,” “An,” or “The” are
ignored but punctuation is included.
Capitalization is not important.
Reference Type: Compared exactly as entered.

Deleting When EndNote displays the duplicates that it has found in a
Duplicates library, it shows all duplicate references except for the earliest
entry for each set of duplicates. For example, if you have three of
the same references for a journal article, only the latest two
entries are displayed and highlighted. (References with the
lowest record numbers are the ones that were entered first.)
With all but the original references selected, you may choose
Move References to Trash from the References menu (or Cut from
the Edit menu) to remove the duplicates from your library.
We strongly suggest that you check the duplicate references
before deleting them. You can peruse the references shown in the
Duplicate References group to verify that you would like to
delete them all. Once you are comfortable that these are the
references to be deleted, you can choose Select All from the Edit
menu, and then Move References to Trash from the References
menu. You could also remove references individually.
WARNING: Before deleting duplicates, check the record numbers to be

sure that you are not deleting references already cited in a paper. Use
the Display Fields settings in EndNote’s preferences to display record
numbers in the Library window (see page 548). Choose Tile from the
Window menu to compare references side-by-side.
Finding Text in a Single Reference

When you have a reference that contains a significant amount of
text, such as long abstracts or notes, it can get hard to find things!
To jump to specific text within a reference with the Go To
command:
1. Open a reference.
The Go To command works on the currently open reference.
If more than one reference is open, it works on the topmost
reference.
2. From the References menu, select Go To.
You could also right click to select Go To from the context-
sensitive menu, or use the keyboard command noted on the
References menu.
3. Type the text you want to locate and click next (or press
Enter).
You can type a maximum of 255 characters. The Go To dialog
also includes a drop-down list of recently searched terms.

EndNote will jump to the text and highlight it within the
reference. You can use Go To again to find the next occurrence, or
click Cancel to dismiss the Go To dialog.
Sorting the Library

The Sort Library command provides a way to arrange all
references showing in the Library window for browsing,
exporting, printing, or copying.
EndNote libraries are typically sorted by the author’s last name
and first initial, year, and record number. When you add a new
reference, or modify an existing reference, EndNote
automatically files it in this order. Use the Sort Library command
to change this order. The current sort order remains in effect
until you change it again.
To change the sort order:
1. Click in the reference list.
2. From the Tools menu, choose Sort Library.
3. Select one or more field names from the lists in the dialog.
Enter the field names in the order you want the references
sorted. (You do not have to use all five options.)

4. Click the button to the right of each field to indicate
ascending or descending order.
ascending order
descending order
5. With the field names entered as desired, click OK.

The dialog shown above is set to sort the library by author
names, in alphabetical order, and then references published by
the same author are sorted by year (from oldest to newest).
References by the same author in the same year would then sort
by record number.
NOTE: EndNote reads the default language (or locale) setting from
your operating system and uses it as the default language for character
sorting. However, you can override the default language setting on this
dialog. The Korean sort option was added to EndNote X, and will be
ignored by earlier versions of EndNote.
Special Cases Except for title fields, quotation marks, parentheses and other
in Sorting punctuation marks are considered during a sort. In an alphabetic
sort, punctuation comes first, then numbers, then letters A-Z.
If the field you selected to sort by is empty in a particular
reference, or not included in the selected reference type, that
reference will sort before the other references in ascending order.
Author Names
When you select the Author field for sorting, author names from
the first Author field are sorted by last name first, then first
initial. Next, author names from the Secondary Author field are
compared for sorting. Then, author names from the Tertiary
Author field are compared for sorting.
If a reference has more than one author in a single field, EndNote
includes the additional authors in the sort (up to 255 characters)
before moving on to other fields.
If you select the specific First Author field to sort, only the
surname is used for sorting.
If your EndNote library includes author names with connectives
such as de, di, van, and von, you may want EndNote to skip

these initial parts of the name in order to sort the references by
the principal element of the surname. See “Sorting” on page 543.
Titles
When sorting by title fields, EndNote ignores the words A, An,
and The as well as punctuation at the start of the titles.You may
enter additional words that should be ignored for sorting
purposes when they appear at the beginning of a title. To do so,
see “Sorting” on page 543.
Sorting Diacritical Characters

EndNote sorts diacritical characters according to the rules of the
language selected in the Sort References dialog. Characters with
diacritics are sorted differently in English, Spanish, Swedish,
and other systems.

Chapter 9
Using Groups
Contents
What are Groups? ............................................................... 246
The Types of Groups in EndNote ......................... 246
Displaying or Hiding Groups ................................ 247
Important Points about Groups ............................ 248
Temporary Groups ............................................................. 249
Custom Groups ................................................................... 250
Creating a Custom Group ...................................... 250
Adding References to a Custom Group ................ 251
Removing References from a Custom Group ...... 251
Smart Groups ....................................................................... 252
Creating a Smart Group ......................................... 252
Creating a Smart Group from an Existing
Search Strategy ................................................. 253
Editing a Smart Group ........................................... 253
Searching a Group .............................................................. 254
Renaming a Group ............................................................. 254
Deleting References from a Group ................................. 255
Deleting a Group ................................................................ 256
245
What are Groups?
Groups make it easy to break a large library into subsets for later
viewing. A group simply points to a subset of references that
already exist in the library.
The Types of There are several types of groups that make it easy to organize
Groups in your references in EndNote. The first section of groups are
automatically generated, and include both permanent groups
EndNote and temporary groups.
Permanent Groups include All References and Trash. Both
are groups that you cannot remove or rename. All References
displays every reference in the library. Trash is a holding
place for references you have removed from the library but
have not yet permanently discarded by emptying the Trash.
Temporary Groups include Duplicate References, Full Text,
Imported References, and Search Results. These temporary
groups may be replaced as you use commands in EndNote,
and are always deleted when you close a library. (Only the
groups are deleted; the references remain in the library.)
Custom Groups are manually created by the user to help
organize the library; you can drag-and-drop to copy
individual references into a custom group. Custom Groups
are listed alphabetically (click the Groups header to toggle
between ascending and descending order).
Smart Groups use search criteria to dynamically update
groups as existing references are edited or new references
are added to the library.
Online Search groups allow you to easily initiate a search of
a favorite online database and quickly view the latest
download. For information about online searching, see
Chapter 6, “Searching Online Databases with EndNote.”
EndNote Web groups allow you to easily initiate a transfer
of references between an EndNote Web folder and your
EndNote desktop library. For information about EndNote
Web, see Chapter 20, “Transferring Between EndNote
Desktop and EndNote Web Libraries.”
When you click on a group name, the name is highlighted and
the reference list is updated to reflect the references found in that
group.
246 Chapter 9: Using Groups

Displaying or The left pane of the Library window lists all of the groups in the
Hiding Groups current library, along with a record count for each group. A new
library may have very few groups. The All References and Trash
groups are permanent, and cannot be removed.
Click a minus sign (-) next to a group heading to hide the list of
groups under that heading. Click a plus sign (+) next to a group
heading to display the list of groups under that heading.
You can drag the separator bar between the group name list and
the reference list to adjust the size of the panes.
You may not always want to display groups, as that pane takes
up screen space. From the Groups menu, choose Hide Groups or
Show Groups.
Chapter 9: Using Groups 247

Important Keep these points in mind as you work with groups:
Points about You can create a maximum of 500 Custom Groups and Smart
Groups Groups (combined) in a single library.
You can add a reference to a particular group only once
(based on the unique record number). A single reference will
never appear more than once in a particular group.
However, you can add that reference to any number of
groups.
When you are viewing a group of references with selected
(highlighted) references, and then switch to viewing All
References, the same set of references are selected in the All
References view until you deselect them.
You can drag references from one library directly into a
group in another open library. The references are copied to
the second library and into the target group.
Removing a reference from a custom group does not delete it
from the library. It removes the reference from the group
subset, but the reference still exists in the library.
Deleting a reference from a library also deletes it from all
groups in that library. The reference no longer exists. You
cannot delete a reference from the library while displaying a
custom group. Highlight the reference, go to the All
References view, and then choose Move References to Trash
from the References menu.
Once you move a reference to the Trash group, it is no longer
officially in your library (it will not appear in any other
group or reference list, it is not included in your reference
count, and it cannot be searched or cited). However, until
you choose Empty Trash, you can still drag the reference from
the Trash group back to your active library.

Temporary Groups
There are several groups that are created automatically and are
temporary; they exist only while a library is open. All of these
groups may be available at the same time. Closing EndNote or
just the library will delete a temporary group, but the references
themselves are not deleted from the library.
temporary groups
The temporary groups are:

Duplicate References: This group shows the results of
duplicate detection in your library. You can run duplicate
detection with the References>Detect Duplicates command.
The group does not display the original reference, but only
the later duplicates. The criteria used in detecting duplicates
is set under Preferences; see “Duplicates” on page 549.
Full Text: This group shows the references for which
EndNote either attached a Full Text file or inserted a URL
with the References>Find Full Text command. See “Finding
Full Text for a Reference” on page 199.
Imported References: This group shows the last group of
references imported into the library with the File>Import
command. Each time you import additional references into
the library, this group is replaced with the new set of
references. See “General Importing Instructions” on page
203.
Search Results: This group shows the results of the last
search performed on the current EndNote library. Each time
you execute another search on the library, this group is
updated with the new search results. See “Searching for
References” on page 225.
Because temporary groups are deleted when you close the
library, you may occasionally want to save one of them to a
custom group so it is available during a later session.

To save a temporary group as a custom group:
1. Click on the group name to display the list of references in
the group.
2. From the Edit menu, choose Select All to select all of the
references in the list.
3. From the Group menu, select Add References To>Create Group.
4. Name and save the new group.
NOTE: You are saving a specific set of references. If you add more
references to your library, the search results you saved to a custom
group are not updated. You would need to re-run the search to find the
new references.
Custom Groups
Custom groups are perfect for when you want to build a group
of references that are not easily found by index term or other
common text. You can browse through your reference list and
drag individual references to a custom group.
Custom Groups are listed alphabetically (click the Groups
header to toggle between ascending and descending order).
Creating a You have two options for creating a custom group. You can
Custom Group select references and then add them to a new group, or you can
create an empty group and then add references to it.
Create a group in one of these ways:
From the Groups menu, choose Create Group.
Right click in the Groups pane of the Library window to
display a contextual menu and select Create Group.
Select references in a reference list, then go to the Groups
menu and choose Add References To>Create Group.
Enter a group name that is anywhere from 1 to 255 characters in
length. There are no restrictions on the characters you can use in

a group name. It is possible to give two different groups the same
name.
NOTE: You are limited to 500 custom and smart groups per library.
Once you reach that limit, you must delete a group before you can add
a new one.
Adding You can add references to a new or existing custom group at any
References to a time. You do not have to worry about copying the same reference
to a group more than once; EndNote will not allow duplicates
Custom Group (based on unique EndNote record numbers).
To add references to a group:
1. First, select the references you want to add to the group. You
can do this in many ways, for example:
Click on an individual reference to select it.
Display a list of references (such as search results), go to
the Edit menu and choose Select All.
Hold down the SHIFT key and click on two references to
select a range of contiguous references.
Hold down the CTRL key and click on individual
references to select them.
2. Add the references to a group. You have several methods
available:
Drag and drop the selected references onto an existing
custom group name in the left pane of the Library
window.
From the Groups menu, select Add References To and then
select either the name of an existing custom group or
Create Group.
Right click on the reference list to display a contextual
menu, select Add References To, and then select either the
name of an existing custom group or Create Group.
Removing You can remove references from any of your custom groups or
References online search groups. The references will still be in your library
and appear under All References, they just will not appear in that
from a Custom particular custom group.
Group To remove references from a custom group:
1. In the left pane of the library window, click on the name of
the group.

2. In the reference list, select the reference(s) you want to
delete. You can select multiple references:
Hold down the SHIFT key and click on two references to
select a range of contiguous references.
Hold down the CTRL key and click on individual
references to select them.
3. Select the Remove References from Group command in one
of these ways:
Press the DELETE key on your keyboard.
From the References menu, select Remove References from
Group.
Remember that the selected references are only removed from
this group; they still exist in the library, and possibly in other
groups.
Smart Groups
Smart groups are built with search strategies. Smart groups are
dynamically updated as you add references to and edit
references in the library.
Creating a To create a smart group:

Smart Group 1. From the Groups menu, select Create Smart Group. A search
dialog appears.
2. Enter your search strategy, and click Create to create a “New

Smart Group.”

3. From the Groups menu, choose Rename Group and type a
descriptive name for the group.
The Smart Group search dialog works the same as the regular
Search tab. If you need more information about how to use the
Search dialog, see Chapter 8, “Searching and Sorting in
EndNote”.
Creating a You may have already created and saved a search strategy to
Smart Group find a subset of references. Rather than run the search again each
time you enter and edit references, you can use the saved search
from an strategy to create a smart group.
Existing To create a smart group from a search strategy:
Search
1. Click on All References to display all references in the
Strategy library.
2. In the Tab pane, click the Search tab.
3. Click Options and select Load Search.
4. Locate, select, and open the search strategy to load it into the
Search tab.
5. Click Options and select Convert to Smart Group.
A Converted Search group is created under Smart Groups. The
group will be updated with matching references each time you
save a reference.
You can rename the new group. See “Renaming a Group” on
page 254.
Editing a You may have created a smart group only to find that you need
Smart Group to tweak the search strategy for the group.
To edit a smart group:
1. Highlight the smart group name in the Groups pane.
2. From the Groups menu, select Edit Group to display the smart
group search dialog. The current search strategy is
displayed.
3. Modify the search strategy as needed, and click Save.
If you need more information about how to use the Search
dialog, see Chapter 8, “Searching and Sorting in EndNote”.
The smart group updates based on the new search strategy.

Searching a Group
You can limit your searching to a specific group of references.
To search a group:
1. Click on the group name to display the references in the
Library window.
2. From the Tools menu, select Search Library (or click on the
Search tab) to display the Search tab.
3. Make sure the search set list is set to “Search Whole Group.”
4. Enter your search strategy and click Search.
For more information about searching, see “Searching for
References” on page 225.
Renaming a Group
There are several ways to rename a custom group or a smart
group, so you can choose the one that is the most convenient for
you.
To rename a group:
the group.
2. Select the Rename Group command in one of these ways:
Click on the group name a second time to directly edit
the name.
From the Groups menu, select Rename Group.
Right click with your mouse on the group name to
display a contextual menu, and select Rename Group.
You cannot rename the automatically created groups: All
References, Duplicate References, Full Text, Imported
References, Search Results, and Trash.

Deleting References from a Group
First, you cannot delete references while displaying a custom
group. You can remove references, in which case you should see
“Removing References from a Custom Group” on page 251. The
references will still reside in your library.
You can delete references from your library while you are
displaying any type of group other than a custom group.
To delete a reference from your library:
1. Highlight the reference (or multiple references) in the
Reference List pane of the Library window.
2. From the References menu, select Move References to Trash.
At this point, the references are moved to the Trash group.
The Trash group is a temporary holding place. The
references are no longer in your library, and cannot be cited
or searched, but they have not been irrevocably thrown away
yet, either. If you change your mind, you can still drag a
reference from the Trash back to the All References group to
bring it back into the library.
3. When you are absolutely certain that you no longer want the
reference(s) you have moved to Trash, select the Trash
group, and then go to the References menu and choose Empty
Trash.
NOTE: If you do not Empty Trash, EndNote will prompt you when you
close the library.
4. Display All References again to continue working in your

library.
What if I want to find references in a custom group and delete
them from the library?
1. Display the custom group and highlight the reference (or
multiple references) that you want to delete.
2. Click on the All References group. As long as you do not
click anywhere in the Reference List pane, the same
references remain highlighted in the All References group.
3. From the References menu, select Move References to Trash.
The references are removed from the library, and so from any
other group that contained them.

Deleting a Group
When you delete a group, references are removed from the
group but are not deleted; the references themselves are still part
of the library.
You cannot explicitly delete any of the temporary groups, but
they are removed when you close the library.
When you delete an Online Search group, it does not mean that
you can no longer search that online database. You have not
deleted the connection file from disk, you have simply removed
it as a favorite. You can go to Tools>Online Search and select that
connection file again.
You can delete an EndNote Web group, but when you connect to
EndNote Web again, you can recreate the group.
To delete a group:
the group you want to delete.
2. Select the Delete Group command in one of these ways:
From the Groups menu, select Delete Group.
Right click with your mouse on the group name to
display a contextual menu, and select Delete.
Press the DELETE key on your keyboard.
The group is deleted from the library, but the references that
were in the group are still part of the library.

Chapter 10
Term Lists
Contents
Introduction to Term Lists ................................................ 259
Overview ................................................................. 259
Important Points About Term Lists ...................... 260
Adding Terms to a Term List ........................................... 260
Automatic Updating of Term Lists ....................... 261
Using the “New Term” Command ....................... 262
Copying Terms Between Lists ............................... 262
Copying Terms From Other Sources .................... 263
Manually Updating Term Lists ............................. 263
Importing Terms Into Term Lists .......................... 266
Using Term Lists for Data Entry and Searching........... 267
Inserting Terms into References ............................ 267
Inserting Terms Without Using the
“Suggestion” Feature ....................................... 268
Using Terms For Searches...................................... 268
Editing Terms and Term Lists.......................................... 269
Modifying Terms .................................................... 269
Deleting Terms........................................................ 269
Defining Term Lists ........................................................... 270
Deleting and Renaming Term Lists ...................... 270
Configuring Term Separators (Delimiters) .......... 271
Creating Term Lists ............................................................ 271
Predefined Term Lists ............................................ 271
Creating a New Term List...................................... 272
Linking Term Lists to Fields .................................. 272
Exporting and Printing Term Lists.................................. 274
Working with the Journals Term List............................. 274
Important Points About Entering Journal
Names ................................................................ 274
Updating a Journal List .......................................... 275
257
Loading Supplied Journal Abbreviations ............ 276
Creating Bibliographies With Journal
Abbreviations ................................................... 277
Converting Old EndNote Journals Files .............. 278
258 Chapter 10: Term Lists

Introduction to Term Lists
EndNote’s term lists are used to store terms such as keywords,
author names, or journal names. You can use these stored terms
when entering references to improve consistency and accuracy
of information in your library. You can also use the Journals term
list to store abbreviated journal names that EndNote can
substitute for the full journal name in a bibliography.
Overview To get a general sense of how the term lists work, here’s a brief
overview of how term lists can be built and used for someone
with a new EndNote library. With the default term list settings
in the preferences, all of the updating of terms, and auto-
completion, happens automatically. If you do not like this
behavior, you may turn off these settings (see page 553).
Term Lists are Automatically Maintained
When you create a new EndNote library, there are three empty
term lists already set up and ready for you to use: Authors,
Journals, and Keywords. As you enter new references into your
library (whether by typing, importing, or pasting them) EndNote
updates the term lists automatically so that the Authors,
Journals, and Keywords lists include all of the author names,
journal names, and keywords entered into your references.
Term Lists Help With Data Entry
When you use the New Reference command in the References menu
to create new references, you will notice two other features
associated with the term lists. As you begin entering an author
name, EndNote attempts to complete the name for you by
suggesting the closest matching name in the Authors term list. If
you enter a new name that is not already in your Author list, the
name appears in red text to indicate that it is a new addition to
the term list. When you close or save the reference, that new term
is added to the list.
When you are searching for references, you can also open a term
list to pick the exact term or name for which to search.
Chapter 10: Term Lists 259

Important The following list includes useful information about term lists.
Points About These points are covered in more detail later in the chapter.
Term Lists Term lists are stored with the library and therefore are
specific to only that library.
A library must be open before you can edit its term lists.
If you enter a lot of references manually, you may find it
helpful to create new term lists for things like publisher and
city names. Up to 31 term lists can be created for any library.
There is no limit to the number of terms in a term list.
One term can be up to 253 characters long.
Terms can be copied from one list and pasted into another.
Entire term lists can be exported and imported.
By default, term lists are automatically updated from the
terms entered in your references. New terms appear in red
text in the Reference window. This functionality may be
turned off using EndNote’s Preferences.
Term lists can be “linked” to specific fields so that EndNote
associates the correct term list with the field you are editing.
Terms lists can be used with the “Auto-entry” feature on or
off. By default, this option is turned on so that EndNote will
suggest the closest matching term as you type in a reference.
The Journals term list stores various forms of journal names
that can be used when creating bibliographies. EndNote
provides several Journals lists (including Humanities,
Medical, and Chemistry) that can be imported for use with
your EndNote libraries. Look in the EndNote X1>Terms Lists
folder.
Adding Terms to a Term List

Terms can be added to the term lists using a variety of methods
described in this section. Adding terms to a term list does not
change any data that you have entered in your references.

Automatic By default, EndNote automatically updates the term lists in a
Updating of library so they stay current with the data that has been entered
into the references. If you enter a term into a reference, and that
Term Lists term is not in the associated term list already, the term appears
in red text to alert you that you have entered a new term. This
can help you to maintain a controlled vocabulary for keywords
and other terms.
You can turn off automatic updating of term lists if you do not
want to use the term lists at all (see below). You can also turn this
option off and manually enter terms into your lists as described
in the following sections. For example, you can manually enter
all of the terms you plan to use into a term list before entering
references into the library. This can be extremely helpful when
you have someone else entering data for you and you want a
specific vocabulary used for keywords or other terms. As
references are entered into the EndNote library, the term lists can
speed data entry, and if a red term appears, the person doing
data entry knows that they have entered something that was not
intended to be a valid term for that field.
Turning Off the Automatic Updating of Term Lists:
2. Select the Term Lists panel.
3. Click the check boxes for “Update lists when importing or
pasting references” and “Update lists during data entry” to
remove the check mark. The feature will be turned off.
Delimiters
EndNote has predefined term lists for authors, keywords, and
journals. When you enter multiple terms into those fields and
EndNote updates the term list, it needs to know when one term
ends and the next term begins. We call the punctuation that
separates the terms “delimiters.”
For the Author fields, author names must always be entered one
name per line. Carriage returns (end of line marks) are the only
valid delimiter for this field. Journals normally have just one
journal name per reference in this field, so delimiters are not
important here. Keywords are the most complex of the three. By
default, EndNote uses carriage returns (end of line marks),
semicolons, and backslashes (\) as delimiters for the Keywords
field. If you would like to use other delimiters, see “Delimiters
used for Separating Terms” on page 265.

Using the To manually add a term to a term list:
“New Term” 1. From the Tools menu, choose Open Term Lists and select the
term list that you want to modify.
Command
2. On the Terms tab, click New Term.
3. Enter the term and click OK to add it to the list and dismiss
the “New Term” dialog.
Continue this way until you have added the last term, then click
OK to dismiss the dialog.
If you are entering terms into the Journals term list, you will have
options to enter different forms of the journal name. See page 274
for more information about using the Journal lists.
NOTE: The Save Term (or Save Journal) button is unavailable (dim) if
the new term already exists in the term list.
Copying You can copy terms from one list and paste them into another as
Terms a way to quickly transfer terms between lists. This is particularly
useful because term lists are specific to an individual library.
Between Lists
To copy terms between lists:
1. From the Tools menu, choose Open Term Lists and select the
list with terms you want to copy.
2. Select the term to copy.
3. On the keyboard, press CTRL+C to copy the highlighted
term.
4. Open another list.
5. Click New Term, press CTRL+V to paste in the term, and click
OK.

Copying You can copy terms from any text, and then paste them into a
Terms From term list.
Other Sources For example, to copy a word from a paper you are writing and
paste that word into a term list, first select the term in your word
processor and copy it. Then switch to EndNote, open the desired
term list, click New Term, press CTRL+V to paste in the term, and
click OK.
Manually To create a term list automatically from words already in your

Updating library, use the Update List button on the Terms List dialog. This
is useful if you have turned off the preference to automatically
Term Lists update your term lists, or if you have received a library from a
colleague without a term list, or if you have deleted a term list
and wish to recreate it.
The Update List command can apply to just the selected
references or all references showing in the Library window. Use
the Search command to show only those references from which
you want to update the list. Or select references in the Library
window and update the term list from just those references.
Choose Show All References from the References menu before using
the Update List command to be sure that you are updating the list
from all of the references in your library.
Important points about the Update List command:
Update List does not change the terms in your references; it
only adds new terms from your references into the term list.
Update List does not add duplicate terms to a list.
Update List removes leading and trailing spaces, but does not
change punctuation.
Update List does not automatically link fields to a term list.
For easy data entry, you can link a single term list to any
number of fields. See “Linking Term Lists to Fields” on
page 272.
To update a term list:
If you are updating the Journals list, see page 275.
1. Determine which references should be scanned for terms and
make sure they are either “showing” or selected in the
Library window.
2. From the Tools menu, choose Define Term Lists and select the
term list that you would like to update.
3. Click Update List.

4. The currently linked fields are listed in the dialog as the
fields from which EndNote gathers new terms. If necessary,
remove a field from this list by selecting it and clicking Delete
Field; or add a new field by selecting it from the Add Field list.
Adding or removing field names from this list does not affect
the links between fields and term lists.
The Generic field names are used in this dialog. See the
“Table of Predefined Reference Types” on page 418 to find
the corresponding field names for the fields of various
reference types.
5. To update a term list from only the currently selected
references in your library, check the “Update Terms From
Selected References” option.
6. Click OK to begin the updating process. When finished,
EndNote displays the number of terms added to the list.
Click OK and the process is complete.
NOTE: Typing ESC stops the update process, but all terms added up to
that point are kept in the term list.

Delimiters used for Separating Terms
The text that is used to separate the terms in a particular field is
determined by the “Delimiter” settings on the Lists tab of the
Term Lists dialog (choose Define Term Lists from the Tools menu).
Select a term list

and the delimiters
used for it will be
marked in the
Delimiters section
below.
If your keywords are separated by a slash, such as:

Antarctica/ozone/stratosphere
you should type a slash (/) as the field’s term delimiter. A
carriage return is always interpreted as a delimiter, so it is not
necessary to enter a delimiter for the Author fields, or any other
field that has terms entered one-per-line. If different delimiters
are used for the same field in your references, you will need to
do more than one update process, updating from the references
with different delimiters separately.
Cleaning Up After Updating

Click on the Terms tab, and scroll through the term list to make
sure that the Update List command had the desired result. If it did
not, you can highlight specific terms and remove them by
clicking Delete Term.
After using the Update List command, you might find that due to
errors or variations in spelling, you have multiple entries for the
same term. Scan through the list and delete the unwanted terms.
If necessary, use the Change Text command to change all
occurrences of a term in your library. For example, if both
“geochronology” and “geo-chronology” are entered as
keywords, you can delete the unwanted term “geochronology”
from the term list, then click on the Library window, and choose

Change Text (CTRL+R) from the Edit menu to change
“geochronology” to “geo-chronology” throughout the library.
Importing EndNote provides several lists of journal names and

Terms Into abbreviations, including lists for Chemistry, Medicine (Index
Medicus), and the Humanities, all of which are stored in the
Term Lists Terms folder in the EndNote folder. If you are interested in using
these abbreviated forms of the journal names in your
bibliographies, you can import them into your term lists and
adjust your styles to use the abbreviations (see “Loading
Supplied Journal Abbreviations” on page 276 and “Creating
Bibliographies With Journal Abbreviations” on page 277).
If you would like to look at the lists before importing them, you
may open them in your word processor—but do not edit or save
them. They must remain tab-delimited text files in order for
EndNote to correctly import the terms.
Terms can be imported from any text file that lists the terms one
per line. Make sure a carriage return is also inserted after the last
term in the list. If you create a list of terms in a word processing
document, be sure to save the list as plain text using the Save As
command in your word processor. Then, if your terms include
extended characters, select the Unicode (UTF-8) encoding
option.
To import a text file that contains terms:
1. From the Tools menu, choose Define Term Lists and highlight
the term list to which you want to add terms. (Use Create List
if you want to create a new list.)
NOTE: EndNote provides several journal lists in the Terms folder of the
EndNote folder. You may want to import one of these lists to add journal
names to the Journals term list. See “Loading Supplied Journal
Abbreviations” on page 276 for more information.
2. Click Import List.

3. Select the text file to be imported and click OK.
The new terms are imported and sorted alphabetically into the
existing term list. This import must be done for each library that
you want to use these terms.

Using Term Lists for Data Entry and
Searching
You can use term lists to enter terms directly into a reference or
into the Search tab.
Inserting Suggesting Terms As You Type

Terms into (Auto-completion)
References If you are entering text into a field that is linked to a term list,
EndNote finds the first matching term in the list and suggests
that as the term you want to enter.
The suggested text appears highlighted after the cursor.

Continue typing until EndNote suggests the correct term, and
then press ENTER or TAB to accept it. (ENTER creates another line
in the field so that you can enter more author names, for
example; TAB moves the cursor to the next field in the reference.)
When EndNote suggests a term, you can use the Up or Down
arrows on your keyboard to have the suggested text change to
the previous or next possible matching term in the term list.
When you enter a term that is not already in the term list, it
appears in red to indicate that it is a new term. When you close
or save the reference, that term is added to the term list and will
no longer display in red.

These term list features may be turned off. To turn off the display
of red text, turn off the preference to “Suggest Terms as You
Type.” See “Term Lists” on page 553.
Inserting If you have turned off the option to suggest terms as you type,
Terms Without you can still insert terms into your references manually.
Using the To insert a term from a Term List window:

“Suggestion” 1. Open a reference and position the insertion point where you
want to add the term.
Feature
2. Choose Open Term Lists from the Tools menu, and select the
desired list.
Or, in an Author, Journal, or Keywords field, press CTRL+1
to display the appropriate list.
3. Double-click a term to insert it directly into the reference.
Terms can also be selected by typing the first few letters of the
term, by using the ARROW keys, or by clicking on the term with
the mouse. Hold down the CTRL key to select multiple terms.
Click Insert Term to insert the selected term(s). If multiple terms
are selected and inserted, they are listed in the reference one per
line in alphabetical order.
Selected terms can also be copied from the term list and pasted
into a record. Highlight the term in the term list, click Edit Term,
highlight the text to copy, use the Copy (CTRL+C) command to
copy the text, and then the Paste (CTRL+V) command to paste the
text into your reference.
NOTE: The insertion point must be in a field in a Reference window or

Search tab before you can insert a term.
Using Terms To ensure that you are searching for the correct terms, you can
For Searches use the term lists with EndNote’s Search command. Terms can be
entered into the Search tab just as they are entered into
references. For example:
1. From the Tools menu, choose Search Library (CTRL+F) and
change the first search line to search the Keywords field.
2. From the Tools menu, choose Open Term Lists and select a list.
Or, in an Author, Journal, or Keywords field, press CTRL+1
to display the appropriate list.
3. Double-click a term to insert it into the Search tab.

Editing Terms and Term Lists
Any term in a term list may be modified or deleted without
affecting any of the references in the library or any links between
term lists and fields.
Modifying To edit a term in a term list:

Terms 1. From the Tools menu, choose Define Term Lists and select the
list that contains the term to be modified. Then click on the
Terms tab.
2. Select a term and click Edit Term. If multiple terms are
selected, only the first one opens.
3. Change the term as necessary and click OK when finished.

The modified term replaces the original term in the term list.
(If the term already exists, the OK button is dim.)
NOTE: Editing a term in a term list does not change all occurrences of
that term in your library. Use the Change Text command to find the old
term in your references and replace it with the new one.
Deleting A term can be deleted by highlighting it in the list and clicking

Terms Delete Term or selecting Clear from the Edit menu. Deleting a term
from a term list does not remove it from the references in the
library.

Defining Term Lists
Use the Define Term Lists command in the Tools menu to create,
rename or delete a term list. This command is also used to
specify the punctuation that separates individual terms in a
reference (delimiters).
Deleting and Term lists can be renamed without disturbing their links to
Renaming reference fields or the terms within them. Deleting or renaming
term lists does not change the data entered into your references.
Term Lists
To delete or rename a term list:
1. From the Tools menu, choose Define Term Lists (at least one
library must be open to access this command).
2. The drop-down menu at the top of the Lists tab lets you
choose from a list of open libraries. Select the library for
which you would like to modify the term lists.
To Rename a Term List: Highlight a term list and then
click Rename List. In the Rename List dialog, enter the
new name for the list, and click OK.
To Delete a Term List: Select a term list and then click
Delete List.
3. Click OK to save your changes.

Configuring EndNote uses the delimiters in the Define Lists dialog to
Term determine what punctuation separates the individual terms in
the same field in a reference.
Separators
For example, if you import data from a source that uses
(Delimiters) semicolons (;) to separate keywords:
Adult, Age Factors; Astigmatism; Follow-Up
Studies; Hospitals, University; Keratotomy,
Radial; Myopia; Refraction, Ocular
you would want to be sure that the semicolon was selected as a
separator for your Keywords term list. You would also want to
be sure that the comma was not chosen, because the commas in
this example are used within some of the terms.
By default, EndNote uses the semicolon (;), backslash (\), and
end of line markers as separators. Words or phrases entered on
different lines in a field (by pressing ENTER) are always
interpreted as separate terms, but the other separators can be
changed depending on your needs.
To customize the delimiters for a term list:
1. Open a library.
2. From the Tools menu, choose Define Term Lists.
3. Verify that your library name is selected at the top of the
dialog, then click on the name of the term list that you
intend to modify.
4. Click the check box to the left of the desired separator to
choose it (or to unselect it if it is already checked). The last
check box provides a place to enter a custom term delimiter,
if necessary.
NOTE: Author names must always be entered one per line.
Creating Term Lists
Predefined Three empty term lists are available by default with every
Term Lists library: Authors, Journals, and Keywords. These lists are already
linked to their corresponding fields: the Authors term list is
linked to the Author, Secondary, Tertiary, and Subsidiary
Author fields; the Journals term list is linked to the Secondary
and Alternate Title fields; and the Keywords term list is linked to
the Keywords field.

Creating a To create a new term list:
New Term List 1. From the Tools menu, choose Define Term Lists.
2. Click Create List, and enter the name for the new list. You
cannot create a term list with the same name as an existing
term list.
3. Click OK.
4. Check the “Journal List” box only if you want to create a term
list for storing journal names and abbreviations. These
different forms of the journal name can be used
interchangeably when creating bibliographies (see “Journal
Names” on page 448 for a description of this feature).
The predefined Journals term list is already set up as a multi-
column list. If you delete this list, you can create another one
as described here. Do not create a 4-column journal list for
non-Journal fields.
At this point, you could import an existing list of terms, update
the list from existing EndNote field data, or click on the Terms
tab to manually enter terms into the list. See “Adding Terms to a
Term List” on page 260.
NOTE: New term lists must be linked to fields for the “Suggest terms as
you type” and automatic updating features to work. Instructions for
linking term lists to fields follow.
Linking Term Term lists are associated with fields using the Link Term Lists
Lists to Fields command from the Tools menu. When a term list is linked to a
field, the list can be used to facilitate data entry. EndNote can
also keep the term lists current by automatically adding new
terms from linked fields. By linking term lists to particular fields,
you can use the Auto-Suggestion feature whenever you are
entering data into the linked field. Each field can be linked to
only one term list. However, you can link the same term list to
different fields.
The three predefined term lists (Authors, Journals, and
Keywords) are already linked to their corresponding fields. Any
new term list that you create is not linked to a field until you set
up the links. The links between term lists and fields are specific
to each library.

To change these settings or to link a new term list to one or
more fields:
1. Open a library.
2. From the Tools menu, choose Link Term Lists.
This first item shows

the Author field
linked to the
Authors term list.
3. Choose a library from the list at the top of the dialog.

4. The names of the available term lists appear next to the field
names with which they are linked. You may change the
links here as necessary by choosing a different term list
from the pop-up lists.
5. Click OK to save your changes and close the dialog.
These changes will not alter any data that is currently entered in
either your references or your term lists. Term lists may be linked
to multiple fields.
NOTE: After linking a term list to one or more fields, you should make
sure the list is updated with the data from those fields. Go to the Tools
menu, select Define Term Lists, select the list, and click Update List.
To unlink a term list from a field:

1. With the library open, choose Link Term Lists from the Tools
menu.
2. Scroll through the list of fields to find the field that you
would like to be unlinked from a list. Choose None from the
list next to the field name.
3. Save your changes by clicking OK.

Exporting and Printing Term Lists
Term lists can be exported and then imported into other term
lists as a way to move complete lists from one library to another
(see also “Copying Terms Between Lists” on page 262).
You can also open exported term lists in a word processor to
print them.
To export a term list:
1. From the Tools menu, choose Define Term Lists.
2. Highlight the term list that you want to export.
3. Click Export List.
4. Name and save the text file that will be created during the
export.
5. Click OK and the terms are exported to the text file and listed
alphabetically, one term per line.
This file can now be imported into another EndNote term list or
opened in a word processor to be printed. Term lists cannot be
printed directly from EndNote.
Working with the Journals Term List
Important You do not have to use the abbreviation sections in a Journals

Points About term list, but if you do, keep these points in mind:
Entering Enter variations of the same journal name together in one

term.
Journal Names
Enter a consistent abbreviation format in each column. For
example, all Index Medicus abbreviations could be entered
under the Abbreviation 1, another format of abbreviated
names in Abbreviation 2, and so on.
Only the first term for each journal (the one in the Full
Journal slot) is transferred when you insert a term.
Use the Journal Abbreviation option in the styles to pick which
form of the journal names should be used in the bibliography
(see “Creating Bibliographies With Journal Abbreviations”
on page 277).
EndNote can remove periods from abbreviations during
formatting. EndNote cannot add periods to an abbreviated
journal name.

Updating a For EndNote to accurately use the abbreviated journal names in
Journal List your bibliographies, it is important to be consistent when
entering different formats of a journal name. The first column
should always list the full journal name, and subsequent
columns should store consistent formats of abbreviated names.
See page 274 for more information.
Journal lists are updated automatically, from the Journal Article
and Electronic Article reference types, unless you have turned
off the preferences to update lists (see page 553). When journal
lists are updated, the entry in the main Journal field goes into the
first column of the list (Full Journal) and the journal entered into
the Alternate Journal field goes into the second column
(Abbreviation 1). Be consistent when entering data into these
fields so that the Journals term list will be updated correctly.
Note that if the name entered into the Journal field exists in any
of the columns of the Journals term list, it is not added again.
EndNote tries to avoid duplicate entries in the Journals list.
If you have turned off the preference to automatically update the
term lists, you may manually update the lists as described here.
When you are manually updating Journal lists, you can choose
which columns in the list are used for which fields of data.
To update a journal term list:
1. Open a library and select the references from which you
would like to update the Journals term list. Alternatively,
use the Search command to find only those references that
you would like to use.
2. From the Tools menu, choose Define Term Lists, and then
Journals.
3. Click Update List.

4. Select the fields from which EndNote should extract the
journal names. If importing from selected references, check
the “Update from Selected References” option.
5. Click OK.
When the importing is complete, you will see a column of journal
names listed in alphabetical order.
Loading You can load one of the supplied journal title lists to use for data
Supplied entry. These lists also contain journal abbreviations for alternate
output, and are used by certain output styles. The lists are
Journal supplied as plain text files in the EndNote X1\Terms Lists folder.
Abbreviations You can open and view one of these files with any word
processor, but make sure to leave it a plain text file so that
EndNote can import it.
To replace the existing Journals list with one of the supplied
journal abbreviation lists:
1. From the Tools menu, select Open Term Lists and then Journals
Term List.
2. Delete all existing terms from the list (you can click and drag
to highlight all terms, and then click Delete Term).
3. Click on the Lists tab and highlight the Journals list.
4. Click Import List.
5. In the File dialog, navigate to the EndNote X1\Term Lists
folder, select the list you want to use, and click Open to
import the journal names and abbreviations from the file into
the Journals term list.

Creating When you insert a journal name from the Journals term list into
Bibliographies a reference, only the first entry for the journal name is entered.
However, you can create a bibliography that uses any
With Journal abbreviation in the term list by editing the style used to format
Abbreviations the paper:
To edit a style to use journal abbreviations:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Output Styles and select Open
Style Manager.
2. Select the style that you would like to edit, and click Edit.
3. From the list of options at the left of the Style Editor window,
click Journal Names.
4. Select one of the available options. (See Chapter 16 for more
information about these settings.)
5. Close and save the style. Now when you format a paper or
look at the preview tab on the Tab pane, all of the journal
names should be replaced with the appropriate abbreviation.
If a journal name in one of your references does not have the
selected abbreviation entered in the Journals term list, the
journal name appears in the bibliography exactly as it is entered
in the Reference window.
Which Term List is Used for the Abbreviations?

Since it is possible (though not common) to have more than one
multi-column journal list in a library, it is important to know
how EndNote chooses which Journal list to use with the Journal
Abbreviations feature. EndNote uses the multi-column list that
is linked to the journal field used by the style. (For example, if the
Alternate Journal field is specified by the style, EndNote uses the
multi-column list linked to the Alternate Journal field.) If there is
not a multi-column list that is linked to a journal field, EndNote
uses the first multi-column list that it finds.
The predefined Journals term list that is added to every library is
already set up as a multi-column list, and it is linked to these
fields:
Journal Article reference type—Journal field
Journal Article reference type—Alternate Journal field
Electronic Article reference type—Periodical Title field

Converting If you have previously used the Journal Abbreviations feature in
Old EndNote an earlier version of EndNote (versions 1.0-1.3.5), you can import
the journal names from your old Journal Abbreviations table into
Journals Files the Journals term list. The information in the old table is stored
in the JOURNALS.EN file and it can be directly imported into the
Journals term list using the Import List command (see page 266).
NOTE: In this version of EndNote, you can have a different set of

journal abbreviations for each library, and you may want to update each
library similarly.

Chapter 11
Using EndNote with Microsoft
Word
Contents
Overview of the Cite While You Write Process ............ 281
Word Processor Compatibility .............................. 281
Basic Instructions .................................................... 282
Notes about Microsoft Word ............................................ 284
Installing CWYW Support in Word ...................... 284
The CWYW Commands in Word 2003 ................. 285
The CWYW Commands in Word 2007 ................. 287
Field Codes .............................................................. 290
Using Predefined Manuscript Templates ...................... 291
Creating a Word Doc Based on a Template ......... 292
Supplying Info to the Template Wizard ............... 294
Writing Your Paper ................................................ 295
Citing Sources As You Write ............................................ 297
Forms of Citations .................................................. 297
Finding and Inserting Citations ............................ 298
Finding and Inserting from Highlighted Text ..... 300
Inserting Selected Citations ................................... 300
Using Drag-and-Drop or Copy and Paste ............ 300
Manually Inserting Citations ................................. 300
Inserting Multiple Citations .................................. 301
Inserting From Multiple Libraries ........................ 303
Customizing Individual Citations ........................ 303
Including Notes in the List of References ............ 305
Inserting Citations into a Formatted Paper .......... 306
Citing References in Footnotes and Endnotes ..... 307
Typing Citations into Your Paper.................................... 307
Notes About Temporary Citations........................ 308
Components of a Temporary Citation .................. 308
Omitting Authors or Years from Citations........... 310
Citation Prefixes...................................................... 311
279
Citation Suffixes ..................................................... 312
Including Semicolons & Other Citation
Delimiters in a Citation .................................. 312
Citing Specific Page Numbers in Footnotes ........ 313
Examples of Modified Citations ........................... 314
Changing Existing Citations............................................. 315
Editing Citations .................................................... 315
Unformatting Citations ......................................... 316
Moving or Copying Citations ............................... 318
Deleting Citations .................................................. 318
Generating Bibliographies................................................ 319
Basic Instructions ................................................... 319
Instant Formatting ................................................. 320
Formatting the Bibliography and/or Changing
Bibliography Settings ...................................... 321
Adding Styles to the Output Styles List .............. 324
Reformatting Papers .............................................. 326
Creating a Bibliography from Multiple Docs ...... 326
Directly Editing Bibliographies ............................ 327
Moving Bibliographies .......................................... 328
Deleting Bibliographies ......................................... 328
Inserting and Formatting Figures and Tables............... 328
Notes About Formatting Figures and Tables ...... 329
Finding and Inserting Figures and Tables ........... 330
Updating Figures and Tables ................................ 333
Placing Figures and Tables ................................... 335
Moving Figures and Tables ................................... 336
Deleting a Figure Citation or Figure List ............. 338
Figure and Table Preferences................................ 339
Setting Cite While You Write Preferences ..................... 339
Making Changes to the EndNote Library ...................... 340
Finding Cited References in a Library ................. 340
Editing a Reference in the Library........................ 340
Deleting a Reference From the Library ................ 341
Sharing Your Word Documents ....................................... 342
The Traveling Library............................................ 342
Exporting Word’s Traveling Library to an
EndNote Library .............................................. 343
Converting Word 2007 Citations to EndNote ..... 344
Working on Different Computers ........................ 344
Saving Files for Other Versions of Word and
Other Word Processors ................................... 345
Submitting the Final Paper to a Publisher ........... 346
Removing Field Codes........................................... 346
280 Chapter 11: Using EndNote with Microsoft Word

Overview of the Cite While You Write
Process
This chapter describes how to Cite While You Write ™ (CWYW)
with Microsoft® Word 2003 or 2007 to easily and quickly cite
references, figures, and tables, and create a paper with properly
formatted citations, a bibliography, figures, and tables. Cite
While You Write gives you access to EndNote references and
formatting commands with either an EndNote X2 submenu on
Word’s Tools menu, or, in Word 2007, with an EndNote tab.
You can start by basing your paper on a predefined Manuscript
Template that is set up with publishing rules applied, as
described on page 292. Then, insert a citation into the document.
A bibliography formatted according to any one of hundreds of
styles is created. Instant formatting technology can
automatically update your citations and bibliography as you
write. You can even insert figures and tables found in EndNote
references.
A Traveling Library allows you to reformat references in your
Word document even when your EndNote library is not
available. If you are collaborating with other authors, you can
rely on the Traveling Library to supply reference information.
See “The Traveling Library” on page 342 for more information.
You can use your EndNote desktop application or EndNote Web
to Cite While You Write. For more information about using
EndNote Web to Cite While You Write, see “Using Cite While
You Write with EndNote Web” on page 576.
Word To Cite While You Write, you must use Microsoft Word 2003 or
Processor 2007. Cite While You Write can convert and use Word
documents that previously used the EndNote Add-in or earlier
Compatibility versions of Cite While You Write, although we recommend that
you first unformat those documents.
Word 2003 displays Cite While You Write commands on a
Tools>EndNote X2 submenu. Word 2007 displays Cite While You
Write commands on an EndNote tab.
If you use a word processor other than Word, or an older version
of Word, save your document as an RTF file and use Format
Paper. See Chapter 12.
Chapter 11: Using EndNote with Microsoft Word 281

To create a stand-alone bibliography that is not based on the
citations in a paper, see “Independent Bibliographies” on
page 370 in Chapter 13.
NOTE: Only one word processor at a time should be open when

inserting citations and formatting documents.
Basic The basic steps required to cite a reference and generate a

Instructions bibliography with Microsoft Word 2003 or 2007 are summarized
below. These procedures are described in more detail later in this
chapter.
To Cite While You Write:
1. Open the EndNote library or libraries that contain the
references you wish to cite.
2. Start Microsoft Word and open the paper you are writing.
(We recommend using the template wizard to create your
Word documents as described under “Using Predefined
Manuscript Templates” on page 291.)
3. When you are ready to cite a source, position the cursor in
the text where you would like to put the citation.
4. Word 2003: Go to the Tools menu in Word, then the EndNote
X2 submenu, and select Find Citation(s).
Insert Citation and select Find Citation(s).

An EndNote Find Citations dialog appears, which shows the
previous search results.
5. In the Find box, enter identifying text for EndNote to locate

the appropriate reference. This could be an author’s last
name, a year, a keyword, or any other combination of terms
found in the reference.
6. Click Search and EndNote compares the identifying text to
your EndNote references and then lists the matching
reference(s).
7. Identify, highlight, and Insert the appropriate reference(s).
8. Go back to step 3 to insert the next citation, and continue
citing references this way.
NOTE: When Instant Formatting is turned on, each time you insert a
citation it is formatted and a bibliography is updated at the end of your
document. When you are done inserting citations, your document is
done! Instant Formatting is turned on by default. To find out more about
this setting, see “Instant Formatting” on page 320.
9. If your citations are not automatically formatted, and a

bibliography is not updated each time you insert a citation:
Word 2003: Go to the Tools menu in Word, then the EndNote
X2 submenu, and select Format Bibliography.
Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in the Bibliography group,
click the corner arrow dialog box launcher.

Even when Instant Formatting applies, you may want to
update the bibliography in order to change the style or
layout of your citations and bibliography.
A Format Bibliography dialog appears, where you can
change, or simply verify, the style and layout of the
bibliography.
NOTE: The dialog lists the styles that are currently selected as your
“favorites” in the Style Manager. If you need to choose a style that is not
in the list, click Browse to locate it.
10. Click OK. EndNote scans your paper and, using the selected
style, formats temporary citations, updates formatted
citations, and appends a bibliography to the end of the
paper.
Your paper is ready for publication!
If you want to insert figure or table citations, see “Inserting and
Formatting Figures and Tables” on page 328.
Notes about Microsoft Word
Installing Cite EndNote’s installation program installs Cite While You Write
While You support for Microsoft Word 2003 or 2007. If you install Word
after installing EndNote, you must either reinstall EndNote or
Write Support Repair or Modify your installation. For more information, see
in Word “No EndNote commands in Word” on page 635.

EndNote commands appear on an EndNote X2 submenu of the
Tools menu in Word 2003. In Word 2007, EndNote commands
appear on an EndNote tab on the ribbon.
The CWYW When Cite While You Write is installed, several EndNote
Commands in commands appear on an EndNote X2 submenu of the Tools menu
in Word:
Word 2003
Word 2003 Tools menu and EndNote X2 submenu
When you choose an EndNote command from the menu, the

EndNote program starts (if not already running) and a Cite While
You Write submenu becomes active on EndNote’s Tools menu,
displaying some of the same EndNote commands available in
Word.
NOTE: When you use Cite While You Write Preferences to choose
EndNote Web as the active Cite While You Write Application, an
EndNote Web submenu appears on the Tools menu in Word. The
EndNote Web submenu contains a smaller set of CWYW commands.
These are brief descriptions of the Cite While You Write

commands found on the EndNote X2 submenu of Word’s Tools
menu:
Find Citation(s) Search for EndNote references to select and
insert as citations in your Word document. See page 298 for
more information.
Go To EndNote Bring EndNote to the front of your screen.
This command launches EndNote if it is not already running.
Format Bibliography Format (or reformat) your paper
according to the rules of the selected style. The formatting

process replaces the temporary citations in your paper with
formatted citations, and builds a bibliography at the end of
the document. See page 319 for more information.
NOTE: By default, Instant Formatting is turned on, so your citations and

bibliography are automatically formatted as you work.
Insert Selected Citations Insert a citation for each reference

currently selected in the open EndNote library. You can
insert up to 50 consecutive in-text citations.
Edit Citations Edit existing individual or multiple citations.
You can omit author and/or year from citations, or add
prefix or suffix text (such as page numbers) to citations. See
page 315 for more information.
Insert Note Add custom text citations to your Word
document. See page 305 for more information.
Edit Library Reference(s) Select citations in your Word
document, then choose this command to directly edit the
corresponding references in EndNote.
Unformat Citation(s) Unformat a selected citation before
editing it, or unformat the whole document. This removes
style formatting for the selected citations, and leaves
temporary citations which usually consist of the author’s last
name, the year, and the record number surrounded by
delimiters. See page 316 for more information.
Remove Field Codes Save a copy of your document without
formatted Cite While You Write field codes. Formatted
citations and the bibliography are saved as text. See page 346
for more information.
Export Traveling Library Create an EndNote library from
the references used in a paper. See page 343 for more
information.
Find Figure(s) Search for an EndNote reference that contains
a figure, and insert a figure or table citation in your Word
document. The citation is numbered, and the figure or table
is automatically added to the document. See page 330 for
more information.
Generate Figure List Update your figure and table citations
plus the formatted figures and tables found within the body
of the document or in a list at the end of the document. See
Cite While You Write Preferences Change general Cite
While You Write preferences, change the EndNote keyboard
shortcuts available in Word, change figure and table settings,

or switch to EndNote Web Cite While You Write. See
Help Display help specifically about Cite While You Write
features.
You may prefer to execute these commands from the keyboard.
Note the keyboard shortcuts defined under Cite While You Write
Preferences.
You can also use the corresponding EndNote X2 toolbar in Word
for easy access.
The title that appears on the toolbar indicates which EndNote

application is in use to Cite While You Write: EndNote (your
desktop application) or EndNote Web. For more information
about EndNote Web, see Chapter 20, “Transferring Between
EndNote Desktop and EndNote Web Libraries.”
NOTE: Several Cite While You Write commands also appear on the
Tools menu in EndNote. To use these commands from within EndNote,
you must use at least one Cite While You Write command from within
Word during the current session.
The CWYW When Cite While You Write is installed, several EndNote
Commands in commands appear on an EndNote tab in Word 2007.
Word 2007 Word 2007 EndNote tab

When you choose an EndNote command from the tab, the
EndNote program starts (if not already running) and a Cite While
You Write submenu becomes active on EndNote’s Tools menu,
displaying some of the same EndNote commands available in
Word.
NOTE: When you use Cite While You Write Preferences to choose
EndNote Web as the active Cite While You Write Application, an
EndNote Web tab appears in Word. The EndNote Web tab displays a
smaller set of CWYW commands than the EndNote desktop
application.
Below are brief descriptions of the Cite While You Write

commands that are found on the EndNote tab on the ribbon in
Word 2007.
Citations Group
Insert Citation > Find Citation(s) Search for EndNote
references to select and insert as citations in your Word
Insert Citation > Insert Note Add custom text citations to
your Word document. See page 305 for more information.
Insert Citation > Insert Selected Citations Insert a citation
for each reference currently selected in the open EndNote
library. You can insert up to 50 consecutive in-text citations.
Insert Citation > Find Figure(s) Search for an EndNote
reference that contains a figure, and insert a figure or table
citation in your Word document. The citation is numbered,
and the figure or table is automatically added to the
Go To EndNote Bring EndNote to the front of your screen.
This command launches EndNote if it is not already running.
Edit Citations Edit existing individual or multiple citations.
You can omit author and/or year from citations, or add
prefix or suffix text (such as page numbers) to citations. See
Edit Library Reference(s) Select citations in your Word
document, then choose this command to directly edit the
corresponding references in EndNote.

Bibliography Group
Style Select an output style from the list to format (or
reformat) your paper according to the rules of the selected
style. The styles listed are marked as “favorites” in the
output style manager.
Update Citations and Bibliography Format (or reformat)
your paper according to the rules of the selected style. The
formatting process replaces the temporary citations in your
paper with formatted citations, and builds a bibliography at
the end of the document. This command also updates your
figure and table citations plus the formatted figures and
tables found within the body of the document or in a list at
the end of the document. See page 319 for more information.
Convert Citations and Bibliography > Convert to
Unformatted Citations Unformat a selected citation before
editing it, or unformat the whole document. This removes
style formatting for the selected citations, and leaves
temporary citations which usually consist of the author’s last
name, the year, and the record number surrounded by
delimiters. Use Update Citations and Bibliography to format the
paper again. See page 316 for more information.
Convert Citations and Bibliography > Convert to Plain Text
Save a copy of your document without formatted Cite While
You Write field codes. Formatted citations and the
bibliography are saved as text. See page 346 for more
information.
Convert Citations and Bibliography > Convert Word 2007
Citations to EndNote Convert any Word 2007 citations in
this document to EndNote Cite While You Write citations.
Format Bibliography Click the arrow in the bottom right
corner of the Bibliography section to display a tabbed dialog
of formatting options. When you click OK to leave the dialog,
EndNote formats (or reformats) your paper according to the
rules of the selected style. See page 319 for more information.
NOTE: By default, Instant Formatting is turned on, so your citations and

bibliography are automatically formatted as you work.
Tools Group
Export to EndNote > Export Traveling Library Create an
EndNote library from the references used in your paper. See
Export to EndNote > Export Word 2007 Citations Create an
EndNote library from the Word 2007 citations found in the
document.

Export to EndNote > Export Word 2007 Master List Create
an EndNote library from the Word 2007 master list of
citations.
EndNote Preferences Change general Cite While You Write
preferences, change the EndNote keyboard shortcuts
available in Word, change figure and table settings, or switch
to EndNote Web Cite While You Write. See page 562 for
more information.
Help Display help about Cite While You Write features.
You may prefer to execute these commands from the keyboard.
Note the keyboard shortcuts defined under Cite While You Write
Preferences.
The title that appears on the tab indicates which EndNote
application is in use to Cite While You Write: EndNote (your
desktop application) or EndNote Web. For more information
about EndNote Web, see Chapter 20, “Transferring Between
EndNote Desktop and EndNote Web Libraries.”
NOTE: Several Cite While You Write commands also appear on the
Tools menu in EndNote. To use these commands from within EndNote,
you must use at least one Cite While You Write command from within
Word during the current session.
Field Codes Cite While You Write places field codes around and inside your
formatted citations in Word. These hidden codes allow EndNote
to format, unformat, and reformat citations within Word.
For example, this formatted citation:

appears with these field codes:
NOTE: We recommend that you not view field codes in Word. If you
choose to view field codes, please do not modify them. Always keep
backups of your papers!
Field codes for formatted citations include a Traveling Library of

the EndNote references cited. The reference data saved with each
citation includes all fields except Notes, Abstract, Figure, and
Caption. This allows you to use the document on a computer that
does not contain a copy of your EndNote library.
EndNote’s Cite While You Write field codes are supported by
Word 2003 and 2007. Once you start using Cite While You Write,
you must take precautions before opening those files in other
word processors or another version of Word. If a formatted
document is opened and saved with an incompatible word
processor, the formatted EndNote citations and bibliography
lose their field codes. When this happens, EndNote cannot
reformat the document.
Before you open a paper in a different word processor or give a
publisher an electronic copy of your final formatted document,
please see “Sharing Your Word Documents” on page 342 for
instructions.
Using Predefined Manuscript Templates

Many predefined Microsoft Word manuscript templates are
supplied with EndNote to ease electronic submissions to
publishers. We provide them as guides to make your writing
process easier, but they are not required in order to use Cite

While You Write. Plus, you can use a manuscript template even
when you do not plan to use Cite While You Write.
When you use one of the templates to start your paper, many
formatting issues are already set up for your target publication,
such as proper margins, headings, pagination, line spacing, title
page, abstract page, graphics placement, and font type and size.
As with bibliographic formats, there are hundreds of variations
between publishers.
Creating a You can start a new Microsoft Word document based on

Word predefined templates either from within EndNote or directly
from Word. You can also copy and edit one of the predefined
Document manuscript templates.
Based on a
Template From Within EndNote
To create a document based on one of the predefined
manuscript templates:
1. Start EndNote.
2. From the Tools menu, select Manuscript Templates.
3. In the File dialog, browse to the Templates folder found in
the EndNote folder. (EndNote should automatically select
this location.)
4. Select and open the template named for a particular editorial
style guide or the publisher to which you intend to submit
your manuscript.
This opens a new document in Microsoft Word that is based
on the template file, and starts a manuscript template wizard
to help you set up your paper.
NOTE: The first time you launch the manuscript template wizard, you
may receive a notice about macros. Accept macros to continue with the
wizard.
5. Enter the information requested by the template wizard. (See

the next section, “Supplying Information to the Template
Wizard” on page 294 for more information.)
As you enter information, the wizard places it in all of the
appropriate places in the document. The windows that
appear, and the information requested, varies depending
upon the publisher.

6. To complete the wizard:
Click Next to continue providing information. If you do
not know how to respond to an information request,
simply click Next to continue with the wizard. You can
later enter the appropriate information in the
designated, bracketed fields in Word.
On the final template wizard window, click Finish to
close the wizard and start writing!
NOTE: You can click Finish at any time to bypass the wizard and start
working in the document. You will need to manually enter information
that would have been inserted by the wizard. Clicking Cancel will stop
the creation of a new document.
The resulting Word document already contains the information

you provided to the wizard. To start entering text into the
document, look for indicators to guide you. See “Writing Your
Paper” on page 295 for tips about writing in the new document.
From Within Word 2003

To use a manuscript template from within Word 2003:
1. Start Microsoft Word.
2. From Word’s File menu, select New.
3. Select the EndNote tab to display the supplied templates.
NOTE: Depending on your version of Word, you may first need to

display the General template tab.
4. Select the template you wish to use, select the radio button to
Create a New Document, and click OK.
5. The EndNote manuscript template wizard will start, as
described earlier, and will lead you through the process of
setting up your paper.
When you complete the wizard, you are ready to start writing!
To edit a manuscript template with Word 2003:
2. From Word’s File menu, select Open.
3. Navigate to EndNote’s Templates folder.
4. Select and Open the manuscript template you wish to
modify. Template filenames end with the extension .DOT.

5. Make changes to the template, and then save a copy of the
file with a new name.
NOTE: Changes to a manuscript template may disable the manuscript

wizard for that template.
From Within Word 2007

To use a manuscript template from within Word 2007:
2. In the upper left corner, click the Office button and then New.
3. In the Templates list, select My templates and click on the
EndNote tab.
4. Select the template you wish to use, select the radio button to
Create New Document, and click OK.
5. The EndNote manuscript template wizard will start, as
described earlier, and will lead you through the process of
setting up your paper.
When you complete the wizard, you are ready to start writing!
To edit a manuscript template with Word 2007:
2. In the upper left corner, click the Office button and then New.
3. In the Templates list, select My templates and click on the
EndNote tab.
4. Select the manuscript template you wish to modify, select
the radio button to Create New Template, and click OK.
Template filenames end with the extension .DOT.
5. Make changes to the template, and then save a copy of the
file with a new name.
NOTE: Changes to a manuscript template may disable the manuscript

wizard for that template.
Supplying The EndNote document template wizard asks you to supply

Information to information, required by the publisher, which the wizard then
places in your document. If the same information is required in
the Template more than one place, you enter it once and the wizard copies it
Wizard as needed to the appropriate places and in the appropriate
format.

Each publisher maintains its own guidelines, and those
guidelines vary greatly. As you follow the wizard, you may be
asked for:
Title
Depending on the publisher, you may be asked to provide the
full title as well as a short title or running header.
Author Contact Information and Affiliation
Publishers typically require author information on title pages,
but they may also require it in acknowledgements or in headers
throughout the document. You should provide information
about each contributing author.
Click Add Author to type information about each contributing
author. You also have the option to click Address Book to link to
an Outlook address book and easily insert existing author
information.
Once you add an author name with contact information, it is
retained in an Authors on File list to use later. For subsequent
papers, you can simply select names from the list.
Select the check box next to the corresponding author (the
contact person).
Keywords
Almost every publisher requires that you provide keywords for
indexing the manuscript. You can either provide your own
keywords, or the publisher may require MeSH terms (the
National Library of Medicine’s Medical Subject Headings).
Sections
The manuscript sections required by the publisher are listed,
such as Abstract, Introduction, Acknowledgements, Reference
List, Tables, and Figures. These requirements vary significantly
between publishers. The wizard lists the required sections, but
you can select or remove sections as needed.
NOTE: If you need help on one of the windows, press the F1 button on
your keyboard to display a context-sensitive help topic.
Writing Your You selected the Word template appropriate for your publisher.
Paper Then, you followed the template wizard to provide basic
information, so your new Word document already contains that
information. Now, you are ready to write your paper.

Tag Line Indicators
To start entering text into the document, look for tag line
indicators to guide you. For example, you may see a tag that
says:
[Insert Introduction text here (no subheadings)]
You can select this tag and overwrite it as you type the
introduction. Next, you may see:
[Insert Acknowledgements here]
Again, select the tag and overwrite it as you type your
acknowledgements.
Most of the sections of the paper are tagged in this way. These
tags may tell you of character limits, indicate whether you
should include subheadings, and contain font and style
formatting. They organize your manuscript and help you follow
the rules of the publisher.
Cite While You Write Markers

There are several instances where a section tag acts as a marker
for Cite While You Write:
Figure Lists: When you insert a figure citation into your
document, and the current output style is set to create a figure
list at the end of the document, the figure list is created at a
[Figures] tag. To change the position of the figures in your
document, or to move the figure list to a separate file, see
“Placing Figures and Tables” on page 335.
Table Lists: When you insert a figure citation where the image
comes from EndNote’s Chart or Table reference type, and the
current output style is set to create a table list at the end of the
document, the table list is created at a [Tables] tag. To change the
position of the tables in your document, or to move the table list
to a separate file, see “Placing Figures and Tables” on page 335.
Bibliographies: When you insert an in-text reference citation in
the body of your document, the bibliography is created at the
[References] tag.
The manuscript template applies a corresponding output style to
the bibliography. For example, the Nature manuscript template
would use the Nature output style to format the bibliography,
although you can apply a different output style if you wish.

Citing Sources As You Write
You can enter EndNote temporary citations into a paper at any
time, but most writers prefer entering citations as they write the
paper rather than waiting to insert them after the text is written.
Forms of A “citation” is the brief bibliographic information in the body of

Citations a paper that refers the reader to a complete reference in the
bibliography. A citation typically consists of a bibliography
number or the author and year in parentheses:
... of the species at hand1.
... of the species at hand (Argus, 1991).
Citations can appear as either unformatted or formatted in your
Word document.
Unformatted (Temporary) Citations

An unformatted citation is a temporary placeholder, and does
not reflect final output. It may appear after you Find Citation(s)
and Insert, Insert Selected Citation(s), drag-and-drop or copy and
paste citations from EndNote to Word, Unformat Citation(s), or
manually enter unformatted citations. It contains information to
find a unique, corresponding EndNote reference in the currently
open library.
NOTE: If you have Instant Formatting turned on, you may never see an
unformatted citation. Instant Formatting is turned on by default.
An unformatted citation typically consists of the first author’s

last name, year, and the EndNote record number, with citation
delimiters at each end to identify the text:
{Author, Year #Record Number}.
For example:
{Alvarez, 1994 #8}
The unformatted citation makes it easy to identify the record
cited. Even if your final goal is numeric citations, you can see
meaningful information while you are working on your
document.
EndNote relies on these temporary citations to determine which
references to include in the bibliography.

Formatted Citations
The Format Bibliography command uses an output style to convert
all unformatted citations into formatted citations, and reflects
final output.
NOTE: When Instant Formatting is turned on, formatting is done as you

insert citations–but you can still use Format Bibliography to change the
style or layout of your citations and bibliography.
Formatted citations include hidden Word field codes in case you

want to Format Bibliography again later, either after adding more
citations or because you want to format in a different style.
Citations formatted in an Author-Date style might look like this:
(Alvarez 1994; Turnhouse 1987)
This is the same citation formatted in the Numbered style:
[1,2]
You can easily revert from formatted citations back to
unformatted citations at any time. See “Unformatting Citations”
on page 316.
Finding and You can search for EndNote references and insert them without
Inserting ever leaving Word.
Citations This is the easiest way to find and insert a citation into a Word
document:
1. Open the EndNote libraries that contain the references you
wish to cite.
2. Open the Word document and position the cursor at the
location where you would like the citation.

3. Word 2003: From Word’s Tools menu, select the EndNote X2
submenu and Find Citation(s) to display the EndNote Find
Citations dialog.
Insert Citation and then Find Citation.
4. In the Find text box, enter text to identify the reference you
wish to cite. EndNote assumes an “and” between each word,
and will search all fields in your records.
5. Click Search, and EndNote compares the text to text in your
EndNote references and lists the matching reference(s).
6. Identify, highlight, and Insert the appropriate reference(s).
If no references match your text, you need to modify your
search text and click Search again.
Citations are inserted directly into your paper in the same font as
the surrounding text. Once a citation is inserted, it contains
complete reference information in hidden codes.
You can insert citations in an existing manuscript or as you write.
Remember to Save your document as you work.
To format your citations and generate a bibliography, see
“Generating Bibliographies” on page 319. In most cases, Instant
Formatting applies as you insert citations.

Finding and To find and insert a citation from highlighted text:
Inserting from 1. As you are typing in Word, enter text to identify the
Highlighted reference you wish to cite, and highlight that text.
Text 2. Word 2003: From Word’s Tools menu, select the EndNote X2
submenu and Find Citation(s) to display the EndNote Find
Citations dialog.
EndNote inserts your highlighted text into the Find box. Use the
Find Citation(s) dialog as described above under “Finding and
Inserting Citations.”
Inserting To insert references selected in EndNote:

Selected 1. Open the Word document and position the cursor at the
Citations location where you would like the citation.
2. Word 2003: From the Tools menu in Word, go to the EndNote
X2 submenu and then Go to EndNote.
Go to EndNote.
3. Highlight the desired reference(s) in your EndNote library.
4. Word 2003: From the Tools menu in EndNote, select the Cite
While You Write submenu and choose Insert Selected
Citation(s).
Insert Citation and then Insert Selected Citation(s).
Using Drag- You can drag selected citations from your EndNote library and
and-Drop or drop them into your paper at the desired location for the citation.
Copy and Paste You can also copy citations from the EndNote Library window
and paste them into the document (using Copy from EndNote’s
Edit menu and then Paste from Word’s clipboard).
Manually You can manually type temporary citations if you prefer. See
Inserting “Typing Citations into Your Paper” on page 307 to learn what
types of citations EndNote recognizes.
Citations

Inserting There are several ways to insert multiple references in one in-text
Multiple citation. When formatted, they appear as one multiple citation,
sorted as your bibliographic style requires:
Citations
Unformatted: {Hall, 1988 #77; Baker, 1988 #16}
Formatted: (Baker, 1988; Hall, 1988)
EndNote can insert up to 50 consecutive in-text citations.
NOTE: If one of the citations in a multiple citation is not matched during

formatting, the entire citation remains unformatted. Notes cannot be
inserted as part of a multiple citation.
To insert multiple citations from Word:

X2 submenu and select Find Citation(s).
2. Enter a generic search term that will find the references you
want, and click Search.
3. Hold down the CTRL key while clicking on the desired
references in the list (or hold down the S HIFT key to select a
continuous range of references) in order to highlight the
references.
4. Click Insert.
To insert multiple selected citations from EndNote:
1. In EndNote, hold down the C TRL key while clicking on the
desired references in your library (or hold down the SHIFT
key to select a continuous range of references).

2. Word 2003: From EndNote’s Tools menu, go to the Cite While
You Write submenu and choose Insert Selected Citation(s).
Insert Citation and then Insert Selected Citation(s).
To insert multiple citations individually:
Another option is to insert citations individually, but
immediately next to each other. Cite While You Write merges
adjacent citations during formatting. Citations do not merge if
any character separates them–including a space or punctuation
mark.
Unformatted: {Hall,1988 #77}{Baker, 1988 #16}
Merged when Formatted: (Baker, 1988; Hall, 1988)
NOTE: You can add citations to an existing in-text citation, or change

the order of citations within the delimiters with the Edit Citations dialog.
To insert, remove, or edit citations within an existing in-text

citation:
1. Click on the formatted citation.
submenu and Edit Citation(s) to display the EndNote Edit
Citation dialog.
Edit Citation(s).
All of the cited references in the document are listed in the

left column of the dialog. An ellipses shows where a citation

appears within text. The line below shows the cited
reference(s).
3. Highlight a citation, and then:
Click Remove to delete it.
Click Insert to insert another citation within the same set
of delimiters.
Use the arrow buttons to change the order of the citation
in a multiple citation. (If a Citation Sort Order is applied
by the current output style, changing the order of
citations in a multiple citation has no effect.)
You can use the other features on this dialog as described on
page 303.
Inserting From You can cite references from multiple libraries. Simply open the
Multiple selected libraries before you begin inserting citations.
Libraries If possible, though, we recommend that you use a single library

when writing a paper. Keeping all of your references in one
library simplifies the writing process because you know exactly
where to find each reference, there is little likelihood of duplicate
references, and you only need to have one library open when
inserting citations.
NOTE: If you plan to insert citations from more than one library into a
paper, read about the “Merge Duplicates in Bibliography” preference in
the “Preferences” chapter on page 546.
Customizing There may be cases where you want individual citations to differ
Individual from the standard format. You may want to remove the year or
author from a citation if either was mentioned in the context of
Citations the sentence. Or, you might want to add a page reference or
comment before or after the citation.
For example, assume a formatted citation looks like this:
Hall’s discovery (Hall, 1988)
You can omit the author’s name from the citation:
Hall’s discovery (1988)
You can omit the date from the citation:
the 1988 discovery (Hall)

You can add a suffix with page number to the citation:
the discovery (Hall, 1988 p.4)
You can add a prefix to the citation:
the discovery (see Hall, 1988)
To customize a formatted citation:
1. Insert and format the citation.
2. Click on the formatted citation.
Citation dialog.
Edit Citation(s).

reference(s).
4. Highlight the citation you want to customize.
5. Customize as needed:
Exclude Author: Select this to omit the author name
from the formatted citation.
Exclude Year: Select this to omit the date from the
formatted citation.
Prefix: Enter text here to print immediately before the
citation text (spaces are significant).

Suffix: Enter text here to print after the citation text
(spaces are significant). You can enter page numbers
here if you always want them to print after the citation.
Pages: Page numbers entered here are considered
entered into a “Cited Pages” field, so they can be
manipulated on output just like any other EndNote field.
In order to print, the Cited Pages field must be listed in
the citation template and/or footnote template of your
output style. This is typically used to print the page
numbers within a full footnote citation. Most EndNote
styles that require a special format for citations in
footnotes are already configured this way. For
information about how to modify your output style to
include Cited Pages, see Chapter 16.
6. Click OK to implement the change(s) to the citation.
Including Some journal styles (such as Science) require that you include
Notes in the notes along with the list of works cited at the end of the
document. In such a system, notes are numbered just like
List of citations, and are included in the reference list in order of
References appearance, along with bibliographic references.
Including notes in this way makes sense only when you are
formatting your paper with a numbered style (not an author-
date style).
To insert text as a numbered note in the reference list:
1. Position the cursor at the location in your text where you
would like the number indicating the note.
submenu and select Insert Note to display the EndNote Insert
Note dialog.
Insert Citation and then Insert Note.
3. Type your note text into the text box. There is no limit on the
amount of text you can enter.
4. Click OK to insert a numbered note.

When your paper is formatted by EndNote using a numbered
style, the note text is assigned a number and listed along with the
references at the end of the paper.
The way that notes are displayed when unformatted can be
changed in the Temporary Citations preferences (see page 540).
To manually type text as a numbered note in the reference list:
1. Type the text into the body of your document where you
would want the number for the note to appear.
2. Be sure to surround the entire section of text with your
Temporary Citation Delimiters (curly braces by default),
and begin it with “NOTE:”. For example:
{NOTE: The authors would like to
acknowledge the support of...}
Restrictions on the Use of the “NOTE” Feature:
This feature requires that a numbered style be used for
formatting; otherwise, the note appears as text in the body of
your paper.
Enter text only. Do not enter graphics, equations, or symbols.
Do not use the temporary citation delimiters as part of the
text of the note. Other markers, such as the record number
marker, the prefix marker, and the multiple citation
separator may be used.
Notes cannot be combined with regular bibliographic
citations within the same set of delimiters (such as
parentheses or brackets). They must be cited separately—
each in its own set of delimiters.
Inserting If you need to add one or more citations to a paper that has
Citations into a already been formatted, simply insert the new citations into the
text (as described earlier in this chapter) and choose Format
Formatted Bibliography when you are ready to update the bibliography and
Paper citations.
To add a new reference to an existing citation, insert the new
reference next to (not within) the existing citation, like this:
(Hockney and Ellis, 1996){Argus, 1984 #1}

Adjacent citations are merged during formatting, and the
formatted citations are sorted according to the style:
(Argus, 1984; Hockney and Ellis, 1996)
NOTE: Do not insert a citation into the middle of a formatted citation.

Insert it immediately before or after the existing citation, with no space
between them.
Citing Once you have created a footnote or endnote in Word, you can
References in cite references in that footnote or endnote just like you cite them
in the body of the document.
Footnotes and
To cite a reference in a footnote or endnote:
Endnotes
1. Use the appropriate command in Word to create the footnote
or endnote. (EndNote does not create the footnote or endnote
in the document, but is used to insert and format citations in
the note.)
2. Position the cursor in the footnote or endnote where you
would like the citation(s) to appear.
3. Insert the citation as you normally would.
The EndNote style that is selected when you choose Format
Bibliography determines how citations in footnotes and endnotes
are formatted. EndNote can format these citations as brief in-text
citations or like complete references in the bibliography. It can
also create a special format specific to footnotes or endnotes,
including options like “Ibid.” and other variations of shortened
references when a citation appears more than once in the
footnotes or endnotes. See Chapter 16 for more information, and
“Bibliography and Footnote Templates” on page 433.
If you are citing full references in footnotes, you can include
specific page numbers to be formatted like a regular EndNote
field. See “Customizing Individual Citations” on page 303. Or, if
you are manually typing citations, see “Citing Specific Page
Numbers in Footnotes” on page 313.
Typing Citations into Your Paper

There are many ways to insert citations in your paper, as
discussed previously in this chapter. The most flexible way is to
manually type temporary citations directly into your paper.
Your hands never have to leave the keyboard.

The rules described in this section govern how EndNote
recognizes and interprets temporary (unformatted) citations.
Use these rules when typing temporary citations directly into
your document.
NOTE: Even when Instant Formatting is enabled, it is not triggered

when you manually type a reference into a document. You must use the
Tools>EndNote X2 menu (or the EndNote tab in Word 2007) and either
insert another reference with the Find Citation(s) command or choose
Format Bibliography to format or update citations and a reference list
(you can use Update Citations and Bibliography in Word 2007).
Notes About Each citation must match only one reference in the library.
Temporary When Instant Formatting is turned off, a temporary citation
Citations is enclosed in citation delimiters and typically includes the
first author’s last name, the year of publication, and the
record number for that reference: {Schwartz, 1990 #5}.
Within one set of citation delimiters you can have several
citations separated by semicolons:
{Schwartz, 1990 #5; Billoski, 1992 #28}.
Curly braces (“{” and “}”) are the default temporary citation
delimiters, although they can be changed (see page 541).
EndNote looks for these markers to find citations in your
word processing documents.
In addition to the citation delimiters, these are other possible
components to a temporary citation: Author, Year, Record
Number, Prefix Text, Suffix Text, and any other text found in
the record.
Any part of a temporary citation can be omitted, as long as
enough information remains to match just one reference in
the library. If you omit an author or year from a temporary
citation, those components are omitted from the formatted
citation as well—although you can change this preference.
(See “Omitting Authors or Years from Citations” on
page 310.)
Components The typical EndNote temporary (unformatted) citation consists

of a Temporary of an author’s last name, a year, and a record number, all
enclosed in citation delimiters. However, temporary citations
Citation can take on various other formats.
Temporary citations must begin and end with the opening and
closing citation delimiters, but the other components of a
temporary citation can vary.

You can type any string of text found in the reference, as in:
{dinosaur extinction}
Or, you can type any of these items in this order (comma
placement is significant):
{Prefix \Author, Year #Record Number Suffix}
{Prefix \Author, Year, Any Text, Suffix}
Each component is briefly described below; more detailed
information follows.
Author’s Last Name: Only the last name of one author is
listed in a temporary citation. It can be any author associated
with the reference, and not just the first author. Include a
comma after the author’s name to limit the search only to
author fields:
{Schwartz, 1990}
Year: The year should appear exactly as it does in the
reference, and it should be preceded by a comma. Even if you
leave out the author name, include a comma before the year
to limit the search to the Year field:
{, 2001}
Record Number: The record number is EndNote’s unique
number for a reference. It is the only part of a temporary
citation that you can count on to always identify just one
reference in your library. The record number must be
preceded by a number sign:
{Jones, 1987 #84}
Any Text: Any text that appears in the reference can be used
to help EndNote locate the reference in the library. In order
for this to be helpful, choose words that are unique to that
reference. Enter the specific text only, or enter the text in
place of the record number part of the temporary citation
and after a second comma:
{greenhouse}
{Schwartz, 1990, greenhouse}
{Schwartz, , greenhouse}
In the third example, where the date is omitted, you must
insert a space between the two commas or EndNote will not
recognize any citation matches.

Prefix Text: To add text to print before the formatted
citation, type the text immediately after the opening brace
and then a backslash “\” to separate prefix text from the
search text:
{see \Jones, 1987 #84}
Suffix Text: To add text to print after a formatted citation,
enter the suffix text immediately after the record number or
enter a third comma after the search text and then type the
suffix text:
{Smith, 1995 #98 p.293}
{Smith, 1995, dinosaur, p.293}
NOTE: For an easy way to modify individual Cite While You Write
citations once they are formatted, see “Customizing Individual
Citations” on page 303.
Omitting While your style may normally include the author’s name and
Authors or date in each in-text citation, you may want to omit the author
and/or year from a particular citation. This is useful if you have
Years from mentioned the author or year in the context of the sentence and
Citations do not want to repeat the information in the citation.
To remove the author’s name or date from a citation, simply
leave that information out of the unformatted citation.
To omit the author’s name, enter:
...Wyatt’s recent discovery {, 1993 #38}.
which will format as:
...Wyatt’s recent discovery (1993).
To omit the date, enter:
...about his 1993 discovery {Wyatt, #38}.
which will format as:
...about his 1993 discovery (Wyatt).
NOTE: Numbered citations do not print the author name or year in any
case, so these settings would be ignored.
If you want a reference to appear in your bibliography, but not

as a citation in your paper, you can exclude both the author and
year, leaving only the record number. When you format your
paper with a style that formats authors and years in the citations,

this particular citation will not display in text, but will be
included in the bibliography.
However, if you would rather have the author and year appear
in the formatted citation regardless of whether or not they are in
the temporary citation, choose Preferences from EndNote’s Edit
menu, select the Formatting option, and uncheck the setting to
“Omit Author and/or Year from formatted citation if removed
from temporary citation.” With this setting turned off, you may
enter just the record number “{#34}” as a temporary citation, and
still format the paper accurately with a style that requires
authors and years in the in-text citations.
NOTE: For an easy way to modify individual Cite While You Write
citations once they are inserted, see “Customizing Individual Citations”
on page 303.
Citation You can type a prefix in front of any unformatted in-text citation,
Prefixes using a backslash to separate the prefix text from the reference.
For example, an in-text citation such as:
{see also \Hall, 1988 #77}
formatted in the APA style would be:
(see also Hall, 1988)
When there is only one prefix in a multiple citation and it is at the
beginning of the citation, it will stay there regardless of how the
citations are sorted. For example, this citation:
{e.g. \Hall,1988 #77; Argus, 1991 #11}
after being formatted in the APA style will appear as:
(e.g. Argus, 1991; Hall, 1988)
If the prefix is not at the beginning of the multiple citation, or if
there is more than one prefix in a multiple citation, the prefix text
remains with the reference it precedes. For example, this citation:
{Argus, 1984 #11; especially \Hall, 1988 #77}
formatted in the Author-Date style will be:
(Argus, 1984; especially Hall, 1988)

Changing the Citation Prefix Marker
You can change the prefix marker from a backslash to another
character by choosing Preferences from EndNote’s Edit menu,
selecting the Temporary Citations option, and changing the
character in the “Citation Prefix Marker” box. Use a character
that is not otherwise used in the citations. Letters, numbers,
semicolons, “@” and commas cannot be prefix markers. See
“Temporary Citations” on page 540 for more information.
Citation Text typed after the record number or search text in an

Suffixes unformatted citation appears immediately after the citation
when it is formatted. For example, these citations:
{Hall, 1988 #77, p. 5}
{Smith, 1995, dinosaur,, p.293}
after being formatted in the APA style will appear as:
(Hall, 1988, p. 5)
(Smith, 1995, p.293)
In multiple citations, the suffix text remains with the citation that
it follows, even if the citations are sorted differently during the
formatting process. For example, this citation:
{Hall, 1988 #77 p. 5; Argus, 1991 #11}
formatted in the Author-Date style will be:
(Argus, 1991; Hall, 1988 p. 5)
Including In order to print an actual semicolon or the prefix marker (\) as

Semicolons & part of a citation, type an accent grave (`) before the character.
The accent grave tells EndNote to treat the following character as
Other Citation regular text, and not as a significant character for parsing the
Delimiters in a citation. For example, to create a citation that is formatted as
Citation “(see Figure 1; Jackson, 1994)” the unformatted citation must
look like this: {see Figure 1`; \Jackson, 1994 #28}. The ` character
before the semicolon tells EndNote not to treat the semicolon as
a separator between citations.

Citing Specific When citing full references in footnotes, you might want to
Page Numbers include specific page numbers. EndNote provides a way to do
this where the page numbers that you type into a temporary
in Footnotes citation can be manipulated by the EndNote style just like a field
in your EndNote reference. You can add specific pages to the
temporary citation, and have the EndNote style include them
wherever they need to be in the formatted citation. The style can
also apply special pages formatting, like deciding whether to
add “p.” or “pp.” before the page numbers, and how to list the
range of pages.
The easiest way to add cited pages is to use the Edit Citation
dialog. See “Customizing Individual Citations” on page 303.
To manually include specific page numbers to a reference in an
unformatted footnote citation, simply enter the page number
preceded by “@” at the end of the temporary citation:
{Smith, 1999 #24 @145-6}
All text that follows the @ symbol (up to the next space) is
considered the “Cited Pages.” You must also configure the
EndNote style used to format the paper to use “Cited Pages” in
the footnote template. Most EndNote styles that require a special
format for citations in footnotes are already configured this way.
When EndNote formats the citation, the cited pages (“145-6” in
the example above) are inserted in the correct location and
formatted as appropriate for the style. See Chapter 16 for more
information about EndNote’s styles.
NOTE: If you enter page numbers at the end of the temporary citation
without the “@” character, they will still appear in a formatted in-text
citation, but EndNote will not be able to manipulate them by changing
the page format or by moving them to a different position in the
formatted citation. They will simply appear, as entered, at the end of the
formatted in-text citation. This is a perfectly acceptable way to enter
page numbers for in-text citations (or for footnotes formatted just like
your in-text citations). See “Citation Suffixes” on page 312 to see how
this works. This method will not work for citations in footnotes that are
formatted as full bibliographic references or with a special footnote
format. For those cases, you must use the @ symbol to identify the
cited pages in the temporary citation.

Examples of The following examples demonstrate how different
Modified modifications to a temporary citation affect its formatted citation
in either an author/year or numbered style. In the first column
Citations is an example of a modified temporary citation before
formatting, and to the right are two examples of that citation
formatted in different styles.
Examples of Modified Citations

Unformatted Formatted with Formatted Comments
Citation Author-Date with
Numbered
{Hall, #77} (Hall) [1] To remove the year from the formatted citation, simply delete
it from the unformatted citation.
{, 1988 #77} (1998) [1] To remove the author from the formatted citation, delete just
the author’s name from the unformatted citation. Note that
the comma remains in the temporary citation to indicate the
omission of the author.
{#77} No citation appears [1] This temporary citation removes the author and the year
from the formatted citation. When formatted with an author-
date style, the in-text citation is eliminated, but the reference
still appears in the bibliography. Numbered citations appear
as usual.
{Hall,1988 #77 p.4} (Hall 1988 p.4) [1 p.4] To add text after the formatted citation, add it after the record
number in the unformatted citation. With this temporary cita-
tion, the text after the record number, including spaces and
punctuation, is added to the formatted citation.
{see \Hall, 1988 #77} (see Hall 1988) [see 1] To add text before the formatted citation, type the text imme-
diately after the opening curly brace, and type a backslash
“\” to separate the text from the author’s name. (See “Cita-
tion Prefixes” on page 311.)
{Hall, #77, p.4} (Hall, p.4) [1, p.4] This temporary citation eliminates the year from the format-
ted citation, but adds the additional text “, p.4”. Type addi-
tional text after the record number or after a third comma
when using additional search text.

Changing Existing Citations
You can change citations at any time. After making changes,
choose Format Bibliography to (re)format the new or modified
citations and regenerate the bibliography.
Editing Once you have inserted and formatted a citation, you should not
Citations edit it directly (although you can do so, if you feel you must).
Direct edits are lost the next time EndNote formats the
bibliography.
You can almost always get EndNote to format your citations
exactly to your specifications by editing the style, the EndNote
reference, or the citation (as described here).
NOTE: An easy way to omit the Author or Date from an individual

citation is to select the citation, right-click with your mouse, choose Edit
Citation(s) and then Exclude Author or Exclude Year.
To safely edit a formatted citation:

1. Click on the citation you wish to change.
Citation dialog.
Edit Citation(s).


reference(s).
3. Select the appropriate citation from the list at the left of the
dialog (you can scroll through all citations in the document)
and make any of the following changes to the highlighted
citation:
Exclude Author: Select this to omit the author name
from the formatted citation.
Exclude Year: Select this to omit the date from the
formatted citation.
Prefix: Enter text here to print immediately before the
citation text (spaces are significant).
Suffix: Enter text here to print after the citation text
(spaces are significant).
Pages: Enter page numbers here to print as Cited Pages.
To print, the Cited Pages field must be listed in the
citation template or footnote template of the output
style.
4. You can add or remove citations from a multiple citation, or
change the order of citations.
Insert: Use this to add another citation within the same
set of delimiters.
Remove: Highlight a citation and click Remove to delete
it from the in-text citation.
Up and Down Arrows: Highlight a reference and use
the arrows to change the order of display. (If a Citation
Sort Order is applied by the current output style, using
this dialog to change the order of citations in a multiple
citation has no effect.)
5. Click OK to implement your change(s).
After making changes, choose Format Bibliography to (re)format
the new or modified citations and regenerate the bibliography.
Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in the Bibliography group, click
Update Citations and Bibliography or click the corner arrow to
change bibliography preferences and Format Bibliography.
Unformatting Unformatting reverts formatted citations to temporary citations,

Citations removes the bibliography, and turns off instant formatting.

If your citations are formatted in a numbered style, you can
unformat your paper to easily identify citations as you work.
You can format the bibliography again later.
NOTE: Unlike formatted citations, unformatted citations require that

you have the corresponding EndNote library open in order to format the
paper again. Unformatting removes the Traveling Library.
To unformat citations:
1. Determine which citations you want to unformat:
To unformat a particular citation, highlight only that
citation.
If the citation you want to unformat is part of a multiple
citation, highlight the multiple citation. All citations
within the delimiters will be unformatted.
To unformat a section of the document, highlight that
section.
To unformat the entire document, either select nothing
or highlight the entire document.
submenu and Unformat Citation(s).
click Convert Citations and Bibliography and select Convert to
Unformatted Citations.
If you are unformatting the entire document, this unformats
all of the in-text citations and removes the current
bibliography.
You can tell when a paper is unformatted because the citations
appear in the temporary citation format (such as “{Smith, 1999
#25}”).
Unformatted citations are temporary placeholders that do not
reflect final output. You can format the paper again at any time.
To save the formatted paper as text, see “Removing Field Codes”
on page 346.
NOTE: When you unformat citations, Instant Formatting is disabled. To

format your paper, go to the Tools menu, then the EndNote X2
submenu, and choose Format Bibliography. Word 2007: On the
EndNote tab, in the Bibliography group, click the corner arrow.
From the Format Bibliography dialog, you can enable Instant
Formatting again on the Instant Formatting tab.

Moving or You can highlight any text that includes citations, then use the
Copying Clipboard commands to Cut or Copy and then Paste it elsewhere
in the document. You can do this with formatted or temporary
Citations (unformatted) citations.
To move or copy only the citation itself, make sure you highlight
the entire citation (including surrounding delimiters). Then Cut
or Copy and Paste it elsewhere in the document.
Deleting To delete an unformatted citation, simply highlight the entire

Citations citation (including delimiters), and press the backspace or delete
key.
While it is possible to highlight a formatted citation and simply
press the delete key on your keyboard, we do not recommend
you do that. If you do not completely delete the citation and all
associated codes, you could corrupt your document.
To safely delete a formatted citation:
1. Highlight the citation you want to delete.
X2 submenu and select Edit Citation(s) to display the
EndNote Edit Citation dialog.
Edit Citation(s).
reference(s). The citation you highlighted in the document
should be highlighted in the list.
3. In the left column, make sure the highlighted citation is the
one you want to delete.
If the citation is part of a multiple citation, make sure you
select just the citation you want to delete.
4. Click Remove.
5. Click OK.

Generating Bibliographies
Formatting a bibliography serves two functions:
It formats each in-text citation according to the selected
bibliographic style.
It adds a complete bibliography to the document (unless you
override this with a setting in the output style).
The format used for citations and references is determined by the
output style selected.
Basic When you have finished writing your paper in Word, and all of
Instructions your EndNote citations have been inserted into the text, you are
ready for EndNote to format the paper and generate a
bibliography. This can be done in one of these ways:
Instant Formatting actually works as you insert citations, and
is turned on when you first start using Cite While You Write.
EndNote uses the currently selected style to format citations
and update the bibliography each time a citation is inserted.
However, if you want to change the style or layout of
references, you can use the Format Bibliography command.
Format Bibliography allows you to modify bibliography
preferences such as style and layout before formatting your
document. This is also where you enable or disable Instant
Formatting.
Word 2003: From the EndNote X2 submenu on the Tools
menu, select Format Bibliography.
Update Citations and Bibliography is available in Word 2007.
You will find it on the EndNote tab, in the Bibliography
group. EndNote uses the currently selected style to format
citations, the bibliography, plus figures and tables. You
could also simply choose a new style from the Style list in the
Bibliography group.
These are the basic formatting instructions:

X2 submenu and select Format Bibliography.
2. On the Format Bibliography tab, use the With output style
option to select an output style to format references. It is

okay to experiment with different styles because you can
simply reformat again.
3. Click OK to format all citations and build the bibliography.
Instant Instant Formatting works while you write your paper. As you
Formatting insert citations, EndNote uses the currently selected style to
format citations and update the bibliography. By default, Instant
Formatting is enabled the first time you use the Tools>EndNote
X2 menu in Word 2003, or the EndNote tab in Word 2007, to
insert a citation or format the bibliography.
To change the style or layout of references, or to change Instant
Formatting settings, you can use the Format Bibliography
command, which is described in the next section.
In some cases, Instant Formatting is disabled, such as when you
unformat your paper.
Even when Instant Formatting is enabled, it is not triggered
when you manually type a reference into a document. You must
use the Tools>EndNote X2 menu in Word 2003, or the EndNote
tab in Word 2007, to either insert another citation or format the
citations and a reference list.
To use Instant Formatting in Word 2007, smart tags must be
enabled (they are turned on by default).
To verify that Smart Tags are enabled:
Word 2007: Click the Office icon, then Word Options, then
Proofing, then AutoCorrect Options. On the Smart Tags tab,
select the check box titled “Label text with smart tags” and
make sure “In-text Citation (Cwyw Citation Recognizer)” is
selected.
To enable or disable Instant Formatting in the current
document:
2. Click the Instant Formatting tab.
3. Click Turn On or Turn Off to toggle Instant Formatting.

When enabled, you can click the Settings button to change
these Instant Formatting controls:
Scan for temporary citations turns on scanning of

temporary citations. This finds and formats all citations,
including those you may have entered manually. You
can select how often EndNote scans your document.
Check for citation changes turns on background
scanning that looks for citation changes.
Click OK to save changes to the Instant Formatting settings.
4. Click OK to format all citations and build the bibliography.
When Instant Formatting is enabled, leaving the Format
Bibliography dialog--whether you click OK or Cancel--will
always trigger formatting in your document.
NOTE: To turn Instant Formatting on or off for new Word documents,

see “General Preferences” on page 562.
Formatting the You may be halfway through inserting citations, or you may
Bibliography have finished writing your paper. You may have instant
formatting enabled, or you may have manually inserted citations
and/or with formatting disabled. It doesn’t matter. As long as you have
Changing citations entered in your document, you can format your paper
Bibliography at any time. You can reformat after adding more citations or to
change the style or layout settings.
Settings
NOTE: The first time a citation is formatted, the corresponding EndNote
library must be open. After that, EndNote can use the Traveling Library
for reference information. See “The Traveling Library” on page 342 for
more information.

To format citations and generate a bibliography:
2. On the Format Bibliography tab, change or verify these
settings:
Format document: Make sure the appropriate Word

document is selected from the list of open Word documents.
With output style: Select the appropriate output style to
format references. You can experiment by reformatting with
various output styles. To add more output styles to the list,
see “Adding Styles to the Output Styles List” on page 324.
Temporary citation delimiters: These are the opening and
closing delimiters for temporary citations. Make sure they
are unique delimiters, and not characters you would
normally use in your paper. The defaults are curly braces.

3. On the Layout tab, change or verify these settings:
Font and Size: These are the text font and size used for the
bibliography.
Bibliography title: To print a title at the top of your
bibliography, type the title in this text box.
Text Format: Highlight the bibliography title text and then
use the Text Format button to display a dialog where you can
change the format of the highlighted text.
Start with bibliography number: Enter a starting reference
number if you want to number your bibliography.
First line indent and Hanging indent: Use these settings to
set a paragraph indent, a hanging indent, or no indent at all.
The hanging indent applies to the second and subsequent
lines of a reference in the bibliography. Type measurements
as centimeters (cm), inches (in), lines (li), or points (pt).
Line spacing and Space after: Set the Line spacing for
within a reference and the Space after for spacing between
references.
4. On the Instant Formatting tab, you can Turn On or Turn Off
Instant Formatting. See the Instant Formatting section above
5. Click the Libraries Used tab to see which libraries are
referenced in the document. This tab lists the name of the
library or libraries that were used for the formatted citations
within the document. If your document is unformatted, the
list is empty.

6. Click OK to save changes and format your citations and
bibliography.
NOTE: You do not have to verify each tab every time you format. If all
you want to do is change the output style, choose Format Bibliography,
select the output style on the Format Bibliography tab, and click OK.
Word 2007: An easier option is to go to the EndNote tab, look in the
Bibliography group, and simply select a new Style.
Adding Styles The bibliographic style selected on the Format Bibliography dialog
to the Output determines how EndNote formats the citations in your paper
and the references in the bibliography. The style takes care of
Styles List text styles, punctuation, and sorting required for the citations
and bibliography, as well as which fields are included in the
bibliography.
You can use Format Bibliography to select a different style and
reformat your document at any point.
If you do not see the style that you want to use listed in the
Output Style list:
1. In EndNote, go to the Edit menu, choose Output Styles, and
then select Open Style Manager.
close
button
2. Find the style that you need.

You can quickly select a style by typing its name, or
scroll through the list to find what you need.

Click on the column headings to sort the styles by either
name or category. Click a second time to reverse the sort
order.
Type text into the Quick Search text box on the toolbar
and press Enter to search for the style by the name of the
file. You can enter a partial name or the full name.
EndNote will display all matching results.
Use the Find button in the Style Manager window to find
entire categories of styles. For example, click the Find
button and choose Chemistry to display all of the styles in
the category “Chemistry.”
The Style Info item in the information panel can be changed
from Style Info to Style Preview to display a preview of how
the selected style formats EndNote’s sample references.
3. Click in the column box to the left of the style’s name to
choose it as one of your favorites. Or, to mark all of the styles
that are displayed, perhaps a whole category, click Mark All.
All styles marked

as “favorites” Use the Find by
appear on the button to quickly
Output Styles locate categories
menu. of styles or
individual styles.
The Less Info/

More Info option
shows or hides the Choose to
information pane. show the style
preview or
information.
4. Close the Style Manager by clicking the close button or

choosing Close Style Manager from the File menu.
Styles marked as favorites appear in the Output Styles list of
EndNote’s Edit menu as well as the styles list in Word.
All styles can be modified to meet your specifications. You can
also create completely new styles if necessary. See Chapter 16 for
instructions about creating and modifying styles.

Reformatting Adding New Citations to Formatted Papers
Papers If you add more citations to your paper after the formatting
process, you can update the citations and the bibliography by
simply choosing the Format Bibliography command again.
Word 2007: Click Update Citations and Bibliography or click the
corner arrow to bring up the Format Bibliography dialog.
NOTE: You do not need to unformat your citations in order to reformat

them.
Reformatting with Different Styles

To reformat your paper in a different style:
1. Word 2003: Go to the Tools menu, then the EndNote X2
submenu, and choose Format Bibliography again.
Word 2007: You can select a new Style in the Bibliography
group, or click the corner arrow to bring up the Format
Bibliography dialog.
2. Select a new style from the Format Bibliography dialog and
click OK.
Your citations and bibliography are updated for the new
bibliographic style. See “Adding Styles to the Output Styles List”
on page 324 for information about expanding the list of available
styles.
Creating a You can use Word’s Master Document feature to generate a

Bibliography single bibliography from multiple documents. This allows you to
create a cumulative bibliography from any number of book
from Multiple chapters.
Documents To generate a single bibliography:
1. In each of your documents, or chapters, insert your citations
to link them to references in an EndNote library.
2. Word 2003: In each document, go to the Tools menu, then the
EndNote X2 submenu, and choose Unformat Citations to
unformat all of the citations in the document.
click Convert Citations and Bibliography and choose Convert to
Unformatted Citations.
3. Close all of your documents.
4. Create a New document.

5. Use the Outline view to designate the new document as a
master document, then insert and display each of your
chapters as subdocuments. (Check Word’s documentation if
you need step-by-step instructions.)
NOTE: If you have collapsed subdocuments to hide their content in

Outline view, make sure you expand them in order to display the
contents of all subdocuments before continuing.

submenu and select Format Bibliography.
NOTE: Your documents must allow read/write access; they cannot be

designated Read-only (locked).
7. Verify the formatting options and click OK.

EndNote creates the bibliography, using citations from the
master document and all displayed subdocuments, and places it
at the end of the master document. You can move the
bibliography anywhere within the master or subdocuments, and
it will remain in that location even when you reformat.
NOTE: If you choose Word’s Insert > File command and select the
“Link” option to insert a document into the text, EndNote will not format
the linked document when you format the main document. The text from
the linked document will be skipped.
Directly It is always best to make changes to your final bibliography by

Editing correcting the data in the EndNote library, editing the output
style you are using, or adding or deleting citations from your
Bibliographies paper. Then, after making the necessary changes, format the
bibliography to automatically make the corrections.
It is not always possible for EndNote to format the bibliography
exactly as needed, so you might need to manually edit the
formatted bibliography. If you must do this, remember that if
you reformat a paper after editing the bibliography, EndNote
will not preserve your edits. When EndNote reformats a
bibliography, it deletes the existing one and puts a new one in its
place.

You can edit the bibliography as you would any text. The
bibliography may be shaded, but you can still edit it. If you later
reformat the paper, your edits will be gone.
You can add text after the bibliography, but make sure to put it
after the end of the formatted bibliography—outside of the
bibliography field.
NOTE: See the Styles chapter (Chapter 16) for instructions about
editing styles.
Moving Cite While You Write always creates the initial bibliography at
Bibliographies the end of the Word document that it has formatted. If you move
the bibliography to a different location in the document,
EndNote keeps it there even if you reformat the paper. You can
drag-and-drop the bibliography, or, if Instant Formatting is
disabled, you can Cut and Paste the bibliography.
NOTE: When Instant Formatting is enabled, use drag-and-drop to

move a bibliography. If you try to use Cut and Paste, Instant Formatting
will create a new bibliography at the end of the document before you
have a chance to Paste.
Deleting To delete a bibliography, make sure Instant Formatting is

Bibliographies disabled, select the bibliography, and then delete it.
Make sure you drag the cursor across the very beginning of the
bibliography to select the entire bibliography field. Press the
BACKSPACE or DELETE key. You can also Cut the bibliography if
you want to paste it somewhere else.
Inserting and Formatting Figures and

Tables
Once figures are organized in an EndNote library, they are
available for inserting into a manuscript with Cite While You
Write commands. The finishing touch is the automatic creation
of a figure list and/or a table list that presents a sequential list of
all graphics inserted in a manuscript.
A figure citation is a brief numbered citation in the body of a
paper that refers the reader to a figure at the end of the
paragraph or to a figure in a complete list of figures at the end of
the paper.

In-text figure citations are sequentially numbered and formatted
like this:
It includes the word “Figure” (or “Table”), the sequential

number, and surrounding parentheses. The field may be shaded
by Word to help you see citations, but shading does not print.
You can turn field shading off in Word.
The current output style determines the placement of formatted
figures and tables. They appear either within the body of the
paper, directly after †he paragraph where they are cited, or in a
list at the end of the document, after the bibliography.
Notes About Do not use Microsoft Word Captioning in conjunction with

EndNote figure captioning or in-text citations.
Formatting
Figures and Figures found in the Chart or Table reference type are inserted
into word as tables, which are labeled and numbered
Tables separately from figures. (You still use the generic Find Figure
and Generate Figure List commands.)
If you open an existing document that already has figure
citations in the body (that were not inserted with EndNote’s
Find Figure command), those figures will not be included in
the figure list. You will need to add the existing figures to
references in EndNote, and then use the Find Figure
command to insert them into the document.
You can format figures either directly after the paragraph in
which they are cited, or in a list at the end of the document.
See “Placing Figures and Tables” on page 335.
The Instant Formatting that applies to bibliographies does
not apply to figures. In-text figure citations are always
formatted as you insert them, but if you move or delete a
figure citation in your paper, you must manually select
Generate Figure List from the Tools menu to update the
document. Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in the
Bibliography group, choose Update Citations and Bibliography.
Figure and table captions are added from the Caption field in
the EndNote reference.
If more than one in-text figure citation references the same
figure with the same caption, those citations are assigned the

same figure number, and the figure appears only once in a
figure list.
You can manually insert a page break between figures if you
prefer each figure on a separate page. These page breaks will
be remembered if you choose Generate Figure List (or Update
Citations and Bibliography in Word 2007) again.
Finding and You can search EndNote references and insert a graphic or file
Inserting from the Figure field of a reference into your Word document.
The Figure field in your references may be titled Figure or have
Figures and a custom name assigned by you.
Tables
NOTE: The file types accepted are dependent on your version of Word
and other software installed on your computer. For example, some
versions of Word will not accept PDF files.
To insert a graphic or file that is stored in an EndNote

reference:
1. Open the EndNote library that contains the figure you wish
to insert.
2. In the Word document, position the cursor at the location
where you would like the figure citation to appear.
3. Word 2003: From Word’s Tools menu, select the EndNote X2
submenu and Find Figure(s) to display the EndNote Find
Figures dialog.

Insert Citation and then Find Figure.
4. In the Find text box, enter text to identify the reference that
contains the figure. EndNote assumes an “and” between
each word, and will search all fields in your records,
including the Caption field.
5. Click Search, and EndNote compares the text to text in your
EndNote references and lists each matching reference that
contains a figure.
Endnote displays the Author, Year, Title, and Caption field
from each matching reference. Drag the vertical bars
between the column titles to display more or less of a field.
The Caption field should contain a description of the figure.
6. Identify, highlight, and Insert the appropriate figure.
If no references match your text, you need to modify your
search text and click Search again.

EndNote places an in-text figure citation at the cursor location
and inserts and labels the figure itself. For example:
NOTE: Figures found in the Chart or Table reference type are inserted
into word as tables, which are labeled and numbered separately from
figures.
The figure or table number represents the order of the image in

the document.
EndNote inserts the image itself, along with the caption,
immediately after the paragraph that cites it. You can modify the
output style to place figures and tables in lists at the end of the
document, after the bibliography. See “Figures and Tables” on
You can insert figures and tables in an existing manuscript or as
you write. Remember to Save your document as you work.
NOTE: The Instant Formatting that applies to bibliographies does not

apply to figures.In-text figure citations are always formatted as you
insert them, but if you move or delete a figure citation in your paper, you
must manually select Generate Figure List from the Tools menu to
update the document as described next. Word 2007: On the EndNote
tab, in the Bibliography group, choose Update Citations and
Bibliography.

Updating In-text figure citations are always formatted as you insert them.
Figures and By default, they appear directly after the paragraph in which
they are cited. However, you can direct the output style to format
Tables tables and figures in lists at the end of the document.
If you move or delete a figure citation in your paper, you must
manually generate the figure list to update the figure citation
numbering and placement.
Word 2003: From Word’s Tools menu, select the EndNote X2
submenu and choose Generate Figure List. Or, click the Generate
Figure List button on the CWYW toolbar.
Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in the Bibliography group, choose
Update Citations and Bibliography.
EndNote will number each figure and table citation sequentially
in the Word document, as shown in this example:
EndNote also inserts and displays the actual figures (graphics,

figures, tables, charts, equations, or files) and labels them with
figure or table numbers (to match each in-text reference) and
Caption text (up to 245 characters from the Caption field in the
EndNote reference).
If your figures are listed at the end of the document:
In a figure or table list, if more than one citation references
the same figure with the same caption, those citations are
assigned the same figure number, and the figure appears
only once in the list.
You can continue to add figure citations to the Word
document. If you change the position of figure citations in
your document (with the Copy and Paste commands), choose
Generate Figure List again to update figure numbers and the
corresponding figures. Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in
the Bibliography group, choose Update Citations and
Bibliography to update figures and tables.

You can manually insert a page break between figures if you
prefer each figure on a separate page. These page breaks will
be remembered if you generate the figure list again. Or,
direct the output style to always insert page breaks between
figures.
A figure list at the end of the document:

Placing Figures and tables are formatted either after the paragraph
Figures and where cited or in a list at the end of the manuscript. This
placement is determined by the current output style.
Tables
NOTE: Figures from any reference type other than Chart or Table are
inserted and formatted as Figures. Figures from the Chart or Table
reference type are inserted and formatted as Tables. Both are inserted
with the Find Figures command. Both are formatted with Generate
Figure List (in Word 2007, use Update Citations and Bibliography).
Automatic Placement by the Output Style

The selected output style determines where figures and tables
are initially placed in a document and when you Generate Figure
List or Update Citations and Bibliography.
By default, output styles are set up to place figures and tables
immediately after the paragraph in which they are cited. You can
edit individual output styles to place figures and tables either
after the paragraph in which they are cited or in a list at the end
of the document.
For information about editing your output style for figure
placement, see “Figures and Tables” on page 469. The Figures
panel determines the placement of figures and their captions, the
Tables panel determines the placement of tables (figures from
the Chart or Table reference type) and their captions, and the
Separation and Punctuation panel determines image separation
and punctuation of labels and captions.
Selecting a Different Output Style

To apply a different output style in Word:
Word 2003: From the Tools menu, choose EndNote X2 and then
Format Bibliography.
Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in the Bibliography group, you
can directly choose a different style, or click the bottom corner
arrow.
Select an output style on the Format Bibliography tab and click
OK. You can select a different output style even if you have no
bibliographic citations in your paper. If you do have
bibliographic citations, remember that your output style choice
affects both bibliographic citations and figure and table citations.

Cite While You Write Override of the Output Style
As you work in your document, you may adjust the placement of
actual figures and tables by cutting the pictures and pasting
them elsewhere in the document. Normally, when the figure list
is generated again, the output style puts them back in their initial
location! You can override the output style, and tell EndNote to
leave existing figures and tables where they are currently placed.
See “Figures and Tables in Word” on page 564 for information
about Cite While You Write preferences that affect Figures and
Tables.
Moving Moving In-text Figure and Table Citations

Figures and To move or copy a figure or table citation:
Tables 1. Highlight the entire citation, including the surrounding
parentheses. For example:
(Figure 1)
2. Use Copy or Cut from the Edit menu to copy or move the
citation to the Clipboard. (These commands are found in a
Clipboard group in Word 2007.) You could also use drag-
and-drop to move a figure citation.
3 Move the cursor to the new location.
4. Paste the Clipboard contents at the new location.
5. Word 2003: From the Tools>EndNote X2 menu, select Generate
Figure List to renumber the in-text citations and update
figures and tables.
select Update Citations and Bibliography.
The selected output style determines whether figures and
tables appear directly after the paragraph where cited or in a
list at the end of the document. To modify this section of your
output style, see “Figures and Tables” on page 469.
Moving Individual Figures and Tables

To move an individual figure or table within the text of the
manuscript:
1. Cut the figure (or table), including the label and caption, and
Paste it in the appropriate position in your manuscript.

2. Word 2003: In Word, go to the Tools menu and select EndNote
X2>Cite While You Write Preferences.
Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in the Tools group, select
Preferences.
3. On the Figures and Tables tab, select the bottom button for
custom placement of figures and tables and click OK.
4. Word 2003: From the Tools menu, select EndNote X2>Generate
Figure List.
EndNote will update figure and table numbering, but will not
change the position of existing figures and tables.
NOTE: This custom placement is honored only when the current output
style is set up to print figures and tables within the text of the
manuscript. When the output style is set up to list figures and tables in
lists at the end of the document, regenerating the figure list will always
move figures and tables to the appropriate list at the end of the
document.
Moving Figure and Table Lists

When an output style is modified to print figures and tables in a
list at the end of a document, the lists appear after the
bibliography. However, you may want the list to appear
elsewhere in your document. Some publishers even require that
figures be provided in a separate file.

To move a figure or table list elsewhere in your document, such
as before the bibliography:
1. Highlight the entire list, especially the very beginning of the
list which contains a hidden marker.
2. Cut the list to move it to the Clipboard.
3. Move the cursor to the new location.
4. Paste the Clipboard contents at the new location.
Each time you choose Generate Figure List (or Update Citations and
Bibliography in Word 2007), EndNote looks for the beginning
marker, so the list will be updated in its current location.
If multiple in-text figure citations reference the same figure with
the same caption, those citations are assigned the same figure
number, and the figure appears only once in a figure list.
To provide a figure or table list in a separate file:
1. Finalize your manuscript and figure list.
2. Highlight the entire list, and then use the Copy and Paste
commands to paste the list into another Word document.
3. Delete the figure or table list from the manuscript file.
NOTE: Do not choose Generate Figure List or Update Citations and

Bibliography again within either document.
Deleting a To delete a figure or table citation:

Figure Citation 1. Highlight the entire citation, including the surrounding
or Figure List parentheses.
2. Press Backspace or Delete.
3. Word 2003: From the Tools>EndNote X2 menu, select Generate
Figure List to renumber the remaining in-text figure and table
citations and update the formatted figures and tables.
To delete a figure or table list:
To remove a single figure or table from the list, delete the
corresponding in-text figure citation. Then, use Generate Figure
List to generate an updated list at the end of the document.

If you want to completely remove the figure or table list, first
delete all in-text figure citations and update the list with Generate
Figure List or Update Citations and Bibliography. Then, to
completely remove any mention of a figure or table list, highlight
the List of Figures marker or List of Tables marker and press
Delete.
NOTE: Do not delete the figure (picture) itself from the document.
Remove the in-text figure citation and then Generate Figure List or
Update Citations and Bibliography. If you do not remove the in-text
citation, regenerating the figure list will use the in-text citation to display
the picture again!
Figure and For information about output style settings that affect the
Table placement of figures and tables, see “Figures and Tables” on
page 469.
Preferences
For information about Cite While You Write preferences that
override output style settings for figures and tables, see “Figures
and Tables in Word” on page 564.
Setting Cite While You Write Preferences

You can access and set Cite While You Write preferences from
either EndNote or Word. The same dialog appears, and changes
are saved in the same place:
From EndNote’s Tools menu, go to the Cite While You Write
submenu and select CWYW Preferences.
Word 2003: From Word’s Tools menu, go to the EndNote
submenu and select CWYW Preferences.
Preferences.
Cite While You Write preferences include general preferences,
the ability to assign keyboard shortcuts to menu commands, and
the ability to control placement of figures. See “Cite While You
Write Preferences” on page 561 for detailed information about
these preferences.
For information about other EndNote preferences that directly
affect Cite While You Write, see “Temporary Citations” on
page 540 and “Formatting” on page 546.

Making Changes to the EndNote Library
Once you have inserted and formatted citations in Word,
changes to the corresponding EndNote library could affect
reformatting.
Finding Cited You can quickly jump from a bibliographic in-text citation (not a
References in a figure citation) to the corresponding EndNote reference.
Library To find an EndNote reference:

1. Make sure both your Word document and your EndNote
library are open.
2. Highlight the citation(s) in your Word document.
X2 submenu and select Edit Library Reference(s).
Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in the Citations group,
select Edit Library Reference(s).
EndNote opens the corresponding reference for editing.
Editing a You may insert a citation in a Word document, and then later
Reference in edit the corresponding reference in EndNote. Are those changes
reflected in your Word document?
the Library
Your citations and bibliography will reflect the edits the next
time you reformat the paper with the EndNote library open.
Open your document, open your EndNote library, and choose
Format Bibliography from the EndNote X2 submenu on the Tools
menu in Word. Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in the
Bibliography group, select Update Citations and Bibliography.
EndNote will not be able to make the update if the library is not
open during formatting. Instead, it will take the original
reference information from Word’s field codes.
NOTE: The author’s last name and the publication year are both used
to identify a reference, so changes to these items in an EndNote
reference are not reflected in the in-text citation. Cite While You Write
will no longer identify a match between the citation and the reference,
and will use reference information from Word’s field codes (the traveling
library).
If you make changes to a figure in an EndNote reference, you

must manually replace the figure in your Word document.

Deleting a The first time a citation is formatted, EndNote uses information
Reference from the unformatted citation to look in the open library and find
the corresponding reference. If you later reformat, EndNote
From the again looks in the library for that reference. If the reference has
Library been deleted from the library, EndNote takes the reference
information from hidden field codes in Word (the Traveling
Library).
So, if you deleted a cited reference from the library, the required
information is still available in the hidden field codes
surrounding each formatted citation–even though the reference is
no longer in the library.
However, an unformatted citation is simply a temporary
placeholder. If a citation is unformatted, and you have deleted
the corresponding reference from the EndNote library, EndNote
will not be able to find the reference information for formatting.
If you add the reference to the library again, it will be assigned a
different record number. You would need to re-insert the citation
in Word.
Record Numbers
EndNote assigns a unique record number to each reference as it
is added to your library. These record numbers appear in
temporary citations to ensure that the correct reference is used
when the paper is formatted:
{Argus, 1991 #11}
The record number for a reference is also visible in the title bar
of the Reference window.
Keep the following points about record numbers in mind:
EndNote automatically assigns a record number
sequentially to each reference as it is added to a library.
If the same reference appears in two different libraries, the
record numbers will most likely be different.
Record numbers are never reused or reassigned within a
library. When you delete a reference, the corresponding
record number is never used again in that library.
You cannot modify or reassign record numbers.
We recommend that you not rely on EndNote’s record
numbers as a means of filing or numbering your office
reprints, because you have no control over this number. Instead,

enter your own unique number into the Label field, or any
Custom field, and use that number for your reprints.
If you add the reference to the library again, it will be assigned a
new, different record number, so EndNote still will not be able to
find it when formatting your paper. You will need to reinsert the
citation into the paper using the new reference in your library.
Sharing Your Word Documents

You can directly share your Word 2003, or Word 2007 files with
colleagues. Each formatted citation is surrounded by field codes
which contain full reference information (also referred to as the
Traveling Library).
If you want to convert your document for use with a previous
version of Word or a different word processor, you should
Unformat Citations before saving in the different file format.
Then, you may be able to reformat. The corresponding EndNote
library (or libraries) must be available in order to format.
To send a final, formatted document to someone, you may want
to Remove Field Codes to save the formatted citations and
bibliography as text.
Of course, if you just want to print a copy of the paper for
someone, you do not need to do anything to your document
other than print it!
NOTE: Cite While You Write codes are directly compatible between
Word 2003 and 2007.
The Traveling Each formatted citation in your Word document is saved with
Library field codes that embed reference data in the document. The
paper contains a “Traveling Library” of references cited.
The first time a citation is formatted, EndNote looks in the open
library and finds the corresponding reference. If you later
reformat, EndNote again looks in the open library for that
reference. However, if the library is not available or not open,
EndNote uses the Traveling Library for reference information.
Because reference data is kept with each formatted citation, you
can collaborate with other authors on a paper without each
author having the same EndNote library.

The reference data saved with each citation includes all fields
except Notes, Abstract, and Figure.
NOTE: Do not unformat your document if you do not have the original
references in your libraries. Unlike formatted citations, unformatted
citations require that you have the corresponding EndNote libraries
open in order to format references.
Exporting There may be occasions where you want to copy all of the
Word’s references used in a Microsoft Word document to an EndNote
library. Perhaps you received only the formatted Word
Traveling document from a colleague, and would like to create EndNote
Library to an references to use later. Or, you may have a large EndNote
EndNote library, but want to create a smaller EndNote library with only
the subset of references used in your paper.
Library
NOTE: The Traveling Library does not contain Notes, Abstracts,
Figures, or Captions.
To export references from a Word document to an EndNote

library:
1. Open the document in Word.
submenu and choose Export Traveling Library.
Export to EndNote and then Export Traveling Library.
3. On the Export Traveling Library dialog, select either:
An existing EndNote library:
Select a library from the drop-down list of available
libraries, or click Browse to locate a library.
A new EndNote library:
You will be prompted to name and Save the new library.
NOTE: We recommend that you export to a new EndNote library, so

you can review the records before adding them to an existing library.
There is an alternate way to copy references from your Word

document to an EndNote library. Open both your Word
document and the EndNote library. Then, in EndNote, go to the

Tools menu, then the Cite While You Write submenu, and choose
Import Traveling Library.
NOTE: When you use the Export/Import Traveling Library commands,

the exported references are renumbered and do not retain their original
reference numbers.
Converting Word 2007 includes a Reference tab, where you can use
Word 2007 commands to insert Microsoft Word footnote or endnote
citations. These footnote and endnote citations are not used
Citations to directly by EndNote’s Cite While You Write feature (although
EndNote you can insert an EndNote citation within a Word footnote). If
you have citations already entered into Word, you can copy the
reference information into an EndNote library and then convert
the Word citations into EndNote Cite While You Write citations.
NOTE: The Word citation conversion features requires that your

computer have the Microsoft .Net Framework installed.
To export Word 2007 citations to an EndNote library:

1. Open the Word document that contains the citations.
2. On the EndNote tab, in the Tools group, select Export to
EndNote and then Export Word 2007 Citations.
To export the Word 2007 master citation list to an EndNote
library:
2. On the EndNote tab, in the Tools group, select Export to
EndNote and then Export Word 2007 Master List.
To convert Word 2007 citations to EndNote citations within the
document:
2. On the EndNote tab, in the Bibliography group, select
Convert Citations and Bibliography and then Convert Word 2007
Citations to EndNote.
Working on If you are working on a single paper and moving between

Different different computers, it is best to keep a copy of your reference
library with your paper. That way you will always access the
Computers same library when inserting citations. If you separately add
references to a copy of the library at home and to a different
version at work, record numbers may not match up correctly and

EndNote may have to rely on the Traveling Library for reference
information. That is not necessarily bad, but you want to make
sure that any library edits are reflected in your Word document.
If you are inserting citations on only one machine, it is fine to
move the document itself to other machines—as long as you will
be accessing the document with the same version of Word.
NOTE: If you are collaborating with other authors, you will want to rely
on the traveling library.
Saving Files Formatted citations are Word “fields” specific to the version of
for Other Word that created them and the other compatible versions
(Word 2003 and 2007). If you open your document with a
Versions of different version of Word, or use the Save As command to save a
Word and formatted copy of your paper in another format, you may lose
Other Word the ability to format citations in that document.
Processors If you plan to use your document with a different word

processor, a different version of Microsoft Word, or on a
Macintosh machine, you should either Unformat Citations or
Remove Field Codes (Convert to Plain Text in Word 2007) from the
Word file before converting the document to the other file
format.
Unformatting Citations: Unformatted citations are regular
text; however, they are temporary placeholders that do not
reflect final output. (See “Unformatting Citations” on
page 316.) You may be able to unformat citations, save the
document as an RTF file, and use Format Paper to format
citations from these placeholders.
Removing Field Codes: When you remove field codes, you
save a copy of the document and convert formatted fields to
regular formatted text. Graphics are no longer linked, but are
saved as though you had used the Copy and Paste commands.
The copy reflects final, formatted output, but you cannot
reformat later. See “Removing Field Codes” on page 346 for
more information.
NOTE: Cite While You Write codes are directly compatible between
Word 2003 and 2007. Because reference data is kept with each
formatted citation, you can collaborate with other authors on a paper
without each author having the same EndNote library.

Submitting the Many publishers ask that you submit an electronic copy of your
Final Paper to a paper in addition to a printed copy. Because the field codes in
your document may be incompatible with the publishing
Publisher software, you may be asked to submit a copy of your paper
without field codes, as described next.
Removing You may need to remove Cite While You Write field codes in
Field Codes order to share your document with a publisher or colleague.
If your colleague is using the same version of Word that you
are, you can share your formatted document as is; the
document includes a “Traveling Library,” which includes all
required information for the formatted citations and
bibliography. See “The Traveling Library” on page 342 to
learn more about the Traveling Library.
If your colleague is using a different word processor or an
incompatible version of Word, you could remove field codes
to share your final document. However, removing field
codes saves the formatted citations and bibliography as text,
and does not allow reformatting.
Removing field codes means deleting Word’s Cite While You
Write field codes and saving the formatted citations and
bibliography as text. This removes only Cite While You
Write field codes, and not all other Word field codes.
When field codes are removed, in-text figure citations are no
longer linked to an EndNote reference or to the figure list. In-
text figure citations become plain text. Pictures in the figure
list become GIF files as though they were copied and pasted
into the document.
Because EndNote and Cite While You Write cannot reformat
or unformat your paper once field codes are removed, the
Remove Field Codes command (Convert to Plain Text in Word
2007) makes a copy of your document without codes.
NOTE: If you are working with master and subdocuments in Word, the
Remove Field Codes or Convert to Plain Text command warns that it
will strip codes from the original documents. You should first manually
save copies of the master and subdocuments, and then remove codes
from the copies.

To remove field codes and save the formatted citations and
bibliography as text:
1. Open your formatted Word document.
If you are working with Master and Subdocuments, work
with copies of your documents.
submenu and select Remove Field Codes.
select Convert Citations and Bibliography and then Convert to
Plain Text.
A copy of the document, without field codes, appears in a
new document window.
3. Word 2003: From the File menu, Save the document.
Word 2007: Click the Office icon and then Save.
4. Single document: In Word’s Save As dialog, type a new
name for this copy of your document and click OK.
Master and Subdocuments: You may be advised to save a
copy of the master and each subdocument.
Word saves your document without embedded formatting
codes, so you can submit your paper to a publisher or share your
final paper with a colleague using a different word processor
(including a different version of Word).
NOTE: The copy does not contain Cite While You Write field codes, so
you cannot reformat with Cite While You Write. To reformat, start with
the original document, which retains field codes.
If you find that removing EndNote field codes produces

undesired layout or other formatting changes to your document,
you can remove all Microsoft Word field codes, which may yield
better results.
To remove all Microsoft Word field codes:
1. First save a backup copy of your document, because this will
irretrievably remove the links between your document and
your EndNote libraries as well as all other Word field codes.
2. Select all text in the document by pressing CTRL+A.
3. Press CTRL+6 to remove all Microsoft Word field codes from
the document (not just Cite While You Write codes!) and
leave the text, citations, and bibliography as they appear.

Chapter 12
Scanning and Formatting Files
Contents
Scanning and Formatting Files ........................................ 350
Word Processor Compatibility .............................. 350
Basic Instructions .................................................... 351
Tips on Citing Sources ....................................................... 355
Temporary vs. Formatted Citations ......................355
Switching Between EndNote and a Word
Processor ........................................................... 356
Multiple References in One Citation .....................356
Citing References in Footnotes .............................. 357
Typing Citations into Your Paper ......................... 358
Record Numbers ..................................................... 358
Formatting Citations and Creating Bibliographies ...... 359
The Citations Window ........................................... 359
Bibliographic Styles ................................................ 361
Previewing Formatted References (or Styles) ...... 361
Reformatting a Paper ............................................. 362
Creating One Bibliography From Several
Papers ................................................................363
Specifying the Starting Number of a
Bibliography ..................................................... 364
Copying Formatted References ............................. 364
Rescanning the Paper ............................................. 365
Managing Your EndNote Library .................................... 365
Modifying References in Your Library ................. 365
Finding EndNote References for Editing ............. 365
Formatting With Multiple Libraries .....................366
Finding and Labeling References Used in
a Paper ...............................................................366
Working on Different Computers ......................... 368
349
Scanning and Formatting Files
This chapter describes how to create formatted citations and
bibliographies for your papers without using Cite While You
Write™ for Microsoft® Word.
Word This chapter describes how to cite references and create

Processor bibliographies for documents that can be saved as RTF,
including documents created with:
Compatibility
Microsoft® Word
WordPerfect®
OpenOffice
StarOffice™
Microsoft® Works
WordPad
Almost any application that can save as
RTF (Rich Text Format)
The Format Paper feature also works with the Open Document
Format used by the OpenOffice Suite. You can format
OpenOffice documents ending with the extension .ODT.
NOTE: EndNote uses Unicode to appropriately display diacritics and

other extended characters. If these characters do not display correctly
when you format EndNote citations and references in your word
processor document, it may be because your word processor lacks
Unicode support. Please refer to your word processor's documentation.
To format references and create a bibliography (Cite While You

Write) with Microsoft Word 2003 or 2007, see Chapter 11. While
you can use the Format Paper command described in this chapter
to format Word files, it is much easier and more efficient to use
Cite While You Write.
To create a stand-alone bibliography that is not based on the
citations in a paper, see “Creating an Independent Bibliography”
in Chapter 13.
For up-to-date compatibility information, see our website at
http://www.endnote.com.
350 Chapter 12: Scanning and Formatting Files

Basic The basic steps required to cite references in a paper and
Instructions “format” that paper using EndNote are covered here. More
details about how to switch between programs and various tips
for citing references are described in the sections following these
basic instructions.
Citing references is a straight-forward process of copying
temporary citations from EndNote and pasting them into your
word processing document. While writing a paper in your word
processor, you can have EndNote running in the background so
that it’s easy to switch between the two programs when you need
to cite a source. Although you can enter the EndNote temporary
citations into a paper at any time, most writers find it convenient
to enter the citations as they are writing the paper instead of
waiting to insert them after the text is written.
NOTE: The Format Paper command works on RTF documents or

OpenOffice documents. You create your paper and insert citations with
your word processor. You can scan OpenOffice documents directly.
When you are ready to scan and format citations for other document
types, you must first save a copy of your paper as RTF, and then scan
that copy of the paper.
To practice using the Format Paper feature, you can follow this
procedure using one of the example documents found in the
EndNote X2\Examples folder. We recommend experimenting with
the Sample_RichText.RTF and/or Sample_OpenDocType.ODT file
along with the Sample_Library.
To cite a reference in a paper:
1. Start your word processor and open the paper you are
writing.
As an example, you can locate and open Sample_RichText.RTF
found in the EndNote X2\Examples folder. If you use
OpenOffice, you can use Sample_OpenDocType.ODT as an
example.
2. When you are ready to cite a source, position the cursor in
the text where you would like to put the citation.
...a commonly documented phenomena |.
3. Start EndNote and open your library (if it is not already
open). See “Switching Between EndNote and a Word
Processor” on page 356 if you need help with this step.
4. Select the reference(s) in your EndNote library that you want
to cite. Press the CTRL key while clicking on the references to
Chapter 12: Scanning and Formatting Files 351

select multiple references; press the SHIFT key to select a
range of references.
5. Choose Copy (CTRL+C) from the Edit menu, then return to
your word processor and Paste (CTRL+V) the temporary
citation into the text of your document.
OR
Drag-and-drop the selected citations into your paper.

The pasted citation appears in EndNote’s temporary format:
first author’s last name, year of publication, and record
number, all enclosed in curly braces:
{Morehouse, 1993 #125}
If multiple references were selected, their citations appear
together within one set of delimiters in the order in which
they are listed in the Library window.
{Hall, 1999 #90; Baker, 1988 #38}
This citation is not the final citation, but rather a temporary
citation that will be formatted later. The number in the
temporary citation is not a bibliography number but a unique
record number. When you format this paper, EndNote builds
a bibliography based on the temporary citations that it finds
in the paper, and reformats them according to the selected
style.
Continue following steps 2-5 to insert citations as you write
your paper.
To save your document:
6. When you have finished adding citations, choose Save from
your word processor’s File menu to save all changes to your
document.
7. If the file you created is not an OpenOffice document or an
RTF document, save a copy of the file as RTF. From the File
menu, choose Save As. In the file dialog, set the type of file as
RTF. RTF retains most styles and formatting.
8. Close your document by choosing Close from the File menu.
You can leave your word processor running.
To generate the bibliography:
9. Return to EndNote.
10. From the Tools menu, go to the Format Paper submenu and
then Format Paper.
11. Navigate the file dialog to locate and select the RTF
document or ODT document.

The next time you choose Format Paper you will see your
recently used files listed for easy access.
12. Check the Citations window to make sure that EndNote was
able to find matching references for all of the citations.
During the scanning process, EndNote locates temporary
citations in the paper, and searches the library to find
references that match each of the citations. When scanning is
complete, EndNote displays the Citations window. The
Citations window lists the citations found in the paper
together with the number of matching references in the open
libraries.
Numbers in the These

Matches citations
column show were
how many taken
references in directly
your library from a
match each paper
citation. Each EndNote
citation should scanned.
have a single
match.
The citations in the Citations window appear in the order

they are cited in the paper. If a reference is cited more than
once in a paper, it is listed more than once in this window;
however the reference will appear only once in the
bibliography.
Every citation listed in the Citations window should have a
“1” next to it in the Matches column, meaning that EndNote
found exactly one reference in the library to match the
citation in the paper. When all of the citations in the window
have a “1” next to them, you are ready to go on to the next
step of formatting a paper. If a “0” or a number greater than
one appears in the Matches column, you may need to resolve
mismatched citations.

13. Select a style from the Output Styles list on the Citation
window. Enter a starting bibliography number if you wish.
The individual styles listed are the styles that are currently
selected as your “favorites” in the Style Manager. If you need
to choose a style that is not in the list, choose Select Another
Style to open the Style Manager. Mark your favorite styles
there, and start this step again. See “Adding Styles to the
Output Styles List” on page 324 for details.
14. Click Format to have EndNote create a copy of your paper
complete with formatted citations and a bibliography.
15. You are then prompted to name and save the formatted copy
of the paper.
EndNote automatically adds the name of the output style to
your existing filename. You can change the name of the
formatted document if necessary by typing a new name in
the text box. You can also use the “Save in:” list at the top of
the window to change the location where EndNote saves the
file. By default EndNote saves the formatted file in the same
location as the unformatted file.
IMPORTANT: Never save the formatted paper with the same name as
the original unformatted document. You must have the unformatted
document if you ever want to format the paper again.
While EndNote is formatting, the cursor changes to a wait

cursor. When the formatting has finished, the cursor returns
to an arrow and the Citations window remains open. Now
that EndNote has generated a formatted copy of the paper,
you can open that paper in your word processor.
16. Switch to your word processor using ALT+TAB (see page 356
if you need additional help with this step).
17. Choose Open from the word processor’s File menu and select
and open the formatted version of the paper. Remember that
you want to open the file that has the name of the style
appended to the file name.
In the formatted paper, EndNote has replaced the temporary
citations with formatted citations and inserted a
bibliography. The paper is ready to be printed and
submitted!

Making Changes to the Paper
If you need to make changes to the paper (such as change a
citation, add more text, or change the bibliographic style), you
should edit the original unformatted document, and then format
it again. EndNote will generate a new formatted copy of the
paper. See “Reformatting a Paper” on page 362.
Tips on Citing Sources
Temporary vs. A “citation” is the bibliographic information in the body of a

Formatted paper that refers the reader to a complete reference in the
bibliography. Normally a citation consists of a bibliography
Citations number or the author and year in parentheses:
... of the species at hand1.
... of the species at hand (Argus, 1991).
When you first copy an EndNote citation and paste it into your
paper, it appears in EndNote’s temporary citation format. This
format consists of the first author’s last name, year, and the
EndNote record number, with citation delimiters at each end.
{Author, Year #Record Number}
When EndNote formats this paper it replaces the temporary
citations with formatted citations.
Temporary Citation: {Argus, 1991 #11}
Formatted Citation (in APA): (Argus & Matthews, 1991)
EndNote relies on the temporary citations to determine which
references to include in the bibliography. During formatting,
EndNote scans your word processing document for temporary
citations, finds their matching references in the EndNote library,
and creates a duplicate of your document complete with
“formatted” in-text citations and a bibliography at the end. This
new document is called your “formatted” paper.
NOTE: By default, citation delimiters are curly braces. If you have other
text within curly braces, you may want to change your citation
delimiters. See “Temporary Citations” on page 540.

Switching With your EndNote library and word processing document both
Between open, you can switch between the two files without closing
either program.
EndNote and a
To run both programs simultaneously in Windows:
Word
Processor 1. Start EndNote by clicking the Windows Start button in the
taskbar, then choose Programs, select EndNote, and pick
EndNote Program. EndNote starts and prompts you to open
your library. (To set a library to open automatically, see
“Library Preferences” on page 535.)
2. You can start your word processor in a similar fashion by
clicking the Start button, choosing Program Files, and
selecting the option for your word processor.
3. Once you have EndNote and your word processor running,
you can switch between the two programs by clicking the
taskbar button along the bottom of the screen for the
program you wish to use.
You can also press ALT+TAB to switch between the
programs. If you are running more than just EndNote and
your word processor, keep the ALT key pressed, and press
the TAB key repeatedly to cycle through all open programs.
When you see the name of the program you want, release
both keys.
Multiple If you need multiple references in one in-text citation, you can
References in accomplish this in one of two ways. One option is to insert all of
the citations together:
One Citation
To insert multiple citations:
1. Hold down the CTRL key while clicking on the desired
references in your library (or hold down the SHIFT key to
select a continuous range of references).
2. From the Edit menu, choose Copy.

3. Position the cursor in your word processing document
where you want the citations, and choose Paste from the Edit
menu.
The citations are inserted together in one set of delimiters. Once
formatted, they appear in one multiple citation, sorted as your
bibliographic style requires:
Unformatted: {Hall, 1999 #90; Baker, 1988 #38}
Formatted: (Baker, 1988; Hall, 1999)
The other option is to add the citations to the paper individually.
EndNote merges adjacent citations automatically during the
formatting process. Citations do not merge, however, if any
character, including spaces or punctuation, separates them.
Unformatted: {Hall, 1999 #90}{Baker, 1988 #38}
Merged when Formatted: (Baker, 1988; Hall, 1999)
NOTE: If one of the citations in a multiple citation cannot be matched

during formatting, the entire citation will remain unformatted.
Citing Once you have created a footnote or an endnote in your word

References in processing document, you can cite references in the footnotes or
endnotes just like you cite them in the body of the text.
Footnotes
To cite references in footnotes:
1. In your EndNote library, select the reference(s) that you
would like to cite and choose Copy from the Edit menu.
2. Create the footnote or endnote using the appropriate
command in your word processor. (EndNote does not
actually create the footnote or endnote in the document, but
it is used to insert and format the citations in the notes.)
3. Position the cursor in the footnote or endnote in your paper
where you would like the citation(s) to appear and choose
Paste from the Edit menu.
The EndNote style that is selected when you choose Format
Bibliography determines how the citations in the footnotes or
endnotes will be formatted. EndNote can format these citations
as brief in-text citations or like the complete references in the
bibliography. It can also create a special format specific to
footnotes or endnotes, including options like “Ibid.” and other
variations of shortened references when a citation appears more
than once in the footnotes or endnotes. See Chapter 16 for more
information.

Typing Manually entering citations is the same whether you are using
Citations into Format Paper with an RTF file or Cite While You Write with
Microsoft Word. See the following sections in Chapter 11, “Using
Your Paper EndNote with Microsoft Word.”
“Notes About Temporary Citations” on page 308
“Components of a Temporary Citation” on page 308
“Omitting Authors or Years from Citations” on page 310
“Citation Prefixes” on page 311
“Citation Suffixes” on page 312
“Including Semicolons & Other Citation Delimiters in a
Citation” on page 312
“Examples of Modified Citations” on page 314
Record EndNote assigns a unique record number to each reference as it

Numbers is added to your library. These record numbers appear in the
temporary citations to ensure that the correct reference is used
when the paper is formatted:
{Argus, 1991 #31}
The record number for a reference is also visible in the title bar
of the Reference window.
You may also see record numbers in the Library window by

choosing Record Numbers as one of the display fields for the
Library window. See “Display Fields” on page 548 for details.
Because these record numbers are so important, keep the
following points in mind:
We recommend that you do not rely on EndNote’s record
numbers as a means of filing or numbering your office
reprints, because you have no control over this number, and it is
subject to change under certain conditions (read on). Instead,
enter your own unique number into the Label field, or any
Custom field, and use that number for your reprints.

EndNote automatically assigns a record number
sequentially to each reference as it is added to a library.
If the same reference appears in two different libraries, the
record numbers will most likely be different.
The record numbers are never reused or reassigned within a
library. If you delete a reference, that number is never used
again in that library.
You cannot modify or reassign record numbers.
Deleting References in the Library
If you delete a reference from your library after you have cited it
in a paper, EndNote will not be able to find it when it tries to
format that paper. If you add the reference to the library again, it
will be assigned a new, different record number, so EndNote still
will not be able to find it when formatting your paper. You will
need to reinsert the citation into the paper using the new
reference in your library.
Formatting Citations and Creating

Bibliographies
The Citations The Citation Matches window opens in the EndNote program
Window after you format a paper (or if the formatting process is
canceled). It lists all of the citations found in a document, in the
order in which they appear in the paper.
In the Citations window, EndNote brings special attention to
unmatched and ambiguous citations. You can choose from the
check box options to show only the Matched Citations,
Unmatched Citations, or Ambiguous Citations.
The Citations window lists all of the citations found in the
document and displays the number of matching references for
each citation.
If any number other than a 1 appears in the Matches column, the
corresponding citation will be left unformatted in the document
and will not be included in the bibliography EndNote generates.
Ambiguous Citations (Matches Greater than 1)

A number greater than 1 indicates that multiple references in the
currently open library (or libraries) match the citation and
EndNote does not know which reference to use. (EndNote
automatically checks the matching references to see if any are
duplicates. If so, they are not listed as separate possible

matches.) To see which references are considered matches,
highlight the citation in the Citations window and click Lookup.
Reinsert the correct citation into the paper.
Unmatched Citations (A “Zero” Match)

A zero in the Matches column indicates that there is no matching
reference in any open library for that particular citation. The
Author, Year, and Record Number (if used in the temporary
citation) must all match the Author, Year, and Record Number of
a reference in the library in order for EndNote to consider it a
match.
If text in your document is surrounded by citation delimiters
(such as “{sic}”), EndNote will treat the text as a mismatched
citation. You can ignore the warning about it being a mismatched
citation, and EndNote will simply leave the text as it was before
formatting. (You could also change the Citation Delimiters.)
Uncheck the “Unmatched Citations” box at the top of the
Citations window to hide these items from view if you have
numerous sections of bracketed text in your document and the
corresponding unmatched citations are just cluttering the
Citations window.
Correcting Mismatched Citations

Mismatched citations must be corrected either in the word
processing document or in the EndNote library—whichever
contains the incorrect information. Normally, the easiest way to
fix a mismatched citation is to search the word processing
document for the mismatched citation (use the Find command on
your word processor’s Edit menu), delete it, and then reinsert the
citation from the library.
If there is a citation for which EndNote lists multiple matches,
you can highlight the citation in the Citation Matches window
and click Lookup. EndNote displays the matching references in
the Library window. You may then select the appropriate
reference and reinsert it into the paper. Mismatches of this type
are only possible when the record number has been omitted from
the temporary citation in the text.
After you have corrected the mismatched citations and saved
your changes to the paper, Format again. (The Citation window
is still available after formatting if you want to see the list of
citations.)

The best way to avoid citation mismatches:
Keep all of your references in one main library.
Copy and paste your citations from EndNote to your word
processing documents instead of typing them.
Bibliographic The bibliographic style determines how EndNote formats the

Styles citations in your paper and the references in the bibliography.
The style takes care of all text styles, punctuation, and sorting
required for the citations and bibliography, as well as which
fields are included in the bibliography.
Choose a style on the Citation Matches window after choosing
Format Paper. You can always Format Paper to select a different
style and reformat your unformatted (original) RTF document at
any point.
The EndNote Styles collection includes more than 3,000 styles,
all of which can be modified to meet your specifications. You can
also create completely new styles if necessary. Related sections
in this manual:
See “Adding Styles to the Output Styles List” on page 324 to
learn more about the Styles Manager and how to get the
styles you need to appear in EndNote’s Output Styles list.
To learn about how the styles work, and how you can modify
them, see Chapter 16.
Previewing The preview tab in the Library window displays how the
Formatted currently selected reference will be formatted in the
bibliography by the current style. This preview tab only shows
References (or one reference at a time.
Styles) To preview how multiple references will appear in a
bibliography:
1. Select the references in the Library window.
2. From the Edit menu, choose Output Styles and select the style
that you would like to use.
3. From the Edit menu, choose Copy Formatted (CTRL+K).
4. Either use the Windows Clipboard Viewer to view the
formatted references, or paste the references into a word
processor document to view the references and assess the
formatting results of a style.

Reformatting a Since EndNote creates a copy of the paper during the formatting
Paper process, you can always reformat the original document, if
necessary, to create a new document with the changes that you
need.
Unformatted Paper Formatted Papers
Reformatting with Different Styles

The appearance of both the in-text citations and the bibliography
in the formatted paper is determined by the selected style. If you
need to create a copy of your paper in a different style than what
you did originally:
1. From the Tools menu in EndNote, choose Format
Paper>Format Paper. Open the original unformatted copy of
your paper (the one with the EndNote citations surrounded
by curly braces or brackets).
2. On the Citations window, select a new output style from the
Output Style drop-down list. You can select one of the
“favorite” styles currently in the list, or choose Select Another
Style to pick a style from the 3,000+ styles shipped with
EndNote.
3. If the Citations window shows that all the citations in the
paper are correctly matched, click the Format button.
4. EndNote will prompt you to name and save the new
formatted copy of the paper. Notice that the style name is
included as part of the new paper’s name. That will help you
distinguish between various copies of one paper (perhaps
formatted to be submitted to different journals).

When you open the new formatted copy of your paper, you
should see that your citations and bibliography use the new
bibliographic format.
IMPORTANT: When you need to make changes in your paper,

remember to work only with the unformatted copy of the paper (the one
with the bracketed temporary citations), rather than the formatted copy
that EndNote created.
Adding New Citations to Formatted Papers

If you have already formatted your paper, and you see that it
needs to be edited by either adding or removing citations, you
must return to the original, unformatted copy of the document
(the one with EndNote’s “temporary citations”). Open that
document in your word processor. Add, modify or delete
citations as necessary, and then save the paper as RTF. You may
now format the paper (as described above) to create an updated
copy of it.
Creating One EndNote can format a series of separate word processing

Bibliography documents and put a cumulative bibliography at the end of the
last one. This is useful if you are collaborating with other
From Several EndNote users and you have each written a separate part of the
Papers paper, or if you have separated a lengthy paper into different
chapters.
To create one bibliography from several papers:
1. From the Tools menu, choose Format Paper>Format Paper to
open and scan the first paper.
2. A Scan Next button appears on the Citations window. (The
Format Paper command on the menu changes to Scan Next).
Click Scan Next in the window, or select it from the menu, to
open each of the subsequent papers in the correct order. Each
paper’s citations will be added to the list of citations in the
Citations window.
3. When the last paper has been scanned, select an output style
on the Citations window and click Format.
During the formatting process, EndNote makes a formatted copy
of each paper and puts a cumulative bibliography at the end of
the last paper. Only the last paper in the series will include the
bibliography. By default, each formatted paper retains its
original name with the style name incorporated into it, however
you have the option to change the names.

Specifying the When you choose Format Paper to display a Citations window,
Starting EndNote includes an output style list to confirm or change the
style that should be used to format the paper. It also gives you
Number of a the option to change the starting number for your citations and
Bibliography bibliography.
If you would like EndNote’s numbering to start with a number
other than “1” for the document that you are formatting, enter
that number here. This setting is ignored if you are formatting
the paper with a style that does not create numbered references
in the bibliography.
Enter a
starting
citation
number
here.
Copying There may be times when you want to insert a fully formatted
Formatted reference into the body or footnotes of your paper without
having to format an entire document.
References
To insert a fully formatted reference:
1. Select a style from the list of styles on the toolbar.
2. Select the reference(s) in the Library window.
3. Choose Copy Formatted from EndNote’s Edit menu.
4. Switch to your word processing document, position the
cursor in the text, and select Paste from the Edit menu.
If your word processor supports drag-and-drop, you may also
drag the references and drop them on your paper with the CTRL

key pressed. This produces the same results as using the Copy
Formatted command.
Multiple references are sorted according to the rules of the
selected style. Fonts and character styles are transferred if you
are pasting into a program that interprets Rich Text Format
(RTF) information on the Clipboard.
Rescanning If there is a problem with your citation matches after choosing

the Paper Format Paper, leave the Citations window open and switch to
your word processor to make the necessary changes. After
saving your changes, close your document and switch back to
EndNote. On the Citations window, click Rescan Paper.
EndNote then updates the information in the Citations window
to reflect the recent changes made to the paper. If the paper was
modified and saved since it was last scanned, EndNote prompts
you to rescan the paper before formatting.
Managing Your EndNote Library
Modifying If you add or change a reference in your library while the

References in Citations window is open, make sure you click Rescan to have
those changes reflected in the Citations window and in the
Your Library formatted paper.
For example, if you typed the citation {Geoffery, 1988} into
your paper but forgot to enter the reference in the library,
EndNote would list a “0” in the Matches column for that citation
on the Citations window. You can leave the Citations window
open and enter the Geoffery reference into your library. Bring
the Citations window forward and use the Rescan button to
recheck the library for matching references. This should change
the “0” match to a “1.”
Finding In the Citations window, you can select any number of matching
EndNote references and then click Lookup to search and display those
references in EndNote’s Library window. You can open each
References for record for viewing or editing. If you edit a reference, make sure
Editing you Rescan your paper to reflect the changes.

Formatting Although EndNote can format papers using references from
With Multiple more than one library, we do not recommend that you use
multiple libraries when writing a paper. Keeping all of your
Libraries references together in one library simplifies the writing process
because you know exactly where to find each reference, and you
only need to have the one library open when formatting.
If you are collaborating with other authors on a document,
however, using multiple libraries for a paper may be a useful and
necessary thing to do.
If citations have been inserted into one document from multiple
libraries, all of the necessary libraries must be opened in order
for EndNote to format the paper correctly.
NOTE: Read about the “Merge Duplicates in Bibliography” preference

in the “Preferences” chapter on page 546 if you plan to insert citations
from more than one library into a paper.
Finding and The Citation Matches window appears when you format a word
Labeling processing document. It lists all of the citations found in a
document, and displays the number of matching citations found
References in the currently open libraries.
Used in a The Citations window is visible in the EndNote program after
Paper the formatting is finished, or if the formatting process is
canceled. (If there are problems during formatting, consult the

Citations window. This information can help you resolve
problems.)
Double-click citations in the Citations window to find the

matching references in your EndNote library.
To locate all of the references in a library that were cited in a
paper:
1. After formatting your paper, select all of the citations listed
in the Citations window by choosing Select All from the Edit
menu.
2. Double-click to display the list of references in the Library
window.
To add a keyword to all of these references for your own filing
purposes:
1. Choose Change Field from the References menu.
2. Choose Keywords (or any other field you would like to use
from the field popup menu.
3. Enter the term or phrase you want to use to identify these
references, and click Change.

Working on If you are working on a paper on different computers, be sure to
Different keep a copy of your reference library on the same disk as your
paper. That way, you will always access the same library when
Computers inserting citations. If you add references to a copy of the library
at home and to a different version at work, the record numbers
may not match, and EndNote will be unable to find references
when it scans your paper.

Chapter 13
Creating an Independent
Bibliography
Contents
Independent Bibliographies............................................. 370
Using Drag-and-Drop to Create an Instant
Bibliography ........................................................................ 371
Copy Formatted................................................................... 372
Exporting References ......................................................... 373
Supported Formats ................................................. 373
Using the Export Command .................................. 374
Printing and Previewing References .............................. 376
Important Points ..................................................... 376
Printing Instructions............................................... 377
Previewing References ........................................... 377
Including Notes, Abstracts, and Other Information
in a Reference List .............................................................. 378
Creating Annotated Bibliographies ...................... 378
Printing Only the Notes ......................................... 379
369
Independent Bibliographies
There may be times when you want to create a bibliography
without an associated paper. We call this an “independent
bibliography” because EndNote does not generate the
bibliography based on citations found in a paper—instead, the
bibliography is generated independently of a paper.
Any one of the procedures described in this chapter can be used
to create an independent bibliography. Each has its own
advantages, so look for the option that best suits your needs:
Use drag-and-drop to instantly transfer a bibliography to a
word processing document
Copy formatted references from a library and paste them
into a word processing document
Export references from a library
Preview and/or Print references from EndNote
Styles Determine the Look of the Bibliography

The appearance of your independent bibliography depends
entirely on which EndNote style is selected in the Output Styles
submenu of the Edit menu (or the drop-down style list on the
Main toolbar). The styles determine what information is
included in the bibliography, how it is arranged, and what
punctuation and text styles are used.
Select a style that meets your needs before exporting, printing or
formatting references. If you do not see the style that you need in
the Output Styles submenu of the Edit menu, choose Open Style
Manager from the Output Styles submenu, and mark the styles
that you need. Once the styles are marked as “favorites” in the
Style Manager, they will show up in your styles menus. For more
information, see “Adding Styles to the Output Styles List” on
page 324. For information about modifying styles, see Chapter
16.
370 Chapter 13: Creating an Independent Bibliography

Using Drag-and-Drop to Create an Instant
Bibliography
“Drag-and-drop” is a way of moving or copying selected text (or
other items) by clicking on the text and dragging it to a new
location. Simply release the mouse button when the cursor is
over the destination, and the text will either be moved or copied
to the new destination.
If your word processor supports drag-and-drop, you can drag a
bibliography from an EndNote Library window directly into
your paper.
To drag your bibliography:
1. Open your library and select the desired references.
2. Select the necessary style from the Output Style submenu of
EndNote’s Edit menu.
3. Hold down the CTRL key as you drag the references from the
library and drop them directly onto a word processing
document in the background.
This creates a fully formatted bibliography with the references
formatted and sorted according to the selected style. The font
used for the bibliography in this case is the “General Display
Font.” You can change this font by choosing Preferences from the
Edit menu, selecting Display Fonts, and choosing a new font and
size under the General Display Font heading. All text style
information (such as bold and italic) is retained if you “drop” the
bibliography into a program that recognizes RTF (Rich Text
Format) text.
If your word processor does not support drag-and-drop, read
about the Copy Formatted command below.
NOTE: Dragging with the CONTROL key pressed transfers the formatted
references to the word processing document. If you do not hold down
the CONTROL key, only the temporary citation is transferred. Use this
latter method to cite references in your paper.
Chapter 13: Creating an Independent Bibliography 371

Copy Formatted
Use the Copy Formatted command to quickly create and copy a
bibliography that you can paste into a word processing
document, or anywhere else. The references are sorted and
formatted according to the rules of the selected style.
The font used for the Copy Formatted command is the “General
Display Font” which can be changed by choosing Preferences
from the Edit menu, selecting Display Fonts, and choosing a new
font and size under the General Display Font heading. All text
style information (such as bold and italic) is retained if you paste
into a program that recognizes RTF (Rich Text Format) text.
To copy formatted references from EndNote and paste them
into a word processing document:
1. On the toolbar, go to the Output Style list and select the
necessary style.
2. Open your EndNote library and select the desired references
in the Library window.
3. From the Edit menu, choose Copy Formatted (CTRL+K) to copy
the references to the Clipboard.
4. Open a document in your word processor, put the cursor
where you would like the references to appear, and choose
Paste (CTRL+V) from the word processor’s Edit menu.

Exporting References
Exporting bibliographies from EndNote is easy and flexible.
When you export from a library, EndNote creates a file of
references formatted according to the chosen style.
You can export either all of the references in the current
references list, or only the selected (highlighted) references in the
current list. If any references in the Library window are selected,
the EndNote export dialog gives you the option of exporting just
those selected references.
Supported Use the Export command to create a free-standing bibliography

Formats in any of the following formats:
Text File
The Text File export option is suitable for draft purposes or
exporting references to be imported into another database.
Rich Text Format (RTF)
The RTF export is an ideal way to create a free-standing
bibliography that can be edited or printed using a word
processor. This format can be opened by all popular word
processors and preserves font and text style information.
HTML
Documents exported in HTML (Hyper Text Markup
Language) provide an easy way to post reference lists on the
World Wide Web.
In your Web browser, set encoding to “Unicode-UTF 8” to
appropriately display extended Unicode characters in the
exported document.
XML
The XML option exports in a proprietary EndNote XML
format.
NOTE: The Export command exports only text; figures are not included.
However, if you import the references back into an EndNote library, you
can restore figures by copying the figure files from the original library’s
.DATA folder into .the DATA folder for the new library.

Using the You can export either all references in the current list, or only the
Export selected (highlighted) references in the current list.
Command To export a bibliography from EndNote:

1. Open the library from which you will export, and show the
references you want to export.
To export all of the references in the library, click the All
References group or choose Show All References from the
References menu.
To export a subset of references, display a group or use
the Search Library, Hide Selected References, or Show
Selected References commands to show the subset of
references you want to include. You can further limit the
list of references to export by highlighting just those
references in the current list.
2. (Optional) References are exported in the order specified by
the selected output style. If you want to change the sort
order, you must modify the output style:
a. From the Edit menu, choose Output Styles and then Open
Style Manager.
b. Select the output style and click Edit.
c. In the left pane of the window, under Bibliography, select
Sort Order.
d. Change the current sort order in the right pane. If you
want to export references in the order in which they are
listed in the current Library window, choose Order of
appearance.
e. Close the output style and the style manager.
3. From EndNote’s File menu, choose Export.
4. From the “Save as Type” list at the bottom of the dialog,
select the type of file to be exported: Text File, Rich Text
Format, HTML, or XML.
5. From the “Output style” list at the bottom of the dialog,
choose a style (or choose “Select another style” to choose
from all available output styles).
6. Select the “Export Selected References” option if desired. If
you want to export all of the references in the current list,
clear the check box.

7. Enter a name for the exported file and use the “Save in:” list
to specify where it should be saved.
NOTE: The Export feature creates a new file; it does not append to an
existing file. If you enter the name of a file that already exists, that file
will be overwritten.
8. Click Save. (It is best to keep the assigned file extensions as

part of the exported file name.)
9. Open the exported file in a word processor to edit or print it.
At this point, the file is just like any other text document. You
can change the font, margins, line spacing, or other page
layout features if necessary. (If you use the Open command
in your word processor, make sure that the open file dialog
is set to show files with the correct extension.)
If you exported the references in HTML format, your
exported reference list is ready to be posted directly to your
website. In your Web browser, set encoding to “Unicode-
UTF 8” to appropriately display extended Unicode
characters.
NOTE: The Export command exports only text; figures are not included.

Printing and Previewing References
To print references directly from EndNote, go to the File menu
and select Print (CTRL+P) to send a copy to your printer. Or,
select Print Preview to format references onscreen. These are
quick ways to view your formatted references on paper or
onscreen—no special page layout options are provided. Typical
uses might include trying out various output styles, printing a
list of references to take to the library with you, printing your
notes, or generating a complete printout of the references in an
EndNote library.
Important The currently active (topmost) window affects which references

Points are printed with the Print command:
If a library window is displayed, you can print either the
selected (highlighted) references or all references showing in
the list.
If an individual reference is open for viewing, EndNote
prints only that specific reference–as displayed on the screen
with field labels. No output style is applied.
The Sort References command unselects any selected
references, so use the Show Selected References command if
necessary before sorting to retain the subset of references
you selected.
In addition to the selected style, the appearance of the printed
references is determined by the following items:
References will be printed in the order specified by the
selected output style. If you want to change the sort order,
you must modify the output style. If you want to export
references in the order in which they are listed in the current
Library window, change the output style's sort order setting
to Order of appearance.
Each printed page has 1-inch margins, left-justified text, and
a header that displays the library name in the upper left
corner and the page number in the upper right corner. There
are no options to customize the margins, headers or footers
of the printouts. Use one of the other options for creating an
independent bibliography if you need to modify these
aspects of your printout.
The font and size of the printed references are determined by
the General Display Font, if that font is a True Type font;
otherwise a font substitution will be made. Choose
Preferences from the Edit menu, and click the Display Fonts

option to change the font and size if necessary. The double
“T” to the left of the font name indicates a True Type font.
Choose Page Setup from the File menu to specify other
printing options including the paper size and page
orientation. Page setup options vary depending on the
printer used.
Printing To print a list of references directly from EndNote:

Instructions 1. Make sure that all of the references you want to print are
either selected (highlighted) or showing in the Library
window.
2. From EndNote’s Edit menu, go to the Output Styles submenu
and choose a style (or use the style menu on the Main
toolbar).
3. (Optional) References will be printed in the order specified
by the selected output style. If you want to change the sort
order, you must modify the output style:
Style Manager.
Sort Order.
want to print references in the order in which they are
appearance.
4. From the File menu, choose Print (CTRL+P).
In the print dialog, specify the number of copies and the

range of pages to print. By default, EndNote prints only the
selected references. To print all the references showing in the
Library window, change the print range option to All.
5. Click Print to print the references.
Previewing To preview a list of references onscreen:

References 1. Make sure that the references you want to print are listed in
the Library window.
You can select individual references and then select Show
Selected References from the References menu.

2. From EndNote’s Edit menu, go to the Output Styles submenu
and choose a style (or use the style menu on the Main
toolbar).
3. (Optional) References will be displayed in the order
specified by the selected output style. If you want to change
the sort order, you must modify the output style:
Style Manager.
Sort Order.
want to print references in the order in which they are
appearance.
4. From the File menu, choose Print Preview.
From the onscreen preview, you can click Print to send a copy to
your printer.
Including Notes, Abstracts, and Other

Information in a Reference List
Most of the styles included with EndNote produce standard
bibliographies without including additional information such as
notes or abstracts. Two of EndNotes standard styles are the
Annotated style and the Show All Fields style. The Annotated
style includes the Abstract field after each reference, and the
Show All Fields style lists all of the field names and the
information found in those fields for each reference.
See Chapter 16 for detailed information about editing and
creating styles. What follows here are two examples of common
ways you might want to edit styles for your printouts or for
stand-alone bibliographies.
Creating To create a bibliography that includes abstracts, you can use the
Annotated Annotated style included with EndNote. The Annotated style is
based on the Author-Date style, and creates an alphabetical
Bibliographies listing of the references (by author), with the abstract appended
to each reference. You can modify any other style to include the
Notes or Abstract field as well.

For this example, we modify the Numbered style to include the
Abstract field.
Style Manager.
2. Choose a style from the list in the Style Manager window,
and click the Edit button. The Style window opens.
3. Choose Layout from the options under the Bibliography
heading and click in the text box under the “End each
reference with” heading. Text or fields inserted into this
section appear at the end of each reference in the
bibliography.
4. To insert the abstracts on a new line after each reference:

choose ¶ End of Paragraph from the Insert Field list, and then
choose Abstract from the same list.
5. From the File menu, choose Save As and give the style a new
name, but keep the “.ENS” extension.
This annotated version of the style will appear in the Output
Styles submenu of the Edit menu (and on the styles menu on the
Main toolbar). If you format a paper, print, or export references
using this style, the abstracts are included in the bibliography.
Printing Only To print only the notes for each reference, create a new style that
the Notes includes only the Notes field.
To create a style that prints only notes:
1. From the Edit menu choose Output Styles and select New
Style.
2. Click on the Templates panel under the Bibliography heading.

3. Click in the “Generic” template and choose Notes from the
Insert Field list. Press the ENTER key to add a blank line after
the notes for each reference.
4. From the File menu, choose Save As. Name and save the style.
You should now see this new style in the Output Styles
submenu of the Edit menu.
5. Close the style by clicking the close button.
Select this style whenever you want to print or export only the
Notes from your references. This style is also useful to preview
just the notes on the preview tab of the Library window.

Chapter 14
Creating Subject Bibliographies
and Subject Lists
Contents
Overview .............................................................................. 382
Printing a Subject Bibliography ...................................... 382
Basic Procedure....................................................... 382
Printing a Subject List ....................................................... 385
Subject Bibliography Settings ......................................... 391
The References Tab ................................................. 391
The Terms Tab ........................................................ 392
The Page Layout Tab .............................................. 397
The Bibliography Layout Tab ................................ 398
Examples of Subject Bibliographies ............................... 400
Using Author Names as Subject Headings .......... 400
Using Keywords as Subject Headings .................. 400
Using Call Numbers as Subject Headings ............ 401
381
Overview
This chapter explains how to create subject bibliographies and
subject lists.
Subject List Subject Bibliography
Archaeology Archaeology
Astronomy
Parker, F. and B. J. Parker (1997). Educational
Biology Philanthropist George Peabody (1795-1869) and
Geochemistry First U.S. Paleontology Professor Othniel
Geology Charles Marsh (1831-99) at Yale University.
Hydrology U.S., Tennessee.
Astronomy
Lowman, P. D., Jr. (2001). Evidence from
Apollo. Science Teacher. 68: 22-25.
A general bibliography is a continuous listing of citations in a

particular order. A subject bibliography is made up of smaller
listings, each appearing under a distinct heading. Despite the
name, a subject bibliography (or a subject list) can be based on
any EndNote field or combination of fields.
Subject bibliographies have diverse uses, including: generating
lists of journal abstracts; current awareness lists; subject indexes;
or lists of holdings by category. Typical subject bibliography
headings are by Keyword, Author, Journal Title, or Call Number.
You can print entire bibliographic citations, information from
one or more fields, record IDs, or nothing at all under each
heading.
Printing a Subject Bibliography
Basic This section walks through the basic steps to create a subject
bibliography.
Procedure
To print a subject bibliography:
1. In the current Library window, show only the references you
wish to include in a subject bibliography.
From the References menu, choose Show All References to
include all references in the subject bibliography.
Click on a Group name to display only the references in
a specific group.
382 Chapter 14: Creating Subject Bibliographies and Subject Lists

From the Tools menu, choose Search Library to find a
subset of references for your subject bibliography.
Highlight individual references and then use the Show
Selected References command to list those references for
the subject bibliography.
2. Click in the reference list to make it the active pane.
3. From the Tools menu, select Subject Bibliography to display a
list of the EndNote fields by default field name.
4. Highlight the field(s) whose contents you wish to use as

subject headings.
The most common selection is the single Keywords field
to create a subject bibliography.
You can include any number of fields. If you build the
list of headings from more than one field, the subject
headings generated from these fields are combined into
a single list.
If you mix date fields with other fields, dates will sort
before alphabetic subject headings.
To quickly select all fields or clear all fields, use the
buttons on the right side of the dialog. You can click on
individual fields to select or deselect them.
5. Select the check boxes as needed to determine whether an
entire field is used as a heading, or whether a field should be
split into multiple headings.
List each author separately, when checked, will list each
author name as a separate heading. If not checked, all
authors from a single field will appear as a single
heading.
Chapter 14: Creating Subject Bibliographies and Subject Lists 383

In other fields, list each entry that is separated by slash,
carriage return, or line feed, when checked, separates any
non-author field into multiple subject headings.
Terms in the Keywords field are always listed as
separate headings.
6. Click OK to display the terms found in the fields you
selected.
7. Select those terms you wish to include as subject headings.

To quickly select all terms or clear all terms, use the
buttons to the right of the dialog.
You may want to select all terms and then click to
deselect the few terms you do not want included.
8. Click OK to format the subject bibliography on the screen.
If you want to modify the term selections you just set, to
either add or remove terms from the selected field(s), click on
the Terms button.
NOTE: Subject headings print as they appear in your records. No

special formatting of author names and no journal title substitution is
applied.
9. Click on the Layout button to modify the layout and style of

your subject bibliography. Verify the settings on the
References, Terms, Page Layout, and Bibliography Layout
tabs (all four tabs are discussed later in this chapter under
“Subject Bibliography Settings”), particularly these items on
the References tab:

Output Style, which determines the bibliographic style
used to format each reference.
Reference List Title, which prints at the top of the
bibliography
Reference List Order, which determines the order of
references under each subject heading
Use the Terms tab to set options specifically for subject
headings. For a subject bibliography, it is important to select
the Subject Terms and Reference List item.
Click OK to save changes to all of the Layout tabs.
10. Once your subject bibliography is set up the way you want
it, you can do one of these:
Display a formatted page view by clicking Print Preview.
Print to your printer by clicking the Print button. A Print
dialog will appear. Verify settings and click OK or Print.
Print to a disk file (Text, RTF, or HTML) by clicking the
Save button. A dialog appears for you to name the file.
Choose the file type, name and place the file, and click
Save.
NOTE: In your Web browser, set encoding to “Unicode-UTF 8”

to appropriately display extended Unicode characters in an
exported HTML document.
11. Close the Subject Bibliography window when you are done
viewing it.
Printing a Subject List

A subject list is a sorted list of unique terms (words or phrases)
that occur in particular fields of the records you choose. You can
base a subject list on any EndNote field or combination of fields.
To print a subject list:
1. Determine which references you want EndNote to use when
building the subject list, and display only those references in
the Library window.
From the References menu, choose Show All References to
include all references in the subject list.
Click on a Group name to display only the references in
a specific group.

From the Tools menu, choose Search Library to find a
subset of references for your subject list.
Highlight individual references and then use the Show
Selected References command to list those references for
the subject list.
2. Click in the reference list to make it the active pane.
3. From the Tools menu, choose Subject Bibliography. A Subject
Fields dialog appears, listing the EndNote fields by default
field name.
4. Highlight the field(s) whose contents you wish to use as
subject headings.
You can include any number of fields.

If you build the list from more than one field, the terms
generated from the fields are combined into a single list.
To quickly select all fields or clear all fields, use the
buttons to the right of the dialog.
Click on individual fields to select or deselect them.
5. Select the check boxes as needed to determine whether an
entire field is used as a term, or whether a field should be
split into multiple terms.
List each author separately, when checked, will list each
author name as a separate entry. If not checked, all
authors from a single field will appear as a single entry.
In other fields, list each entry that is separated by slash,
carriage return, or line feed, when checked, separates any
non-author field into multiple entries.

Terms in the Keywords field are always listed as
separate entries.
6. Click OK to display the terms found in the field(s) you
selected.
7. Select the terms you want in the subject list.

To quickly select all terms or clear all terms, use the
buttons on the right side of the dialog.
You may want to select all terms and then click to
deselect the few terms you do not want included.
8. Click OK to display your subject list. If the window does not
display a simple list of terms, you must modify settings on
the Configure Subject Bibliography dialog as described next.

9. Click the Layout button to display the Configure Subject
Bibliography dialog.
10. On the References tab, enter a Reference List Title, which will
print at the top of the list.
When you print a subject list, the other settings on the
Reference List tab are simply ignored. The output style is
ignored because you are not printing formatted references,
and the sort order set here applies only to formatted
references. The sort order of terms is set on the Terms tab.
11. On the Terms tab:
Reference List must be set to Subject Terms Only.
Include may include Subject Term Counts and/or a List
of Record IDs if you wish.
Subject Term Layout can be set to print terms in
Alphabetical or Term Count order and in Ascending or
Descending order.
Do not include a Prefix, and include a caret-p (^p) as a
Suffix so each term prints as a new paragraph on a new
line.
Apply Styles as you wish. However, if you print to a text
file all styles are stripped.

12. Click on the Page Layout tab if you wish to change the font,
size, or page margins.
NOTE: The Bibliography Layout tab applies to subject bibliographies

only, and does not affect a simple subject list.

13. Click OK to save changes to the dialog and update the list in
the Subject Bibliography window.
If the window still does not show the list you need, you can
click on the Terms button to select or deselect terms from the
selected field(s) or click Layout again to make more changes
to the Configure Subject Bibliography dialog.
14. View, print or dismiss the list:
Click Print Preview to see a page layout view of the
bibliography.
Click Print to print to a printer. The Print dialog appears.
Verify settings and click OK or Print.
Click Save to print to a disk file. A file dialog appears for
you to name the file. Choose the file type (text, RTF, or
HTML), name the file, and click Save.
Click Close to dismiss the Subject Bibliography window
and return to your record list.
NOTE: Terms are printed as they appear in your records. No special

formatting of author names and no journal abbreviations are applied.

Subject Bibliography Settings
To access subject bibliography settings, first generate a subject
bibliography from the Tools menu. Once the subject bibliography
or subject list is displayed, a Layout button becomes available.
NOTE: Some subject bibliography settings are updated from the

current output style, so changes you make are not saved for future
subject bibliographies. If you have special settings that you want to
always use for subject bibliographies, it may be easier to copy and
modify an output style specifically for generating subject bibliographies.
The When you select Subject Bibliography from the Tools menu to
References format a subject bibliography or subject list, a Layout button is
available to display a Configure Subject Bibliography dialog and
Tab change settings. This section describes the References tab
available on that dialog.
Output Style: Use the drop-down list to select an output style

from the list or to Select Another Style that does not currently
appear in the list.

If you opt to Select Another Style, EndNote will display the
Choose a Style window, where you can choose from over 3,000
output styles. Use the Find by button to narrow the list of output
styles by discipline. Then, select a style in the list and click
Choose.
The output style is used to format the references in a subject
bibliography. This setting is ignored for a subject list.
Reference List Title: Type a title in the text box to print at the
top of your subject list or subject bibliography.
Bibliography Sort Order: Click on a button to select the sort
order you wish to use for the formatted references printed under
each subject heading in a subject bibliography. This setting is
ignored for a subject list.
The Terms Tab When you select Subject Bibliography from the Tools menu to
format a subject bibliography or subject list, a Layout button is
change settings. This section describes the Terms tab on that
dialog.

Selecting a Subject List or Subject Bibliography
In the Reference List area of the Terms tab, select one of the two
radio buttons:
Subject Terms Only prints each unique subject term. It does
NOT print formatted references below each term.
Subject Terms and Reference List prints each subject term
with related references listed below it.
NOTE: The options on this tab are saved for this subject bibliography
session and for future sessions, until you change them again. So, if you
generate a list of Subject Terms Only, the next time you choose Subject
Bibliography, you will produce a simple subject list again. To include
formatted references, click the Layout button and the Terms tab to
select Subject Terms and Reference List.
When printing subject terms with reference lists, EndNote

typically prints each unique subject heading only once with the
related references listed below. You can select the Repeating
Subject Terms box to print a subject term before each formatted
reference. For example:
American Museum of Natural History

1. Personalities in Paleontology. 2002, American Museum of Natu-
ral History.
Antarctica
2. Quilty, P.G., Cycleryon glaessner (crustacea, decapoda) from the
jurassic of Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology,
2000. 62(4): p. 619.
Antarctica
3. Whitney, J.R., T.V. Billoski, and V.R. Jones, Evidence for Tricer-
atops in Antarctica, in New Directions in Paleontology, T.V. Bil-
loski, Editor. 1997, Academic Press: New York. P. 24-27.

Select the Recycling Reference Numbers box to restart reference
numbering for each subject heading. For example:
Recycling Reference Numbers Continuous Reference Numbers
Heading Number One Heading Number One

1. First formatted reference 1. First formatted reference
2. Second formatted reference 2. Second formatted reference
Heading Number Two Heading Number Two
1. First formatted reference 3. First formatted reference
2. Second formatted reference 4. Second formatted reference
Including Subject Term Counts or Record IDs

In the Include area of the Terms tab you can check a box to
include, for the records selected for output:
Subject Term Counts prints a number next to the subject
term to indicate how many records contain the term. For
example:
Evolution (1)
Excavation (4)
Extinction (12)
Subject Term Counts always print on the same line as the

subject term, surrounded by parentheses, and separated from
the term by three spaces.
List of Record IDs prints the record IDs of the records that
contain the term. You can print the list of record IDs on the
same line as the subject term (set apart by three spaces) or on
the next line. For example:
Excavation 34, 33, 6, 48

Extinction 34, 46, 6, 48, 96, 98, 10, 125, 132, 148, 162, 11
or
Excavation
34, 33, 6, 48
Extinction
34, 46, 6, 48, 96, 98, 10, 125, 132, 148, 162, 11

When you print these items on the same line as the term, they
are always separated by three spaces. That way, you can save
to a word processor file, replace the three spaces by a tab
character, and convert the text to a table, using the tab as a
separator. You can print both term counts and record IDs:
Excavation (4)
34, 33, 6, 48
Extinction (12)
34, 46, 6, 48, 96, 98, 10, 125, 132, 148, 162, 11
Sorting the Subject Terms

You have four options for ordering your subject terms:
By Term - Alphabetical sorts subject terms by Date for date
fields, and then alphanumeric order (1-9, A-Z) for all other
fields.
By Term - Inverse Alphabetical simply reverses the By Term
- Alphabetical order (Z-A, 9-1, Dates).
By Term Count - Ascending lists terms based on how often
they appear in records. For example, a term that appears in
only one reference would display at the top of the list,
whereas a term used in 20 references would appear further
down in the list.
By Term Count - Descending reverses the By Term Count -
Ascending order, so the most-used terms are listed first.
NOTE: This sort order setting affects subject headings only. If you want
to change the order of the references printed below each heading, do
so on the References tab of the Configure Subject Bibliography dialog.
Inserting Space or Text Around Subject Terms

Use the Prefix and Suffix text boxes to print text or punctuation
before or after each subject term.
Each term may include a subject term count and/or a list of
record IDs. The order of output is:
Text Before | Subject Term | Subject Term Count |
List of Record IDs | Text After | Reference List

You can use these special formatting codes in the text boxes:
New Paragraph: ^P
New Line: ^L
Tab: ^T
Bold: CTRL+B
Italics: CTRL+I
Underlining: CTRL+U
By default, the Prefix box contains “^p” and the Suffix box
contains “^p^p” in order to leave blank lines between each
subject heading and the first citation listed below it.
When you print Subject Terms Only, you will probably want to
print only a single “^p” after each term, so each subject term
begins on a new line with no blank lines between them.
Applying Styles
In the Styles area of the Terms tab, check the appropriate boxes
to separately apply styles to Subject Terms, Subject Term Counts,
and the List of Record IDs. You can combine styles in any way,
such as:
Antarctica (2) 144, 12

1. Quilty, P.G., Cycleryon glaessner (crustacea, decapoda) from the
jurassic of Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology,
2000. 62(4): p. 619.
2. Whitney, J.R., T.V. Billoski, and V.R. Jones, Evidence for Tricer-
atops in Antarctica, in New Directions in Paleontology, T.V. Bil-
loski, Editor. 1997, Academic Press: New York. P. 24-27.
Apply styles to bibliographic references by modifying the output

style.
If you save your list to a text file, all styles will be stripped.

The Page When you select Subject Bibliography from the Tools menu to
Layout Tab format a subject bibliography or subject list, a Layout button is
change settings. This section describes the Page Layout tab
available on that dialog.
Select the Default Font and Size: Use the drop-down lists to
select a default font and size for your subject headings or subject
terms. Font and size for bibliographic references are set in the
output style.
Set Margins: Enter your page margins in inches.
Position Page Numbers: Use the check boxes to determine
whether your pages are numbered and whether to suppress the
first page number. Use the drop-down lists to determine location
and alignment of page numbers.

The When you select Subject Bibliography from the Tools menu to
Bibliography format a subject bibliography or subject list, a Layout button is
Layout Tab change settings. This section describes the Bibliography Layout
tab available on that dialog.
The options available on the Bibliography Layout tab affect only

the bibliographic references printed in a subject bibliography.
These settings are not used when you print a simple subject list.
NOTE: When you select an output style, the settings on this tab change
to reflect the settings found in the output style. You can override those
settings for this session, but changes to this tab are not saved after you
close the subject bibliography window. If you want to make the changes
permanent, edit the output style. You can make a copy of the output
style to edit specifically for subject bibliographies.
Starting and Ending Each Reference with a Special

Character or Text
Use the Start each reference with and the End each reference with text
boxes to enter fields, text, or punctuation to print before and
after every formatted reference.

Simply click in one of the text boxes and type text. You can use
the Insert Field button to enter control characters or fields of
information as described below.
Use one of the Insert Field buttons to insert these control
characters in a text box:
End of Paragraph inserts a paragraph marker, which moves
the following text to the next line.
Tab inserts a tab character. The spacing for tabs is
determined by the ruler settings in your word processor.
Forced Separation inserts a vertical bar. Use vertical bars to
attach punctuation to a specific field, so that if the field is
empty the punctuation will not print.
For example, to include the text “Note: ” before the note field,
first insert a vertical bar, type the text “Note: ”, insert the
Notes field, then insert another vertical bar. Your “Notes: ”
text will print only when a Notes field contains information,
and not when it is empty.
Link Adjacent Text keeps text together so that it will not be
broken between lines or pages.
Singular/Plural changes between the singular and plural
version of a word, such as editor versus editors.
Enter these fields of information in the Start each reference
with box by clicking the Insert Field button and selecting the
field name:
Reference Type prints the Reference Type (such as Journal
Article or Book) of each reference.
Label prints the label field from each reference.
Citation prints the in-text citation form of each reference.
Bibliography Number prints the sequential number
assigned to the reference in the sorted list below each
heading.
Record Number prints the unique EndNote record number
from each reference.
Enter these fields of information in the End each reference with
box by clicking the Insert Field button and selecting the field
name:
Label prints the Label field from each reference.
Keywords prints the entire Keywords field for each
reference.

Abstract prints the Abstract field from each reference.
Notes prints the Notes field from each reference.
Record Number prints the unique EndNote record number
from each reference.
Setting a Hanging Indent

Use the drop-down list to apply a hanging indent to paragraphs
in each formatted reference.
Numbering References
Enter a starting reference number for bibliographic references
printing below each heading. This setting is ignored if reference
numbering is not applied from the current output style.
Examples of Subject Bibliographies
Using Author This example uses author names as subject headings. The List
Names as each author separately box was checked on the Subject Fields
dialog, so that single author names are used for headings rather
Subject than entire author fields. Uppercasing was applied to the Subject
Headings Terms.
BAKER, V.R.
1. V. R. Baker, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100, 1157
(1988).
BARLOW, CONNIE
2. C. Barlow, Natural History 110, 62 (Sept., 2001).
BARNES, C.R.
3. C. R. Barnes, Geological Magazine 125, 381 (1988).
Using This example uses keywords as subject headings, and restarts

Keywords as reference numbering after each subject heading. You would
select Recycle Numbering in the Configure Subject Bibliography
Subject
Headings

dialog on the Terms tab. The starting reference number is set on
the Bibliography Layout tab.
Geochemistry
1. J. A. Izbicki, Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, 2957
(2000).
2. C. Megnien, Bulletin d’Information des Geologues du Bassin de
Paris, 37, 142 (June, 2000).
Geology
1. S. A. Lebedev, Ph.D., Princeton University (2000).
NOTE: Whether references are numbered or not is determined by the

output style selected.
Using Call You can create a two-column output with Call Numbers, such as:
Numbers as
Subject DL312 Forbes, C. S. (1860). Iceland: Its volcanoes, geysers,
and glaciers. London, J. Murray.
Headings
To create a two-column output:
1. In the Subject Fields dialog, select the Call Number field.
2. Select an output style that does not number citations.
3. On the Layout/Terms tab:
Select Subject Terms and Reference List with Repeating
Subject Terms.
Do not include Subject Term Counts or a list of Record
IDs.
Insert a tab between each subject heading and reference
with the Suffix box (insert ^t).
4. Save the subject bibliography to a word processor file.
5. With your word processor, convert the output to a two-
column table, sort by the first column, adjust the column
widths, and reformat the paragraph style.

Chapter 15
Reference Types
Contents
Introduction ......................................................................... 404
What is a Reference Type? ..................................... 404
Reference Types and Data Entry ........................... 405
The Generic Reference Type ............................................ 407
Special Fields....................................................................... 408
Customizing the Reference Types................................... 410
About the Reference Types Preference ................. 411
Adding, Deleting, and Renaming Fields .............. 412
Adding and Deleting Reference Types ................. 414
Sharing Your Reference Type Table ............................... 417
Table of Predefined Reference Types ............................ 418
403
Introduction
What is a Your EndNote library can contain references from a variety of

Reference different sources, such as books, journal articles, and newspaper
articles. We call these different sources reference types. EndNote
Type? provides built-in forms for these and other common reference
types.
In addition to an all-encompassing “Generic” reference type,
EndNote has three unused and 44 pre-defined reference types:
Aggregated Database, Ancient Text, Artwork, Audiovisual
Material, Bill, Blog, Book, Book Section, Case, Catalog, Chart or
Table, Classical Work, Computer Program, Conference Paper,
Conference Proceeding, Dictionary, Edited Book, Electronic
Article, Electronic Book, Encyclopedia, Equation, Figure, Film or
Broadcast, Government Document, Grant, Hearing, Journal
Article, Legal Rule or Regulation, Magazine Article, Manuscript,
Map, Newspaper Article, Online Database, Online Multimedia,
Pamphlet, Patent, Personal Communication, Report, Serial,
Standard, Statute, Thesis, Unpublished Work, and Web Page.
Important Points About Reference Types

You can assign a particular reference type to each reference
entered into your library.
The Reference Types preference, accessible through
EndNote’s Preferences, determines which fields are
available for each of the different reference types.
The Reference Types preference allows up to 48 different
types of references, each capable of supporting up to 54
fields (including the name of the reference type).
Of the 48 reference types, all but the Generic type can be
modified.
Use the Reference Types preference to add, delete, or rename
fields. You can also hide complete reference types.
The layout of the Generic reference type should be used as a
guide when modifying or creating reference types. Rows
reserved for Authors should be used only for names.
Changes made to the Reference Types preference apply to all
libraries opened under the current user account.
If you move your library to a different computer, your
references will follow the layout of the Reference Types
preference for the current user account on that computer,
404 Chapter 15: Reference Types

unless you also transfer a copy of your reference type table.
See “Sharing Your Reference Type Table” on page 417.
Do not enter reference data into the Reference Types preference.
This dialog is designed to store just the names of the
reference fields.
When you use Cite While You Write to insert figures in
Microsoft Word, figures found in the Chart or Table
reference type are inserted as tables. Figures found in any
other reference type in EndNote will format as figures in
Word.
Reference The chosen reference type specifies which fields appear in the
Types and Reference window. For instance, an EndNote journal article
reference includes the fields “Journal,” “Volume,” and “Issue,”
Data Entry while a book reference includes fields such as “Series Title” and
“City.” The Reference window displays only the fields that are
relevant to the chosen reference type.
It is best to select the reference type before entering the

bibliographic information in a reference. However, you can
change the reference type of a reference at any time using the
Reference Type list at the top of the Reference window.
Chapter 15: Reference Types 405

The Reference Type List
Relationship Between Reference Types and Styles,

Filters, and Connections
Styles, filters, and connection files can include templates for all
of the different reference types. This enables various types of
references to be formatted differently in a bibliography or
imported differently, as necessary.
The reference types and fields available to you when editing a
style, filter, or connection file depend on how the reference types
are configured in the Reference Types preference. These files
update automatically to reflect changes made in the Reference
Types preference (such as changing the name of a field).
Setting a Default Reference Type

By default, the Journal Article reference type appears when you
insert a new reference. While you can change the assigned
reference type during data entry, you may want to change the
default setting

To change the default reference type setting:
2. Click on Reference Types.
3. Click the Default Reference Type list and choose from one of
the available reference types.
4. Click Apply to save the change.
The Generic Reference Type

When entering references into your library, use the Generic type
only for references that do not fit any of the other reference types.
The more important function of the Generic reference type is to
set up a guide for the other reference types to follow.
The Generic field names are used throughout the EndNote
program (for example, in the Sort References dialog and the
Search tab) to refer to a similar category of fields that can be
found in the different reference types. When you choose a
Generic field name in any of these dialogs, it refers to all field
names assigned to that Generic row of the Reference Types
preference. For example, if you use the Search command to
search the Author field, EndNote searches all fields that appear
in the Generic “Author” row of the Reference Types preference,
including fields such as “Artist,” “Reporter,” and
“Cartographer.”
NOTE: When editing the Reference Types preference it is important

to keep similar fields in the same row, as defined by the Generic field
names at the start of the row. Each reference type can call these fields
by a different name; however, the content of the fields should be similar.
Using the Generic Type in Styles

Although the Generic reference type is rarely used for data entry,
it plays an important role in formatting bibliographies. In
addition to formatting Generic references, the Generic template
in a style is used to format any reference types that are not
specifically defined in the style. Consequently, every
bibliographic style should contain a Generic template so that all
references get formatted when EndNote creates a bibliography.

Special Fields
EndNote includes 54 fields (including the first field, which
contains the name of the reference type). Each of the different
EndNote data fields is available for use by the different reference
types. Initially, only the Generic reference type includes all
fields. Few restrictions are placed on the type of text that can be
entered. However, there are a few fields that are reserved for
specific functions.
Author Fields
The Author, Secondary Author, Tertiary Author, and Subsidiary
Author rows in the Reference Types preference are specially
configured to handle author names, and should not be used for
any data other than names.
When EndNote creates a bibliography, the information in these
fields is formatted according to the specifications of the selected
style’s Author List and Editor List settings. (The Author List is used
for the Author field; Editor List is used for Secondary Author,
Tertiary Author, and Subsidiary Author fields.) If you put text
other than personal names in any of these fields, EndNote will
still try to interpret it and format it as a person’s name.
The Library window displays the last name of the first author
that it finds in the Author field. That name is also used in the
temporary citations inserted into word processing documents.
NOTE: If you have a corporate author name in an Author field, put a

comma after the name so that EndNote does not interpret it as a first
and last name. For example, Acme Corporation should be entered as
“Acme Corporation,”.
Title Fields
The three fields that the Generic type uses for titles—Title,
Secondary Title, and Tertiary Title—are usually found under
different names in other reference types. For example, a section
of a book which is part of a series will use all three title fields: the
chapter title would belong in the main Title field, the book title
corresponds to the Secondary Title field, and the series title
corresponds to the Tertiary Title field.
The Generic Secondary Title and Alternate Title fields map to the
Journal and Alternate Journal fields, respectively. The fields
listed below, found in specific reference types, are the only ones

that can be used along with the Journals term list to modify
journal names in formatted bibliographies (see page 274):
Journal Article reference type—Journal field
Journal Article reference type—Alternate Journal field
Electronic Article reference type—Periodical Title field
Pages Field
The fields in the row reserved for page numbers are the only
ones that work with the Page Numbers option in the styles. This
feature lets you specify how EndNote should format the page
numbers in the bibliography (first page only or a full or
abbreviated range of pages). Similarly, any field in the Pages row
of the Reference Types preference can take advantage of a special
formatting character in the styles: the caret (^). This character
allows you to pick a singular and plural form of a term to
precede or follow the pages in a bibliography, for example
“p. 25” and “pp. 32-45”. If you enter page numbers in any other
part of the reference, they cannot be used with these features.
URL Field
When a correctly formatted URL is entered into this field, the
Open URL command on the References menu can be used to
launch your Web browser and take you to that site.
When a reference is selected and Open URL is chosen, EndNote
checks the URL field for a valid hyperlink. No other fields are
checked. See “Linking References to Websites and Files” on page
166.
File Attachments Field

Use the File Attachments field to store the path to files on your
hard drive (such as graphics, word processing documents, and
PDF files). You can specify an absolute path to a specific folder,
or you can specify a relative path to copy the file to your library’s
.DATA\PDF folder. You can link up to 45 files to each reference.
When a correctly formatted path and filename is entered into this
field, the File Attachments>Open File command on the References
menu can be used to launch the file. See “Linking References to
Websites and Files” on page 166.
Figure Field
The Figure field stores a single graphic or file attachment
specifically for use in Microsoft Word. This field is included in

all reference types. See “Inserting Figures” on page 160 for
information about adding figures to a reference.
To add or remove the Figure field from a reference type, use the
Preferences dialog to edit reference types, as described in the
next section.
Use the text field immediately following the Figure field, the
Caption field, to enter relevant information pertaining to the
figure or file.
Date Stamp Fields

Two Auto Date Stamp fields appear in the footer of each
EndNote reference. The Added to Library and Last Updated
dates are inserted when you save a new reference, and then the
Last Updated date is reset each time you save changes to a
reference. The date format of the Auto Date Stamp fields, such as
“4/16/2008,” adheres to your default operating system settings.
You cannot remove or edit either of the Auto Date Stamp fields;
they do not appear in the list for editing. However, you can
display, search, sort, print, or export these fields just as you
would any other EndNote field.
Customizing the Reference Types

All of the reference types, except for Generic, can be modified
using the Reference Types preference. Whenever you make a
change to a reference type, you should also edit your styles to
make sure that they correctly format the new or modified
reference types.
If you plan to share your libraries with other users, you may
want to limit the use of new and modified reference types.
The Reference Types table applies to all libraries opened on
a computer from your user account.
If your library is opened from a different computer or a
different user account, your references will follow the layout
of the Reference Types preference for that computer and
user, unless you also transfer a copy of your reference type
table. See “Sharing Your Reference Type Table” on page 417.
If you modify a reference type for records in your EndNote
library, you should make sure that the reference type is also
created or modified on other computers that will access the
library.

About the You can change the available reference types and the fields that
Reference each reference type contains. Use the Reference Types preference
to add, remove, or rename fields—or to rename a reference type.
Types
To access the Reference Types preference, go to the Edit menu,
Preference choose Preferences, select the Reference Type option in the list of
preferences, and click Modify Reference Types.
NOTE: The Modify Reference Types command is enabled only when all
Style, Filter, Connection, and Reference windows are closed.
The first column is reserved for the Generic reference type,

which lists all of the available fields. Use the drop-down list at
the top of the dialog to display one of the 48 reference types in
the right-hand column.
The rows correspond to the editable fields that each reference
type can contain. Each named cell in a column represents a field
that appears in the reference. The names of the fields in each
reference type should closely correspond to their Generic field
names in the left column.
The Generic column is the complete set of fields that can be
included in any type of reference—no fields can be added to this
list, nor can the names of the Generic fields be changed. As

described earlier, the Generic reference type serves as a model
for constructing all other reference types. See“The Generic
Reference Type” on page 407 and “Special Fields” on page 408
Do not try to edit the Reference Types preference to rearrange
information within your references. For example, if you delete
the “Journal” field and retype “Journal” elsewhere in the column
for Journal Articles, you are simply telling EndNote to close the
original “Journal” field and display a new field called “Journal”
in another location—this does not move your data from the
original “Journal” field to the new one. Any references that had
data in the original “Journal” field will still show that
information, but the field will have its “Generic” name of
“Secondary Title.” The new “Journal” field will remain empty.
To navigate in the Reference Types dialog:
Use the vertical scroll bar to see the additional fields
available for each reference type.
The UP or DOWN ARROW keys select the previous or next
field, respectively, within the same reference type.
Pressing ENTER closes the dialog. Press the ESC key or click
Cancel to exit from the Reference Types preference without
saving any changes.
Adding, There are different ways you can customize the various reference
Deleting, and types. If an existing reference type does not contain all of the
fields that you need, you can define a new field or rename an
Renaming existing field. Similarly, if there is a field that you know you will
Fields never use, you can delete it from the reference type so that it no
longer appears in your references.
NOTE: Be sure to read the previous section about “Special Fields” on

page 408 before changing any fields.
To rename a field:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Preferences, select the Reference
Type option in the list of preferences, and click Modify
Reference Types to open the Reference Types preference.
NOTE: The Modify Reference Types command is enabled only when all
Style, Filter, Connection, and Reference windows are closed.
2. Use the drop-down list at the top to find the reference type
that you want to change.

3. Within the column for that reference type, find the field
name that you want to change, click on it, and type a new
name for the field to replace the current name.
4. (Optional) If you want to change the field for all reference
types, click the Apply to All Ref Types button.
5. Click OK to return to the main Preferences window for
Reference Types.
Styles, filters, and connection files update automatically to use
the new name.
To add a field to a reference type:
3. Look at the field names listed in the Generic column and find
the one with the most similar meaning to the field that you
want to add. Make sure that the corresponding cell is blank
for the reference type that you are modifying. If it is not
blank, then you should use another field.
4. Click in the blank cell and type the name for the new field.

5. (Optional) If you want to add the new field to all reference
Reference Types.
To delete a field from a reference type:
3. Find the name of the field you want to delete and select it.
4. Press the DELETE or BACKSPACE key to clear that field name.
5. (Optional) If you want to delete the field from all reference
Reference Types.
The deleted field no longer appears in any references using that
reference type. However, if there was any information in the
deleted field, it still appears in the reference, but the field is
displayed with its Generic name. For example, suppose you
remove the Editor field from the Book reference type. Thereafter,
when you add new book references to your library, there will be
no available field for entering an editor. However, if you edit an
old book reference, one in which you had entered an editor’s
name, the name will be displayed in the field titled Secondary
Author. It is the same Editor field that was used originally,
however it is now displayed with its Generic name.
Data in a field is not deleted by deleting a field from a reference
type format. To remove all text from a field, use the “Clear Field”
option in the Change Field command. You can also move data
from one field to another using the Move Field command on the
References menu.
Adding and There are three Reference Types titled Unused, where you can
Deleting define a new type of reference. If these are already in use, you
can overwrite other reference types that you do not need in order
Reference to create new reference types. For example, if your subject area
Types never involves art, you may have no use for the Artwork
reference type; you could replace it with another reference type.

To add a new reference type:
2. Use the drop-down list at the top to select one of the Unused
reference types. If all of the “Unused” reference types are in
use, select a reference type that you are willing to overwrite.
3. Type a name for that new reference type into the column
heading.
NOTE: A reference type must have fields defined in order to appear in

the reference type list for new or existing references. If you simply
change the name of an Unused reference type, it will not appear in your
reference type list. You must also include fields in the reference type as
described next.
4. Continue down the column for that reference type, adding

new fields as necessary. (Delete or rename unwanted fields
if you are overwriting another reference type.) Remember to
match the meaning of the fields you add with the Generic
row headings. It is often helpful to use the other reference
types as guides, too.

5. Click OK after you have added all of the necessary fields, and
you will return to the main Preferences window for
Reference Types.
You can now use this new reference type when entering
references.
You should also edit your styles so that they correctly reflect the
type of format required for this new reference type. If you
overwrite an existing reference type, any references that used the
old reference type will change to use the new reference type.
NOTE: If you ever plan to use journal articles in your library, do not
overwrite the Journal Article or Electronic Article reference types.
These two reference types are the only ones for which Journal
Abbreviation replacements can be made with the Journals Term List.
To hide an unwanted reference type:

that you want to hide.
3. Add a period before the reference type’s name in the column
header to have EndNote remove that item from the Reference
Type list in the Reference windows and elsewhere. The
definition, however, remains in case you later wish to restore
it by removing the period.
For example, if you were hiding the Map reference type, the
column heading would be “.Map”.
Reference Types.

Sharing Your Reference Type Table
An EndNote user can share a customized reference type table
with another EndNote user. Keep in mind, however, that when
you do this, you completely replace the recipient’s existing
reference type table.
NOTE: Replacing another user's reference type table overwrites all

changes to his/her current reference type table.
First, export the reference type table you wish to share:

1. From the donor’s user account, start EndNote.
3. Click the Reference Types option in the list of preferences.
4. Under Reference Type Table, click Export to display a file

dialog.
5. Name the file, select a folder where you will be able to find it
later, and click Save. EndNote will append an .xml suffix to
the file name.
6. Copy the exported .xml file to the recipient’s computer.
Then, import the table for a different user:
1. From the recipient’s user account, start EndNote.
4. Under Reference Type Table, click Import to display a file
dialog.
5. In the file dialog, locate, highlight, and Open the .xml file that
was previously exported.

Table of Predefined Reference Types
The table presented in Appendix C, “Reference Types and
Fields” on page 645 shows the default fields used in each of the
different reference types and what the fields are called.

Chapter 16
Bibliographic Styles
Contents
Introduction ......................................................................... 421
What is an Output Style? ....................................... 421
The Output Styles Menu ........................................ 422
The Style Manager .................................................. 422
Previewing Styles and Showing Information ...... 425
Copying Styles ........................................................ 426
Saving Styles ........................................................... 427
Deleting Styles ........................................................ 427
Renaming Styles...................................................... 428
Reverting Changes to a Style ................................. 428
Closing a Style......................................................... 428
What Should I Do if My Style Is Not
Included? ........................................................... 428
Accessing Styles in Other Places ........................... 429
Basic Components of a Style.................................. 429
Modifying Style Templates .............................................. 431
Citation Template ................................................... 431
Bibliography and Footnote Templates ................. 433
Changing the Punctuation in a Formatted
Reference ........................................................... 435
Adding and Removing Fields in a Formatted
Reference ........................................................... 436
Adding New Reference Types............................... 437
Fonts and Text Styles.............................................. 439
Rules for Working with Style Templates.............. 439
EndNote Cleans Up ................................................ 441
Special Formatting Characters .............................. 442
Additional Style Formatting Options............................. 446
Anonymous Works ................................................. 446
Page Numbers ......................................................... 447
Journal Names......................................................... 448
Ambiguous Citations ............................................. 449
419
Numbering Citations ............................................. 451
Citation Author Lists ............................................. 452
Citation Author Names ......................................... 454
Author List (Bibliography and Footnotes) .......... 456
Author Names (Bibliography and Footnotes) ..... 457
Editor List and Editor Names ............................... 458
Bibliography Layout .............................................. 459
Sort Order: Bibliographies and Multiple
Citations............................................................ 463
Title Capitalization ................................................ 466
Repeated Citations (in Footnotes) ........................ 466
Figure and Table Placement and Captions .................... 468
Figures and Tables ................................................. 469
Separation and Punctuation.................................. 470
Creating a New Style.......................................................... 471
Example: Creating an Author Date Style............. 471
420 Chapter 16: Bibliographic Styles

Introduction
What is an The term output style (or just “style”) is used to describe a
Output Style? particular method of documenting your work. Each style is
designed as a complete solution for formatting in-text citations,
footnote citations, and bibliographies for all types of references.
You can think of styles as templates that show EndNote how to
arrange the information in each of your EndNote references for
citations and bibliographies. For example, this reference:
could be formatted in the Chicago style like this:

Argus, Michele V., and Edward K. Matthews. 1991.
Stratigraphic excavation techniques for
paleontologists. Journal of Paleontology 17:119-127.
Or it could be formatted in the Nature style like this:
1. Argus, M. V. & Matthews, E. K. Stratigraphic ex-
cavation techniques for paleontologists. Journal
of Paleontology 17, 119-127 (1991).
Chapter 16: Bibliographic Styles 421

The Output The style selected in the Output Styles submenu of the Edit menu
Styles Menu (or the style menu on the toolbar) determines how references are
formatted for the preview in the Library window as well as for
the Format Bibliography, Format, Print, Export, and Copy Formatted
commands.
By default, EndNote’s four standard bibliographic styles are
installed in your Output Styles menu:
Annotated: generates an Author-Date style bibliography
with abstracts.
Author-Date: generates bibliography alphabetized by
author name, and in-text citations with Author and Year.
Numbered: generates a numbered bibliography with
corresponding numbered in-text citations.
Show All Fields: generates a list of the references as entered,
including all fields and the names of the fields.
Mark individual styles as your favorites in the Style Manager to
have them appear in the Edit>Output Styles menu, the style menu
on the toolbar, and the confirm formatting dialog.
The Style EndNote includes more than 3,000 individual bibliographic

Manager styles. Each one of these styles is stored as an individual file in
the Styles folder in your EndNote folder.
The name of the style refers to the journal or publisher that has
defined the bibliographic format. The Nature style, for example,
is based on the format required by the journal Nature, and the
Chicago style is named after the Chicago Manual of Style. Styles in
the Export category, such as “RIS” are not bibliographic styles,
but rather export styles designed to aid in transferring EndNote
data into other databases.
To see if your journal’s style is included in EndNote, peruse the
list of styles in the Style Manager or consult the EndNote Help
file. If your style is not available, any style can be modified to suit
your needs and you can create new styles.

To see the available styles in EndNote’s Styles folder, choose
Output Styles from the Edit menu, and select Open Style Manager.
Click column headings

to sort the list.
Click to
Click to display more or search for
less information about files by
the selected file. category.
The Style Manager lists the names of all of the original styles
available in the EndNote X2\Styles folder as well as any new or
modified styles in your personal Styles folder, and gives you the
options to edit them or select them as “favorites” for quick access
from the style menu on the toolbar, the Output Styles menu on the
Edit menu, or the confirm formatting dialog. You can click and
drag the corner of the dialog to increase the size.
Navigating in the Style Manager

Use the following features to locate the output style that you
want to use:
If you know the name of the style that you want to use, you
may start typing it and the first file that matches what you
type will be selected.
Click the Find button and choose a category (such as
Medicine or Humanities) to find only the bibliographic styles
for a specific discipline. EndNote will display all matching
results.
Click the Find button and choose All Styles to return all of the
styles to the displayed list.
Click the column headings to sort the styles by name or by
category. Clicking the same column heading a second time
will change the sort order from ascending to descending.
Click again to set it back to ascending order.

Click the More Info button at the bottom of the dialog to
display additional information about the selected style (such
as modification and creation dates, and any comments or
limitations). More Info toggles with Less Info. You also have
the option of displaying a preview of the style in the “More
Info” panel.
Marking Your Favorite Styles

When you have found a style that you will want to use in the
future, click the check box to the left of it to mark it as a favorite.
All styles that are marked as favorites appear in the Output Styles
submenu of the Edit menu, and the styles menu on the toolbar.
This gives you easy access to the styles you use most often. All
styles can be modified to meet your specifications. You can also
create completely new styles if necessary.
To add a style to the Output Styles submenu on the Edit menu:
Style Manager.
2. Find the style that you need.
3. Click in the box to the left of the style's name to choose it as
one of your favorites.
4. Close the Style Manager by clicking the close button or
choosing Close Style Manager from the File menu.
To select a whole category of styles as favorites, click the Find
button in the Style Manager window, select the category of
interest, and then click Mark All when all of the styles for that
category are displayed. Click Find and choose All Styles to bring
all of the styles back into view. The Unmark All button may be
used to unmark all of the output styles that are showing in the
list.
If you cannot find the style you need:
Many bibliographic styles are simply variants of a small number
of well-known bibliographic formats. EndNote includes over
3,000 different styles, but it may not include the exact style you
need. If you can't find the specific style you need, you can:
Check the submission guidelines for the publication to see if
the style is a derivative of a well-known style. You may be
able to use that style (perhaps with minor modifications).
Try the interactive Styles Finder on the EndNote web site. A
shortcut to the Web Styles Finder is provided on the Help
menu.

Previewing Click More Info in the Style Manager to show the information
Styles and panel. (When you choose More Info, the button changes to Less
Info, which will hide the panel.) The information panel is used to
Showing display more detail about the selected style.
Information Use the Style Info/Preview button to toggle between these
displays:
Style Information: Details about the style are displayed in
the Information panel. These include the creation and
modification dates, category, which style guide the style is
based on, and any limitations or comments about using the
style.
Style Preview: In the preview section, EndNote shows how
a journal, book, and book section would be formatted with
the selected style.
Previewing Styles Using Your Own References

EndNote uses built-in examples for the previews in the Style
Manager window. If you want to preview a style using your own
references:
1. In the Style Manager, mark the style as a favorite by clicking
in the check box next to its name. This adds the style to the
Output Styles menu.
2. From the Edit menu, choose Output Styles, and select the style
to preview.
3. Open a library, and click the Preview tab in the Tab pane.

4. Select any reference in your library to have it displayed on
Preview tab.
The preview tab displays only one reference at a time. If you
would like to preview a group of references, you can use the
Copy Formatted command and the Clipboard:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Output Styles and select a style.
2. Select one or more references in your library and choose Copy
Formatted (CTRL+K) from the Edit menu.
3. Paste from the Clipboard into a word processor document to
see the formatted references as they would appear in a
bibliography.
Or, use the Print Preview command on the File menu to print the
showing references in the library window.
Copying Styles When you display a list of styles in EndNote, the list is
comprised of the installed styles found in the Program
Files\EndNote X2\Styles folder as well as new or modified styles
found in your personal Styles folder. For an explanation of where
your files are stored, see “Folder Locations” on page 551.
Because each style is a separate file on your hard drive, you can
copy them as you would copy any file on your hard drive using
the Windows desktop.
To copy a style to a removable disk, select the style on your hard
drive and drag it onto a disk. We recommend that you make a
backup copy of any new or modified styles (see Appendix A).
To make a copy of a style from within EndNote:
Style Manager.
2. Select the style you want to copy and click Edit.
3. Without making any changes to the file, choose Save As from
the File menu.
4. Give this copy of the file a new name and Save it.
The file is saved in your personal Styles folder. The new style
will remain open. The original style will be left untouched.

Saving Styles To save a new style that you have just created, or to save changes
to a style you have just modified, choose Save or Save As from the
File menu.
If you have modified one of the original installed files in the
Program Files\EndNote X2\Styles folder, you must use Save As to
save a copy to your personal Styles folder. If you have modified
a style that is already located in your personal Styles folder, you
can choose either Save to directly modify the file, or Save As to
make a copy with the changes. For a description of where your
styles are stored, see “Folder Locations” on page 551.
If you close a Style window before saving a style, EndNote
prompts you to save or discard the changes you have made, or
choose Cancel to return to the style. If you quit from EndNote
while a Style window is open, the same dialog appears.
EndNote automatically saves new styles to your personal Styles
folder. You may also specify a different folder if necessary. For
instructions see “Folder Locations” on page 551.
EndNote styles use the file name extension of “.ENS” (for
EndNote Style), as in “Nature.ens.”
Deleting To delete a style from within EndNote:

Styles 1. From the Edit menu, choose Output Styles and select Open
Style Manager.
2. Select the style to be deleted.
3. Choose Clear from the Edit menu, or right-click on the style
and choose Delete from the shortcut menu, or press the
DELETE key.
You can also delete an unwanted style by switching back to the
Windows desktop and opening the appropriate Styles folder (see
“Folder Locations” on page 551). Then, select the file to delete
and choose Delete from the File menu, or drag the file to the
Recycle Bin.
NOTE: You must have read/write access to the Styles folder in order to
delete a style. If you do not have administrator access, you likely will
not be able to delete a file located within the Program Files folder.

Renaming Rename styles using the Save As command in EndNote’s File
Styles menu. This allows you to make a copy of any style that you want
to modify, so you can keep several variations of the same style.
You can also rename styles by switching to the Windows
desktop, locating the style file in the Styles folder, clicking on the
file name, and typing a new name.
For an explanation of where your files are stored, see “Folder
Locations” on page 551.
Reverting If at any time you need to revert your changes back to the last
Changes to a saved copy of the style, choose Revert Style from the File menu.
Once you close the Style window the changes are permanent
Style until changed again.
Closing a Style To close a Style window, click the close button in the upper right
corner of the window, or choose Close Style from the File menu.
If you have not saved your changes to the style, EndNote
prompts you and gives you the option to save or discard any
changes that you have made.
What Should I EndNote supplies over 3,000 journal styles for your convenience;
Do if My Style however, because there are thousands of journals published, the
style you need may not be included. This should not be a
Is Not problem because you can design a style of your own or modify
Included? any of EndNote’s preconfigured styles.
If a style that you need is not included with EndNote, we
recommend modifying a style that is similar to what you need.
To find and modify a similar style:
Style Manager.
2. In the Style Manager, change the setting in the information
panel from Style Info to Style Preview. The preview of the
selected style should now be displayed.
3. Scroll through the list of available styles to see if you can find
one that is similar to what you need.
4. Once you have found a similar style, select it, and click the
Edit button. The Style window opens.
5. Choose Save As from the File menu, give this copy of the style
a new name that corresponds to the name of the journal you
want to use it for, and click Save. This will also keep the

original style unchanged, in the event that you need to use it
later.
6. The new Style window remains open for you to edit it as you
need. For more details about editing parts of a style, read
“Basic Components of a Style” and “Modifying Style
Templates” starting on page 429.
Once the new copy of the style has been saved, it will be added
to your style menus.
NOTE: You can download the latest output styles available from
Thomson ResearchSoft. Visit the EndNote website
(http://www.endnote.com) for available styles.
Accessing The Style Manager displays only the styles found in specific
Styles in Other folders. We recommend that you copy additional styles to your
personal Styles folder.
Places
For an explanation of where your files are stored, or to change
your personal Styles folder location, see “Folder Locations” on
page 551.
Basic The best way to understand how a style works is to open one up
Components and look at it.
of a Style To create a new style: From the Edit menu, choose Output
Styles and select New Style. If you are interested in creating a
new style, also read “Creating a New Style” on page 471.
To edit a style: From the Edit menu, choose Output Styles and
then Open Style Manager. Select the file to edit and click Edit.
The most recently used style can also be opened by selecting
Output Styles from the Edit menu, and choosing Edit <style>.

The Style Window
After choosing the option to edit an existing style or create a new
one, EndNote opens the Style window.
All of the different options for editing a style are listed on the left
side of the Style window. The first four items (About This Style,
Anonymous Works, Page Numbers, and Journal Names) apply to
citations, bibliographies, and citations in footnotes. The rest of
the options in the Style window are grouped under one of four
headings:
Citations: Panels listed under the Citations heading apply only to
citations in the body of the text.
Bibliographies: The items listed under the Bibliography heading
apply to the bibliography that EndNote creates when you format
a paper. These settings are also used with the Export, Print, Copy
Formatted, and Preview options.
Footnotes: The items under the Footnote heading apply to
citations that have been inserted into the footnotes or endnotes
in a word processing document. (You must first create the
footnotes in your word processor, and then insert EndNote
citations into them.)
Figures and Tables: The items under Figures and Tables apply to
EndNote figures and tables that have been inserted into a
Microsoft Word document.
Click on the plus next to one of the headings to expand or
collapse the view to show or hide the related options. Click on an

item under the headings to view the associated panel. You may
switch between panels as needed while editing the file. No
changes are saved in any of the panels, however, until you
choose Save or Save As from the File menu.
Style Templates
The Citation, Bibliography, and Footnote sections of the style all
have a Template panel and other options for fine tuning the style.
The Templates panels are the major component of the styles. They
include the field names and punctuation organized in the way
EndNote should format the references for that particular style.
The templates look like citations or bibliography entries, except
that field names are used in place of the actual data. During the
formatting process, EndNote replaces the field names with the
corresponding information from the references.
For details about working with style templates see page 431.
Other Style Options

Under each heading in the Style window (Citations, Bibliography,
and Footnotes) there are a series of options for how to fine-tune
the formatted references in citations, bibliographies, or
footnotes. Many of these options are repeated for the three
sections (such as the settings that determine how author names
are treated), because each of these three areas of the document
might require a slightly different format. The Figures and Tables
section applies specifically to EndNote figures and tables
inserted into a Word document. These options are described
starting on page 446.
Modifying Style Templates

If you are creating a bibliography that requires a style not
included with EndNote, then you can modify a style to suit your
needs. (See “What Should I Do if My Style Is Not Included?” on
page 428.) Editing a style requires a general understanding of
how styles work and the components of a style. Read “Basic
Components of a Style” on page 429 to become familiar with the
terms used in this section.
Citation Click on Templates under the Citation heading to view the

Template Citation panel. This template tells EndNote how to format the in-
text citations in the body of your paper. For example, the
Numbered style uses a bracketed bibliography number for the

in-text citation. (The bibliography number corresponds to a
numbered reference in a bibliography.) An author-year type of
style would probably display something such as “(Author,
Year)” in the citation template.
You may change the template by deleting unwanted field names
or punctuation, retyping the punctuation you want, and
inserting new fields with the Insert Field button. More
information about editing templates is provided later in this
section.
Multiple Citation Separators

Use the “Multiple Citation Separators” section of this dialog to
specify the punctuation to separate multiple citations in your
papers. A multiple citation is an in-text citation that includes
more than one reference within a single set of delimiters, such as:
(Argus, 1993; Billoski, 1993; Hall, 1988). This example uses a
semicolon and a space as the separator between citations.
The separator can be changed by typing other text in the
“Multiple citation separator” box. Remember to include a space
in the separator section when necessary.
Year Format
If you would like EndNote to use 2-digit years (such as ‘99) in the
in-text citations, check the “Use 2-digit years” option. Years from
all centuries will be abbreviated to display just the last two
digits. This applies only to the years in the in-text citations.

Bibliography Click Templates under the Bibliography or Footnotes heading to see
and Footnote the templates for how those references are formatted.
Templates
For footnote and bibliography templates, each has a “Generic”

template, and other reference-type-specific templates to format
the various reference types in a bibliography.
The following examples show how journal articles, books, and
book sections, respectively, would be formatted with the
Numbered style. Notice that each reference type is formatted
differently, which is why different templates are required:
1. Emiliani, C., Competitive evolution. Journal of Theoretical
Biology, 1982. 97: p. 13-33.
2. Jones, V.R., The Theory of Foraging, B.J. Bloggs, Editor. 1976,
Smith and Barnes: New York.
3. Whitney, J.R., T.V. Billoski, and V.R. Jones, Evidence for
Triceratops in Antarctica, in New Directions in Paleontology,
T.V. Billoski, Editor. 1987, Academic Press: New York. p.24-
27.
Generic Template
The Generic template is used to format references that use the
Generic reference type or do not have their own template in the
style. For example, if a Book template had not been included in
the style, book references would be formatted using the Generic
template.

Other Reference Type Templates
The rest of the templates in the style tell EndNote how to format
specific reference types, such as journals, books, and book
sections. If a check mark appears next to a reference type in the
Reference Type list, a template is already defined for it (you can
edit the template).
Footnote Template Options

Styles have varying requirements for how citations in footnotes
should be formatted. The options at the top of the Footnote
Templates panel allow for the different conditions.
For some styles, citations in footnotes are formatted just like in-
text citations (in the body of the paper). In that case, there is no
need to create a special template for footnotes, simply choose the
Same As In-text option from the Footnote Format options.
Similarly, some formats request that citations in footnotes are
formatted as full bibliographic references, exactly like the
bibliography. For those styles, you can set the footnote format
option to Same as Bibliography.
However, if you need the footnotes to use their own special
format (most styles for the humanities require this), you would
choose the option to format citations in footnotes with a unique
footnote format. For this option, you need to define the templates
for how citations in footnotes should be formatted.
For information about how to treat repeated citations, such as
using a short form for non-consecutive repeated citations, and

“Ibid.” for consecutive repeated citations, see “Repeated
Citations (in Footnotes)” on page 466.
Changing the Punctuation that appears in your formatted references can be

Punctuation in changed by editing the style you are using. When you edit a
style, you can delete unwanted punctuation, replace it with other
a Formatted punctuation, or add additional punctuation where necessary.
Reference For example, if the Numbered style creates a perfect
bibliography for your document except that it puts a comma after
the authors’ names where you need a period, you can edit the
Numbered style to make this change.
To edit the Numbered style:
1. Choose the Numbered style in the Output Styles menu.
2. Choose Edit Numbered from the Output Styles menu to open
the Numbered Style window.
3. Click the Templates option under the Bibliography heading.
4. For each reference type (such as Generic, Journal Article, and
Book), delete the comma that follows the field name
“Author” and type a period.
The style’s bibliographic templates should now look like the

example below. Notice that the punctuation after the Author
field in each template has been changed to a period.
5. From the File menu, choose Save As. In the dialog that
appears, enter a new name for this modified Numbered style
and click Save.

Now you can use the new style to create a formatted
bibliography that puts a period between the author names and
the titles.
For information about making punctuation or spaces appear
only under certain circumstances see “Special Formatting
Characters” on page 442. That section also explains the use of the
non-breaking spaces (◊), vertical bars (|), accent grave (`), and
the carets (^) that you see in the style templates.
NOTE: If you save a new style into a folder other than the current styles
folder, it will not be available in the Style Manager. You should save
new styles to your Styles folder, or see “Accessing Styles in Other
Places” on page 429 if necessary.
Adding and The field names (such as Author, Year, and Title) that you see
Removing when editing a style template, indicate what information is
included in your formatted reference. If you want to include a
Fields in a field, such as notes, along with your references, you should add
Formatted the Notes field to the style that you use. Similarly, to exclude
Reference unwanted information that is appearing in a bibliography, you
must delete the field name that contains that information from
the style’s bibliography template.
The examples below show two common scenarios in which fields
are added to or removed from the formatted bibliography.
Whenever you change the fields in a style template be sure to
check the surrounding punctuation to make sure that it is still
accurate.
Adding a Field to a Style Template

To insert a new field into a style template:
Style Manager.
2. Select the style that you want to edit, and click Edit.
3. Click on the Templates option under the Bibliography heading,
and position the cursor at the location in the template where
you want to add a field.
4. Click the Insert Field button and choose the field to be added.

5. After the field is inserted, add any punctuation or spacing
that is necessary to correctly incorporate the new field into
the style.
NOTE: As a short-cut, you can use the options in the Layout panel to
add text or punctuation before or after every reference in a bibliography.
See “Adding Text Before Each Reference” on page 459 and “Adding
Text After Each Reference” on page 460.
Deleting a Field from a Style Template

If EndNote includes information in your bibliography that you
do not want to be there, you can edit the style and delete the
unwanted field’s name and any associated punctuation.
For example, if a style includes the issue number in your journal
references, and you do not want the issue to appear:
1. In the Style Manager, select the style and click the Edit
button.
2. Under the Bibliography heading, click the Templates option.
3. Select the text to be deleted (which includes “.Issue|” in
this example), and press the DELETE or BACKSPACE key.
Along with the Issue field, also remove the period that precedes
it and the vertical bar, a special formatting character, that follows
the Issue field. (See “Special Formatting Characters” on page 442
for more information about the vertical bar.)
Adding New When a style does not include a template for a specific reference
Reference type, such as Report, EndNote uses the style’s Generic template
to format that reference type. Although there are times when the
Types Generic format suffices, often it is not sufficient because the
other reference types need to be formatted differently. Therefore,
you should make specific templates for the different reference
types that you will be including in your bibliographies.
To add a new reference type template to a style:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Output Styles>Open Style
Manager and select the style that you want to modify.
2. With the style selected, click the Edit button.
3. In the Style window, click the Templates panel under the
Bibliography heading.

4. Choose the name of the desired reference type from the
Reference Types drop down list. (Reference Types that are
already defined appear in the list with check marks next to
their names.)
A new template for that reference type is added at the bottom of

the Style window (scroll to the bottom of the Style window if you
do not see it).
Defining the Format for the New Reference Type Template
Defining the format for a new template is a process of inserting
the necessary fields and punctuation in the correct order. For this
example, we want a report to look like this (Author, Title, Report
Number, Year, Institution, and City):

Trift, M, Aspects of the tethyan rifting, 88-101.
1998, Institute for Tethyan Rifting: Austin, TX.
We can insert the fields and type the punctuation to create a
template for the Report reference type. Use the Insert Field button
at the top of the Style window to insert the fields in the correct
order. After inserting a field name, type the punctuation and
spacing that should follow it. Apply text styles, such as italics for
the Title, by selecting the text to change and using the Style
toolbar.
The final template for the Report reference type looks like this:
Fonts and Text By default, text entered into a Style window appears in
Styles EndNote’s Plain Font, Plain Size, and Plain Style settings, which
allow the bibliography that EndNote creates to adopt the font
settings in your paper. For example, if you type your paper in a
10 point Times font, EndNote uses that font for the paper’s
bibliography.
Use the Edit menu or the Style toolbar to apply any font, size, or
text style to your Style templates.(Note that only the standard
Windows fonts are available.)
All text attributes entered into a style template carry over into
the bibliography that EndNote creates. You can use this feature,
for example, to italicize titles or make the volume numbers bold.
Any font or text style changes entered in an EndNote Reference
window carry through the bibliography as well. For example,
any italicized terms in your references will still appear italicized
in your bibliography, regardless of the text attributes that the
EndNote bibliographic style applies.
Rules for There are four basic rules of dependence that govern how text,
Working with spaces, and field names influence each other when they are used
in a style template. If necessary, these rules can be circumvented
Style in specific situations using the special formatting characters
Templates described in the next section of this chapter.
Rule #1: Basic dependence

Any text or punctuation that is not separated from a field name
by an ordinary space is dependent on the adjacent field.

In this context, “dependent” means that the text or punctuation
adjacent to a field only appears in your bibliography if the
adjacent field contains data. For example, in this excerpt:
Volume·(Issue)
the parentheses around “Issue” only appears in a formatted
reference if there is an issue number for the reference.
Rule #2: The preceding field takes precedence over

the following field.
When punctuation appears between two fields with no
intervening spaces, it is dependent on the preceding field.
In this example,
Volume:Issue
the colon is dependent on the Volume field. This means, if there
is no volume in the reference, the colon will not appear. If there
is a volume, the colon will appear
NOTE: This example shows a case where the rules of dependence

might not do what you want. For example, you might want to have the
colon only show when there is an issue. This can be done using the
special formatting characters described in the next section.
Rule #3: The first space after a field is dependent on

that field. Additional spaces are independent.
The first ordinary space following a field is always dependent on
that field. Any consecutive spaces after that are independent and
will always appear in the formatted references.
For example, if EndNote formats an anonymous book using a
template that has the Author field followed by a space and the
Title field:
Author.·Title
the title will not be preceded by a space in the final formatted
reference because the space, just like the period, is dependent on
the Author field. However, if the style includes two spaces
between the Author and the Title:
Author.··Title
the title will be preceded by one space for all anonymous
references. The first space, being dependent on the Author field,
disappears when there is no author, however the second space is
independent, so it remains in the formatted reference.

Independent spaces can be forced to be dependent on an adjacent
field using the special formatting characters discussed later.
Rule #4: Independent text always appears in the

bibliography.
Any text or punctuation that is not dependent on a field name
always appears in the formatted references. For example, if:
Edition·ed.
is entered into a style’s Book template using only an ordinary
space to separate the text “ed.” and the field “Edition”, the text
“ed.” will appear in all Book references—regardless of whether
or not there is an edition for that reference.
NOTE: The non-breaking space can be used in place of a regular space

to link independent text to a field. See “Link Adjacent Text (Using the
Non-breaking Space)” below.
EndNote Too confused about all these rules? Well, even if you don’t get
Cleans Up everything quite right according to the rules, EndNote will do its
best to clean up the formatted reference. Obvious problems are
fixed automatically.
Normally, field text is entered into EndNote without ending
punctuation, so that the selected output style can supply
punctuation as required by that particular style. However, when
you download references from various sources, some
information providers may include punctuation.
For example, when an output style directs EndNote to insert a
period after a field, EndNote must determine what to do with
any punctuation that already exists at the end of the field in the
reference.

Punctuation found, plus
punctuation added by output style: Replaced with:
spaces, period period
comma, period (,.) period
semicolon, period (;.) period
colon, period (:.) period
double periods (..) single period
question mark, period (?.) question mark
exclamation point, period (!.) exclamation point
EndNote treats other forms of extra punctuation like this:
Punctuation found, plus

punctuation added by output style: Replaced with:
double spaces single space
double commas (,,) single comma
double semicolons (;;) single semicolon
double question marks (??) single question mark
double periods (..) single period
comma, period (,.) period
question mark, period (?.) question mark
exclamation point, period (!.) exclamation point
question mark, exclamation point (?!) question mark
exclamation point, question mark (!?) exclamation point
One set of punctuation that is never replaced is the period,

comma (.,) because it may be used for abbreviations like ed., et
al., etc.
Special EndNote has special formatting characters that add flexibility

Formatting and precision to the grouping of punctuation and fields in the
style templates.
Characters
Link Adjacent Text (Using the Non-breaking Space)
If you type Edition ed. into a style template and use an
ordinary space to separate the field name “Edition” from the
abbreviation “ed.”, then “ed.” will appear regardless of whether
or not the reference has an edition (see Rule #4).
To avoid this problem, make “ed.” dependent on the Edition field
by linking “ed.” to the Edition field with a non-breaking space.
Think of a non-breaking space as bibliographic formatting glue.

It joins two or more items together so they act as a single unit.
Thus, any text or punctuation “glued” to a field will drop out of
the bibliography if that field is empty.
You can insert a non-breaking space by selecting Link Adjacent
Text from the Insert Field list in the Templates panels. You can also
enter it by typing CTRL+ALT+SPACE.
It appears on the screen as a small diamond. Look at the example
below to understand the correct locations for a non-breaking
space.
The non-breaking space is converted to a normal space in the

formatting process. Common uses of the non-breaking space
include (where “◊” is used as a non-breaking space):
p^pp ◊Pages
Edition ◊ed.
vol ◊Volume
Editor ◊Ed.Êds.
The non-breaking space is also used in conjunction with the
vertical bar (see next section) to change the dependency of a
punctuation mark from one field to another.
Volume|: ◊Issue|.
In this case, the colon (:) is linked to the Issue field with a non-
breaking space, so it does not print in the bibliography if the
Issue field is empty.
Forced Separation—Using the Vertical Bar

If you do not want text or punctuation to be dependent on the
preceding or following field, use the vertical bar character (|), to
force a separation of the text from a field. The vertical bar can be
found on the same key as the backslash (\). It can also be inserted
from the Insert Field list in the Templates panels.
Think of a vertical bar as breaking dependence, or forcing
separation between two dependent items. (The vertical bar
works in exactly the opposite way as the non-breaking space.)

For example, the Journal Article templates in some styles require
a period between the volume and issue. A template for such a
style might look like this:
However, when this style formats a journal article that does not
include an issue number, the bibliography entry will be
incorrect, as in the following example:
Clark, H. and Carlson, T. “Hearers and Speech
Acts.” Language 58.(1982): 332-373.
Notice that the period used to separate the volume from the issue
appears here in the absence of an issue because it is dependent
upon the Volume (Rule #2). And the space separating the volume
and the year is lost because that space is dependent upon the
Issue field (Rule #3).
EndNote has a way of avoiding these problems. The vertical bar
character (|) can be used to break the automatic grouping of
spaces and punctuation with adjacent fields.
If you insert the vertical bar before the period in our example, the
period’s dependency switches from the Volume field to the Issue
field. Add another vertical bar before the space that follows the
Issue field, and the space will no longer be dependent on the
Issue field. Use the vertical bar character in conjunction with the
non-breaking space. With these changes the style looks like this:
And the formatted reference without an issue is correct:

Clark, H. and Carlson, T. “Hearers and
Speech Acts.” Language 58 (1982): 332-373.
Other common examples for using the vertical bar include:
Publisher|: ◊City
Pages|. (to make the final period independent)
Field Names in Bibliographies

Sometimes you may need to use text in a template that is also an
EndNote field name for that reference type. For example, you
may want to use the word “Editor” after the editor’s name:

Jones, V.R., B.K. Marion, and R.L. Zeiss, The
Theory of Foraging, in A History of Foraging
Behavior, B.J. Bloggs, Editor. 1976, Smith and
Barnes: New York.
Normally, EndNote interprets the word “Editor” as a field name
when it appears in a book’s style template. This is even true of
field names that appear as part of a word, such as “Editors” or
“Issued.” Field names need not be capitalized to be recognized.
To force EndNote to interpret a word as just text and not as a
field name in a template, put an accent grave character before
and after the word: Èditor`. The accent grave is found in the
upper left corner of most keyboards on the same key as the tilde
(~). Remember to also use the non-breaking space to link the text,
Èditor`, to the Editor field.
Singular/Plural Term Separator (Caret ^)

You can specify both singular and plural forms of labels for
editors or pages in a formatted reference by using a caret (^) to
separate the terms. For example, some styles put “Ed.” after a
single editor and “Eds.” follows several editors’ names. Or,
similarly, “p.” might precede a single page, while “pp.” precedes
multiple pages. This feature can be applied to any field that
corresponds to the Generic field for Author, Secondary Author,
Tertiary Author, Subsidiary Author, Pages, and Cited Pages.
In the style template, enter both the singular and plural forms of
the label separated by a caret (insert it from the Insert Field list or
type SHIFT+6). Any text before the caret, back to but not
including the preceding space, is used for the singular form; text
after the caret, up to the next space, is used for the plural form.
These terms must also be linked to the relevant field using a non-
breaking space. For example, a style template might look like
this:

Or like this:
Additional Style Formatting Options

The templates determine the general layout of the formatted
references and citations. The remainder of the panels in the Style
window can be used to fine-tune certain aspects of a style.
Anonymous Anonymous works are defined by EndNote as references where

Works the Author field is blank (not “Anonymous”). The settings in the
Anonymous Works panel apply to all sections of a style (Citations,
Bibliography, and Footnotes).
Leave Author Blank: The author section of the formatted

reference is left empty. If the references are to be sorted by
author names, the anonymous works would be sorted at the
top of the list because they have no author.
Use Title in Place of Author: Where the author would have
appeared, the title is used instead. If the references are sorted
by author, the anonymous references will be sorted as
though the title were the author. If you would prefer that
EndNote use the contents of the “Short Title” field in place of
the full title (where available), click the “Use Short Title”
check box. If EndNote encounters a reference that does not

have anything entered into the Short Title field, it uses the
contents of the regular Title field instead.
Use APA Specifications: The American Psychological
Association format (used by many journals) requires a
special variation of the “Use Title in Place of Author” option.
Insert Text: The text that you enter here appears in the
author’s place in the formatted reference, and it is used for
sorting purposes if the references are to be sorted by author
names. Commonly this text would be something like the
word “Anonymous” or “Anon.”
Page Numbers The Page Numbers panel allows you to specify how the page
numbers should be formatted for your references:
Don’t change page numbers
The contents of the Pages field are used directly in the
formatted reference. No changes are made.
Show only first page
Only the first characters in the Pages field up to, but not
including, the first dash or comma are included in the
bibliography. Example: “123-125” in the Pages field becomes
“123” in the formatted reference.
Abbreviate last page
Any digits of the last page number that are the same as the
first page number are eliminated. Example: “123-125”in the
Pages field becomes “123-5” in the formatted reference.
Abbreviate last page, keeping two digits
Any digits of the last page number that are the same as the
first page number are eliminated, down to a minimum of two
digits. Example: “123-125”in the Pages field becomes “123-
25” in the formatted reference.
Show range of pages
Leading digits are added to the last page number, if
necessary, so the full page range is used. Example: “123-5” in
the Pages field becomes “123-125”in the formatted reference.
Show only first page for Journals and full range for others
Journal articles are formatted differently from other types of
references.
NOTE: The section “Special Formatting Characters” on page 442

describes how to instruct EndNote to add text such as “p.” vs. “pp.”, or
“page” vs. “pages” to the formatted references using the caret (^).

Journal Names Different journals have different standards for abbreviating
journal names. For example, some styles may require
“Proceedings of the National Academy of Science” to be
abbreviated as “Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,” “P.N.A.S.” or “PNAS.”
EndNote’s Journals term list provides a way for you store up to
four variations of journal names (the full name and three forms
of abbreviations) to be used in your bibliographies.
The Journals term list that is created for every library is
automatically linked to the Journal and Alternate Journal fields,
and therefore it is ready to be used with the Journal Names
options. You simply need to be sure that the necessary
information is in the Journals term list, and that your style is set
up to use the correct form of the journal name.
If your Journals term list includes the name of the journal as it is
entered in your EndNote references, and the form of the journal
name that you would like to appear in your bibliographies, you
may simply set your preference in a style to have EndNote
substitute a form of the name in the Journals term list for what
was entered into your references.
EndNote provides journal abbreviation lists for several different
disciplines (including medicine, chemistry, and humanities). If
you are interested in using one of these lists, you may import it
into your Journals term list (see page 266) and set up a
bibliographic style to use one of the abbreviations for the
formatted bibliography. If EndNote does not provide a journal
term list that applies to your area of research, you may also enter
the journal abbreviations yourself. See “Working with the
Journals Term List” on page 274.
To modify a style to use the abbreviations in a Journals term
list:
1. From the Edit menu, select Output Styles and choose Open
Style Manager.
2. Select the style that you would like to modify and click Edit.
3. Select the Journal Names panel from the list at the left of the
Style window to see the available options:
Full Journal Name
When creating a bibliography, EndNote replaces the Journal
name in the reference with the form of that name in the first
column of the Journals term list. This first column is
normally used for full names.
Abbreviation 1
Abbreviation 2

Abbreviation 3
In the bibliography, the journal name for each reference is
replaced with the form of that name in the second, third, or
fourth column of the Journals term list, respectively.
Don’t Replace
In the bibliography, EndNote uses the journal name exactly
as it appears in the reference in the EndNote library. No
changes are made.
Abbreviate in Journal Articles Only
The substitutions made with the Journal Names option can
apply to all Secondary Title fields, or to the Secondary Title
field for only the Journal Article reference type. If you
uncheck this option to apply this feature to all reference
types, EndNote also abbreviates fields such as Conference
Name, and the names of magazines and newspapers.
Remove Periods
Choose this option to have EndNote eliminate the periods
from all journal names in the bibliography that it is creating,
regardless of the abbreviation being used. This option does
not require that the journal names be in the Journals term list.
For example, if the journal names are entered into your
references using periods, and you do not have a Journals
term list that includes the names without periods, you can
still just check this option and the periods will be stripped
out of the journal names when EndNote formats a
bibliography.
If a journal name is not found in the specified column of the
Journals term list, the style uses the journal name as it appears in
the Reference window. No replacement is made for that journal.
If nothing is entered in the Journals term list or if there is no
special Journals term list, the Journal Names option always
defaults to Don’t Replace, and EndNote uses the journal name
exactly as it appears in the original reference.
NOTE: None of these changes actually takes place in the EndNote

library. These options only determine what information goes into the
bibliography that is generated using the Copy Formatted, Print, Export,
and Format Bibliography commands.
Ambiguous With in-text citations like (Smith, 1995) or (Smith 246-9),

Citations references can have identical in-text citations if they are by the
same author or the authors have the same last name. This leads
to ambiguity in the citations that would make it impossible for
the reader of your paper to know which reference to Smith you

are referring. EndNote provides various ways to avoid this sort
of ambiguity in your citations.
Any combination of the following options may be used. Click in
the check box next to all options that apply. Note that these
settings assume the author is used in the in-text citation. They are
not relevant for styles that use bibliography numbers for the in-
text citations as it is not possible to have ambiguous citations
when they are uniquely numbered.
Include author initials in citation

Check this option to have EndNote include initials with
author names to distinguish between citations by different
authors that happen to have the same surname. Choose how
the initials should appear from the Initials option in the
section.
For example, the MLA style uses just author names and page
numbers in citations. Initials are added to clarify which
Smith wrote the cited reference:
(S. Smith 241-5)and(L. Smith 12-20)
Add more authors until citation is unique
Some styles request that only a fixed number of authors be
listed in the in-text citation, and then “et al.” or “and others”
is inserted to indicate that the author list was abbreviated.
Choose this option if you would like EndNote to list
additional authors to make the citation unique. For example,
if the in-text citations were set to list only 3 authors, and you
have two references in which the first three authors are the
same, EndNote would add a fourth author to the citations,
and continue in that manner until the list of authors was
different between the two citations.

Add the title for different works by the same author(s)
If you have two works by the same author, it won’t help to
add initials or list more authors to differentiate the two. In
this case, some styles request that the title of the reference (or
a shortened form of the title) be added to the in-text citation.
If you choose this option and select the “Short Title” option,
EndNote includes the contents of the Short Title field when
available. Otherwise, it uses the full title. The format of the
title is taken directly from the bibliography. This is an
example in the MLA style, which normally includes only the
author and page number in a citation:
(Smith, History of Our Times 35)
(Smith, Looking Forward 77)
Add a letter after the year
For citations in an (Author, Year) format, EndNote can add a
letter to the year to make citations from the same author
published in the same year distinguishable from each other.
The letter appended to the year will appear in both the in-
text citations and references in the bibliography.
(Smith 1995a)
(Smith 1995b)
Numbering The settings in the citation Numbering panel apply only when
Citations “Bibliography Number” is used in the citation template (see
page 431). This creates uniquely numbered citations in the text of
the paper; the numbers correspond to entries in the
bibliography. For papers formatted with a numbered style, these
options are relevant to multiple citations grouped within one set
of citation delimiters. When unformatted, a multiple citation
looks like this:
{Keys, 1998 #93; Jen, 1996 #88; Yagi, 1998 #199}
Use number ranges for consecutive citations
When this option is checked, consecutive bibliography
numbers appearing in a multiple citation are joined by a
single dash, for example:
…as shown by the Berkeley studies conducted
in 19873-6 and 19891,7.
Grouped References
The “Grouped Reference” option allows you to cite with one
number any references that always appear together in the
paper as multiple citations. The citations are not given their
own numbers, but rather one number is used both in the text
and the bibliography to identify the whole group of citations.

With this setting, you also have the option to specify how the
grouped references in the bibliography should be separated.
This option shows a semicolon and a space as a separator:
1. McCormick, MP, Geophysical Research
Letters (1999) 15, 907; Pemberton, SG,
Jones, B, Journal of Paleontology (1999)
62, 495; Postma, G, Sedimentary Geology
(1999) 58, 47.
Citation If the style you are using lists the author names in the Citation
Author Lists template of the Style window, you can use the Author List options
(as well as the Author Names panel) to control how the authors
appear in your in-text citations. If your citations do not include
the author names, ignore the Author List panel.
Separators Between Author Names

In the “Author Separators” box, enter any punctuation and
spaces that separate the individual author names in a citation. In
references with multiple authors, it is standard to separate the
names with a comma and a space. Use the “between” box to enter
a comma and a space, or any other required punctuation to print
between author names. In the “before last” box, enter the
separator that appears before the last author in a reference.
Sometimes this is something other than a comma and a space,
such as “, and ” or an ampersand (&) followed by a space.
Normally only the first row in the Author Separators box is used
(with the range of authors set at “1 to 100”) so that the separators
in that row apply to all of the authors cited in a reference.

However, there are styles in which two authors are listed as
“Smith and Jones” (without a comma), and more than two are
listed as “Smith, Jones, and Johnson” (with a comma before the
word “and”). In this case, make “·and·” the “before last” text
when there are only two authors; and enter “,·and·” when there
are 3 or more authors (as shown in the example below).
NOTE: Include spaces after commas as well as before and after the
word “and”. The spaces are not visible in this dialog.
Abbreviating the Author List, First Appearance

Some journals require that you abbreviate the list of authors,
using “et al.” or an equivalent, after a certain number of authors.
The “Abbreviated Author List” section of the Author Lists panel
allow you to specify the number of authors needed to trigger this
abbreviation, how many authors to include in the formatted
reference, and what the abbreviation should be.
List all author names
Choose this option if you do not want to abbreviate the
author lists.
If ___ or more authors, list the first ___ author(s)
Select this option and fill in the blanks with the appropriate
numbers if you would like the list of authors abbreviated.
and abbreviate with
Enter an abbreviation such as ", et al." You can italicize the
abbreviation by selecting the “italic” check box in the dialog.

The example shown above abbreviates author lists of three or
more names to show only the first two authors followed by
“ et al.”
Abbreviating the Author List, Subsequent

Appearances
In some bibliographic styles, if a reference is cited more than
once in your paper the first appearance of it in an in-text citation
is formatted differently from subsequent citations. For example,
the first citation might list all authors, while subsequent citations
list only the first author followed by “et al.”
Use the “First Appearance” author list settings to specify the way
the authors appear the first time the reference is cited. Use the
“Subsequent Appearances” options to format authors in all other
appearances of the citation.
Citation Name Format

Author Names The Name Format section allows you to specify how the author
names should look—whether the first or last name should come
first, and whether there should be a comma after the last name.
First Author/Other Authors: Using the list for “First
Author” and “Other Authors”, you can have the first author
appear differently from the other authors in a reference.
From these lists, choose the example that shows the name in
the order that you would like it to be in the citation. If the in-
text citations use only the last name, this setting is not
important.
Capitalization: Specify how you would like the author
names to appear.
• As Is (as entered in the reference)
• Normal (first letter of each name is capitalized)
• ALL UPPERCASE
• SMALL CAPS (these may or may not be supported
by your word processor))
If you apply a capitalization option to author names, but
have a specific name that you do not want changed, you can
use the Change Case preference to leave that name as
entered. See “Change Case” on page 545.
Initials: Choose from the available options in the list to
specify how the initials should look in the citations. Choose
Last Only if you only need the last name of the authors to
appear in the citations.

“Use initials only for primary authors with the
same name”
This option allows for initials to be used only when there are
primary authors with the same last name included in the
bibliography. Regardless of whether or not the resulting
citations are ambiguous (that is, they could be from different
years), EndNote will add the initials to those citations to
clarify that they are from different authors who happen to
have the same surname.
Consecutive Citations by the Same Author

If a multiple citation includes works by the same author, some
styles request that you not repeat the author name. Check the
setting to “omit repeated authors” and EndNote will omit the
author name from the citation after it first appears. In order for
this setting to be used, the citations must all be grouped together
in a multiple citation, and the citations by the same author must
appear one right after the other.
For example, a reference such as this:
(Smith, 1993; Smith, 1999; Wyatt, 2000)
would be changed to look like this:
(Smith, 1993, 1999; Wyatt, 2000)
You have the additional option in this case to choose the
separator to use between these citations. Notice in the example
above, the style normally uses a semicolon to separate multiple
citations. But when there are a series of citations by the same
author, the repeated author names are dropped and the years are
separated by commas. In this case, a comma and a space should
be entered as the punctuation with which to separate the
consecutive citations by the same author.
If you have entered citations with suffixes and you would like
those citations excluded from this formatting, check “Don’t omit
authors from citations that have suffixes.” For example, if two
references by the same author included page numbers:
(Smith, 1993 p 24; Smith, 1999 p 5; Wyatt, 2000)

some styles request that you do leave the author name in the
second citation for clarity.
Author List The Author List panels under the Bibliography and Footnotes
(Bibliography headings let you specify exactly how the authors are to appear in
the formatted bibliographic references or in your footnotes. You
and Footnotes) can format author names differently in the footnotes and
bibliography, so be sure that you check the Author List settings
under both the Bibliography and the Footnotes headings to adjust
settings. The settings in these panels apply to all reference types
formatted with the current style.
The “Separators Between Author Names” section and the
“Abbreviated Author List” section on these panels are identical
to those provided for the Author List panel under the Citations
heading. See “Citation Author Lists” on page 452 for details
about these settings.
You can also determine formatting for subsequent works by the
same author In some bibliographic styles, if a there is more than
one work by an author (or group of authors), the first appearance
of that author name is formatted differently from subsequent
works. For example, the first reference might list the full author
name, while subsequent references display a line of dashes in
place of the author name. You can print the entire author list for
each reference, completely leave out the author list for
subsequent works, or replace repeated author lists with a text
string.

Author Names Name Format
(Bibliography There is an Author Names panel for bibliographies and footnotes,
and Footnotes) as well as for citations. Some styles request that author names are
formatted differently in all three cases. Be sure that you choose
the Author Names panel from under the appropriate heading. The
author names format for citations is described on page 454. This
section describes the options that are available for both the
footnote and bibliography Author Names panel.
These settings are for choosing how author names should look—
for example, whether the first or last name should come first,
whether there should be a comma after the last name, and how
the names should be capitalized.
First Author/Other Authors: Using the list for “First
Author” and “Other Authors”, you can have the first author
appear differently from the other authors in a reference.
From these lists, choose the example that shows the name in
the order that you want in the reference.
Capitalization: Specify how you would like the author
names to appear.
• As Is (as entered in the reference)
• Normal (first letter of each name is capitalized)
• ALL UPPERCASE
• SMALL CAPS (these may or may not be supported
by your word processor)
If you apply a capitalization option to author names, but
have a specific name that you do not want changed, you can
use the Change Case preference to leave that name as
entered. See “Change Case” on page 545.
Initials: Choose from the available options in the list to
specify how the initials should appear in the formatted
references. Click the “Initials” list to choose how the authors’
first and middle names should be formatted. If you have not
entered the full first names and you choose the Full Names
option, EndNote uses the names as you have entered them

into the reference. Choose Last Only to show just the last
name, with no first or middle initials.
NOTE: Initials entered into an EndNote reference must be separated by

a period or a space (such as M.J. Stein or M J Stein). Two letters
together (such as MJ Stein) will not be interpreted as two initials, but
instead as a two-letter first name.
Editor List and To specify how the editors’ names are to be formatted, select
Editor Names Editor List or Editor Names from under the Bibliography or Footnote
heading. In those panels you will find some of the same settings
that have been described for formatting author names.
The Editor List settings apply to the generic Secondary Author,
Tertiary Author, and Subsidiary Author fields. These fields
includes “Editor” in the Book Section and Conference
Proceedings reference types, and “Series Editor” in the Book and
Edited Book reference types.
The instructions for the Editor List panel are identical to those
described for the Author List panel (see page 456). Similarly, the
Name Format options in the Editor Names panel are the same as
those for Author Names described on page 457.
“Editors” Are Considered Primary Authors for Edited Book
Reference Types
The Author List and Author Names settings apply to the primary
author field of each reference type. Therefore, Author List and
Author Names apply to the editor’s name in an Edited Book. And

the Editor List and Editor Names settings apply to the Series
Editor’s name in an Edited Book reference type.
Bibliography Under the Bibliography heading there is a Layout option that

Layout provides options for inserting text before and after each
reference in a bibliography, as well as applying hanging indents
to your references.
Adding Text Before Each Reference

In the “Start each reference with:” section, you can specify what
information, if any, should appear before each reference in your
bibliography. (For information on how to add a prefix before a
citation, see “Citation Prefix Marker” on page 542.)
A common reference prefix is the bibliography number, which is
used by all numbered styles to number the references in a
bibliography.
To add a bibliography number before each reference:
1. Open the Style Manager by choosing Output Styles from the
Edit menu and selecting Open Style Manager.
3. After the Style window opens, choose Layout from under the
4. Click in the text box below the “Start each reference with”
section, and select Bibliography Number from the Insert Field
list.
5. Type the necessary punctuation after the bibliography
number (such as a period and a space) or insert a tab from the
Insert Field list.

With a style configured in this way, EndNote creates a
bibliography with numbered references, such as:
1. Argus, M.V. “New paleontological excavation
techniques” Nature 19, 234-237 (1993).
NOTE: To create a hanging indent, where the second and subsequent

lines of a reference are indented, see page 461.
Other Reference Prefix Fields

Other commonly used reference prefixes appear in the Insert
Field list.
Some bibliographic styles use a Label in the citation and the
bibliography to refer to each entry with a short mnemonic code,
often the author’s name and the last two digits of the year. When
you enter references into your library, you can type the
mnemonic code directly into the Label field. When EndNote
builds a bibliography, it can put that code before each reference.
Choosing Citation as a reference prefix allows you to label the
references in the bibliography with the in-text citation.
Reference Type will insert the reference type (such as Journal
Article or Book) before each reference.
Record Number will insert the record number before each
reference. The record number is the number that EndNote
assigns to each reference in the library, and it is also used in the
in-text citations. Add Record Number as a reference prefix in any
style in order to print all the references in your library with their
unique EndNote record numbers.
Adding Text After Each Reference

Use the “End each reference with” section of the Layout panel to
specify what information, if any, should follow each reference in
your bibliography. (For information on how to add text after an
in-text citation in your document, see “Citation Suffixes” on
page 312.)
This command can be used to add the content of the Label,
Keywords, Abstract, or Notes field, or the Record Number. Any
other text or punctuation can also be entered as a reference suffix
and it will appear at the end of each reference in the formatted
bibliography. Two common uses for the Reference Suffix
command are shown below.

Example: Adding Notes to the Bibliography
If you have notes that you want to print together with your
references, you should add the Notes field as a reference suffix
in the style that you are using to print or format the references.
1. Open the Style Manager by choosing Output Styles from the
Edit menu and selecting Open Style Manager.
3. After the Style window opens, choose Layout from under the
4. Click in the text box below the “End each reference with”
section, and select Notes from the Insert Field list. This will
append the Notes field to every reference in the bibliography
when you format a paper with the style.
If you want the notes to begin on a new line after the reference,
insert a paragraph mark from the Insert Field list before “Notes.”
If you want the notes to be indented, like the start of a new
paragraph, insert a Tab before the word “Notes.”
Adding or Removing Blank Lines Between References
Another common use for the Layout options is to add a blank line
between references. To do this, edit the style as described above,
and insert a paragraph mark (using the Insert Field list) into the
“End each reference with” section.
To tighten up the bibliography and get rid of the blank line after
each reference, edit the style, click on the Layout panel, and select
and delete the paragraph mark (¶) to get rid of the blank line.
Hanging Indents
Many numbered bibliographic styles require a hanging indent,
as shown in this example:
1. Postma, G., Nemec, W. & Kleinspehn, K.L.
Sedimentary Geology 58, 47 (1988).
2. Nyamweru, C. Journal of African Earth Sciences
And The Middle East 8, 40-42 (1988).
EndNote provides a few hanging indent options. Normally, each
reference is one paragraph, so some of these options wouldn’t
apply. But if you have a reference that includes more than one
paragraph, EndNote gives you options for which paragraph
within a reference the hanging indents should apply. Examples
of multi-paragraph references include annotated bibliographies
where the abstracts follow each reference, or a style such as those

common in anthropology journals where the authors are on a
line of their own
Hanging indent options include: None, All Paragraphs, First
Paragraph Only, Second Paragraph Only, and All Paragraphs but the
First. The following is an example of when you would use Second
Paragraph Only. The style requires that authors begin on the left
margin, and then the year (and the rest of the reference) starts on
a new line and is indented. The style applies a hanging indent to
the second paragraph only, and inserts a tab before and after the
year. In the word processing document, the spacing for the
hanging indent should be aligned with the second tab stop.
Curtis, S.A., and N.F. Ness
2000Remanent magnetism at Mars. Geophysical
Research Letters 15(8):737.
The spacing used for tabs and indents is determined by the ruler
settings in your word processor.
NOTE: If you are creating a numbered bibliography, as shown in the

previous example, insert a tab after the bibliography number to have the
references line up correctly.
Tabs
Tabs may be inserted from the Insert Field list. A tab entered into
a style will appear as a tab in the formatted bibliography. The tab
appears as an arrow on the screen. The width of the tab as it
appears in the bibliography is determined by the tab settings in
your word processor.
Tabs are often entered after the bibliography number as part of
the Layout settings. This helps to align the start of each reference
after the number, which is especially important if the
bibliography entries use a hanging indent.

Sort Order: Each style has instructions for sorting references in the
Bibliographies bibliography, and how to sort formatted multiple citations in the
text of your paper. Select Sort Order from under either the
and Multiple Citations or Bibliographies headings.
Citations
Multiple Citation Sort
The Sort panel under the Citation heading allows you to set the
order that the style uses to sort multiple in-text citations. For
example, an unformatted multiple citation looks like this:
{Lee, 1990 #5; Jacob, 1994 #22; Zoler, 1983 #19}
Formatted with the Author-Date style, the citations are sorted
chronologically and the formatted citation looks like this:
(Zoler 1983; Lee 1990; Jacob 1994)
Options for sorting multiple citations include:
Same as Bibliography
Sorts multiple citations in the same order as the Bibliography
Sort Order (see page 464).
Author + Title
Sorts multiple citations first by authors and then by title.
Author + Year + Title
Sorts multiple citations first by authors, then by year, and
then by title.
Year + Author
Sorts multiple citations chronologically. Then citations from
the same year are sorted based on author names.
Don’t Sort
Multiple citations remain in the same order as they appear in
the unformatted temporary citations.
Other
A custom sort order is applied to multiple citations. See
“Custom Sorting” on page 465.

Bibliography Sort Order
The “Bibliography Sort Order” section determines how the
bibliography should be sorted. Common options are listed, and
you may also configure a custom sort order.
Order of Appearance
References are listed in the order in which they are cited in
the paper.
Author + Title
References are sorted by the Author field. References with
identical authors are sorted by title.
Author + Year + Title
References are sorted by the Author field, then references
with identical authors are sorted by year. References with
identical authors and years are then sorted by title.
First Author + Year + Other Authors
References are sorted by just the first author, then references
with identical primary authors are sorted by year. References
with identical primary authors and years are then sorted
based on the other authors in the reference.
First Author + # of Authors + Year
References are sorted by just the first author, then by the
number of authors in the reference. For references with the
same primary author and the same number of authors, they
are then sorted chronologically based on the Year field.
Other
A custom sort order is applied to the references in the
bibliography. See “Custom Sorting” below.
Sort Edited Works After Original Works By Same Author:
Some styles request that if the same person is the author for
a book and the editor for an edited book, the original works

by that author are sorted first, and then the edited works
follow. This is an exception to the sorting rules that can be
applied to the other sort options provided.
NOTE: When sorting by Author field, EndNote sorts based on all

information in the Author field, including all author names (not just the
first author) and initials. To see about omitting parts of author names or
the initial words of a title when sorting, read “Sorting” on page 543.
Custom Sorting
To sort references or multiple citations differently from the
options in the “Citation Sort Order” or “Bibliography Sort
Order” sections, select the option for Other and choose from the
lists any combination of up to five fields in ascending or
descending order.
This window is identical to the one that appears when you

choose Sort References from the References menu. You do not need
to use all five options. The button at the right of each box controls
the direction of the sort, either ascending or descending order.
Clicking these boxes toggles the sort order between ascending
and descending order.
Once you have set up your sorting strategy, click OK to return to
the main Sort Order panel for the style. The Other button will
now display your custom sorting instructions.

Title Both the Footnotes and Bibliography sections have a Title
Capitalization Capitalization panel. This lets you enter one style of capitalization
for the titles in your bibliographic references, and another format
for when the references appear in footnotes.
Options for title capitalization include:
Leave Titles As Entered:
No changes are made.
Headline Style Capitalization:
The first letter of every significant word is capitalized.
Articles and prepositions are not capitalized.
Sentence Style Capitalization:
Only the first letter of every title is capitalized.
NOTE: See “Change Case” on page 545 to enter words or acronyms

that should not be adjusted when EndNote changes the capitalization
of titles.
Repeated Most of the complex formatting in footnotes is relevant only to

Citations (in styles in the humanities. There is a wide variety of formats
required for citing references in the footnotes of a paper. These
Footnotes) options are provided in the Repeated Citations panel under the
Footnote heading.
When a reference repeats, use short form

One common setting for citing references in footnotes is to list a
shortened form of a reference after the first time it is cited in a
footnote. So, for example, the first time the reference is cited, the

full references appear (as specified in the Templates panel). The
second time that reference appears in a footnote, only a
shortened form of it (the Author name, and cited pages if there
are any) is listed. Check the option to “Include Title/Short Title”
if you would like both the author and the title to appear in the
shortened form of the footnote references. The contents of the
Short Title field will be used, if available; otherwise, the regular
title will be added to the citation. The format of the title (such as
italic, underlined, or in quotations) is determined by the format
of the title in the footnote Templates panel.
Here is an example of the first occurrence of a citation in a
footnote, a consecutive citation to the same reference, and a third
instance of that source being cited, but the volume and cited
pages are different:
1 George Harding, California Wildlife, 2 vols.
(New York: Nature Press, 1989), 1: 207.
[This is the first, and therefore complete, reference to the work].
2 Ibid.
[With no intervening reference, a second reference to the same volume
and page of Harding’s work requires only Ibid.]
3 Ibid., Vol. 2, p.51.
[Here another volume and page number of the reference are used.]
Special Handling of Consecutive Footnotes
Some styles take the shortening of references in footnotes even
farther when the repeated references appear in consecutive
footnotes (or in the same footnote). EndNote provides additional
options for the special handling of these cases:
If the same reference repeats in consecutive footnotes:
When the same reference repeats in consecutive footnotes,
you have the option of replacing the repeated data with text
of your choice. This is normally “Ibid” (or a variation of the
term). The next option allows you to simply omit the
repeated data, and replace it with nothing. Or you may apply
no special handling and when references repeat in
consecutive footnotes they will be handled just like other
repeated references in footnotes.
If the same source repeats in consecutive footnotes:
This setting does not apply to the identical reference that
repeats in consecutive footnotes, but rather if any of the
source data repeats in two consecutive footnotes. For
example, if two different references happen to be from the
same journal, these settings would apply to the journal

name, volume, and issue (or whatever portion of that source
information is identical). You may choose “No special
handling” for these cases, so that these references are not
abbreviated. Or you may choose to replace the repeated data
with “Ibid” (or the text of your choice). If you choose this
option, you may limit the replacement to only the Secondary
Title field (this includes the journal, magazine, or newspaper
name, or the title of a book for a book section).
NOTE: We realize that many of these detailed settings for the style can
be confusing. We have done our best to configure the styles for you so
that you will not need to edit them and work through these details on
your own. However, if you find that you need to modify these parts of
your styles, please consult your style guide for more detailed
descriptions and examples of handling repeated citations in footnotes.
Figure and Table Placement and Captions

The Figures and Tables settings apply to images inserted into a
Word document from EndNote. You can place figures where
they are cited in a document or at the end of the document, and
you have control over the placement and punctuation of labels
and captions.
While style guidelines tend to be very specific in regard to
formatted citations and bibliographies, they are often vague
about figure and table placement. They may require different
placement for different document types (theses, term papers,
journal articles, etc.), or they may not offer instructions at all.
EndNote’s default figure and table placement settings are the
same for all output styles. Please check your own style
documentation (or check with your editor or teacher) for specific
guidelines about image placement for the type of document you
are creating.
NOTE: Additional Figures and Tables settings are available under Cite
While You Write Preferences, and can override output style settings.
See “Figures and Tables in Word” on page 564.

Figures and Under the Figures and Tables heading in the left column of the
Tables output style editor, select either Figures or Tables. Tables are
images inserted from the Figure field in the Chart or Table
reference type. Figures are images inserted from the Figure field
of any other EndNote reference type. The same options are
available under each, which allows you to place figures
differently than tables.
Placement
Under Placement, select a button to either place the images
within the text of the document, near the reference to the figure,
or to place images in a list at the end of the document.
If your images are placed in-text, you can use Cite While You
Write preferences to override this automatic placement when
your document is reformatted. This is helpful if you have moved
your images around in the document and want to retain their
placement. See “Figures and Tables in Word” on page 564.
Captions
Next, under Captions, select a button to place the label and
caption either above or below the image. You can also select the
check box to place the label and caption on separate lines.
NOTE: The label inserted by EndNote is “Figure #” for images found in

the Figure and Equation reference types as well as for most other
reference types. The label is “Table #” for images found in the Chart or
Table reference type. The Caption is the text typed into the Caption field
of a reference.

Separation and Under Image Separation, you can enter separators for images
Punctuation inserted within the text of a document and for images that are
listed at the end of a document.
NOTE: The settings on this panel affect both figures and tables.
Image Separation
When images are inserted in-text, you can specify the number of
lines to insert before and after the image to separate it from text.
This setting affects both figures and tables that are placed in-text.
If your images are placed in a list at the end of the document, this
setting is ignored.
When images are placed in a list at the end of the document, you
can separate each figure or table with a page break or a specified
number of blank lines before and after each image. If your
images are placed in-text, this setting is ignored.
Caption Punctuation
For each figure or table inserted into Word from an EndNote
reference, EndNote generates a label and then inserts the caption
from the Caption field of the EndNote reference. For example:
Table 1. Bird Evolution
You can select the check boxes to insert a period after the label
and/or after the caption. This affects the labels and captions for
both figures and tables.

EndNote will attempt to remove double punctuation in case you
inadvertently include a period within the record as well as
selecting one here.
Creating a New Style

It is often easier to modify an existing bibliographic style that
closely resembles a style that you need than it is to create a new
style from scratch. (See “Modifying Style Templates” on page
431.) If you do wish to create a new style, this section gives you
a general overview of the process.
Creating a bibliographic style involves building templates for
the in-text citations and the bibliographic references to mimic
how you want them to appear in your paper. Then adjust the
various options to be sure that authors, titles, pages, and other
fields are being formatted according to your requirements. The
following example guides you through the creation of a fictitious
author-date type of style.
Example: Part I: Creating the Templates

Creating an A new style need only contain a Citation template and a Generic
Author Date Bibliography template for it to produce citations and
bibliographies for any paper. The Citation template applies to all
Style in-text citations, and the Generic bibliography template applies
to all reference types that do not have templates of their own in
the style. The Generic template should be considered a default
template, and you should add additional templates for the
standard reference types which you use. If you define a specific
template for any reference types, they are formatted according to
that template, and not the Generic format.
To create style templates:
1. To create a bibliographic style, go to the Edit menu to select
Output Style and then New Style, and a new Untitled Style
window appears.
2. Click the Templates panel under the Citations heading to
specify the format of the in-text citations.
Our style uses the author name and the year in the citation.
They are surrounded by parentheses and separated by a
comma.
3. With the cursor in the Citation Template, type an open
parenthesis, click the Insert Field button and choose Author
from the list of available fields, type a comma, choose Year

from the Insert Field list and then type the closing
parenthesis.
Next, define the Generic format which serves as the default

template for reference types that do not have their own
template. We know that books should be formatted like this,
so we can set up the Generic template to accommodate that
format:
Jones, VR, BK Marion, et al. (1976). The
Theory of Foraging. New York, Smith and
Barnes.
4. Click the Templates option under the Bibliography heading,
then click in the “Generic” section of that Templates panel.
5. Choose Author from the Insert Field list to add the Author
field to the style template. (You can also type “Author” but
it is safer to select the field name from the list.) Type a period
and a space. And continue inserting fields and punctuation
until you have created a template that mimics the format of
the reference (where “·” indicates a space):
Author.·(Year).·Title.·Place·Published,·
Publisher.
6. In this style, the title must be italicized, so double-click the
word Title to select it, then from the Edit menu, choose Style
and Italic.
7. Save the new style by choosing Save As from the File menu.
In the dialog that appears, type “Practice Style” as the name
of this style and click Save. This will save the style and add it
as an option in the Output Styles submenu of the Edit menu.
Test the Style
Open your library and choose Show Preview from the bottom of
the Library window. Select different references in your library to
see how they format. You will probably see that the books look
good, but journal articles do not display enough information.
You will need to return to the style and create a template to
format journal articles. To do so:

Create a New Template for Journals
In the Templates panel under the Bibliography heading, choose
Journal Article from the Reference Type list. This will create a new
section for a Journal Article template. Insert the fields and
punctuation to create a template as shown below:
Author·(Year).·“Title.”·Journal·Volume:◊Pages.
Once again, save the style by choosing Save from the File menu.
Return to the Library window, and check the preview to see how
journal article references are formatted.
Finishing the Style

Continue testing how other reference types format, and include
additional reference type templates as necessary. See
“Modifying Style Templates” on page 431 for specifics about
creating and modifying style templates.
Look at how the author names are formatted, and change the
necessary settings. You should also take a close look at pages,
title capitalization, the sort order of the references, and various
other options provided in the Style window. These are described
in the “Additional Style Formatting Options” section starting on
page 446.

Chapter 17
Filters
Contents
Introduction to Filters ........................................................ 477
What is a Filter? ...................................................... 477
The Filter Manager ................................................. 478
Copying Filters........................................................ 479
Saving Filters........................................................... 479
Deleting Filters........................................................ 480
The Basic Components of a Filter.................................... 480
The Filter Editor window....................................... 481
“About this Filter” Panel........................................ 481
Templates ................................................................ 482
Options .................................................................... 482
Working with Filter Templates........................................ 483
Navigating in the Templates Panel ....................... 483
Templates for Different Reference Types ............. 483
Adding and Deleting Rows in the Filter
Template............................................................ 484
Cutting, Copying and Pasting Rows..................... 484
Literal Text vs. EndNote Fields ............................. 485
The {IGNORE} Field ............................................... 486
The Source Line ...................................................... 487
The Reference Type Tag ......................................... 488
Fields with Special Characteristics........................ 489
When Punctuation Repeats Within a Field .......... 490
The Filter Options .............................................................. 491
Author Parsing........................................................ 491
Continuation Lines ................................................. 495
Reference Type........................................................ 497
Field Editing ............................................................ 499
Record Layout ......................................................... 502
Source Parsing......................................................... 504
475
Importing MARC Records ................................................ 506
What Are MARC Records?.................................... 506
Unique Aspects of MARC Records ...................... 506
Creating a Filter for MARC Records .................... 507
Rules for MARC Import Filters ............................ 508
Example: Modifying an Existing Filter........................... 510
Adding a Tag and Field to a Filter ....................... 510
Creating a New Filter ......................................................... 511
Overview ................................................................ 511
Tips for Entering Tags and Fields ........................ 512
Example Data File and Templates ........................ 513
476 Chapter 17: Filters

Introduction to Filters
The Import command on EndNote’s File menu provides a way to
import text files of reference data into EndNote libraries.
EndNote has a number of built in import options as well as a
large collection of configurable import “filters.” Filters are
designed to import references downloaded from specific online
or CD-ROM bibliographic databases.
This chapter describes how to edit and create these import filters.
The process of importing references using the Import command
is described in Chapter 7.
NOTE: You can download the latest filters available from Thomson
ResearchSoft. Visit our website at http://www.endnote.com.
What is a The import filters provide a wide range of import options. A

Filter? filter is selected during the import process to show EndNote
exactly how to interpret the information in your data file (the
records downloaded or saved from an online or CD-ROM
database). A filter does this by mapping the information in each
downloaded reference to the corresponding fields in EndNote.
Because each database offered by the various information
providers has its own way to organize reference data, there
needs to be a different filter for each database. Each filter
provided with EndNote has been configured to import data files
from a specific database offered by a single information
provider. You can easily modify any of the supplied filters or
create a new filter to import from other databases.
A Comment About Difficult Data Files

Although EndNote’s filters are very powerful and flexible import tools, there are still some data
files that cannot be conquered. Whereas some databases provide very clean tagged data, others
are almost impossible to discern. Lack of consistency in the source data and the omission of
reference type tags often make it difficult for a person to understand the information; the task of
creating a perfect filter to handle these files is futile. When fine tuning our filters, we have done
our best to always capture the necessary data—even if that means dropping it all into the Notes
field. If you find filters that can be further improved, please let us know. It may also help to
contact your information provider to let them know that the inconsistencies in the data entry for
the database are keeping you from most efficiently making use of it.
Chapter 17: Filters 477

The Filter EndNote provides hundreds of import filters for a variety of
Manager sources. To peruse the list of available filters in EndNote’s Filters
folder, choose Import Filters from the Edit menu, and select Open
Filter Manager.

to sort the list.
Click to
search
Click to display or hide for files
details about the by
selected file. category.
The Filter Manager lists the names of all of the import filters
available in the Filters folder and gives you the option to edit
them or select them as “favorites” for quick access when you use
the Import command. You can click and drag the corner of the
dialog to increase the size.
Use these features to locate the import filter you want to use:
If you know the name of the filter that you want to use, you
may start typing it and the first filter name that matches what
you type will be selected.
Click the Find button and choose an information provider’s
name (such as Ovid or SilverPlatter) to find only the import
filters for a specific information provider.
Click the Find button and choose All Filters to return all of the
import filters to the displayed list.
Click a column heading to sort the import filters by name or
by information provider. Clicking the same column heading
a second time will change the sort order from ascending to
descending. Click again to set it back to ascending order.
Click the More Info button at the bottom of the dialog to
display additional information about the selected filter.

Marking Your Favorite Import Filters
When you have found a filter that you will want to use in the
future, click the check box to the left of it to mark it as a favorite.
All filters that are marked as favorites appear in the Import
Options list in the Import dialog. You can get to the Import dialog
by choosing Import from the File menu. This gives you easy
access to those files you use most often.
To mark all of the filters for a specific information provider, use
the Find button to choose the name of the information provider.
Now, with just that subset of filters listed in the Filter Manager
window, click Mark All. The Unmark All button may be used to
unmark all of the filters that are showing in the list.
Editing Import Filters
If you would like to modify a filter, select it in the list and click
Edit. The remainder of this chapter goes into detail about how to
work with the filters. Read the section that applies to the aspects
of the filter that you would like to modify.
Copying When you display a list of filters in EndNote, the list is

Filters comprised of the installed filters found in the Program
Files\EndNote X2\Filters folder as well as new or modified filters
found in your personal Filters folder. For an explanation of where
your files are stored, see “Folder Locations” on page 551.
There are two ways to copy filters. Since each filter is a separate
file on your hard drive, you can copy them as you would copy
any file on your hard drive using the Windows Explorer.
To make a copy of a filter from within EndNote:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Import Filters and select Open
Filter Manager.
2. Select the filter you want to copy and click Edit.
3. Without making any changes to the filter, choose Save As
from the File menu.
4. Give this copy of the filter a new name, and Save it.
The file is saved in your personal Filters folder. The new filter will
remain open. The original filter will be left untouched.
Saving Filters To save a new filter that you have just created, or to save changes
to a filter you have just modified, choose Save or Save As from the
File menu.

Program Files\EndNote X2\Filters folder, you must use Save As to
save a copy to your personal Filters folder. If you have modified
a style that is already located in your personal Filters folder, you
can choose either Save to directly modify the file, or Save As to
make a copy with the changes. For a description of where your
styles are stored, see “Folder Locations” on page 551.
EndNote automatically saves new filters to your personal Filters
folder. You may also specify a different folder if necessary. For
instructions see “Folder Locations” on page 551.
EndNote filters use the file name extension of “.ENF” (for
EndNote Filter), as in “Medline.enf.
Deleting To delete a filter from within EndNote:

Filters 1. From the Edit menu, choose Import Filters>Open Filter
Manager.
2. Select the filter to be deleted.
3. Choose Clear from the Edit menu, or right-click on the filter
and choose Delete from the shortcut menu, or press the
DELETE key.
You can also delete an unwanted filter by switching back to the
Windows desktop, and opening the appropriate Filters folder
(see “Folder Locations” on page 551). Then, select the file to
delete and choose Delete from the File menu or drag the file to the
Recycle Bin.
NOTE: You must have read/write access to the Filters folder in order to
delete a filter. If you do not have administrator access, you likely will not
be able to delete a file located within the Program Files folder.
The Basic Components of a Filter

The basic components of an import filter are described in this
section. This information is useful if you want to customize or
create a filter.
To create a new import filter: From the Edit menu, choose
Import Filters and select New Filter. If you are interested in
creating a new filter, also read “Creating a New Filter” on
page 511.
To edit a filter: From the Edit menu, choose Import Filters and
select Open Filter Manager. Select the filter to edit and click
Edit. The most recently used filter can also be easily edited by

selecting Import Filters from the Edit menu, and choosing Edit
<filter>.
The Filter After choosing the option to edit an existing filter or create a new
Editor window one, EndNote opens the Filter window.
All of the different options for editing a filter are listed on the left
side of the Filter window. Click on an item to view the associated
settings. You may switch between panels as needed while
editing the file. No changes are saved in any of the panels until
you choose Save or Save As from the File menu.
If at any time you need to revert your changes back to the last
saved copy of the filter, choose Revert Filter from the File menu.
To close a Filter window, click the button in the upper right
corner of the window, or choose Close Filter from the File menu.
If you have not saved your changes to the filter, EndNote
prompts you and gives you the option to save or discard any
changes that you have made.
“About this The Filter window opens to display the About this Filter panel
Filter” Panel (see the picture in the preceding section). This panel contains
descriptive information about the filter. None of the information
used in this panel has any impact on establishing the connection.
Name: Displays the name of the filter as it appears in the Filters
folder in the EndNote folder. The file name extension (.ENF) is
not displayed. The name of the filter cannot be changed here; you
would need to close this window and switch back to the
Windows desktop to rename the filter.

Based On: Enter any information about what documentation
was used to create the filter. Commonly the server
documentation is available on the Web, so you could enter a URL
here as well to make it easy to later retrieve that information.
Category: The category is typically the information provider
(such as Ovid or SilverPlatter), but you may enter anything that
will help you categorize and organize your filters. The category
information is also listed in the Filter Manager window in the
column next to the name of the filter. In that window, you may
sort filters by category and also search for them by category.
Created: The date the filter was installed or created.
Last Modified: The date the filter was last modified.
Comments and Limitations: Enter any helpful information such
as how to download the references in the format that works with
this filter.
All of the information in this panel is visible in the Filter
Manager if you click the More Info option at the bottom of the
Filter Manager window. This is helpful because you do not need
to edit a filter to view the comments or other descriptive
information. You may simply scroll through the available filters
in the Filter Manager window and view the information there.
Templates The most important part of the filter is the Templates section. The
templates define how the various lines of tagged data in your
data file should be imported and filtered into the different
EndNote fields (such as Author, Year, and Title). Different sets
of templates are required for the different reference types that
may be in your data file. All of the details about filter templates
are covered in “Working with Filter Templates” on page 483.
Options The rest of the options in the Filter window involve refining the
data that is imported using the filter templates. For example,
these options include instructions for how EndNote should
interpret author names and initials, change the capitalization of
fields, or even omit certain characters or terms that you do not
want to be imported. Each of the various options is explained in
its own section. See “The Filter Options” on page 491.

Working with Filter Templates
The Templates panel consists of individual Reference Type
templates which correspond to the way the reference data is
presented in the data file.
Click here to
change the
view to a
different
reference
type
template.
This example
shows a
template for
Journal
Articles.
Navigating in The Templates panel is divided into a Tag column and a Field(s)
the Templates column. The tag and its corresponding field(s) are two separate
cells in a row. If a cell is active, an outline appears around the
Panel cell.
To move from one cell to the next, simply press the TAB key or
click the mouse in the desired cell. To move back to the previous
cell, hold down the SHIFT key while pressing the TAB key.
To change the width of the Tag column in the Filter window,
position the cursor over the vertical line dividing the Tag and
Field(s) columns. The cursor changes to indicate that you are in
the correct place. Click and drag to the right or left to resize the
column widths.
Click the Reference Types list to change the view to a different
reference type (such as from Journal Article to Book).
Templates for The Templates panel includes templates for all of the various
Different reference types (Journal Article, Book, etc.).
Reference Click the Reference Types list to change the view to a

different reference type (such as from Journal Article to
Types Book).

The reference types that have a check mark displayed next to
them already have a template defined (you can edit the
template if you wish). The reference type that appears in
bold type is currently the default reference type.
The only reference types templates that need to be filled in are
the ones that correspond to the reference types in your data file.
For example, if the database from which you are downloading
contains only journal articles, you would only need to fill in the
templates for the Journal Article section in that particular filter.
Within each reference type template there is a list of tags and
their corresponding EndNote field names. These templates
should exactly match the way the information is organized in the
data file. Any text or punctuation that you see that is not part of
a field name (such as “vol.” before the Volume) is included to
make the template exactly match the data file.
Adding and When adding and deleting rows, the order of the tags does not
Deleting Rows have to match the order of the tags in the data file. There is one
case in which the order of the tags is important: if you are
in the Filter entering multiple variations of one tagged line, you should enter
Template the repeated lines for that tag in order from the most complex to
the simplest. This is because EndNote looks for matches starting
from the top of the window working down the list of tags. It
stops at the first template that matches the tagged data.
To start a new row immediately below the active row,
position the cursor in the Field(s) cell, and press ENTER.
To start a new row immediately above the active row,
position the cursor in the Tag cell, and press ENTER.
To delete a row, highlight it and select Clear from the Edit
menu.
Cutting, You may use the Cut, Copy, and Paste commands to move or
Copying and duplicate a cell or a row of cells. To do so:
Pasting Rows 1. Select a row by holding down the SHIFT key and clicking on
a field. (Press SHIFT and click vertically across more than one
row to select a range of rows.)

2. To duplicate the selected row(s) elsewhere in a filter, choose
Copy (CTRL+C) from the Edit menu. If you want to delete the
selected row and move it to another location, choose Cut
(CTRL+X).
3. Click where you would like the cut or copied row to appear,
and choose Paste (CTRL+V) from the Edit menu. The pasted
row will be inserted above the row where the cursor is. If the
cursor is in the Field(s) column, the pasted row will be
inserted below. (Pasting when an entire row is selected will
replace the row.)
Copying and Pasting Between Reference Type

Templates
By choosing Select All (Ctrl+A) from the Edit menu, you can
select all the rows in a given Reference Type template. This is
useful for copying an entire template to a new reference type or
filter. After copying the entire set of templates for a reference
type, you may choose a different reference type from the
Reference Type list at the top of the window, click in the Tag cell
for the new reference type, and choose Paste.
When you copy information from one reference type (such as
Journal Article), and paste the rows into another reference type
(such as Newspaper), the field names automatically change to
reflect the names used by the new reference type. If there is not
a corresponding field name in the new reference type, the
original field name in the template is replaced with {IGNORE},
indicating that the data for that tag will be ignored.
Literal Text vs. When you look at a filter, you will notice that some of the
EndNote templates contain information other than EndNote field names.
For EndNote to identify which data should go into a particular
Fields EndNote field, you must include punctuation and any literal text
or spaces that appear in your data file. Punctuation and literal
text act as delimiters allowing EndNote to parse the data into
multiple EndNote fields. None of these “delimiters” actually
gets imported into an EndNote library, they merely serve as
guides for EndNote to correctly import the data.
Here is an example of a data file’s source line (SO:) where, in
addition to punctuation, there is literal text such as “v”, “n” and
“p” preceding the data:
SO: Youth Theatre Journal. v6 n4 p3-6
The “v”, “n” and “p” are considered literal text because they are
not EndNote field names; they represent the literal text from the
data file that precedes the data that you want to import. In this

particular source line, there are four different pieces of
information: the journal name, volume, issue, and pages. To help
EndNote determine when one field ends and the next one begins,
you must insert the literal text, punctuation, and spaces found in
the data file next to the appropriate field name.
As a result, the above SO: tag line should be represented in a
filter like this:
Tag Field(s)
SO: Journal. vVolume nIssue pPages
In some databases, you may find lines of data that include a

word that is also an EndNote field name. The following source
line contains the word “pages” before the page numbers:
SO: Town-planning-review. vol. 62, no. 4,
pages 461-469.
If entered into the filter, EndNote would normally interpret the
word “pages” as a field name. (This is true whether you type it
in the filter or insert it using the Insert Field list.) To force
EndNote to read a field’s name as literal text, surround the name
with accent grave characters, as in `pages`. The accent grave
character is found in the upper left corner, under the tilde (~) key
of the keyboard. To match the SO: line shown above, the source
line in the filter should appear as:
Tag Field(s)
SO: Journal. vol. Volume, no. Issue, ‘pages‘ Pages.
The {IGNORE} There may be pieces of information in a line of data that you do
Field not want imported into your EndNote library. To force EndNote
to ignore pieces of information, use the Insert Field list to insert
“{IGNORE}” in the appropriate place. For example, suppose you
want EndNote to ignore bracketed text that sometimes follows
the title of an article:
TI: Research funds are dwindling. [letter]
You should add a new TI tag and template to your filter (above
the existing “TI: Title” line) that looks like this:
Tag Field(s)
TI: Title. [{IGNORE}]

The Source The source line is typically the most complex line of data in a
Line record because it contains all of the information about the source
of publication. For a journal article, the source line may contain
the journal name, the volume number, the issue number, page
numbers, and the year of publication. For a book, the source line
may contain the publisher, the city, and the number of pages.
The source line in your filter must match exactly the source line
in the data file in order for EndNote to distinguish one piece of
information from another. You will often find more than one
variation of a source line for a given reference type in a single
data file, in which case you will need to create a separate source
line for each variant, starting with the most complex source. The
three source lines displayed below come from a single database:
SO: Semin-Oncol. 76(3):465-71 1998
SO: Semin-Oncol. 127:5-24 1999
SO: Eur-J-Cancer. 118/6 (654-657) 1998
In the first SO: tag line, parentheses enclose the issue number
“(3)”. In the second SO: tag line, there is no issue, so a colon
separates the volume number and the page numbers “127:5-24”.
In the third SO: tag line, a slash separates the volume number
and the issue number “118/6”, and parentheses enclose the page
numbers “(654-657)”.
Each variant in the data file’s source lines must be defined in
your filter. Since EndNote tries to match the source line in the
data file with the first defined source line in your filter, you
should place the most detailed source line first, followed by
progressively less detailed source lines.

The filter for the above source lines should look like this:
NOTE: If the filter fails to match a variation of the source line for a
journal article, it is possible to have EndNote interpret the data on its
own. See “Source Parsing” on page 504.
The Reference A reference type tag identifies the kind of work or publication
Type Tag being referenced in a particular record in your data file. In the
Filter window, a reference type tag is only defined by the
characteristic of having literal text, and no fields, entered into the
field column. This literal text is not imported into EndNote, but
it is used only to identify a record’s reference type.
Although a reference type tag can be any tag at all, two common
reference type tags are “DT” and “PT” (which stand for
Document Type and Publication Type).
JN- Am J Occup Ther; 47 (11) p998-100

CP- UNITED STATES|
PY- Nov 1993|
SN- 0272-9490|
JC- 3O4|
CN- MCJ-009105|
LA- ENGLISH|
Reference Type DT- Analytic; Serial|
Tag JA- 9404|
SF- INDEX MEDICUS|
To ensure that EndNote imports the data into the correct

reference type, you must type the Reference Type tag in the Tag
column, and the reference type name (or other identifying text)

exactly as it appears in the data file in the Field(s) column. (The
matching is case-sensitive.) The Reference Type tag can be
placed anywhere in the appropriate Reference Type template.
When EndNote imports a record, it first scans the data file,
looking for a reference type tag in your filter. Then it looks for a
match in the record it’s importing. The first reference type tag
match encountered determines which of the Reference Type
templates EndNote will use to parse the record. This match also
determines which reference type EndNote assigns the record in
the EndNote library.
When entering the Reference Type tag in your filter, the text you
enter in the Field cell must be interpreted by EndNote as literal
text. A problem can arise when you have text that contains an
EndNote field name. For example, the following Reference Type
tag contains the field name “Journal”:
Tag Field(s)
DT: Journal Article
Because the field name “Journal” appears in the template,

EndNote will not interpret this DT- tag line as the Reference
Type tag. Instead, the filter would import the word “Journal”
(from the data file’s DT: line) into the Journal field.
To force EndNote to interpret the word Journal (or any other
field name) as literal text, put an accent grave character at the
start and end of the word. (The accent grave character is found
in the upper left corner of the keyboard, under the tilde (~) key.)
The above Reference Type tag should appear in a filter as:
Tag Field(s)
DT: ‘Journal‘ Article
If the database you use does not specify a Reference Type tag, all
reference types in your data file will import as the default
reference type (see page 497).
Fields with Certain EndNote fields contain special restrictions on what sort
Special of data can be imported. These settings cannot be modified and
apply to all import filters.
Characteristics
Author Fields
The words “And Others” get converted to “et al” and the word
“and” is omitted. Years as well as parenthetical or bracketed text
are removed by default. See also “Author Parsing” on page 491.

Year
Only 4-digit numbers (1### or 200#) are imported.
Title
The following punctuation is removed from the end of a title:
Period, comma, semicolon, colon, forward slash, back slash,
opening parenthesis, dash, and caret.
Pages
A “P” or “p” before the number is automatically removed.
Volume
A “V” or “v” before the number is automatically removed, as is
a number that appears to be a year.
Issue
An “N”, “No” or “No.” before the number is automatically
removed (this is not case sensitive).
When A special formatting character called a “vertical bar” (|) can be

Punctuation placed in a filter to indicate a repeating separator within a field.
For example, you may have a data file where a period followed
Repeats by a space separates a journal name from the volume. However,
Within a Field in some cases, this separator is part of the journal name itself,
with the result that a period and a space cannot be reliably used
to distinguish a journal name from the volume. For example:
SO: Science. 10 (3): p. 80-90
The above source line would be defined in a filter as:
Tag Field(s)
SO: Journal. Volume (Issue): p. Pages
Another source line in the same data file might look like this:
SO: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 13 (2): p. 34-45
The problem arises in the second source line where the separator
between the journal and volume (period and a space) is found
repeatedly within the journal. The SO: line in the filter instructs
EndNote to import the data up to the period and space into the
Journal field. Consequently, EndNote would parse “Proc.” as
the journal name, and everything after the period up to the open
parenthesis as the volume, so the volume would be “Nat.
Acad. Sci. 13”.
There is a way to indicate a repeating separator within a field in
the filter. If you place a vertical bar (|) before the separator, this
instructs EndNote to read up to the last occurrence of this

separator. In the example above, if we place a vertical bar before
the repeating Journal field separator (period and space), the SO:
line in the filter would look like this:
Tag Field(s)
SO: Journal|. Volume (Issue): p. Pages
This SO: line in the filter instructs EndNote to import all the data
with the period followed by a space separator as a journal. Here,
EndNote would import “Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.” as the Journal,
and “13” as the Volume.
The Filter Options

The remainder of the options listed in the Filter window below
Templates provide the tools for fine tuning your filter. These
options include, among other things, how author names should
be interpreted, how text is indented in your data file, and which
characters should be omitted when you import records into an
EndNote library.
EndNote’s “Smart” Settings

When possible, EndNote provides a “Smart” option for your
choices in configuring the filters. Wherever you choose a
“Smart” option, it means that EndNote will do it’s best to
interpret the data. If you do not know exactly how the reference
is configured in the data file, or if there is a lot of variability
among the format of the references, then the Smart options are
probably going to be the most reliable settings. In cases where
the “Smart” option does not work for your data file, you may try
the other options provided for that particular setting.
Author Parsing Use the Author Parsing panel to specify how author names are
arranged in your data file. These settings apply only to authors
in EndNote’s main (Generic) Author field. The Editor Parsing
panel applies to editors, translators, and other authors that are in

EndNote’s Generic Secondary Author, Tertiary Author, and
Subsidiary Author fields.
Name Order
Use the “Name Order” settings to specify the order in which first
and last names are arranged in the data file. Examples
appropriate to each setting are shown below:
Last Always Precedes First
AU: Smith, J.; Caton, K.; Jordan, L.
First Always Precedes Last
AU: J. Smith, K. Caton, L. Jordan
Name Order is Inconsistent
AU: Smith, J., K. Caton, L. Jordan
Interpreting First Names

The “Interpret First Names as” option allows you to specify
exactly how EndNote should interpret the part of the author
name that it has identified as the first name or initials.
The default is set to Smart, which uses the following rule: If there
are three or fewer contiguous uppercase letters, these letters are
imported as initials. Otherwise, the letters are imported as a
whole name. For example, if the author’s name appears in the
data file as:
AU: Childs, Jackie D

Smart parsing will interpret “Jackie” as the first name, and “D”
as the middle initial. This author name would import as:
If the author’s name appears in the data file as

AU: von Braun, ED
Smart parsing will interpret ED as initials; thus the author name
would import into EndNote as:
EndNote would only import ED as a first name “Ed” if you

selected the Whole Names option.
The Whole Names and Initials Only options should only be used in
special cases. The Whole Names option should be used in the case
where the authors in your data file are all uppercase, and full
names are used. This option prevents EndNote from converting
names consisting of two or three uppercase letters, as in “SUE”
or “AL” to initials. For example, if the author’s name appears in
the data file as:
AU: TOBIES, SUE
the Whole Names option would correctly import the author’s first
name as “Sue.” By contrast, EndNote’s Smart Parsing would
interpret the whole name SUE as three initials, as “S.U.E.”
Likewise, if you select Initials Only, EndNote imports all first
names as initials only. You would only choose this latter option
if the all the first names in your data file are initials.
Author Name Separators

The Author Name Separators tell EndNote how to extract the
individual authors from a line containing several authors.
Between Authors
The “Between Authors” option refers to the punctuation that is
used to separate individual author names. It is extremely
important that this setting is correct so that the author names
import correctly into EndNote. Author names in an EndNote
references are listed one name per line.
The default for the Between Authors option is set to Smart. With
this option selected, EndNote looks for a common separator,
either a semicolon (;), a carat (^) or a vertical bar (|), and use this

delimiter to identify where one name ends and the next name
begins.
In this example, multiple authors are separated by a semicolon:
AU: Buning ME; Hanzlik JR
EndNote’s Smart parsing recognizes the semicolon separating
the two author names and correctly imports them into an
EndNote library as:
Therefore, in this example, you do not need to change the setting.

However, if your data file has a delimiter other than a semicolon
(;), a caret (^), or a vertical bar (|) separating multiple authors,
you must select another option from the adjacent list. To type
any punctuation such as a dash or a slash, choose Other and type
the character there. A space and a return (where the authors are
listed one per line) can be selected directly from the list.
If you choose Import As Is from the list, EndNote will not try to
separate the names that follow the author tag. Everything that
follows that tag in the data file will be imported exactly as it
appears in the file.
Last and First Names Separator
Once EndNote knows how to identify an individual author name
in a list of authors, it looks at that name and tries to determine
what the first name is and what the last name is. The Last and
First Names separator is used to do this, along with the Name
Order settings (page 492).
The default Last & First Names setting is Smart. With this option
selected, EndNote attempts to interpret an author’s name based
on the following separators: a space, a comma, or a period. In
your data file, if the separator used between the last name and
the first name is something other than a space, a comma, or a
period, you can select a separator from the adjacent list.
Parenthetical Data in Author Field

It is not uncommon for information providers to include
additional information about the authors (such as date of birth or
institutional affiliation).
AU: Takahashi, J (1944-); Izumi, R (1969-)

When this information is mixed in with the list of authors on the
tagged author line, EndNote provides two options for what to do
with it.
Discard: All parenthetical information is discarded during
the import.
Import Into: All parenthetical data mixed in with the author
names is imported into the field that you choose. We suggest
that you import it into the Notes field, Author Address, or
another custom field that is appropriate.
NOTE: It is not appropriate for EndNote to import that data into the
Author field because it would produce an incorrectly formatted
bibliography to have the parenthetical data included with the author
names.
Continuation In general, EndNote ignores lines of text which do not begin with
Lines a tag unless the lines of text are continuations of a previous
tagged item. We call these continuation lines. Here is an abstract
from a data file illustrating the concept of continuation lines (all
but the first are considered continuation lines):
AB- A single-subject research design that used
multiple baselines across behaviors compared
traditional adaptations to computers.
Because EndNote only imports tagged lines and continuation
lines, it can avoid importing extraneous text that might interrupt
a reference, such as your logging on or logging off text.
Examples of extraneous lines are:
-->>Press any Key to continue

<Record 5 of 42>
EndNote provides two general options for dealing with

continuation lines:
Ignore Indents: Untagged lines are always a continuation of
the preceding line
With this option set, every line of text in the data file will import
according to the tags that are defined in the Templates panel. Do
not choose this option if there is any text in your data file that is
not tagged. If you use this option and do not want to import
certain tagged lines, you must use the “{IGNORE}” option (see
page 486).
Continuation lines must be indented
This option allows you to specify the exact number of spaces on
the left margin for the continuation lines.
The following example is an abstract where the first line of data
is indented four spaces from the left margin, and the
continuation lines are properly indented four spaces. EndNote’s
default Smart Indent Identification would import this abstract
correctly. (Spaces are shown as periods for clarity.)
AB-.Two experiments compared the performance of 23 12 yr

....old dyslexics with that of 8 age-matched controls on a
....battery of tests of motor balance. A dual-task paradigm
....was used: Ss performed each test as a.single task and as
....a task concurrent with a secondary task. In all single-
....task conditions there was no difference between groups.

However, you may find data files where the continuation lines
are not aligned with the first line of data. In the following
example, the continuation lines are indented two spaces from the
left margin, whereas the first line is indented four spaces:
AB-.Beyond the inevitability of countertransference feelings

..is the question of countertransference enactments. From a
..two-person, participant-observer or observing-participant
..perspective,enactments are inevitable. The analyst becomes
..influenced by the patient (and influences the patient as
..well) and enmeshed in the patient's internalized
..interpersonal configurations.
For EndNote to treat the subsequent lines as continuation lines

in the preceding example, the filter must specify the exact
number of spaces indented on the left margin. In the example
just given, you would enter “2” in the “Indent _ spaces” option.
If most of the lines in a data file import a fixed number of spaces
(like two spaces in the example above), but one tagged field is
indented differently (perhaps keywords are indented four
spaces), you can enter exceptions in the table provided. Simply
enter the number of spaces in the left column next to the tag. You
only need to enter a number for the tagged field with the
inconsistent import. All other lines that are left blank will use the
general indent setting.
NOTE: For a quick and reliable way to count how many spaces are
inserted on the left margin, turn on the setting in your word processor
to display formatting characters.
Reference Default Reference Type

Type The default reference type tells EndNote which reference type to
use if it cannot identify the reference type of a record. For
example, suppose that in one filter, you specify Journal Article as
your default reference type, and create a template for it. If you
import a data file containing conference proceedings records for
which you have not defined a Reference Type template, any
conference proceedings records will import as Journal Articles.
Also, if the database that you use does not specify a Reference
Type tag, all reference types in your data file will import as your
default reference type. (See page 488 for information about

defining the reference types tag in a template.)
NOTE: The default reference type is always indicated with bold text in
the Reference Types list on the Templates panel.
Identifiers
Some information providers, such as Ovid Technologies, Inc.,
provide a button on their website to allow EndNote users to send
search results right from the Web page to the EndNote library. In
this case, there is no need for you to go through the extra steps of
saving the information from the website to a text file, and then
using EndNote’s Import command to pick a filter and import the
text file. All of that happens behind the scenes.
These identifiers are also used to import data files that contain
references from multiple databases. EndNote can import multi-
source files like that as long as each record in the data file has a
vendor and a database tag at the start of the reference. The
identifiers must also be entered into the appropriate filters in the
Filters folder. When you are ready to import a file that has data
from multiple sources in it, be sure to choose the Multi-Filter
import option in the Import dialog.
The way that EndNote is able to know which filter to use is by
these Identifier tags entered into the filter. Both identifiers must
be used. The first identifier should be the tag that includes the
name of the information provider. For this example it is “VN.”
The exact text that follows that tag for each record should be
entered into the corresponding box in the Identifiers section. The
next tag is used to identify the database, such as Medline or
BIOSIS. Enter the tag used for the database name, and then enter

the database name exactly as it appears in each reference.
EndNote would know to use the filter shown above if the data
file that it was trying to import contained those two tags and
lines of text:
<1>
VN Ovid Technologies, Inc.
DB Ovid MEDLINE(R)
AU Jacobson, R; Campbell, S.
PY 1999
etc.
Field Editing Converting Text from Uppercase to Lowercase

If the text in your data file appears entirely in uppercase letters,
EndNote can convert the text to either Sentence, Headline or
Lowercase format, depending on which option you specify in the
Field Editing panel.
To control the lowercasing of a field, select the appropriate field
from the “Field Editing for:” list at the top of the window. The
EndNote fields are listed here by their Generic names. (For a list
of reference type fields and their corresponding Generic field
names, see “Table of Predefined Reference Types” on page 418.)
Then pick a capitalization option from the “Change UPPERCASE
text to:” list.

For example, a title that appears in a data file as “COMPOST AS A
HUMAN NUTRIENT AND HORMONE CARRIER” would import in
Headline capitalization as:
Compost as a Human Nutrient and Hormone Carrier
or in Sentence capitalization as:
Compost as a human nutrient and hormone carrier
To keep a field’s text entirely in uppercase characters, choose the
Do NOT Lowercase option.
You can apply lowercasing on any field as long as all the text in
the field is uppercase. If any of the text in the field is in mixed
case, EndNote will import it in mixed case.
The Author, Editor, and Translator fields are treated differently
from all other EndNote fields. Upon importing author fields into
an EndNote library, these fields are automatically converted
from uppercase to headline. Due to the special characteristics of
these particular fields, the option to change the case is not
available in the Field Editing panel.
Omitting Unwanted Characters

Some lines of data have superfluous characters, such as an
asterisk (*) or a dash (-), that you may not want to import. For
example, in the following lines of data there are dashes in the
journal name, and there is an asterisk before each keyword:
SO- American-journal-of-preventive-medicine;
12(9)
DE- *COMPUTER SYSTEMS DESIGN; *DISPLAY
DEVICES; *INTERFACES

To prevent unwanted characters from being imported into your
EndNote library, use the Field Editing panel to specify the
characters that you want to omit:
1. From the “Field Editing for:” list, select the EndNote field
that contains unwanted characters. You will find that the
EndNote fields are listed by their Generic names. For a list of
reference type fields and their corresponding Generic field
names, see “Table of Predefined Reference Types” on page
418.
2. Type the unwanted text in the “Enter text to be omitted (one
item per line)” box, and then click Add to add it to the
omission list.
When you prevent characters from being imported into an
EndNote field, you are omitting the characters from the
corresponding Generic field, so the omission applies to every
reference type field that corresponds to the particular Generic
field. For example, the Secondary Title field corresponds to both
the Journal field in a Journal Article reference type and the Series
Title in a Book reference type. Therefore, if you omit a dash (-)
from the journal name, any dashes found in a Series Title for a
Book reference type will also be omitted.
Each item that you want to omit should be entered on a separate
line. For example, let’s say that you wanted to omit both
underscores (_) and forward slashes (/) from your records’
keywords. First add the underscore, and then add the forward
slash. Entering both items on the same line would cause
EndNote to omit only instances of “_/”, while all other instances
of underscores and forward slashes would end up in your
keywords. You can omit up to 254 characters per EndNote field.
To remove an item from the list, simply select the item and click
Remove. You may select more than one item by holding down the
SHIFT or CTRL key while clicking on multiple items.
NOTE: The more items added to the list, the longer it takes EndNote to
import records into EndNote. To avoid slowing down the importing
process, you may want to start by importing the data into an EndNote
library without specifying any omissions. Then use the Change Text
command in EndNote to delete the unwanted words and other text.

Record Layout Use the options in the Record Layout panel to modify how
EndNote interprets the end of a reference in a data file.
Smart Record Identification

Smart Record Identification, EndNote’s default setting for Record
Termination, creates a new record in EndNote each time a tag in
the data file repeats out of sequence and is preceded by a blank or
extraneous line. EndNote will not create a new record if the same
tag appears in succession, provided that they are not separated
by a blank line.
For example, some databases list authors one per tagged line,
with the AU tag appearing two or more times in succession, as in
the following example:
AU- D'Orazio, MG
AU- Tamura, TS
When EndNote sees consecutive tags, it does not start a new
reference unless it finds the same tag preceded by a blank or
extraneous line.
More Specific Record Layout Options

A more precise way of identifying a new record is to specify in
your filter exactly how the records are terminated in your data
file. The remaining options in the Record Layout panel allow you
to do this.
To determine how records are terminated, open your data file in
either a word processor or text editor. Check for the pattern
consistently separating one record from another. Once you have
determined the correct record termination, click the appropriate

button on the Record Layout panel to select the best option for
your data file. You may choose only one option as a record
terminator.
Blank line separates records
Choose this option if the only blank lines in a data file are the
ones in between references.
Using “First Tag” and “Last Tag” Options
This option lets you specify a first tag that starts the record and/
or a final tag that ends each record. Only one tag is required.
Before choosing this option as your record terminator, verify
that the first or last tag is consistently present in each record.
This option will function correctly only if the chosen tag
appears in every record.
You do not need to enter both a first and last tag; either tag
will suffice to distinguish one record from the next.
Enter the tag exactly as it appears in the data file, including
the delimiter (colon, dash, etc.) that follows the tag. EndNote
treats these delimiters as part of their respective tags.
You do not need to include these tags in the templates of
your filter, unless you wish to import the associated data.
Each record ends with:
Choose this option if your references consistently end with a
specific set of unique characters. Note that whatever you enter
into this option needs to be unique enough that it does not
appear elsewhere in your references. One common set of
characters that is used to terminate each record is “||”.
Each record starts with:
Choose this option if your references consistently start with text
that is not a tag. For example, it is common for some information
providers to begin each reference with a counter such as:
<1>
or
Record 1 of 53
In these cases, enter the text exactly as it appears in the data file,
but substitute a number sign (#) for the actual number. For the
examples above, you would enter “<#>” and “Record # of #”.

Example
The following example illustrates a data file that contains neither
a blank line, nor text terminating each record. However, there is
a consistent first tag, “ND:” starting each record. So for this
example you would want to specify “ND:” as the record
termination by clicking the “First Tag” button, and type “ND:” in
the box.
Source Parsing The source line refers to the line in the data file that represents
the source information for the journal (typically journal, volume,
issue, pages, and sometimes the year). It is most often the most
complex and inconsistent line of data in your data file—and it is
also the most important. As a result, the EndNote filters provide
a sort of safety net to catch inconsistently entered source data.
The tags and templates defined in the Templates panel are used
first to import source data. If a source line in a data file does not
match any of the options in the templates, then EndNote
provides you with additional options for how to handle that. The
first thing you need to do is to make sure that EndNote has
correctly identified the journal article source tag.
Identifying the Source Tag
If the source tag for the Journal Article reference type in the
Templates section of a filter is SO or JN, EndNote automatically
identifies this tag as the source tag. However, if the source tag
defined in your filter is something other than a “SO” or “JN”,
you must choose the appropriate tag from the Journal Article

Source Tag list. (All of the tags that have been defined in the
Journal Article template will appear in the “Source Tag” list.)
When source data and filter templates do not match

If a journal article’s source line in your data file does not match
a source line in your filter, you can choose how EndNote should
treat the unmatched source line. The default option is Use Smart
Parsing. EndNote’s Smart Parsing does its best to distinguish the
journal name, the volume number, the issue number, the page
numbers, and the year, and import each into the corresponding
EndNote field. Any information that is not identified as a
journal, volume, issue, pages, or year is imported into the Notes
field, along with the comment “Using Smart Source Parsing.”
(After importing, if you suspect that some references may not
have matched the defined source template, it is helpful to use
EndNote’s Search command to search for the text “Using Smart
Source Parsing” in the Notes field of the imported references.
You may then check those specifically to see if EndNote correctly
interpreted the data.)
If you choose the other option to import the source data into a
separate field, EndNote does not attempt to parse the source
information, and instead imports the entire unmatched source
line into whatever field you have specified.
For any reference type other than a Journal Article, unmatched
source lines are automatically imported into the Notes field.
Therefore, if you have not defined an exact match for a source
line found in a book record in your data file, EndNote imports
the entire source line into the Notes field.

Importing MARC Records
What Are “MARC” stands for Machine Readable Cataloging format. It is a

MARC standardized format developed by the Library of Congress for
producing machine-readable bibliographic records. It is much
Records? more difficult to read than regular tagged data formats, but it can
still be imported in much the same way using EndNote’s filters.
The MARC Format and Connection Files

Many connection files use the MARC format because it is
specified as part of the Z39.50 standard. When creating a new
connection file, the Templates and MARC Records portions of the
connection file are automatically set up to import standard
USMARC (MARC21) data. If you need to customize these parts
of the connection file, the instructions in this section would
apply.
Unique MARC records differ from other bibliographic records in two

Aspects of important ways:
MARC Numeric Tags

Records The primary way in which MARC records differ from non-
MARC bibliographic records is in their reliance on numeric tags.
Numeric tags typically consist of three digits followed by two
spaces and two more digits. For example:
245 10$a When you realize you have too many kids:
$b a guide / $c Hugh B Dunn.
245 14$a The angel with a dirty mouth /$c Nick
Steel ; illustrated by Melissa Fips.
Subfields
The second way in which MARC tags differ from other
bibliographic records is the use of subfields.
Each numerically tagged line in a MARC record may contain any
number of subfields. A subfield typically consists of two
consecutive characters, the first of which is the subfield delimiter
which denotes the start of a new subfield. Examples of subfields
are “$a” and “$x.” The subfields do not have to be consecutive,
as in the second record in the example above.
If you were creating a conventional filter for importing
bibliographic records from a MARC database, you would have

to anticipate a vast number of possible combinations, both of
tags and of subfields.
Because it is difficult to anticipate every possible combination of
tags and subfields in MARC records, EndNote provides you with
a simplified way of creating filters for MARC records. The two
sections that follow tell you how to create a filter specifically for
MARC records, and then alert you to the different rules that
EndNote uses when importing MARC records into an EndNote
library.
Creating a Once you have created a new filter, or you have opened an
Filter for existing filter, select the MARC Records panel in the Filter
window.
MARC
Records
Click the “Process data file as MARC record” check box. The
dollar sign ($) will appear in the “MARC Subfield Delimiter”
box, since this is the subfield delimiter in most cases. If the
subfield delimiter is something other than a dollar sign, delete
the dollar sign and type in the appropriate delimiter.
Data Start Column
The reference data in a MARC reference normally starts in
column 8 (that is, the sixth character from the left margin). If the
MARC records in your data file start the actual reference data (as
opposed to tags and subfield delimiters) in some other position,
enter that number in the text box for Data starts in column.
Accession Numbers
The Accession Number is a unique number assigned to each
record in a database. (The information provider’s database; not

the EndNote database.) The provider may not call it an
Accession Number; PubMed uses PMID, and some systems use
“unique identifier.” These numbers sometimes appear
immediately after the numeric tag, and without the two-digit
subfield codes seen in other MARC fields. Since a common type
of accession number often appears after the 001 tag, EndNote
includes an Import “001”tags as Accession Numbers check box
which lets you import this number into EndNote’s Accession
Number field. Accession numbers which appear in lines other
than 001 often begin with a subfield, so you can set up the filter
to import the number into the Accession Number field.
If first field has no subfield delimiter:
Normally the first character that precedes the record data is the
subfield delimiter (commonly a dollar sign $). If this subfield
delimiter is not present for the first field of each tagged line, you
will need to tell EndNote how to interpret the first character by
checking the appropriate option under the MARC records
dialog. Is it part of the real data of a reference or is it a field
designator (such as “a” or “b”) that just happens to be missing
the subfield delimiter?
Rules for The Templates panel for a filter created for MARC records looks
MARC Import something like this:
Filters

EndNote observes these rules when importing MARC records:
EndNote allows you to specify only the first three digits of
the tag when designing a filter for MARC records. You can
disregard spaces and digits appearing immediately after the
first three digits. The tag for both of the following examples
would be 245.
245 10 $a When you realize you have too many
kids: $b a guide / $c Hugh B Dunn.
245 14$a The angel with a dirty mouth /$c Nick
Steel ; illustrated by Melissa Fips.
You do not have to define all the subfields in a tagged line.

There may be some subfields that contain information you
do not want to import into your EndNote library. EndNote
will ignore any subfields that are not defined in your filter.
Source lines cannot take advantage of the “Smart Source
Parsing” option. You may, however, enter multiple
variations of the subfields in a source line. Be sure to enter all
subfields after the same tag (do not repeat the tag for each),
and list the most complex subfield formats first. For
example:
773 $gVolume(Issue), p. Pages$gVolume, p.Pages
With the exception of the reference type tag, EndNote allows you
to define a tag only once; therefore you should include all of the
subfields that contain data you want to be imported. For
example, the following line in a filter for MARC records would
successfully import any or all of the three lines that follow:
Tag Field(s)
245 $a Title $b Title $c Notes
245 14$a The hollow horn : $b Bob Dylan's

reception in the United States and
Germany / $c by Dennis Anderson.
245 10$a Bob Dylan, spellbinding songwriter / $c
Nathan Aaseng.
245 00$a Down in the groove.

Example: Modifying an Existing Filter
Modifying an existing filter is useful if you want to create a new
filter for a different database by the same provider. Although
some information providers offer radically different formats for
their different databases, there are others who provide fairly
consistent tags and organized data across their databases.
Common reasons for editing a filter include adding a tag to
import additional information; removing a tag or using
{IGNORE} to omit unwanted data; or fine-tuning the current
settings for importing authors or journal source data. The
specifics about how to work with templates and options are
described earlier in this chapter. This example is intended to
provide a general overview of the process of editing a filter.
Adding a Tag Let’s say that you want to modify a filter to import the language
and Field to a of the publication into EndNote’s Notes field. In this particular
database, the language is preceded by the tag “LA-”.
Filter
To add the LA tag and direct its contents to the Notes field:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Import Filters and select Open
Filter Manager. (The most recently used filter also appears as
an option in the Import Filters submenu. You may choose Edit
<filter name> to edit that filter as well.)
2. In the Filter Manager, select the filter that you want to edit
and click Edit.
3. Select the Templates option in the left pane of the window.

4. Click the mouse in any cell of the Journal Article template,
and press ENTER to create a new row.
5. Type LA- in the Tag cell, then press a TAB to move to the
Field cell. Insert the Notes field from the Insert Field list.
Doing so tells EndNote to import the language information
into EndNote’s Notes field.
6. You can add the LA- tag to the remaining Reference Type
templates in the filter. Use the Reference Type list to switch to
each reference type template in your filter and repeat the
process described above. (Reference types with check marks
next to them in the list are the ones that have templates
defined for them.
7. Choose Save As from the File menu, give the modified
version of the filter a new name, and click Save.
Creating a New Filter

This section provides a general overview of how to create a new
filter. It includes an example of a data file, and the templates
portion of a filter to match it. Specific instructions for
configuring templates and filter options can be found in the
earlier sections in this chapter.
Overview The basic steps to create a new filter are:

1. From the Edit menu, choose Import Filters and select New
Filter.
2. If you would like, you may enter a category for the filter
(usually the information provider is used for the category),

and any other comments about what the filter is based on or
what data it is used to import.
3. Click on the Templates option.
4. From the Reference Types list choose the first reference type
that you would like to define, and enter the necessary tags
and the corresponding fields into the reference type
template. (See “Working with Filter Templates” on page
483.)
5. Define additional reference types, as necessary, by selecting
them from the Reference Types list and entering the tags and
fields for them as well.
6. Click on the Reference Type option in the list of panel names,
and choose the default reference type for the filter.
At this point, you may have entered enough information to use
the filter successfully. Try it out by choosing it as the import
option to import your data file into a new, empty library. Review
the imported references to be sure that they imported correctly.
Fine tune the filter as necessary (see “The Filter Options” on page
491).
NOTE: If you need a reference type that does not appear in the
Reference Type list, see“Adding and Deleting Reference Types” on
page 414.
Tips for Not every tag in your data file needs to be in your filter.
Entering Tags There is no need to define every tag that appears in your data
file, provided that the contents of the corresponding field start
and Fields on the same line as the tag itself; and the records’ continuation
lines are not flush left. If you need to define every tag that
appears in a record, but only want to import the information
associated with certain tags, insert the {IGNORE} field from the
Insert Field list where appropriate.
NOTE: You do not need to specify all data fields, unless each tag
appears on a line by itself, with the data starting below it on the next
line. You may also want to specify all tags if the continuation lines in
your records are flush left, in which case an undefined tag appearing
immediately after a continuation line will be read in as text.
You might need to enter multiple variations of a source line.

You will often find more than one variation of a source line for a
given reference type in a database, in which case you will need
to define a separate source line in your template for each such

variant. The most complex source line should appear first,
followed by source lines of decreasing complexity. In the case of
Journal Articles, be sure to specify the appropriate Source Parsing
option (refer to“Source Parsing” on page 504).
MARC formats are an exception. See page 508.
A colon, dash, space or other character that appears along with
a tag is treated as part of the tag.
When defining tags in a filter, these characters need to be
included in the tag column of the filter for EndNote to find an
exact match. If spaces are inserted within a tag, as in “SO-
<VO>,” they need to be defined as part of the tag as well.
Example Data Below is a sample of a record in a data file and the filter Templates
File and panel configured to import the data. See “Working with Filter
Templates” on page 483 for details about configuring templates.
Templates
Sample Record from a Data File
FN- DIALOG MEDLINE file 155
AN- 08791562|
AN- <NLM> 94106562|
TI- Adaptive computer use for the visually
impaired
AU- Buning ME; Hanzlik JR|
CS- School of Occupational and Educational
Studies, Fort Collins, Colorado.|
JN- Am J Occup Ther; 47 (11) p998-1008|
CP- UNITED STATES|
PY- Nov 1993|
SN- 0272-9490|
JC- 3O4|
CN- MCJ-009105|
LA- ENGLISH|
DT- ANALYTIC; SERIAL|
JA- 9404|
SF- INDEX MEDICUS|
AB- A single-subject research design that used
baselines across behaviors compared
adaptations (e.g., the use of readers) to
computer technologies for typical reading |
GS- Case Report; Human; Male; Support, U.S.
Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't,
P.H.S.|
DE- *Microcomputers; *Vision,
Subnormal--Rehabilitation--RH; Activities |
ID- EC 4.1.1.1 (Pyruvate Decarboxylase)||
NOTE: The trailing vertical bars at the end of each line will be stripped
out by EndNote. Do not include them in the filter.

To create a template for the Journal Article reference type:
1. Type TI- in the tag cell, then press TAB to move to the Field
column. Insert the Title field using the Insert Field button.
2. Press ENTER to move to the next line.
3. Type the next tag to import and insert the corresponding
field. Continue entering the rest of the tags and fields until
all of the necessary information is covered by the filter. Skip
any tags for data that you are not interested in importing.
Here’s what the resulting Templates panel of the filter looks like:
NOTE: It is important to remember that the source line in a filter (in this
case the JN field) must exactly match the source line in the data file for
EndNote to distinguish one field from another. You will often find more
than one variation of a source line for a given reference type in a
database, in which case you will need to create a separate source line
for each variant in your download, starting with the most complex
source line and ending with the least complex source line. As a backup,
select the appropriate Source Parsing option, as outlined in “Source
Parsing” on page 504.

Chapter 18
Connection Files
Contents
Introduction to Connection Files ..................................... 516
What is a Connection File? .................................... 516
The Connection Manager ....................................... 516
Copying Connection Files ...................................... 518
Saving Connection Files ......................................... 519
Deleting Connection Files ...................................... 519
Basic Components of a Connection File ......................... 519
Editing a Connection File ....................................... 520
The Connection File Window ................................ 520
“About this Connection” Panel ............................. 521
The Connection Settings ........................................ 522
Search Attributes .................................................... 524
Filter Information ................................................... 526
Creating Connection Files ................................................. 527
Steps to Create a New Connection File ................ 527
Default Values for New Connection Files ............ 529
Using Z39.50 Command-Line Syntax .............................. 529
Tip for Modifying Search Attributes ....................531
515
Introduction to Connection Files
The Online Search command on EndNote’s Tools menu connects
you to online databases and library catalogs so that you can
search them from within the EndNote program and retrieve
references directly into EndNote. EndNote is able to make these
connections using the information stored in the hundreds of
individual “connection files.”
This chapter describes how to edit and create these connection
files. The process of using the Online Search command is
described in Chapter 6.
NOTE: You can download the latest connection files available from
Thomson ResearchSoft. Visit our website at http://www.endnote.com.
What is a A connection file contains all the information necessary to

Connection connect to, search, and import references from an online
database or online library catalog. Each connection file
File? represents a different online database (such as the Library of
Congress or PubMed from the National Library of Medicine).
The connection files are located in the Connections folder in your
EndNote folder. You can view all of the available connections by
choosing Connection Files from the Edit menu and selecting Open
Connection Manager.
The EndNote provides hundreds of connection files for a variety of

Connection sources. To peruse the list of available connection files in
Manager
516 Chapter 18: Connection Files

EndNote’s Connections folder, choose Connection Files from the
Edit menu, and select Open Connection Manager.

to sort the list.
Click to
search for
Click to display more or files by
less information about category.
the selected file.
The Connection Manager lists the names of all of the connection

files available in the Connections folder and gives you the
options to edit them or select them as “favorites” for quick access
when you use the Online Search command. You can click and
drag the corner of the dialog to increase the size.
Use these features to locate the connection file you want to use:
If you know the name of the connection file that you want to
use, start typing it to select the first file that matches what
you type.
Click the Find button and choose an information provider’s
name (such as Ovid or SilverPlatter) to find only the
connection files for a specific information provider.
Click the Find button and choose All Connections to return all
of the connection files to the displayed list.
Click the column headings to sort the connection files by
name or by information provider. Clicking the same column
heading a second time will change the sort order from
ascending to descending. Click again to set it back to
ascending order.
Click the More Info triangle button at the bottom of the dialog
to display additional information about the selected
connection file. Or, click Less Info to hide the additional
information.
Chapter 18: Connection Files 517

Marking Your Favorite Connection Files
When you have found a connection file that you will want to use
in the future, click the check box to the left of it to mark it as a
favorite. All connection files that are marked as favorites (up to
500) appear as an Online Search group in the Library window.
This gives you easy access to the files you use most often.
An easy way to mark a whole category of connection files (such

as all of the connections for Ovid databases) is to click the Find
button, choose a category from the list, and then when all of the
files for that category are showing, click the Mark All button.
Editing Connection Files
If you would like to modify a connection file, select it in the list
and click Edit. The remainder of this chapter goes into detail
about how to work with connection files.
Copying When you display a list of connection files in EndNote, the list is
Connection comprised of the installed connection files found in the Program
Files\EndNote X2\Connections folder as well as new or modified
Files connection files found in your personal Connections folder. For an
explanation of where your files are stored, see “Folder
There are two ways to copy connection files. First, since each
connection file is a separate file on your hard drive, you can copy
them as you would copy any file on your hard drive using the
Windows desktop.
Or, to make a copy of a connection file from within EndNote:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Connection Files>Open
Connection Manager to open the Connection Manager.
2. Select the connection file you want to copy and click Edit.
3. Without making any changes to the file, choose Save As from
the File menu.
4. Give this copy of the file a new name, and Save it.
The file is saved in your personal Connections folder. The new
connection file will remain open. The original connection file
will be left untouched.

Saving To save a new connection file that you have just created, or to
Connection save changes to a connection file you have just modified, choose
Save or Save As from the File menu.
Files
Program Files\EndNote X2\Connections folder, you must use Save As
to save a copy to your personal Connections folder. If you have
modified a style that is already located in your personal
Connections folder, you can choose either Save to directly modify
the file, or Save As to make a copy with the changes. For a
description of where your styles are stored, see “Folder
EndNote automatically saves new connection files to your
personal Connections folder. You may also specify a different
folder if necessary. For instructions see “Folder Locations” on
page 551.
EndNote connection files use the file name extension of “.ENZ”,
as in “Medline (Ovid).enz”.
Deleting To delete a connection file from within EndNote:

Connection 1. From the Edit menu, choose Connection Files>Open
Connection Manager.
Files
2. Select the connection file to be deleted.
3. Choose Clear from the Edit menu, or right-click on the
connection file and choose Delete from the shortcut menu.
You can also delete an unwanted connection file by switching
back to the Windows Explorer or by opening “My Computer”,
and opening the Connections folder in the EndNote folder. Then,
select the file to delete and choose Delete from the File menu or
drag the file to the Recycle Bin.
NOTE: You must have read/write access to the Connections folder in

order to delete a connection file. If you do not have administrator
access, you likely will not be able to delete a file located within the
Program Files folder.
Basic Components of a Connection File

The basic components of a connection file are described in this
section. This information is useful if you want to modify or
create a connection file. To create a new connection file see
“Creating Connection Files” on page 527.

Editing a To edit a connection file:
Connection 1. From the Edit menu, choose Connection Files and select Open
Connection Manager.
File
2. Select the file to edit and click Edit.
The most recently used connection file can also be easily
edited by selecting Connection Files from the Edit menu, and
choosing Edit <connection file>.
3. Make your changes to the connection file.
4. If you are editing one of the original, installed connection
files:
a Go to the File menu and choose Save As (the Save
command will not be available).
b. Name the file and click Save.
If you are editing a connection file that you created or that
you have already modified before:
a. Go to the File menu and choose Save to save changes
directly to the file.
EndNote saves the file in your personal Connections folder. For
a description of where connection files are stored, see “Folder
The After choosing the option to edit an existing connection file or

Connection create a new one, EndNote opens the Connection File window.
File Window
All of the different areas of the connection file are listed on the
left side of the Connection File window. Click on an item to view

the associated settings. You may switch between panels as
needed while editing the file. No changes are saved in any of the
panels until you choose Save or Save As from the File menu.
To close the Connection Editor window, choose Close Connection
from the File menu, or click the close button in the top right
corner of the window.
“About this When the Connection Editor window opens, it displays the
Connection” About this Connection information (shown in the preceding
section). This panel contains descriptive information about the
Panel connection file, and has no impact on establishing the
connection.
Name: Displays the name of the file as it appears in the
Connections folder in the EndNote folder. The file name
extension (.ENZ) is not displayed. The name of the file cannot be
changed here; you would need to close this window and switch
back to the Windows desktop to rename the file.
Based On: Enter any information about what documentation
was used to create the connection file. Commonly the server
documentation is available on the Web, so you could enter a URL
here to make it easy to later retrieve that information. If this
connection file is a modified copy of another connection file, it
may be helpful to enter the name of the original file in this field
for future reference.
Category: The category is typically the information provider
(such as Ovid or SilverPlatter), but you may enter anything that
will help you categorize and organize your connection files. The
category information is also listed in the Connection Manager
window in the column next to the name of the file. In that
window, you may sort connection files by category and also
search for them by category.
Created: The date the connection file was installed or created.
Last Modified: The date the connection file was last modified.
Comments and Limitations: Enter any useful comments here
that would help you remember how to search the online
database. Limitations to preconfigured connection files may be
documented here as well.
All of the information in this panel is visible in the Connection
Manager if you click the More information option at the bottom
of the Connection Manager window. This is helpful because you
do not need to edit a connection file to view the comments or
other descriptive information. You may simply scroll through

the available connection files in the Connection Manager
window and view the information there.
The Click on Connection Settings to view the panel where all the data
Connection is stored to establish a connection. The Connection Settings
information is required for EndNote to be able to connect to the
Settings online database. These terms and descriptions are part of the
Z39.50 standard.
Server Description: The name of the information provider or

institution. EndNote displays this name in the title of the
Retrieved References window, and it is also listed in the
Connection Manager window. This information is not used to
establish the connection.
Server Address: The server address for the online database. This
can be either a numerical IP address or a domain name.
Database Description: The name of the online database. This
name is displayed in the Title bar of the Retrieved References
window to help you identify the database to which you are
connected. It is not used to establish the connection.
Database Name: The command used to select the database on
the remote server. This is often a four character code.
Element Set Name: This is normally F for “Full” or B for “Brief.”
The Element Set Name determines the amount of information
that is provided by the server for each retrieved reference. Not

all servers support both options, and the fields returned for each
option also vary.
Port ID: The TCP/IP port at the server that is used for a Z39.50
connection. For most Z39.50 connections this is port 210.
Batch Download: EndNote typically retrieves references in
batches, for speed and memory reasons. However, some servers
are too slow, or their record data is too large, to support batch
downloads. You will need to turn batch processing off for such
sites. If you are having trouble downloading from a site, you can
try deselecting this option.
Record Syntax: Many formats used by Z39.50 servers are
supported by EndNote, such as UNIMARC (Universal Machine
Readable Cataloging), SUTRS (Simple Unstructured Text
Record Syntax), and OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog).
When you create a new connection file, it is set up for the
MARC21 format. For other formats, the filter section for
connection files must be constructed manually. UNIMARC and
OPAC use variations of the MARC format (OPAC commonly
adds holdings data). The SUTRS format, because it is
“unstructured,” does not have a standard format among
different databases. The SUTRS format often uses tags (such as
“AU” or “Author”) to identify the reference data. Check with
your database provider for the appropriate settings.
Text: The Text option is used to specify how EndNote should
interpret the incoming text characters. Options include ANSEL,
Unicode (UTF-8), Unicode (UTF-16), and many other language
choices. If you do not have the correct setting, extended
characters may import as asterisks, or may be dropped
completely. Check with your database provider for the
appropriate setting.
Login Information Required: This section is divided into four
separate options: User ID, Password, Group ID, and Custom.
Select the options required to login to the online database in
order to have EndNote prompt you for that information when
you connect. You can also store your password and/or IDs in the
connection file so that you do not have to enter them each time
you connect. Simply type the password or ID into the box
provided.
NOTE: Passwords and IDs may be saved in the connection file for
convenience, but do so at your own risk: passwords are not protected
or encrypted. If someone else copies or uses your connection file, they
will be able to use your stored password.

Custom ID Authentication String
Sometimes a database server requires a custom format for
presenting the password and IDs. For these situations, you may
skip the regular password or ID option, check the “Custom”
option, and enter the text specified by your server’s Z39.50
documentation. You may either enter your actual password and
ID along with the text, or use one of the following placeholders
to have EndNote prompt you for the necessary items:
?PASSWORD, ?USERID, ?GROUPID.
For example, a system may require that passwords be presented

by Z39.50 clients in the following manner:
pass=?PASSWORD/dla_ui=yes
If you wanted to store your password (“abc123” for this
example) it would look like this:
pass=abc123/dla_ui=yes
Search The Search Attributes section of a connection file contains a table

Attributes that defines the various search options for a particular database.
Search Field Name: The first column identifies the name of

a search. This is the word or phrase that appears in the
menus in the Search dialog.
Use EndNote’s Generic field names as the search field names

whenever possible. Doing so makes it easier to have a search
apply to various online sources and local EndNote libraries.

EndNote’s preconfigured connection files often use
parenthetical text after the search field name to help describe
the search, if necessary. This parenthetical text is not
considered part of the search field name when you change
the focus of the search and EndNote looks for a matching
search field name. (See “Changing the Focus of the Search”
on page 192. Generic field names are listed on page 418.)
Attributes: The rest of the items in a particular row are the
various search attributes that control what index is being
used for the search, and how the search term is interpreted.
What is an “attribute”?
A Z39.50 search attribute is a value used to define the
characteristics of a search term. For example, if your search term
is “ebola virus,” the various attributes would be sent to the
server along with that term to tell the server where to look for
“ebola virus” and what qualifies as a matching reference.
Available attributes, as defined by the Z39.50 standard, are:
1. Use The index to be searched (such as Keywords)
2. Relation The relation of the search term to the index
(such as equal, greater than, or less than)
3. Position The position of the search term in the MARC
record field (first, last, anywhere, etc.)
4. Structure The structure of the term, such as a word or
phrase
5. Truncation Available truncation options used to interpret
the search term (for example: right truncation,
wildcards, no truncation)
6. Completeness Indicates whether or not the search term
should be the complete subfield in the MARC
record corresponding to the field searched
The “Use” attribute is the most important here, indicating which
index will be searched to find the search term. The other
attributes will all have varying default values for each online
database. These options are most often left blank to use the
server’s defaults, but the default attribute values can be
overridden by entering another value for the attribute.
Each database has its own supported subset of Use attributes and
associated combinations of the other attributes. Consult the
configuration information for the online database to determine
which values for these attributes are supported. Thomson
ResearchSoft does not provide this information. You will need to

obtain it from the organization (or “information provider”) that
maintains the server.
Tip for Editing Search Attributes

When modifying the search attributes in a connection file, it is
useful to first test the search with the new attribute combination
before actually changing the connection file. You can do this by
entering the new attribute values using the command-line search
method (see page 529). This lets you test new attribute
combinations without having to edit and save the connection
file, and reconnect to the server every time you want to test a
modification.
Filter The Filter section of the connection file contains the information
Information used to import each reference and get the reference data into the
correct EndNote fields.
For most connection files, the filter is set up to interpret
references in the MARC format. When you create a new
connection file, the Filter section will be set up to interpret
references in a standard MARC21 format.
This part of the connection file is identical to the regular Filter

window. For more information about editing a filter consult
Chapter 17.
If the retrieved references are not importing the way you would
like, you should compare the filter settings of the connection file
to the original text that EndNote receives from the online

database. To do so, choose Show Connection Status from the
Window menu when retrieving references. Set the view in the
Status window to show Record Data and compare the record data
to what is in the filter. This record data is also stored in the log
file, Connect.log. By default, the Connect.log file is stored in the
folder:
Data\EndNote
This file is simply a text file and may be opened in any word
processor to view it.
To change the location of the Connect.log file, see “Online
Preferences” on page 550.
Creating Connection Files

Before you begin actually creating or modifying a connection
file, you must obtain the Z39.50 client configuration instructions
for the database you want to access. Contact your librarian or
information provider for this information.
If the database is not available on a Z39.50 server, you will not be
able to use EndNote’s Online Search feature to access it directly.
Follow the instructions in Chapter 7 instead to import references
that have been downloaded to text files.
Steps to Create Once you have the Z39.50 client configuration information in
a New hand, follow these steps to create a new connection file:
Connection Create the File and Enter the Basic Information

File 1. From the Edit menu choose Connection Files and select New
Connection File.
2. The new Connection File window opens to display the About
this Connection information panel. Enter any comments or
descriptions here for your own use. (These comments do not
affect how the connection functions.)
3. Click on the Connection Settings option and enter the
connection information (see “The Connection Settings” on
page 522).
4. Click on the Search Attributes option to modify the default
search attributes if necessary (see “Search Attributes” on
page 524).

5. Choose Save As from the File menu. Name the new
connection file and save it in your Connections folder.
Test the Connection and Searching
6. From the Tools menu, choose Online Search>New Search and
select your new connection file. If the connection cannot be
established, check the settings in the Connection Settings
panel of the connection file, save your changes, and try
again.
7. If the connection was established, the Search tab should open
automatically. Enter a simple search to see if the search
attributes were correctly configured. If the Search does not
work correctly or it returns an error, check the Search
Attributes settings in the connection file. (If you modify the
connection file at this point, you must save the connection
file, then close the Retrieved References window and re-
connect in order for your changes to take effect.)
Test the Filtering of Reference Data
8. Once you are able to connect and search, retrieve a dozen or
so references to test how accurately they are filtered into
EndNote references. Double-click a retrieved reference to
open it to verify that the data are in the correct fields.
Note that if you are paying for the references you retrieve,
these may not come through correctly, so it is best to retrieve
only a few. All references retrieved are saved to a connection
log file, so they are not lost. This log file is replaced the next
time you run EndNote. See “The Log File” on page 195.
9. If the reference data is not being correctly filtered into the
appropriate fields in the EndNote references, you’ll need to
compare the downloaded data to the filter templates in your
connection file.
Close the Retrieved References window and open the

Connect.log file in a word processor to view the original
format of the retrieved references. (See “The Log File” on
page 195 for information about the Connect.log file.)
From the Edit menu, choose Connection Files and select Edit
<Connection File> to edit the newly created connection file.
Look at the Templates panel of the connection file and
compare the templates there to the reference data in the
Connect.log file. Make changes as necessary. See Chapter 17
for information about modifying filters.

Default Values When creating a new connection file, a few basic search
for New attributes are entered by default. It is not guaranteed that these
will work, as each database may only support its own subset of
Connection the Z39.50 attributes.
Files Consult the Z39.50 client configuration instructions from your
information provider or your librarian to set up the connection
file correctly for the online database you want to access.
Default settings for a new connection file are:
Port ID: 210
Element Set Name: F (Full)
Record Syntax: MARC21
Text: ANSEL
Search Fields (Use Attributes): Any Field (1016), Author (1003),
Year (31), Title (4), Keywords (21), and Abstract (62).
Filter: MARC21 filter settings are used. All references import
into the “Book” reference type. See “Filter Information” on page
526 to import into additional reference types.
Using Z39.50 Command-Line Syntax

NOTE: This section is intended only for people who are familiar with
Z39.50 terminology and have access to the Z39.50-client configuration
information for their online databases. The advanced search strategies
are documented here only for more technical EndNote users; this
knowledge is not required for basic searching of online databases.
These command-line searches do not work with PubMed or the Web of

Science.
It is possible to set up a search of an online database that is not

supported by the EndNote Search tab or the connection file you
are using. For instance, if you know about the Z39.50 attributes
supported by the online database, you can enter a Z39.50 search
which EndNote passes directly to the server, without any
translation. This lets you use searches that are not already
supported by your connection file and is useful for testing
various search attribute combinations when creating or
modifying a connection file.
These advanced searches are entered directly into the search line
just as you would enter a search term. EndNote ignores the

search menu for that item when it detects that you have entered
an advanced search. If other search terms are needed, enter them
into the subsequent search lines and select the appropriate
“And”, “Or”, or “Not” connectors (just like any other search).
An advanced search uses the following format:
\\search term&/ATTRIBUTE TYPE/ATTRIBUTE VALUE
The first two characters (\\) tell EndNote this is an advanced
search of an online database. The next part, up to the ampersand,
is the search term. The numbers of the Z39.50 attribute type and
values follow. They are entered first with a slash and the number
for the attribute type, then a slash, and the attribute’s value.
Repeat that pattern for as many attributes as you want to specify.
Not all attributes need to be included. (See “Search Attributes”
on page 524.)
The following is a common example that should work for most
servers. This should find all references in which the title begins
with “child.”
A Use attribute (1) of 4 has been specified, so the search will

be restricted to the Title for this database.
A Position attribute (3) of 1 further narrows the search by
having the search term be found as the first word in the field.
A Truncation attribute (5) of 100 specifies no truncation at all
so only “child” will be seen as a match, and words such as
“children” and “childhood” will not.

Tip for If you wanted to test how variations of the search attribute
Modifying settings would impact your search, here’s an easy way to do it—
without having to edit your connection file.
Search
1. With the connection already established, choose Show
Attributes Connection Status from the Window menu. Set the view to
Status Messages.
2. Start with a basic search using the Search tab (without the
command-line syntax). For example, search for “stress” in
the Title field.
3. Look in the Status window, and you’ll see which attributes
are being used:
Search command
using the
command-line
syntax (note that
the “\\” prefix is not
included here.)
Each item is
listed separately
as well.
Now, you can try out other attribute configurations to see

how it would change the search.
4. You can copy the search command out of the Status window,
and paste it onto the Search tab (remember to add the “\\”
prefix to identify it as a command-line search), then add or
modify the attribute values as necessary.
5. Click Search to try out your new combination of attributes.
6. When you have found a combination of search attributes that
does what you need, edit your connection file and make
those changes to the Search Attributes panel.

Chapter 19
Preferences, Toolbars, and
Shortcuts
Contents
EndNote Preferences .......................................................... 534
Library Preferences................................................. 535
Display Fonts .......................................................... 537
Reference Types ...................................................... 539
Temporary Citations .............................................. 540
Sorting...................................................................... 543
Change Case ............................................................ 545
Formatting ............................................................... 546
Display Fields ......................................................... 548
Duplicates ................................................................ 549
Online Preferences .................................................. 550
Folder Locations ..................................................... 551
Term Lists ................................................................ 553
Spell Check .............................................................. 554
URLs & Links .......................................................... 558
EndNote Web .......................................................... 560
Cite While You Write Preferences ................................... 561
General Preferences ................................................ 562
Keyboard Shortcuts in Word ................................. 563
Figures and Tables in Word................................... 564
EndNote Application for CWYW .......................... 565
Showing Word Processor Codes ........................... 566
Related EndNote Preferences ................................ 566
Shortcuts to Make Using EndNote Easier...................... 566
Keyboard Commands............................................. 566
Shortcut Menus ....................................................... 567
Toolbars ................................................................... 567
533
EndNote Preferences
The settings for configuring EndNote’s display, formatting
preferences, and other options are organized in the Preferences
section of the EndNote program.
To access EndNote preferences:
2. A list of the available preference panels appears on the left
side of the window. Click on the name of a panel in the list
that corresponds to the setting you would like to change.
Saving or Discarding Your Changes

All of the preferences panels have the following options:
EndNote Defaults: Reverts the settings for just the current
panel to the original EndNote settings.
Revert Panel: Removes any changes made to the current panel
since it was last saved.
OK: saves all changes to the preferences and closes the
Preferences window.
Cancel: discards all changes to the preferences and closes the
Preferences window.
Apply: Saves and applies all changes to the preferences, and
keeps the Preferences window open so that you can continue
to modify the preferences as necessary.
534 Chapter 19: Preferences, Toolbars, and Shortcuts

Where Preference Settings are Saved
Most general preferences are saved in the Windows registry.
This includes many EndNote Preferences, subject bibliography
settings, and Cite While You Write settings. Some preferences
are stored in user-specific folders; this allows multiple users to
access a single library while saving each user’s preferred
settings. The preferences folders listed below store files such as
the connect.log file created during an online search, the
RefTypeTable.xml file that contains reference type definitions,
and a Search folder that contains saved search strategies:
Data\EndNote
Library Choosing a Library to Open

Preferences Use the Libraries preferences section to specify which libraries
should open by default when you start EndNote. First, use the
drop-down list to choose from these options:
Open the most recently used library
Open the specified libraries
Prompt to select a library
Do nothing
If you opt to “Open the specified libraries,” you must list those
specified libraries here. To add a library to the list:
1. If the library is not already open, close the preferences dialog
and open the library. Do this by choosing Open from the File
menu and selecting the desired library.
Chapter 19: Preferences, Toolbars, and Shortcuts 535

2. Return to the Libraries section of the Preferences dialog, and
click Add Open Libraries to add all open libraries to the list.
To remove a library from this list, select it in the Libraries panel

and click Remove Library.
Of course, once EndNote is started, you can always open a
library by choosing Open from the File menu.
Displaying the Library Name with Each Reference
Click the option to “Show Library Name in Reference Window”
if you want the library name to appear at the top of each
Reference window, as shown below.

Display Fonts The Display Fonts panel gives you the option of changing the font
that EndNote uses to display much of the text throughout the
program. You can control the following display font settings:
Library: The Library setting determines the font and size of
the references listed in the Library window.
General: The General setting changes the font and size used
to display most text that is typed into EndNote (such as in
the Reference or Style windows). The General Display Font
is also used for most of the previews and information panels
in EndNote, as well as for bibliographies that are printed or
copied directly from EndNote.
Labels: The Labels setting determines the font and size used
for the Reference window field labels.
Search: The Search setting determines the font and size
applied to user-entered text on the Search tab.
opened on that computer. They do not affect the font used when
you are formatting bibliographies in a word processing
document. The normal font of the document is used for that.
languages. However, some fonts do not include certain Unicode
characters. If some characters do not display correctly in your
EndNote library, we recommend switching the display font to a
Unicode font or installing the appropriate language pack (see
“Displaying Extended/Special Characters” on page 630).
To change the library display fonts:

2. Click the Display Fonts option in the list.
3. Click the tab to indicate which display font setting you want
to change: Library, General, Labels, or Search.
4. Click the Change Font button, and select a different display
font and/or size from the Font and Size lists. Click OK to
close the font selection dialog and return to the Display Fonts
preferences panel.
5. Click OK to save the changes and close the Preferences
dialog.

Reference Use the Reference Types preferences panel to customize your
Types settings for the fields (such as Author, Year, and Title) and
reference types (such as Journal Article or Book) that are used by
EndNote. Any changes that you make in this panel apply to all
of the libraries that open on the computer.
Reference Types
Default Reference Type
When you create a new reference in your EndNote library (by
choosing New from the References menu), the new reference is set
up for a journal article by default. If you would rather have new
references automatically appear as books, patents, or some other
reference type, change the “Default Reference Type” setting:
Click the Default Reference Type list and choose from one of
the available reference types.
If you need a reference type that is not in the list, you will need
to create a new reference type for it and define it yourself (see
“Adding and Deleting Reference Types” on page 414).
Defining Reference Types
If you need to modify any of EndNote’s fields or reference types,
click the Modify Reference Types button. This opens the EndNote
Reference Types preference where you can modify, delete, and
rename EndNote’s reference types and fields.

See Chapter 15 for more information about reference types, how
to customize them, and where this information is stored.
Reference Type Table

You can use the Export and Import buttons to share a customized
reference type table with another EndNote user. See “Sharing
Your Reference Type Table” on page 417 for step-by-step
instructions.
NOTE: Replacing another user's reference type table overwrites all

changes to his/her current reference types table.
Temporary A “temporary citation” is an unformatted citation that EndNote

Citations inserts into your word processing document when you use the
Find Citation(s) or Insert Citation(s) command from Word’s Tools
menu, or when you Copy and Paste a citation into a document.
You can also type temporary citations into your document. The
temporary citation is a placeholder that EndNote later changes to
a “formatted” citation, such as “(Smith & Jones, 1999).”
By default a temporary citation includes the first author’s last
name, the year, and the EndNote record number, enclosed in
curly braces:
{Smith, 1999 #24}

If necessary, you can change the temporary citation delimiters
using the settings in this panel.
Temporary Citation Delimiters

Curly braces are used by default to indicate the start and end of
each temporary citation. If you commonly use curly braces in
your writing, you might want to select a different pair of markers
for EndNote to use as Temporary Citation Delimiters.
Enter the desired markers into the appropriate boxes at the top
of the Temporary Citations preferences panel.
NOTE: If you will be using EndNote Web to Cite While You Write, you
must use the default curly braces as citation delimiters.
Record Number Marker

The number sign (#) always precedes the record number in an
EndNote temporary citation. You may change this by entering
another character in the Record Number Marker box.
The EndNote record number is a unique number assigned to
each reference as it is added to a library. The number is specific
to that reference in that particular library. If you are
collaborating with other writers who have their own EndNote
libraries (or do not have an EndNote library at all), you might
find it easier to replace the Record Number in the temporary
citation with something that uniquely identifies the reference but
is not specific to your EndNote library. To do so, select the “Use

field instead of record number” option and select from the Label
field, the Accession Number field, or the Pages field.
The Label field can be used to manually enter any unique
code that you would like to use for each record.
The Accession Number field is designed to contain the
unique record number assigned to a reference from an online
database.
The Pages field can contain a unique page number or another
unique number for each record.
NOTE: If you have selected the Label, Accession Number, or Pages

field, and that field is empty in a particular reference, the Record
Number will appear in the temporary citation.
Citation Prefix Marker

The Citation Prefix Marker separates prefix text in a citation from
the citation itself. For example, if you wanted a citation
formatted as:
(see also Smith, 1999)
you would enter the text into the temporary citation as follows,
with the “\” indicating the end of the prefix text and the start of
the citation:
{see also \Smith, 1999 #24}
If you prefer to use a different character as the Citation Prefix
Delimiter, you may enter it in this preferences panel. Semicolons
(;), letters, numbers, and characters already used as other
delimiters may not be used for the Citation Prefix Delimiter.
NOTE: When you use Cite While You Write’s Edit Citation command to
add prefix text, the Citation Prefix Marker is automatically inserted as
part of the temporary citation.
Including Notes in the List of References

Some journal styles (such as Science) permit you to include notes
with the list of works cited at the end of the document. In such a
system, the notes are numbered just like the citations, and
included in the reference list in the order of appearance, just like
the references.

To identify text to be included as a numbered note in the
reference list:
1. Type the text into the body of your document where you
would want the number for the note to appear.
2. Be sure to surround the entire section of text with your
Temporary Citation Delimiters (curly braces by default),
and begin it with “NOTE:”. For example:
{NOTE: The authors would like to acknowledge
the support of...}
When the paper is formatted by EndNote using a numbered
style, the text is assigned a number and listed along with the
references at the end of the paper.
NOTE: With Cite While You Write, you can simply go to Word’s Tools
menu, go to the EndNote X2 submenu, and choose Insert Note.
The way that these notes are identified may be changed in the
Temporary Citations preferences. Enter a prefix that you would
like to use to signal that the text should be treated as a note.
Important Restrictions on the Use of the “NOTE” Feature
This feature requires that a numbered style be used for the
formatting; otherwise, the note will be left as it was entered
in the body of the text.
Enter text only. Do not attempt to insert graphics, equations,
or symbols as note text.
Do not use the temporary citation delimiters as part of the
text of the note. Other markers, such as the record number
marker and the prefix marker and the multiple citation
separator may be used.
These types of notes cannot be combined with regular
temporary citations within the same set of brackets. They
should be cited separately—each in its own set of brackets.
Sorting When EndNote sorts author names and titles, you can identify
what words or names to ignore for sorting purposes.
To add words to be ignored for sorting:
Enter the term in the text box below either the “Author
Fields” or “Title Fields” prompt, and click Add.

To remove a term from either list:
Select the term and click Remove.
Click EndNote Defaults to revert both lists to the default settings.
NOTE: If the term you enter appears as the only word in an Author or
Title field, it will not be ignored as a stop word in that case, and will be
used for sorting.
Authors
The Author Fields list is designed so that you may enter parts of
author names that may be omitted for sorting purposes. For
example, prepositions in names such as “von,” “van,” and “de”
are included as part of the last name, but not considered part of
the name for sorting purposes. The entries in the Author Fields
list are case sensitive; that is, if you enter “von” it applies only to
“von” and not “Von.”
For contractions, do not enter the apostrophe in the stop list. So,
for the author name “D’Angelo,” you could enter “D” to the stop
list, without the apostrophe, to sort the name as “Angelo.”
These settings apply to the Generic fields for Author, Secondary
Author, Tertiary Author, and Subsidiary Author. No names are
entered by default.

Titles
When terms are added to the Title Fields list, the sorting routine
ignores them when they appear at the start of the title.
Capitalization does not matter for these words. That is, the word
“the” can be entered (lowercase) and still apply to “The.”
For contractions, do not enter the apostrophe in the stop list. So,
for the term "l'avenir” you would enter “L” to the stop list,
without the apostrophe, to sort as “avenir.”
These settings apply to the Generic fields for Title, Secondary
Title (includes the Journal field), Tertiary Title, and Subsidiary
Title. The words “a,” “an,” and “the” are entered as defaults.
NOTE: When you close the Preference panel and return to your library
list, you must resort your references to build a new sort that uses your
revised list. You can do this by clicking on a column header, or by using
the References>Sort References command.
Change Case The EndNote styles can be configured to change the

capitalization of the author names or titles. Use the Change Case
preferences to list the words that should not be modified when
EndNote changes the case of titles or authors. This can be used
for special acronyms, equations, proper nouns, or compound
names that require consistent capitalization.
For titles, this preference is used only when an output style is set
up to apply “Headline style capitalization” or “Sentence style
capitalization” (rather than “Leave titles as entered”). For author
names, this preference is used when the output style applies a
capitalization option other than “As Is.”
To add words to the list:
Enter the term in the text box at the top of the dialog, and
click Add.

To remove an item from the list:
Select the term and click Remove.
Formatting The Formatting preferences panel contains the following

options:
Suggest formatting with EndNote’s Cite While You Write if the
document type is supported
While the Format Paper feature for RTF files can be used on most
word processor files, we recommend that you always use Cite
While You Write for Microsoft Word documents. It is much
easier and allows more control and options to give you the exact
output you want.
When this item is selected, and you attempt to use Format Paper
on a document that could be formatted with Cite While You
Write, a message will appear recommending that you use Cite
While You Write. You can still use Format Paper if you wish.
Omit Author and/or Year from Formatted Citation if Removed
from Temporary Citation
EndNote’s default behavior is to remove the author or year from
the formatted citation if you remove either of those items from a
temporary (unformatted) citation. For example, “{, 1999 #24}”
would format as just “(1999)” when using a style that creates
(Author, Year) citations. If you prefer to type just the record
number into your papers as the temporary citation, you should

turn this preference off so EndNote will not remove the author
and year from all of your formatted citations.
Merge Duplicates in Bibliography
When this option is selected, EndNote automatically omits
duplicate references from a bibliography. It is a good idea to use
this option if you are citing references from multiple EndNote
libraries in one paper. In this situation, the same journal article
reference might appear in two libraries and would have two
different record numbers. EndNote will not identify the records
as duplicates unless you have this option set to merge duplicates.
When this option is selected, EndNote checks the bibliography
for duplicate references during the formatting process. If
duplicates are found, they are removed. References are
considered duplicates if they are the same reference type (such
as Journal Article or Book) and the following fields are identical:
Author, Year, Title, Secondary Title (Journal, Newspaper,
Magazine, Book Title, Series Title, Conference Name, etc.),
Volume, Issue, and Pages.
NOTE: The Duplicates preference settings do not apply to this feature.

The criteria for determining duplicates is fixed for the “Merge Duplicates
in Bibliography” setting.

Display Fields Use the Display Fields preferences to choose which fields to
display in EndNote’s Library window. These settings apply to all
libraries opened on the computer.
Choose the desired field from each Field list. You may select up
to eight fields to be displayed in the Library window. To show
fewer than eight fields, select [Do not display] instead of a field
name. You must choose at least one field for display in order to
save your changes.
In most cases, the column heading in the Library window is the
same as the Generic name of the field (exceptions include the
Figure field, which is indicated by a fig. heading, and the File
Attachments field, which is indicated by a paper clip icon). If you
would like to change the name for the Library window display,
enter a new name in the Heading column next to the chosen field.
Initially, the first column displays a paper clip icon for references
that include an attached file in the File Attachments field. Then,
the first author’s last name, the year, the title, the journal name
or secondary title, the reference type, the URL, and the Last
Updated date are displayed for each reference.
If you would like to display all author names under the Author
heading in the library reference list, rather than just the first
author, select the check box next to Display all authors in the
Author field.

Duplicates The Duplicates preferences panel sets criteria for the Find
Duplicates command on the References menu (that command is
described on page 239). These settings are also used to highlight
or discard duplicate references when retrieving references from
an online database.
Compare References
By default, EndNote identifies duplicate references in a library
as references of the same reference type with matching Author,
Year, and Title fields. Use this panel to customize the way
EndNote identifies duplicate references.
To select the fields that EndNote should compare when
finding duplicate references, click in the check boxes to the
left of the field names.
The “Generic” names of the fields are used here. For details
about what the Generic field names correspond to for each
reference type, see “Reference Types and Fields” on page 645.
You may select as many fields as you want to make the duplicate
detection more or less stringent.
Criteria
You may also set the “Criteria” to have EndNote compare the
fields and look for an exact match or be more lenient in the
comparison and ignore spacing and punctuation.

Online Search Results
Select the check box to automatically discard duplicate
references when retrieving references from an online database.
The duplicates are never inserted into the library.
NOTE: These settings do not apply to the “Merge Duplicates in

Bibliography” setting (page 547). That specific comparison of reference
data is used only to remove identical references from bibliographies.
Online Web Browser Settings

Preferences Use the Online preferences panel to select the Web browser that
should open when the Open Link command is activated or when
you click on an active URL (Internet address).
Select “Use Default Browser” to have EndNote use the
browser that your System identifies as the default browser.
To select a different Web browser, clear the “Use Default
Browser check box, click Choose, locate the Web browser on
your hard drive, and click Open. (EndNote does not include
a Web browser.)
Connection Log File

When you use the Online Search command to connect to an online
database, EndNote keeps a copy of all of the retrieved references
for that session in the connection log file (the file name is

Connect.log). This happens by default, but you may turn this
option off by clearing the “Use Log File” option.
We recommend keeping the option turned on because in the
event that the references were not correctly retrieved or filtered
into EndNote, you can always adjust the filter in the connection
file, and import the Connect.log file instead of redoing the search
and download (see page 196).
By default, the Connect.log file is stored in the folder:
Data\EndNote
You may change the name and the location of the Connect.log file
by clicking the Choose button. In the dialog that appears, enter a
new name for the file (if desired), and select the new location for
the file.
ISI Base URL
When you export references from the Web of Science to
EndNote, EndNote creates a “Go to ISI” link in the URL field of
each reference. These links take you back to the ISI source record
where you can find related references, times cited, and other
information. If you have upgraded from an earlier version of
EndNote, you may need to click EndNote Defaults to update the
ISI Base URL to the latest setting.
If your institution uses a locally mounted version of Web of
Science, you should enter the URL for that server here in
EndNote’s ISI Base URL preference. Otherwise, the links in
references downloaded from Web of Science will take you to the
main Web of Science server where you might not have access.
Folder The Folder Locations preferences panel is where you set the
Locations personal folder locations for new or modified styles, import
filters, and connection files.
The many styles, filters, and connection files provided with
EndNote are installed in the Styles, Filters, and Connections
folders which are located in the EndNote program folder:
C:\Program Files\EndNote X2\Styles
C:\Program Files\EndNote X2\Filters
C:\Program Files\EndNote X2\Connections
When you display a list of styles, filters, or connection files in
EndNote, the list is compiled from two locations: the installation
folders listed above, and your personal folders.

Initially, your personal folders do not exist; they are created once
you create a new file or save changes to an existing file. For
example, when you open an existing style and make changes,
you cannot Save, but must choose Save As. You can give the file
the same name or a modified name, but the file is saved to your
personal Styles folder. The next time you view a list of output
styles, you will see your modified style. If you gave the file a
different name than the original file, both are listed. If you gave
the file the same name as the original, you will see the modified
style listed, and not the original file, although it still resides in
the program folder.
Why do we bother with personal folders? Why not simply
change or add to the installation folders? We implemented
personal folders so that:
If you reinstall EndNote for some reason, you will not
overwrite a modified file with the same name. (We know you
may have spent hours getting your file just right, and do not
want to risk losing your work.)
When you upgrade to a newer version of EndNote, you will
not delete a new or modified file.
When you download EndNote program updates, you will
not overwrite a modified file.
While it is possible to reset your personal folders to point to the
EndNote program folder, keep in mind that:
You must have administrative rights to modify files in the
Program Files folder. For many users, this is not an option,
or not easily done.
For users running Windows Vista, making changes to files in
the Program Files folder is restricted.
By default, your personal folders are set to:
Windows XP:
C:\Documents and Settings\[UserName]\My Documents\EndNote\
Styles
Filters
Connections
Windows Vista:
C:\Users\[UserName]\Documents\EndNote\Styles
C:\Users\[UserName]\Documents\EndNote\Filters
C:\Users\[UserName]\Documents\EndNote\Connections

To change your personal folder locations:
2. Click on Folder Locations.
3. To change a folder location, click the Select Folder button,

open the folder that you would like to designate as the new
Style, Filter, or Connection folder, and click Select Folder.
Term Lists By default, every new EndNote library has three term lists
associated with it: Authors, Journals, and Keywords. The term
lists are automatically updated as you enter references into your
library. The terms in these lists are also used to facilitate data
entry using the “Suggest Terms as You Type” feature. This
feature suggests terms as you type into fields with term lists
linked to them. For example, as you type into the Author field
(typing the surname first), EndNote suggests author names from
your Authors term list to help you with data entry. When you
enter a new term that is not currently in the associated term list,
it appears in red text to indicate that it is a new term. This can
point out typing mistakes or the use of an incorrect keyword if
you thought you were entering a name or a term commonly used
in your library. More information about working with term lists
is provided in Chapter 10.
Any of the term list settings described above can be turned off
using the settings for the Term Lists preferences.

Suggest Terms as You Type (Auto-Completion)
When selected, EndNote will automatically complete matching
terms when you are typing into a field that is linked to a term list
(see page 267).
If you turn this feature off, you may still insert terms into a field
by opening the desired term list from the Tools menu and double-
clicking the desired term.
Update lists when importing or pasting references
When this option is selected, the term lists are automatically
updated as you import references (using the Import command
from the File menu), drag-and-drop references, or Paste
references in to your library. If you turn this option off, you can
always manually update your term lists by selecting Define Term
Lists from the Tools menu, highlighting a term list, and clicking
Update List (see “Manually Updating Term Lists” on page 263).
Update lists during data entry
When this option is selected, the term lists are automatically
updated as you type in new reference data. If you turn this
option off, you can always manually update your term lists by
selecting Define Term Lists from the Tools menu, highlighting a
term list, and clicking Update List (see “Manually Updating Term
Lists” on page 263).
Spell Check On the Spell Check preferences panel, you can set general spell
check Options and select or modify Dictionaries. For general
information about how to start spell checking a record, see “Spell
Checking” on page 172.

General Options
You can access these Spell Check Options from the EndNote
Preferences Spell Check panel or from the dialog that appears
when you run Spell Check. Click the Options button.
1. Select the check box next to each item you want to apply
during spell checking.
2. Select a Main Dictionary language from the list of available
dictionaries.
For each language, EndNote uses a combination of
dictionary files located in EndNotes’s Spell folder. Select
your primary language. If you want to apply additional
language dictionaries, see the next section, “Modifying
Dictionaries”.
3. Decide how fast and accurate you want spell checking to
work.
4. Click OK to save the changes.
NOTE: For a complete description of each item on the Options dialog,

click the Help button on the dialog or press F1.

Modifying Dictionaries
You can access the Dictionaries preferences from the EndNote
Preferences Spell Check panel or from the dialog that appears
when you run Spell Check. Click the Dictionaries button.
Use this dialog to view or edit the content of existing

dictionaries, to add existing dictionaries for use, to create new
dictionaries, and to remove dictionaries. The dictionaries listed
under Files are currently in use (in addition to the Main
Dictionary selected under Options).
NOTE: For a complete description of each option on the Dictionaries

dialog, click the Help button on the dialog or press F1.
To modify dictionaries:
1. Under Files, select the dictionary file you want to view or
modify.
If it is already in the list, simply select it.
If you need to locate an existing file to use, use the Add
File button to locate the file on your computer and add it
to the list. By default, dictionaries are kept in EndNote’s
Spell folder.
To create a new dictionary, click New File.
To remove a dictionary, display the file name in the list
and click Remove File. This removes a dictionary from
use, but does not delete the actual disk file.
2. The words in the selected dictionary appear in the top list.
To add a word to the selected dictionary, type it under
Words and click Add Word.

To delete a word from the selected dictionary, select the
word and click Delete Word.
To change the Action applied to a word, select the word
and then pick the new Action from the list.
Adding an Existing Dictionary
You may have selected English (or a different language) as your
Main Dictionary Language, but want to apply an additional
language during spell checking.
1. On the Dictionaries dialog, click the Add File button.
2. In EndNote’s Spell folder, locate the dictionary file you want
to use and Open it. The dictionary is added to the list under
Files.
NOTE: For a list of supplied dictionaries with corresponding file names,

see “Dictionaries Supplied with EndNote” on page 557.
Importing/Exporting a Dictionary
The Dictionaries dialog includes Import and Export buttons.
Use Import to locate and import a plain text file of terms into the
current dictionary. The text file should contain a list of terms,
with each term on its own line. If you are typing the list into a
text file, make sure each term is followed by a carriage return,
including the last term in the list. If you are creating the list in a
word processor, make sure to use Save As to save the file as plain
text. If your terms contain extended characters, save with the
Unicode (UTF-8) encoding option.
Use Export to save all terms from a dictionary to a plain text file,
where each term starts on a new line.
Dictionaries Supplied with EndNote
These dictionaries are supplied with EndNote. When you select
the main dictionary language, a combination of files are loaded,
including files not listed here.
When you want to add additional languages, find the Dictionary
you want to use from the left column, then look for the
corresponding File Name. When you Add a dictionary, look for
the appropriate File Name in EndNote’s Spell folder.

Dictionary File Name
User Dictionary: Contains English words that accent.tlx

include non-ASCII characters
User Dictionary: Contains common English correct.tlx

misspellings and their correct replacements for
auto correction
User Dictionary: Sample user dictionary userdic.tlx
American English ssceam.tlx
American English Medical sscema.tlx
British English sscebr.tlx
British English Medical sscemb.tlx
Danish ssceda.tlx
Dutch sscedu.tlx
Finnish sscefi.tlx
French (European and Canadian) sscefr.tlx
German sscege.tlx
Italian ssceit.tlx
Norwegian (Bokmal) sscenb.tlx
Portuguese (Brazilian) sscepb.tlx
Portuguese (Iberian) sscepo.tlx
Spanish sscesp.tlx
Swedish sscesw.tlx
URLs & Links This preference panel includes options for two unrelated items:
OpenURL settings and the default setting for inserting attached
files.
OpenURL
The URL>OpenURL Link command on the References menu starts
your default web browser and displays the full text article (if
available) plus a list of links to similar articles. It connects to an
OpenURL standard syntax server and uses these OpenURL

preferences along with data in your EndNote record to find
related online references.
NOTE: This command has no relation to the URL field found in EndNote
references or the URL>Open Link command on the References menu
(which opens the specific URL found in the URL field).
The OpenURL section includes these settings:

Enable OpenURL: Select the check box to enable the OpenURL
link option found on the EndNote References menu. The
OpenURL Link command is available only when it is enabled
here and a reference is open for viewing. By default, this feature
is disabled.
The next two options on the OpenURL panel are available only
when the Enable OpenURL box is selected.
OpenURL Path: EndNote supplies a default path for your
browser, linking to an ISI server. If you have access to a different
OpenURL server, you should enter that path here.
Arguments: We include a default argument to search for related
online records. You can use this argument as a syntax example if
you wish to enter your own arguments here.
Remember, you can revert back to the EndNote defaults at any

time by clicking EndNote Defaults.

Attached Files
When you choose File Attachments>Attach File from the References
menu to insert a link to a file, you have two options available to
you. You can:
Insert the file as a relative link.
In this case, EndNote makes a copy of the original file and
places it in the .DATA\PDF folder that is part of your
EndNote library. EndNote will always be able to access the
file, even when you share your library with a colleague.
However, if you edit the original file on your computer,
those changes will not be reflected in EndNote. You would
need to clear the file from your EndNote reference and
reinsert it.
Insert the file with an absolute path.
In this case, EndNote will always look in the original folder
for the inserted file. This can be helpful if you plan to edit the
original file, and you want those changes reflected when you
access the file from within EndNote. However, if you ever
move the file from the original folder, EndNote will not be
able to access it unless you clear the file from your EndNote
reference and reinsert it from the new folder location. If you
send your library to a colleague, the file will not be available.
By default, the check box titled “Copy new file attachments to
the default file attachment folder and create a relative link” is
selected, so that EndNote will copy linked files to the
DATA\PDF folder. You can deselect this box in order to save
absolute paths. You can always override this default setting on
the file dialog when you are inserting a file.
EndNote Web This panel saves subscription details for connecting to EndNote
Web.
You do not need to save your Email Address and Password; you
can opt to enter this information each time you connect to
EndNote Web. See Chapter 20, “Transferring Between EndNote
Desktop and EndNote Web Libraries” for detailed information
about connecting to EndNote Web.

If you have not yet activated an EndNote Web account, use the
Register Online button to launch your default browser and go to
the appropriate Web page.
Enter your EndNote Web subscription details:

The address of your EndNote Web site, such as:
http://www.myendnoteweb.com
Your email address, which is your user identification
Your EndNote Web password
Once you save this information with Apply or OK, you will not
have to enter it again; it is saved until you change EndNote Web
preferences again.
Cite While You Write Preferences

You can access the Cite While You Write preferences in one of
several ways:
Word 2003: From the Tools>EndNote X2 menu in Microsoft
Word, select Cite While You Write Preferences.
Word 2007: On the EndNote tab in Word, in the Tools group,
click Preferences.
On the EndNote toolbar in Word, click the EndNote Prefs
icon.

From the Tools>Cite While You Write menu in EndNote, select
CWYW Preferences.
NOTE: Microsoft Word must be open in order to access CWYW

Preferences from the Tools menu in EndNote.
Several EndNote preferences also directly affect Cite While You

Write.
General General preferences are useful when you always use your
Preferences EndNote library along with your word processor, and you
always use your word processor along with your EndNote
library.
To access General preferences, go to Word’s Tools>EndNote X2
menu and select Cite While You Write Preferences. Word 2007: On
the EndNote tab, in the Tools group, click Preferences.
Open EndNote When Starting Word
Select this item to always open EndNote when you start
Microsoft Word.
Close EndNote When Leaving Word
Select this item to always close EndNote when you leave
Microsoft Word. This works only when the EndNote program
was launched with one of the Cite While You Write commands
from within Word or if the Open EndNote When Starting Word
preference is selected.
Return to Document After Inserting Citations
Select this item to always make your document the active
window after inserting citations with EndNote’s Insert Selected
Citation(s) command. If this preference is turned off so that the
Word document remains in the background, you will not see the
inserted citation in the Word document until the document
becomes the active window.
Enable Instant Formatting on new Word documents
This option is available for Cite While You Write. It turns Instant
Formatting on or off for new Word documents. When you enable
Instant Formatting, you can also determine how often EndNote
scans for temporary citations and whether it checks for citation
changes in existing citations.
To turn instant formatting on or off in an existing Word
document, see “Instant Formatting” on page 320.

Keyboard Keyboard shortcuts for EndNote’s Cite While You Write
Shortcuts in commands are available in Word.
Word To add or change a keyboard shortcut:

1. Word 2003: From Word’s Tools>EndNote X2 menu, select Cite
While You Write Preferences.
Word 2007: On the EndNote tab, in the Tools group, click
Preferences.
2. Click the Keyboard tab.
3. From the list of commands, select the command for which

you would like to add (or change) a shortcut.
4. Under “Press new shortcut key,” enter the new shortcut key
combination on the keyboard.
Keyboard shortcuts work in both EndNote and Microsoft
Word.
5. Click Assign to assign the new shortcut.
Follow the same steps to remove an assigned shortcut key,
except click Remove instead of Assign.
Click Reset All to remove custom key assignments.

Figures and Use settings in the output style to determine whether images are
Tables in Word placed in-text or at the end of the document, where captions and
labels are located, and separation and punctuation around
images and captions. See “Figure and Table Placement and
Captions” on page 468.
The figures and tables settings in Microsoft Word override
settings from the current output style. If your output style is set
to print figures and tables in a list at the end of the document, the
settings on this tab are ignored. However, if your output style is
set to print figures and tables in-text, you can use this tab to
override settings when you have moved figures around in your
document and want to retain their placement.
To customize the in-text placement of EndNote figures and
tables in Word.
1. Word 2003: From Word’s Tools menu, select Cite While You
Write Preferences.
Preferences.
2. Select the Figures and Tables tab.
3. Select the appropriate radio button to:

Place each figure or table directly after the paragraph
where it is first referenced, or
When re-generating figures, keep each figure or table in
its current position. This allows you to move images

around in your document and have them stay there
when you Generate Figure List again.
EndNote Use the Application tab to indicate which product to use when
Application you Cite While You Write: EndNote (desktop), EndNote Web, or
Reference Manager. For more information about EndNote Web,
for CWYW see Chapter 20, “Transferring Between EndNote Desktop and
EndNote Web Libraries.”
To select the appropriate application:
1. Word 2003: From Word’s Tools>EndNote X2 menu, select Cite
While You Write Preferences.
Preferences.
2. Click the Application tab. (This tab is available only when
EndNote Web files are installed.)
3. Select the appropriate application:

EndNote is your desktop version of EndNote.
EndNote Web is the online Web version of EndNote.
If you select EndNote Web, you must also enter your
subscription details, which include the appropriate URL,
your email address, and your password. You may opt to
remember the email and password for future sessions.

Showing Word The formatted citations and bibliography in your document are
Processor not plain text; they contain hidden data that make it possible for
EndNote to unformat and reformat citations and bibliographies.
Codes
Microsoft Word’s Field Shading
Formatted citations and bibliographies in Word documents are
Microsoft Word fields. This gives EndNote the ability to
uniquely identify them.
When you click on a field in Word (such as a formatted EndNote
citation or the bibliography), it becomes shaded. You can change
this behavior so that the fields are always shaded, shaded only
when selected, or never shaded. To do so, choose Options from
Word’s Tools menu and select the View option. There you will see
options for field shading. Word 2007: Click the Office icon in the
top left corner of Word, click Word Options, then click Advanced,
and scroll down to "Show document content" to find field
shading options.
Related Several other EndNote preferences directly affect Cite While You
EndNote Write. To access EndNote preferences, go to the Edit menu in
EndNote and select Preferences.
Preferences
The related preference dialogs include settings for:
Temporary Citations, described on page 540
Formatting, described on page 546
These settings are stored with the EndNote program’s
preferences because they apply to formatting papers with either
Cite While You Write for Microsoft Word files or Format Paper
for RTF files.
Shortcuts to Make Using EndNote Easier

Keyboard commands, contextual menus, and toolbars can
streamline your database building and citation processes.
Keyboard See Appendix E, “Keyboard Commands” for a table of keyboard

Commands commands.
To add or change Cite While You Write keyboard shortcuts in
Microsoft Word, see “Keyboard Shortcuts in Word” on page 563.

Shortcut As a convenience, EndNote provides shortcut menus for some of
Menus the most commonly used features. Shortcut menus appear when
you right-click on something in the EndNote program (such as a
reference, a group name, or an Author field).
The contents of the menu depend on where you click and what
options are available for that particular item. Only a subset of
possible commands are displayed; these are intended to
represent the most commonly used functions for the selected
target. Choosing a command from a shortcut menu has exactly
the same result as choosing the command from the main menu
or a toolbar
A shortcut menu appears wherever you click. It remains open
until you choose a command from the list, click elsewhere, or
press ESC.
Shortcut menus are available for the following windows:
references, libraries, term lists, search, retrieved references, and
Managers (styles, filters, and connections).
Toolbars Toolbars are available in EndNote to give you quick access to

some of the commonly used commands. There are several
toolbars (Library, Reference, and Text); each is described below.
Library (and CWYW) Toolbar

Commands on the Library toolbar include (from left to right):
Bibliographic Output Style menu, New Reference, Online Search,
Import, Export, Open Link, Open File, Insert Citation, Format
Bibliography, Return to Word Processor, Help, and a Quick Search
text box/menu.
The Bibliographic Output Style menu lists all the styles you have
marked as “favorites” in the Style Manager, and displays the one
that is currently selected to be used for the Library window
preview, Copy Formatted, printing, exporting, or any formatting.
If you do not see the style that you want in this menu, you can
choose Select Another Style from the bottom of the menu to pick a
new style. See also “The Style Manager” on page 422.
Insert Citation, Format Bibliography, and Return to Word Processor
are available only when Microsoft Word is running and Cite
While You Write support is installed. A complete CWYW toolbar
is available within Word. See “Notes about Microsoft Word” on
page 284.
Reference Toolbar
The top line of the Reference toolbar includes arrows that display
the previous or next reference in the current reference list (in the
current sort order). It also includes the Reference Type menu,
where you assign a reference type to the current reference, and a
Hide Empty Fields button that toggles between showing and
hiding the empty fields in a reference.
The bottom line of the toolbar includes Open Link, Open File, Spell
Check, Attach Figure, Format Bibliography, Return to Word
Processor, and then a Text toolbar as described below.
Text Toolbar
The Text toolbar displays EndNote’s text font and text size
menus to change the font and size of the text in a reference or
output style. The buttons on the toolbar are (from left to right):
Bold, Italic, Underline, Plain Text, Superscript, Subscript, and
Symbol font. If a button is “pressed” that indicates that the text
style represented by that button has been applied to the text that
is selected (or where the cursor blinking).

Chapter 20
Transferring Between EndNote
Desktop and EndNote Web
Libraries
Contents
Overview of EndNote Web............................................... 570
Before You Begin ................................................................ 570
Important Points about Transferring
References ......................................................... 571
Duplicate References .............................................. 571
Transferring References .................................................... 572
Remembering Connection Details......................... 572
Transferring References between EndNote Web
and Desktop ...................................................... 573
Regularly Updating a Transferred Reference
List ..................................................................... 575
Saving EndNote Web References to a Custom
Group................................................................. 575
Using Cite While You Write with EndNote Web ......... 576
Important Points about Cite While You Write
and EndNote Web ............................................ 576
Selecting the EndNote Application ....................... 576
The EndNote Toolbar ............................................. 577
569
Overview of EndNote Web
EndNote Web provides a full range of bibliographic
management on the Web. You can import and edit references via
a personal Web account, and then cite the references in papers
and create bibliographies. EndNote Web can search ISI Web of
Knowledge, PubMed, and hundreds of online library catalogs to
help build a personal reference collection. EndNote Web
includes unique integration for ISI Web of Knowledge
subscribers with dynamic links to "Times Cited" and related
records, giving you one-click access to the latest information on
a reference article.
Each EndNote Web library can store thousands of records and
create bibliographies in over 3,000 publishing styles. Cite While
You Write is also available for anyone using Microsoft Word to
create bibliographies instantly.
An EndNote Web subscription serves as an essential resource for
everyone on campus—from students to teaching faculty. It can
provide you with an online storage option when you are away
from your desktop library—references can be transferred
between EndNote Web and EndNote easily and without the need
to export and import files.
For more information about EndNote Web, or to subscribe, go to
http://www.endnoteweb.com or contact the Thomson
ResearchSoft sales team.
The desktop version of EndNote includes an option to transfer
references between EndNote desktop and EndNote Web. You
can also use EndNote Web to Cite While You Write. This chapter
describes both processes.
Before You Begin

You can transfer references in either direction: from an EndNote
Web library to an EndNote desktop library, or from an EndNote
desktop library to an EndNote Web library.
When you transfer references, the original references are left
intact. The process does not move references, but copies them to
the new location.
570 Chapter 20: Transferring Between EndNote Desktop and EndNote Web Libraries
Important Please note these limitations before attempting to transfer
Points about references between EndNote and EndNote Web:
Transferring You must have a valid subscription to use EndNote Web.

References You must have an active Internet connection in order to
transfer references between the desktop version of EndNote
and EndNote Web.
If you plan to transfer references into an EndNote desktop
library, the library must allow read-write access. Make sure
the file itself allows read-write access, and make sure it is not
on a read-only CD or a locked partition.
Due to server resources, there may be a limit to the number
of references you can transfer at one time. If you attempt to
transfer more than the limit, you will be notified.
Figures and linked files will not transfer to an EndNote Web
library, although existing link paths will appear for the
Figure and File Attachments fields. You cannot edit these
fields in EndNote Web.
Fonts and styles that are manually applied to individual
references will be lost when transferring references to or
from EndNote Web.
Duplicate When you transfer references from an EndNote Web library to a

References desktop library, you can turn on duplicate detection. EndNote
will use the duplicate detection criteria specified under EndNote
Preferences.
When you transfer references from an EndNote desktop library
to an EndNote Web library, duplicates found in the EndNote
Web library will always be overwritten with the new references
transferred from the EndNote desktop library.
You should plan to edit references in only one place—either the
Web library or the desktop library. Duplicate references, found
in both the EndNote web library and the desktop library, cannot
be synchronized. When you copy references from one library to
another, the reference in the target library is overwritten.
Chapter 20: Transferring Between EndNote Desktop and EndNote Web Libraries 571
Transferring References
You can copy references in either direction: from an EndNote
Web library to an EndNote desktop library, or from an EndNote
desktop library to an EndNote Web library.
Remembering You can enter your EndNote Web subscription details once, and
Connection have EndNote remember your settings. This is optional; if you
prefer the security of entering this information each time you
Details connect, go to the next section, “Transferring References
between EndNote Web and Desktop” on page 573.
To remember EndNote Web connection details:
1. Open your EndNote desktop library.
2. Display EndNote Web preferences:
In the Groups pane, under EndNote Web, click
Configure, or
From the Edit menu, select Preferences and then EndNote
Web.
3. Enter your EndNote Web subscription details:

The address of your EndNote Web site, such as:
http://www.myendnoteweb.com
Your email address, which is your user identification
Your EndNote Web password
4. Click OK to save your connection preferences.
You will not have to enter this information again; it is saved
until you change EndNote Web preferences again.
Transferring To transfer references between EndNote Web and EndNote

desktop:
References
between 1. Initiate the connection to EndNote Web. Do one of these:
EndNote Web From the Tools menu, select EndNote Web.

(If you have already saved EndNote Web preferences,
and Desktop you will be connected to EndNote Web. If not, you will
be prompted to enter connection details for one-time use,
so that they are not remembered later.)
In the Groups pane, under EndNote Web, click Transfer.
(This option is available only if you have already saved
EndNote Web preferences.)
2. Once the connection is made, you will be able to set transfer
options and begin transferring references.
a. Under “Web,” select the appropriate EndNote Web

folder.
b. Determine whether you are transferring references to or
from your EndNote desktop library. Select one of these
options:
Transfer References from Web to Desktop
You can allow duplicates or discard duplicates
during the transfer. EndNote will use the duplicate
settings indicated in your EndNote preferences.
Transfer References from Desktop to Web
You can transfer the currently showing references,
all references found in the library, or only the
references found in a particular group.
Click the Web Library Info button to see how many

references are currently in the selected Web library
and how many more references can be added to it
before reaching the maximum limit.
NOTE: If the option to Transfer References from Web to Desktop is not

available to you (greyed out), you likely have selected an EndNote
library that is read-only. Make sure the file itself allows read-write
access, and make sure it is not on a locked partition, a read-only CD,
or any other read-only media.
c. Click Transfer (or press Enter) to start transferring

references.
When the process is completed, a message will tell you how
many references were transferred.
NOTE: You can click Cancel to stop the transfer process. It may take a
few moments to stop the operation, as the current cache of references
will be processed first. A message will tell you how many references
were already transferred before you cancelled the operation.
If you have transferred references from EndNote Web to your

desktop library, you can easily see the subset of references; they
are saved as a group in the Group pane under EndNote Web.
Regularly You may regularly add references to your EndNote Web folder,
Updating a and want to subsequently update your EndNote desktop library
with the additions.
Transferred
To update your desktop library, set these options on the
Reference List EndNote Web Transfer References dialog:
Select the appropriate EndNote Web folder.
Select the option to “Transfer References from Web to
Desktop.”
Clear the “Allow Duplicates” check box. (EndNote will use
the duplicate settings indicated in your EndNote
preferences.)
Each time you transfer references from the same EndNote Web
folder, the corresponding EndNote Web group is replaced in
your desktop library. If you check the box to allow duplicates,
your library could contain multiple copies of the same
references.
Saving You may occasionally want to save a set of EndNote Web

EndNote Web references to a custom group.
References to a To save an EndNote Web group as a custom group:

Custom Group 1. In the Groups pane, under EndNote Web, click on a group to
display the list of references.
2. From the Edit menu, choose Select All to select all of the
references in the list.
3. From the References menu, select Add References To>New
Group.
4. Name and save the new group.
Using Cite While You Write with EndNote
Web
Microsoft Word documents that use Cite While You Write are
compatible with EndNote desktop and EndNote Web.
For general information about how to Cite While You Write, see
Chapter 11, “Using EndNote with Microsoft Word.”
Important While Cite While You Write support is included for both
EndNote desktop and EndNote Web, they cannot be used
Points about simultaneously. See “Selecting the EndNote Application” on
Cite While You page 576.
Write and You can Cite While You Write with references from your
EndNote Web personal Web library. You cannot directly Cite While You
Write with references in folders shared by other EndNote
Web users.
EndNote Web always looks for the curly braces “{“ and “}”
to delimit citations for Cite While You Write. You cannot use
custom citation delimiters like you can in the desktop
version of EndNote. We recommend that you always use the
default curly braces to avoid missed citations during
formatting.
EndNote Web does not support instant formatting.
Word 2003: In Word, go to the Tools>EndNote X2 menu and
choose Format Bibliography.
Word 2007: On the EndNote Web tab, in the Bibliography
group, click the corner arrow dialog launcher.
EndNote Web does not support inserting or formatting
figures. The Find Figure(s) and Generate Figure List commands
will not be not available.
Various other Cite While You Write functions may not be
active for EndNote Web; those commands will be dimmed
and unavailable. The full Cite While You Write feature set is
available for the desktop EndNote application.
Selecting the You can use Cite While You Write with either your desktop
EndNote version of EndNote or EndNote Web; a Cite While You Write
plug-in for Microsoft Word is installed for each application. Use
Application
EndNote Web to cite references from a Web library; use EndNote
desktop for a library stored on your computer.
NOTE: For workstations that do not have the desktop version of

EndNote installed, you can download the EndNote Web plug-in for Cite
While You Write from http://www.myendnoteweb.com with a valid
account.
To select a version of EndNote for Cite While You Write:

1. Word 2003: In Word, go to the Tools menu, choose EndNote
X2, and then Cite While You Write Preferences, or, click the EN
Pref icon on the EndNote toolbar.
Preferences.
2. Click on the Application tab.
3. Select the appropriate EndNote application:

EndNote is your desktop version of EndNote.
EndNote Web is the online Web version of EndNote.
If you select EndNote Web, you must also enter your
subscription details, which includes the appropriate
URL, your email address, and your password. You may
opt to remember the email and password for future
sessions.
The EndNote Word 2003: An EndNote toolbar is available whether you are
Toolbar using the EndNote desktop or EndNote Web application. An
easy way to tell which application is in use is to look at the title
of the toolbar. It will indicate either EndNote (the desktop
application) or EndNote Web.
Word 2007: The EndNote tab will indicate either EndNote or
EndNote Web.
Chapter 21
Using EndNote on a Palm OS
Handheld
Contents
Palm OS Handheld Devices ............................................. 580
Installing EndNote for Palm OS...................................... 580
Hardware and Software Requirements ................ 580
Installing EndNote for Palm OS ............................ 582
Synchronizing Libraries .................................................... 584
Starting EndNote for Palm OS and Displaying
References ............................................................................ 586
Entering, Editing, and Deleting References .................. 587
Searching a Handheld Library ......................................... 589
Beaming References Between Handhelds ..................... 590
Viewing Library Statistics ................................................ 590
EndNote Preferences .......................................................... 591
579
Palm OS Handheld Devices
The EndNote application for Palm OS ® handheld devices uses a
format that supports all of the reference types and fields used in
the desktop EndNote application.
You can enter EndNote references into your desktop version of
EndNote and/or into your handheld device. You can then
synchronize files between your desktop EndNote library and
your handheld EndNote library using standard HotSync®
commands.
You can also beam individual references to another Palm OS
handheld.
Installing EndNote for Palm OS

Installing your EndNote for Palm OS involves several steps.
First, make sure you meet the hardware and software
requirements. Then, follow the instructions for “Installing
EndNote for Palm OS” on page 582.
Hardware and Requirements for running EndNote for the Palm Operating
System include:
Software
Requirements Handheld device
Palm Operating System 4.x or later
Serial or USB communication for HotSync operations
16 MB RAM
NOTE: EndNote for Palm is not compatible with Palm desktop software
version 6.2 or later, and will not install when Palm 6.2 or later is
detected. We do not recommend configuring EndNote for Palm on
Windows Vista due to Vista and Palm incompatibilities.
580 Chapter 21: Using EndNote on a Palm OS Handheld

EndNote is compatible with any handheld device that meets the
hardware and software requirements, such as those devices
listed in the following table. While this is not a comprehensive
list, it includes many of the qualifying devices.
Brand Model Palm OS Memory

Palm® Treo™ 90
Palm Treo 600 Palm OS 5 24 MB RAM
Palm Tungsten™ C Palm OS 5.2.1 64 MB RAM, 52 MB Storage
Palm Tungsten E Palm OS 5.2.1 32 MB RAM, 28.3 MB Storage
Palm Tungsten T2 Palm OS 5.2.1 32 MB RAM, 28.3 MB Storage
Palm Tungsten T3 Palm OS 5.2.1 64 MB RAM, 52 MB Storage
Palm Tungsten W Palm OS 4.1.1 16 MB RAM
Palm Zire™ 21 Palm OS 5.2.1 8 MB RAM, 7.2 MB Storage
Palm Zire 71 Palm OS 5.2.1 16 MB RAM, 13 MB Storage
Sony® CLIÉ® Palm OS 5
Sony PEG-NZ90 CLIÉ Palm OS 5
Sony PEG-NX60 CLIÉ Palm OS 5
Sony PEG-NX70V CLIÉ Palm OS 5
Sony PEG-NX73V CLIÉ Palm OS 5
Sony PEG-NX80V CLIÉ
Sony PEG-SJ20 CLIÉ
Sony PEG-SJ33 CLIÉ
Sony PEG-TG50 CLIÉ Palm OS 5
Sony PEG-TJ25 CLIÉ
Sony PEG-TJ35 CLIÉ
Tapwave Zodiac
Chapter 21: Using EndNote on a Palm OS Handheld 581

Installing Installing EndNote for Palm OS involves several steps. First,
EndNote for make sure you meet the hardware and software requirements
listed in the previous section. Then, you must:
Palm OS
1. Check your HotSync connection to make sure it is working.
2. Install the EndNote Palm OS software.
3. Designate a single EndNote library for synchronizing.
4. Perform an initial HotSync operation to copy EndNote
software to the handheld device, and then perform a second
HotSync operation to copy the EndNote library to the
handheld device.
Check your HotSync Connection

Before you begin, make sure your Palm OS handheld application
software is installed. Perform a HotSync operation to make sure
you are able to send files between your Palm desktop application
and your Palm OS handheld device.
Install EndNote for Palm OS Software

It is best to install your Palm software (the application software
that came with your handheld device) before installing or
updating to EndNote X2. As you install EndNote, you will be
asked whether you want to install the EndNote for Palm OS
software.
NOTE: You may have already installed the Palm OS software when you
installed EndNote! Look for the EndNote application on your Palm
handheld device.
If you installed EndNote and then installed your Palm

application software:
Install EndNote for Palm OS in one of two ways:
Run the EndNote installer again, choose Modify, and select
EndNote for Palm OS to install.
From your Windows Control Panel, choose Add or Remove
Programs, click Change, and install EndNote for Palm OS.

To configure EndNote for Palm OS components for a specific
user:
If you log into your computer from an account that is different
from the account used to install EndNote, you must register
EndNote for Palm OS components as described below.
2. Launch the configuration utility. From the Windows Start
menu, choose All Programs>EndNote>Configure EndNote.
3. On the Welcome screen, select Configure EndNote for me and
click Next.
4. On this screen:
a. Select “Configure EndNote for Palm OS Support.” If
Palm Desktop software is detected, this option is selected
by default.
b Click Next.
5. On the Final Installation Complete screen, click Finish.
Designate a Library for HotSync Operations

In EndNote, designate a library for HotSync operations:
1. From the Tools menu in EndNote, select Configure Handheld
Sync.
2. Select an EndNote library from the existing drop-down list

or use the Browse button to locate your EndNote library.
NOTE: The Palm OS will accept a library filename that contains up to

26 characters. You will not be able to sync a library with a longer
filename.

3. Click OK to save the setting.
NOTE: You can update your Palm device with only a single library. If
you perform a HotSync operation with a new library, any existing library
on your Palm device will be replaced.
Use the HotSync Manager to Set Up Your Handheld

Device
Perform an initial HotSync Operation to copy EndNote for Palm
OS software to your handheld device. (For information about
how to use the HotSync Manager, see the “Synchronizing
Libraries” section that appears below.)
Then, perform a HotSync operation again to copy your EndNote
library to your handheld device.
Synchronizing Libraries
Use standard HotSync instructions to synchronize your desktop
EndNote library and your handheld EndNote library. For
example, by pressing the HotSync button on a cradle or cable, or
by using the HotSync application on the handheld:
A HotSync operation cannot be initiated from within EndNote.

See your handheld device documentation for additional
information about performing a HotSync operation.
The first time you synchronize your desktop EndNote library
with your handheld device, the EndNote for Palm OS is copied
to your handheld device. Subsequent HotSync operations
synchronize the designated library.
NOTE: The handheld library must reside in main Palm memory; you
cannot save a library to an expansion card.
Notes about Synchronization:

You can synchronize your handheld library to a single
desktop PC.
The Palm OS will accept a library file name that contains up
to 26 characters; you will not be able to sync a library with a
longer filename. If your library filename is longer than 26

characters, you can rename the library with Windows
Explorer. Remember to also rename the .DATA folder.
You can designate a single EndNote library to synchronize
with your Palm OS handheld. In EndNote, go to the Tools
menu, select Configure Handheld Sync, and use the dialog to
select a library.
By default, a HotSync operation will synchronize the
EndNote desktop library and handheld library, so that new
references will appear in both libraries and edited references
will be updated in both libraries. However, if you edit the
same reference in the desktop library and the handheld
library, neither record will be overwritten. A second, almost
duplicate record will be created.
You cannot copy only selected references to your handheld
device; the entire designated library is synchronized. If you
want to copy only a limited number of references to your
handheld device, first copy those references to a smaller
desktop EndNote library, designate that library in EndNote
with Configure Handheld Sync, and then synchronize your
handheld device with that interim library.
If you want to enter references on your handheld, but not
maintain the full desktop library on your handheld, use a
smaller, interim library for synchronization. Enter your
references on the handheld device, synchronize to the small
desktop library, then copy the references from the small
library to your full EndNote library. You can change
HotSync settings to always overwrite the interim library
with your Handheld library.
The Palm OS reference size limit is 64K. Longer references
are truncated, and a message is written to the HotSync Log.
The Palm OS is not Unicode compliant, so certain characters
that display properly in EndNote may not convert to your
Palm device. During a HotSync operation, a message is
written to the HotSync Log when characters do not convert
correctly and are replaced by a question mark (?).
Only the name of the image is displayed in an image field on
your handheld device. The image name is locked (you
cannot edit it) so that the file attachment in the desktop
library will remain intact. Images cannot be added on the
handheld. If you delete a reference with an image from your
handheld device, synchronizing will delete both the
reference and its corresponding image from the desktop
library.

Starting EndNote for Palm OS and
Displaying References
To start EndNote for Palm OS and open the EndNote library:
1. On your handheld device, list the Applications available and
tap on the EndNote icon.
EndNote displays the name of the designated library.

2. Highlight the library name and tap Open to display the
reference list (or select Open from the EndNote>Library
menu).
Tap on a column
header to sort the list.
A reference list appears, displaying the first author’s last name,

the year, and the first title of each reference in the library.
Notes about the reference list:
The title bar shows the name of the current library.
The first author, year, and title are each truncated to fit
within its column.
Tap on a column header to sort the list by that column of
information. Tap the same column header again to switch
between ascending and descending order. This is a simple
alphabetic sort that may not display in exactly the same
order as your desktop library. Author names are not
manipulated, and initial articles are not ignored in titles.
The reference list is equivalent to the All References view in
the desktop version of EndNote. Groups are not available for

viewing. While existing groups are maintained, you cannot
view or modify them on the handheld device.
To jump to a particular reference, enter characters with the
Palm keyboard or text pad to scroll to that text in the current
sort order. For example, in a library sorted by author,
entering “DON” could scroll the list to “Donnelly.”
Tap on a row to select it. Select multiple rows by tapping on
each one. Tap again to deselect a row. To deselect all rows,
tap below the list of references, to the right of the Done
button.
To create a new reference, tap the New button.
To open a reference for viewing or editing, tap twice on the
row. Or, highlight the reference and tap Edit.
Entering, Editing, and Deleting References

To enter a new EndNote reference on your handheld device:
1. Display the EndNote library reference list.
2. Tap New to display a New Reference template.
3. Use the drop down list to select a reference type.
4. Enter your text into the appropriate fields. See “Notes about
entering and editing references” on page 588 for more
information about this display.
5. Tap Save to add the reference to your handheld EndNote
library.

To edit or delete a reference on your handheld device:
1. With the reference list displayed, tap to highlight the
reference you want to edit or delete.
2. Tap the library name in the title bar and display the Reference
menu.
3. From the Reference menu, select:

Edit to open the highlighted reference for viewing or
editing
Delete to delete the highlighted reference
These additional commands are also available:
New to create a new reference
Attach Note to add text to the Note field of the
highlighted reference
Delete Note to delete text from the Note field of the
highlighted reference.
Notes about entering and editing references:
The title bar displays as much as possible of the first author’s
last name, year, and reference number.
The drop-down list in the top right corner displays the
current reference type. Tap on the arrow to show the
complete list of reference types and select one.
Use the up and down scroll arrows to scroll and/or navigate
through records, depending on the setting under Preferences
(See “EndNote Preferences” on page 591).

Use the left and right navigation arrows to browse through
references in the current sort order. (The navigation arrows
are not available when you are creating a new record.)
Up to three lines are displayed for each field of data. You can
edit those three lines directly. However, if a field contains
more than three lines of information, tap on the field to open
a full-screen display (where you can view and edit the entire
field).
To access standard editing commands, first put the cursor
within a field. Then, tap the library name in the title bar, then
the Edit menu.
Tap the Note button to easily add text to the Note field in the
reference.
To delete a note, tap the title bar, then the Reference menu,
then Delete Note.
The Palm OS “Private” record feature is not available.
The Palm OS reference size limit is 64K. Text beyond that
amount is truncated when you save the reference.
Searching a Handheld Library

To jump to a particular reference in the reference list:
Enter characters with the Palm keyboard or text pad to scroll to
that text in the current sort order. For example, in a library sorted
by author, entering “DON” could scroll the list to “Donnelly.”
To search all fields in all applications:
1. Display your EndNote library reference list.
2. Bring up the Find dialog in one of these ways:
Tap the Find icon (magnifying glass) on your Palm
device, or,
From the Reference menu, choose Find.
3. Enter the word or phrase you wish to locate.
4. Tap OK, and the matching references appear in a list.
Matching EndNote references are listed. Clicking “Find
More” brings up additional matches from other
applications on your Palm device.
Tap an EndNote reference in the list to return to the full
reference list with that single reference highlighted.
To return to the previous view, tap Cancel.

The search results are not saved when you leave the
search results list. However, the Find feature retains
your last search request so it is easy to run it again.
Beaming References Between Handhelds

You can beam a single reference or a group of highlighted
references to another Palm OS handheld device.
NOTE: You cannot beam the EndNote for Palm OS application itself,
and you cannot beam an entire library.
To beam a reference or group of references to another Palm

device:
1. Make sure the EndNote for Palm OS application is installed
on both Palm OS handheld devices.
2. On the handheld that contains the reference(s) you wish to
beam, display the list of references in the List view.
3. Highlight the reference or references you wish to beam to
another handheld.
4. From the Reference menu, select Beam Reference.
5. On the receiving handheld, tap Yes on the Beam Receive
dialog to accept the reference(s).
On the handheld that is accepting the beamed references,
EndNote for Palm OS opens to the list view and highlights
the new reference(s) in the list of references.
Viewing Library Statistics

To view statistics about the EndNote library on your handheld
device:
1. Start the EndNote for Palm OS application on your handheld
device.
2. Highlight the name of your library.
3. Tap the EndNote menu, then the Library menu, then Info to
display statistics about the highlighted database. Or, tap the
Info button.
Statistics include the date created, the date modified, the file size,
and the number of records found in the library.

EndNote Preferences
Several preferences are available in EndNote for Palm OS. With
your reference list showing on your handheld device, tap the
library name in the title bar, the Options menu, and then
Preferences.
Show Splash Screen at Startup

Use this option to enable or disable the splash screen display that
appears when you start the EndNote for Palm OS application.
Use the list to select a default reference type to assign to new
references added to your handheld. You can always change the
reference type when entering or editing a reference.
Scroll button behavior in Edit View
Select the behavior of scrolling buttons while in Edit view:
Scroll: The scroll button scrolls through the fields of the
current reference.
Navigate: The scroll button navigates forward and backward
through references.
Scroll then Nav.: The scroll button scrolls until the end of the
current reference, then navigates to the next reference.

Chapter 22
Using EndNote on a Windows
Mobile Device
Contents
Overview of Using EndNote on a Windows Mobile
Device.................................................................................... 594
Installing EndNote on a Windows Mobile Device ...... 594
Hardware and Software Requirements ................ 594
Installing EndNote for the Windows Mobile
Operating System ............................................. 595
Synchronizing Libraries .................................................... 597
Starting EndNote for Windows Mobile and
Displaying References....................................................... 599
Entering, Editing, and Deleting References .................. 601
Searching a Handheld EndNote Library........................ 603
Viewing Library Statistics ................................................ 604
Setting EndNote Preferences............................................ 604
593
Overview of Using EndNote on a Windows
Mobile Device
A Windows Mobile® device is a handheld device, such as a
Pocket PC®, which runs the Windows Mobile operating system.
The terms “Windows Mobile device” and “Pocket PC” may be
used interchangeably.
The EndNote application for handheld devices running the
Windows Mobile operating system uses a format that supports
all of the reference types and fields used in the desktop EndNote
application.
You can enter EndNote references into your desktop EndNote
library and/or into your handheld library. You can then
synchronize files between your desktop EndNote library and
your handheld EndNote library using standard ActiveSync ®
commands.
Installing EndNote on a Windows Mobile

Device
Installing EndNote on your Windows Mobile device involves
several steps. First, make sure you meet the hardware and
software requirements. Then, follow the instructions for
“Installing EndNote for the Windows Mobile Operating System”
on page 595.
Hardware and Requirements for running EndNote on a Windows Mobile

device include:
Software
Requirements Windows Mobile handheld device, such as a Pocket PC
(not including Smartphones)
Windows Mobile operating system 5 or later
Serial or USB communication for ActiveSync operations
16 MB RAM
EndNote is compatible with any Windows Mobile device that
meets the hardware and software requirements.
594 Chapter 22: Using EndNote on a Windows Mobile Device

Installing Installing EndNote for the Windows Mobile operating system
EndNote for involves several steps. First, make sure you meet the hardware
and software requirements listed in the previous section. Then,
the Windows you must:
Mobile 1. Check your ActiveSync connection to make sure it is
Operating working.
System 2. Install the EndNote for Windows Mobile software.
3. Designate a single EndNote library for synchronizing.
4. Perform an initial ActiveSync operation to copy EndNote
software to the Windows Mobile device, and then perform a
second ActiveSync operation to copy the EndNote library to
the Windows Mobile device.
Check your ActiveSync Connection

Before you begin, make sure your Windows Mobile software is
correctly installed. Connect your handheld device and perform
an ActiveSync operation to make sure you are able to send files
between your Windows Mobile desktop application and your
Windows Mobile handheld device.
Install EndNote for Windows Mobile Software

It is best to install your Windows Mobile software (the
application software that came with your handheld device) and
connect your handheld device before installing or updating to
EndNote X2. As you install EndNote, you will be asked whether
you want to install the EndNote for Windows Mobile software.
NOTE: You may have already installed the EndNote for Windows
Mobile software when you installed EndNote! Look for the EndNote
application on your Windows Mobile device.
If you installed EndNote and then installed your Windows

Mobile application software:
You can install EndNote for Windows Mobile in one of two
ways:
Run the EndNote installer again, choose Modify, and select
EndNote for Windows Mobile to install.
From your Windows Control Panel, choose Add or Remove
Programs, highlight EndNote, click Change, and install
EndNote for Windows Mobile.
Chapter 22: Using EndNote on a Windows Mobile Device 595

Designate a Library for ActiveSync Operations
In EndNote, designate a library for ActiveSync operations:
1. From the Tools menu in EndNote, select Configure Handheld
Sync.
2. Select an EndNote library from the existing drop-down list

or use the Browse button to locate your EndNote library.
NOTE: The Windows Mobile operating system will accept a library

filename that contains up to 26 characters. You will not be able to sync
a library with a longer filename.
3. Click OK to save the setting.
NOTE: You can update your Windows Mobile device with only a single
library. If you perform an ActiveSync operation with a new library, any
existing library on your handheld device will be replaced.
Use the ActiveSync Manager to Set Up Your

Windows Mobile Device
Perform an initial ActiveSync Operation to copy EndNote for
Windows Mobile software to your handheld device. (For
information about how to use the ActiveSync Manager, see the
“Synchronizing Libraries” section that appears below.)
Then, perform an ActiveSync operation again to copy your
desktop EndNote library to your Windows Mobile device.

Synchronizing Libraries
Use standard ActiveSync instructions to synchronize your
desktop EndNote library and your Windows Mobile device
EndNote library. Use the ActiveSync application on the
Windows Mobile device:
The first time you synchronize your desktop EndNote library

with your Windows Mobile device, EndNote for the Windows
Mobile operating system is copied to your Windows Mobile
device. Subsequent ActiveSync operations synchronize the
designated library.
You may want to modify ActiveSync settings to always sync
your EndNote libraries when initiating an ActiveSync from your
handheld device. In Microsoft ActiveSync, go to the Tools menu
and choose Options, and then select the EndNote component for
syncing. However, if ActiveSync is initiated every time you
cradle your device, or periodically while it is connected, you may
want to deselect the EndNote component for automatic syncing.
See your Windows Mobile device documentation for more
information about performing ActiveSync operations.
An ActiveSync operation cannot be initiated from within
EndNote. However, once your EndNote library resides on the
handheld device, you can use an “EndNote Pocket PC
Synchronization” shortcut to initiate an EndNote library
synchronization. From the Start menu, choose All Programs, then
EndNote, and then EndNote Pocket PC Synchronization.
NOTE: The handheld library must reside in main memory; you cannot
save a library to an expansion card.
Notes about Synchronization:

Before synchronizing your EndNote libraries, make sure
EndNote is not open on the handheld device. Select Menu
and then Exit to close EndNote.
You can synchronize your handheld library to a single
desktop PC.
The Windows Mobile operating system will accept a library
file name that contains up to 26 characters; you will not be
able to sync a library with a longer filename. If your library
filename is longer than 26 characters, you can rename the

library with Windows Explorer. Remember to also rename
the .DATA folder.
You can designate a single EndNote library to synchronize
with your Windows Mobile device. In EndNote, go to the
Tools menu, select Configure Handheld Sync, and use the
dialog to select a library.
By default, an ActiveSync operation will synchronize the
EndNote desktop library and handheld library, so that new
references will appear in both libraries and edited references
will be updated in both libraries.
You cannot copy only selected references to your Windows
Mobile device; the entire designated library is synchronized.
If you want to copy only a limited number of references to
your handheld device, first copy those references to a
smaller desktop EndNote library, designate that library in
EndNote with Configure Handheld Sync, and then
synchronize your Windows Mobile device with that interim
library.
If you want to enter references on your Windows Mobile
device, but not maintain the full desktop library on the
device, use a smaller, interim library for synchronization.
Enter your references on the handheld device, synchronize
to the small desktop library, then copy the references from
the small library to your full EndNote library. You can
change ActiveSync settings to always overwrite the interim
library with your handheld library.
The Windows Mobile device reference size limit is 64K.
Longer references are truncated, and a message is written to
the ActiveSync Log.
Windows Mobile is Unicode compliant, so characters
entered into your desktop library will transfer correctly.
However, character entry and display may be limited by the
default handheld device keyboard and character recognizer.
Third party software packages are available for the Windows
Mobile operating system, which include specialized
keyboards and recognizers, that allow expanded data entry
(such as Greek or Hebrew characters).
Only the name of the figure is displayed in a Figure field on
your handheld device. The figure name is locked (you cannot
edit it) so that the file attachment in the desktop library will
remain intact. Figures cannot be added on the handheld
device. If you delete a reference with a figure from your
device, synchronizing will delete both the reference and its
corresponding figure from the desktop library.

What if you have changed a reference in both the desktop
library and the handheld library?
If you edit the same reference in the desktop library and the
handheld library, neither record will be overwritten when you
synchronize the libraries. EndNote will ask you to resolve the
conflict.
You can select either the version of the reference that was
modified in the EndNote desktop library or the version of the
reference that was modified on the Windows Mobile device. You
can also save the setting to be used automatically when future
conflicts arise.
Starting EndNote for Windows Mobile and

Displaying References
To start EndNote on your Windows Mobile device and open
the EndNote library:
1. On your Windows Mobile device, list the Programs available
and tap on the EndNote icon. (EndNote will appear on the
Start menu if you have used it recently.)

2. Highlight the library name and tap Open. EndNote displays
the designated library.
Tap on a column header

to sort the list.
Drag column dividers to
adjust column width.
A reference list appears, displaying the first author’s last name,

the year, and the first title of each reference in the library.
Notes about the reference list:
The title bar shows the name of the current library.
The first author, year, and title are each truncated to fit
within its column.
Tap on a column header to sort the list by that column of
information. Tap the same column header again to switch
between ascending and descending order. This is a simple
alphabetic sort that may not display in exactly the same
order as your desktop library. Author names are not
manipulated, and initial articles are not ignored in titles.
The reference list is equivalent to the All References view in
the desktop version of EndNote. Groups are not available for
viewing. While existing groups are maintained, you cannot
view or modify them on the Windows Mobile device.
To jump to a particular reference, enter characters with the
handheld device keyboard to scroll to that text in the current
sort order. For example, in a library sorted by author,
entering “DON” could scroll the list to “Donnelly.”
To create a new reference, tap Menu and select New Reference.
To open a reference for viewing or editing, tap twice on the
row. Or, tap once on the reference to highlight it, tap Menu,
and select Edit.
You can touch the screen for an extended period of time to
display a contextual menu. The contextual menu displays

the commands that are available and active when you tap
Menu.
Entering, Editing, and Deleting References

To enter a new EndNote reference on your Windows Mobile
device:
1. Display the EndNote library reference list, or an individual
reference.
2. Tap Menu and select New Reference to display a New
Reference template.
3. Use the drop down list in the Reference Type field to select a
reference type.
4. Enter your text into the appropriate fields. See “Notes about
entering and editing references” on page 602 for more
information about this display.

5. Tap OK to add the reference to your handheld EndNote
library.
You will be asked to confirm changes. Tap Yes to save the
new reference, No to exit without saving, or Cancel to
continue adding to the new reference without saving.
To edit an EndNote reference on your Windows Mobile device:
1. With the reference list displayed, tap to highlight the
reference you want to edit.
2. Tap Menu and select Edit to open the highlighted reference
for viewing or editing. (Or, you can tap twice on the
reference you want to edit.)
Notes about entering and editing EndNote references:

The title bar displays as much as possible of the first author’s
last name, year, and reference number.
The drop-down list in the Reference Type field displays the
current reference type. Tap on the triangle to show the
complete list of reference types and select one.
Use the up and down scroll arrows or the scroll bar to scroll
through the current record.
Use the left and right navigation arrows to browse through
references in the current sort order.
Up to three lines are displayed for each field of data. You can
edit those three lines directly. However, if a field contains
more than three lines of information, an ellipsis (…) will
appear to indicate the field has more data. Tap on the field to
open a full-screen display (where you can view and edit the
entire field).
Tap the Summary tab and then Menu to access the standard
editing commands: Undo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Clear, and Select
All.
You can suppress the view of empty fields. Tap Menu and
select or deselect Show Empty Fields.
Tap the Notes tab to easily add a Note to the reference.
Character entry and display may be limited by the default
handheld device keyboard and character recognizer. Third
party software packages are available for Windows Mobile,
which include specialized keyboards and recognizers, that
allow expanded data entry (such as Greek or Hebrew
characters).
The Windows Mobile reference size limit is 64K. Text beyond
that amount is truncated when you save the reference.

Tap the OK button in the upper right corner to save changes
to the field and return to the reference window.
Tap the Cancel button in the lower left corner to throw away
all changes to the field and return to the Reference View.
You can touch the screen for an extended period of time to
display a contextual menu. The contextual menu displays
the commands that are available and active when you tap
Menu.
To delete an EndNote reference on your Windows Mobile
device:
You can delete a reference in one of these ways:
With the reference list displayed, tap to highlight the
reference you want to delete, then tap Menu and select Delete
Reference to delete the highlighted reference.
With the reference list displayed, find the reference you want
to delete and touch it for an extended period of time to
display a contextual menu. Select Delete Reference.
With the reference open for editing, tap Menu and select
Delete Reference to delete the current reference and return to
the reference list.
Searching a Handheld EndNote Library

To jump to a particular reference in the reference list:
Enter characters with the handheld device keyboard to scroll to
that text in the current sort order. For example, in a library sorted
by author, entering “DON” could scroll the list to “Donnelly.”
To search all fields:
1. Display your EndNote library reference list.
2. To enable searching:
Tap the Find icon (magnifying glass) on your Windows
Mobile device, or,
Tap Menu and choose Find.
3. The library name in the title bar disappears to allow space for
you to enter the word or phrase you wish to locate.
The search is executed as you type, with matching references
appearing in the list. Then:
To view or edit a reference, highlight it in the list, tap Menu,
and select Edit.

To close the search results and return to the library view, tap
the X to the right of the search term.
Viewing Library Statistics

To view statistics about the EndNote library on your
Windows Mobile device:
1. Start the EndNote application on your handheld device and
open your library to display the reference list.
2. Tap Options, and then Database Info, to display statistics
about the library.
Statistics include the name of the library, the date created, the
date modified, the file size, and the number of references found
in the library.
Setting EndNote Preferences

To view or modify EndNote preferences on your Windows
Mobile device:
1. Start the EndNote application on your Windows Mobile
device. Do not open your EndNote library.
2. Tap Options, and then Preferences.
Two tabs are available: Preferences and Advanced.
Preferences Tab

Show Splash Screen at Startup
Use this option to enable or disable the splash screen display that
appears when you start the EndNote for Windows Mobile
program.
Use the list to select a default reference type to assign to new
references added to your Windows Mobile device. The default is
set to Journal Article. You can always change the reference type
when entering or editing a reference.
Tap OK to close the screen, save any changes, and return to the
previous window.
Advanced Tab
Library File
If you have changed the location or the name of the EndNote
library on your Windows Mobile device, you must point to the
new location and/or name.
Fast Search Option
Searching the reference list is faster if the search is limited to only
the visible columns of information. You can select the check box
to limit searching and increase speed.
Reset Defaults
At any time, you can tap Reset Defaults to return to the default
path and filename for the EndNote library on your Windows
Mobile device. The default location and name are:
\Program Files\EndNote\Library.sdf

Tap OK to close the screen, save any changes, and return to the
previous window.

Chapter 23
Networks and Volume
Installations
Contents
Using EndNote on a Network .......................................... 608
Multi-Platform Networks ...................................... 608
Multi-User Library Access ..................................... 608
Special Issues in Network Environments ............. 608
Custom Settings ...................................................... 609
Volume Installations.......................................................... 610
Licensing of Volume Copies .................................. 610
Unlocking the Volume/Site License Installer ............... 611
Mass Program Installations .............................................. 612
Easy Deployment .................................................... 613
Deploying the EndNote Installer with Group
Policy ................................................................. 614
Scripted Program Installations .............................. 616
MSI Command Line Options ................................. 617
Configuring EndNote (Palm OS Support
and Word 2007) ................................................ 620
Uninstalling EndNote ........................................................ 621
607
Using EndNote on a Network
Multi- EndNote libraries (databases) are directly compatible across

Platform Windows and Macintosh platforms and do not require any
special conversion procedures (see “Transferring Libraries
Networks Across Platforms” on page 128). Because of this, EndNote can be
used in a mixed platform network environment very easily. We
have successfully tested EndNote libraries on mixed platform
AppleShare, Novell Netware, and Windows networks, and PC-
specific networks including Windows for Workgroups.
Multi-User Even though EndNote can be used across a network, it was not
Library Access designed with specific networking capabilities in mind. EndNote
does not perform record locking functions that would allow
multiple users to edit one library at the same time. However,
multiple users can access one EndNote library simultaneously as
long as the library is restricted to read-only or locked status.
This will allow the user to perform searches, copy information to
their documents, and format their papers. Use Windows
Explorer to change the Properties of your EndNote library; select
the Read-Only attribute for the .ENL file and the .DATA folder.
The simplest way to set up an EndNote library for shared
network access is to use the network’s system of file permissions
to control the type of access allowed for users and groups. One
or two people should be assigned the responsibility for
maintaining and updating the library; these users should be
granted full access to the library .ENL file and .DATA folder. All
other users should be granted read-only access.
Special Issues EndNote does not perform record locking, but it does require file
in Network locking. Some Windows network client programs (for example,
NFS clients used to connect to UNIX servers) do not fully
Environments support these protocols. File locking is an optional component in
some implementations of NFS (LockD). In addition, some
network file systems implement a compatibility mode that may
prevent file locking from working properly. Network clients
other than those provided by Microsoft and Novell should be
tested to ensure that file locking is enabled.
NOTE: The environment in which EndNote will be used must support

long file names.
608 Chapter 23: Networks and Volume Installations

Custom EndNote allows you to customize many areas of the program to
Settings suit your needs. Most settings are saved for each user.
General Preferences
Most general preferences are stored in the Windows Registry.
For example, this includes many EndNote Preferences, subject
bibliography settings, and Cite While You Write settings.
Reference Types
If you plan to share your libraries with other users, you may
want to limit use of new and modified reference types.
libraries opened on that computer from the current user
account.
If your library is opened from a different computer, your
preference for that computer and user.
If you create or modify a reference type for records in your
EndNote library, you should make sure that the reference type is
also modified on other computers that will access the library. See
“Sharing Your Reference Type Table” on page 417.
Saved Searches
Search strategy files are saved by default in your folder:
Windows XP: C:\Documents and Settings\[UserName]\
Application Data\EndNote\Searches
Windows Vista: C:\Users\[UserName]\AppData\Roaming\EndNote\
Searches
You may save them elsewhere if you prefer, but EndNote will
open to this Searches folder when you choose to Load a saved
search. EndNote search files use “.ENQ” as the file name
extension.
Cite While You Write

Cite While You Write codes are directly compatible between
Word 2003 and 2007. Because reference data is kept with each
formatted citation, you can collaborate with other authors on a
paper without each author having the same library.
Chapter 23: Networks and Volume Installations 609

Volume Installations
The volume edition of EndNote is licensed for a particular
number of users; you can install EndNote locally for each of the
licensed users. Users can access a common library on a server or
their own personal libraries.
For volume installations, you must first unlock the installer as
described under “Unlocking the Volume/Site License Installer”
on page 611, and then distribute and install the program using
one of the methods described under “Mass Program
Installations” on page 612.
Licensing of The Thomson Corporation expects that network administrators

Volume will take appropriate steps to maintain compliance with the
software license. The license agreement (License Agreement.txt)
Copies can be found at the root of the EndNote installation CD. You can
purchase a single or multi-user license:
Single User License: A single EndNote product purchase is
licensed to an individual, and is not to be shared. See Chapter 2,
“Installing and Upgrading EndNote” for installation
instructions.
Workstation License: An EndNote workstation license allows
each person to install EndNote individually, just like a single
purchase. Workstation licenses are typically sold as 5-user packs,
and you can purchase additional packs as needed. See Chapter 2,
“Installing and Upgrading EndNote” for installation
instructions.
Volume/Site License: An EndNote volume/site license allows
multiple users. EndNote can be installed on individual PCs
using mass installation (up to the number of users indicated in
the license agreement). This chapter details various options for
mass installations.

Unlocking the Volume/Site License
Installer
The Volume/Site license installer uses a single product key for
multiple users. To automatically include the key for your
licensed users, you must unlock the installer. This produces a
new installer file, along with a validating license.dat file.
NOTE: This information applies only to the Volume/Site license

installer, and does not apply to any other EndNote licenses.
To unlock the volume/site license installer with Autorun:

1. Insert the EndNote X2 installation CD.
The EndNote Setup program will start. If you do not have
Autoplay enabled, view the files on the CD and launch
Autorun.exe.
2. Choose "Install Volume License" from the list.
3. When prompted, enter your EndNote volume license
product key.
Do not select the option titled "Perform Administrative
Installation."
When the installation is complete, you will find an
ENX2Inst.msi file and a license.dat file in the target folder.
These files must both be present in the same folder to install
the EndNote program as described under “Mass Program
Installations” on page 612.
Or, to unlock the volume/site license installer with the
command line:
1. Open an MS-DOS command line.
Windows XP: From the Start menu, choose Run, type
“CMD” and click OK.
Windows Vista: Go to the Start menu. In the search box,
type “CMD” and press Enter.
2. Use the Change Directory command (CD) to go to the
location where the ENX2Inst.msi file is located. The EndNote
installation CD is likely in the D drive, and the ENX2Inst.msi
file is located in the MSI folder. To go to this location on the
command line, type:
CD D:\MSI

If your computer uses a different drive letter for the
installation CD, or the MSI file is in another location, use CD
with the appropriate path to go to that location.
3. Next, run the installer in Admin mode by entering the
command:
msiexec /a ENX2Inst.msi
4. When prompted, enter your EndNote volume license
product key.
Do not select the option titled, "Perform Administrative
Installation."
These files must both be present in the same folder to install
the EndNote program as described next under “Mass
Program Installations.”
Mass Program Installations

With the volume/site license version of EndNote, a network
administrator can use mass installation to install EndNote on
multiple machines.
Please make sure that you meet these requirements before
installing:
Make sure EndNote is licensed for the appropriate number
of users.
Make sure that each computer is running either Windows XP
with Service Pack 2 or Windows Vista. EndNote X2 will not
run under any earlier versions.
The product CD includes an ENX2Inst.msi file in an MSI folder.
In Administrative Mode, the EndNote installer will prompt for a
volume product key, which generates a license.dat file. The
license.dat file must accompany the installer for volume license
distribution in order to later bypass the product key installation
prompt. See “Unlocking the Volume/Site License Installer” on
page 611.
You can deploy the EndNote installer to multiple machines in
one of these ways:
Easy Deployment
Deploying the EndNote Installer with Group Policy
Scripted Program Installations

You can use the provided “MSI Command Line Options” on
page 617 for guidance. If you need additional information, refer
to Microsoft’s mass installation documentation and command
line documentation, or http://www.microsoft.com.
Easy Recommended easy installation:

Deployment 1. First, unlock the installer to generate an ENX2Inst.msi file
and a license.dat file. See “Unlocking the Volume/Site
License Installer” on page 611.
2. Deploy ENX2Inst.msi and license.dat together.
You can deploy in any way you want, but make sure the two
files are in the same folder when executed. You could zip the
two files to distribute them to end users, you could create a
Group Policy deployment where both files are delivered to
the same location on the target machine, or you could simply
drop the two files in a shared network location from which
users execute the installer.
3. (Optional) For each user account, you can configure
EndNote for Palm OS and/or configure EndNote as the
default citation manager in Word 2007. See “Configuring
EndNote (Palm OS Support and Word 2007)” on page 620.
Using the volume installer to install on an individual
computer:
1. First, unlock the installer to generate an ENX2Inst.msi file
2. Distribute both the ENX2Inst.msi and license.dat file to the
user. For example, you can copy them to a shared network
drive or a CD.
3. The user should then copy the two files, ENX2Inst.msi and
license.dat to the same folder on his/her individual
computer.
4. The user should log on to the computer with administrative
rights, and then run ENX2Inst.msi to install the EndNote
program. (Do not run in Admin mode this time.)

Deploying the If your network is running the Windows 2000 or Windows 2003
EndNote Server operating system and Active Directory Services (ADS),
we recommend a Group Policy installation for the volume
Installer with version of EndNote.
Group Policy Before you begin:
Make sure all workstations are using MSI 3.0 or later. If
needed, you can download an update from Microsoft.
Make sure the share that EndNote is being deployed from is
published in Active Directory.
Make sure the computer account has permission to access to
the share.
NOTE: This software has not been tested with the Windows Distributed
Filing System (DFS)
New Installations
To deploy across an organization with Group Policy:
2. Open the Group Policy for the Domain or Organizational
Unit (OU) you want to modify.
3. Under “Computer Configuration,” expand “Software
Settings” and click Software Installation.
4. Right-click “Software Installation” and choose New>Package.
5. Browse for the share from which ENX2Inst.msi will be
deployed. (Make sure the required license.dat file is in the
same folder.)
6. In the Deploy Software dialog, you may choose either
Assigned or Advanced if you wish to modify the advanced
settings. See the appropriate Microsoft help file for help on
configuring the advanced options.
Once the Group Policy is updated and the clients are
restarted, EndNote is installed upon boot.

Upgrade Installations
To upgrade your current installations:
2. Open the Group Policy for the Domain or Organizational
Unit (OU) you want to modify.
3. Under “Computer Configuration,” expand “Software
Settings” and click Software Installation.
4. Right-click “Software Installation” and choose New>Package.
5. Browse for the share from which ENX2Inst.msi will be
deployed. (Make sure the required license.dat file is in the
same folder.)
6. In the Deploy Software dialog, choose Advanced and then
click on the Upgrade tab.
7. Under “Packages to Upgrade,” click Add and choose the
existing EndNote.
Once the Group Policy is updated and the clients are
restarted, the previous version of EndNote is uninstalled and
the new version is installed.

Scripted If your network is running Windows NT 4 network or a non-ADS
Program network, use scripting for mass installations of the EndNote
program. An ENX2Inst.msi file is provided on the product CD in
Installations an MSI folder.
To install via a command line:
1. First, unlock the installer. Run the installer in Admin mode
(/a on the command line):
msiexec.exe /a ENX2Inst.msi PIDKEY="<valid volume
license key>" TARGETDIR="<valid path>"
2. Install ENX2Inst.msi from the target folder. (Make sure the
required license.dat file is in the same folder.)
See the examples below. Drive letters are examples and vary
according to the specific system and/or network.
Example:
msiexec /i D:\MSI\ENX2Inst.msi INSTALLDIR=
"C:\Program Files\EndNote"
To write a log file, use the “/l” switch described in the table
that follows. The following example specifies installing
EndNote on a computer using the ENX2Inst.msi file found
on N:\EndNote\Program\” and writing a log file to
C:\logs\ called endnotemsi.log using the verbose setting.
Example:
msiexec /i “N:\EndNote\Program\ENX2Inst.msi”
INSTALLDIR="C:\Program Files\EndNote" /l*v!
C:\logs\endnotemsi.log
Use the provided “MSI Command Line Options” on page 617 for
guidance. If you need additional information, refer to
Microsoft’s mass installation documentation and command line
documentation, or http://www.microsoft.com.

MSI Command
Line Options
Option Parameters Description
/i Package\ProductCode Installs or configures a product.
Repairs a product. This option ignores any property values

entered on the command line. the default argument list for
this option is “pecms.” This option shares the same
argument list as the REINSTALLMODE property.
p – Reinstalls only if file is missing.
o – Reinstalls if file is missing or an older version is
installed.
e – Reinstalls if file is missing or an equal or older version
is installed.
d – Reinstalls if file is missing or a different version is
installed.
[p|o|e|d|c|a|u|m|s|v]
/f c – Reinstalls if file is missing or the stored checksum does
Package\ProductCode
not match the calculated value. Only repairs files that have
msidbFileAttributesChecksum in the Attributes column
of the File table.
a – Forces all files to be reinstalled.
u – Rewrites all required user-specific registry entries.
m – Rewrites all required computer -specific registry
entries.
s – Overwrites all existing shortcuts.
v – Runs from source and recaches the local package. Do
not use the v reinstall option for the first installation of an
application or feature.
Administrative installation option. Installs a product on the

/a Package
network.
/x Package\ProductCode Uninstalls a product.
Advertises a product. This option ignores any property

[u|m]Package
values entered on the command line.
or
u – Advertises to the current user.
/j [u|m]Package /t Transform List
m – Advertises to all users of machine.
or
g – Language identifier.
[u|m]Package /g LanguageID
t – Applies transform to advertised package.

Specifies path to log file. Flags indicate which information

to log.
i – Status messages.
w – Nonfatal warnings.
e – All error messages.
a – Start up of actions.
r – Action-specific records.
u – User requests.
c – Initial UI parameters
/l [i|w|e|a|r|u|c|m|o|p|v|x|+|!]Logfile m – Out-of-memory or fatal exit information.
o – Out-of-disk-space messages.
p – Terminal properties.
v – Verbose output.
x – Extra debugging information. Only available on
Windows Server 2003.
+ – Append to existing file.
! – Flush each line to the log.
“*” – Wildcard, log all information except for the v and x
options. To include the v and x options, specify “/l*vx”.
Generates an SMS status .mif file. Must be used with

either the install (-i), remove (-x), administrative installation
(-a_, or reinstall (-f) options. The ISMIF32.DLL is installed
as part of SMS and must be on the path.
The fields of the status mif file are filled with the following
information:
Manufacturer – Author
Product – Revision Number
Version – Subject
/m filename Locale – Template

Serial Number – not set
Installation – set by ISMIF32.DLL to “DateTime”
InstallStatus – “Success” or “Failed”
Description – Error messages in the following order:
1) Error messages generated by installer.
2) Resource from Msi.dll if installation could not
commence or user exit.
3) System error message file.
4) Formatted message: “Installer error %i”, where %i is
error returned from Msi.dll.

Applies a patch. To apply a patch to an installed

PatchPackage[;patchPackage2... administrative image you must combine options as follows:
/p
]
/p <PatchPackage>[;patchPackage2...] /a <Package>
Sets User interface level.

q, qn – No UI
qb – Basic UI. Use qb! to hide the Cancel button.
qr – Reduced UI with no modal dialog box displayed at the
end of the installation.
qf – Full UI and any authored FatalError, UserExit, or Exit
modal dialog boxes at the end.
qn+ – No UI except for a modal dialog box displayed at the
/q n|b|r|f end.
qb+ – Basic UI with a modal dialog box displayed at the
end. The modal box is not displayed if the user cancels the
installation. Use qb+! or qb!+ to hide the Cancel button.
qb- – Basic UI with no modal dialog boxes. Please note
that /qb+- is not a supported UI level. Use qb-! or qb!- to
hide the Cancel button.
Note that the ! option is available with Windows Installer
version 2.0 and works only with basic UI. It is not valid with
full UI.
/? or /h Displays copyright information for Windows Installer.
Calls the system API DllRegisterServer to self-register

modules passed in on the command line. For example,
/y Module msiexec /y MY_FILE.DLL.
This option is used only for registry information that cannot
be added using the registry tables of the .msi file.
Calls the system API DllUnRegisterServer to unregister

modules passed in on the command line. For example,
/z Module msiexec /z MY_FILE.DLL.
This option is used only for registry information that cannot
be removed using the registry tables of the .msi file.
Advertises a new instance of the product. Must be used in

conjunction with /t. Available starting with the Windows
/c
Installer version shipped with the Windows Server 2003
family and Windows XP SP1.

Specifies a particular instance of the product. Used to

identify an instance installed using the multiple instance
support through a product code changing transforms.
/n ProductCode
Available starting with the Windows Installer version
shipped with the Windows Server 2003 family and
Windows XP SP1.
Configuring Once the EndNote program is installed, you can configure

EndNote (Palm additional support for each user to:
OS Support Configure EndNote for use on a Palm OS handheld device.

and Word Configure EndNote as the default citation manager for Word
2007. This simply suppresses the Citations and Bibliography
2007) group on the References tab in Word 2007, to avoid
confusion with EndNote commands.
Running the Configure EndNote utility is not necessary unless
you want to use EndNote on a Palm OS device and the EndNote
program was not installed from your user account.
NOTE: EndNote for Palm is not compatible with Palm desktop software
version 6.2 or later, and will not install when Palm 6.2 or later is
detected. We do not recommend configuring EndNote for Palm on
Windows Vista due to Vista and Palm incompatibilities.
Administrator access is not required to run the Configure utility;

anyone that can log into the computer can configure these
features. You can do this for each user account on the computer
(configuration is already done for the account used to install the
EndNote program).
NOTE: Before you can configure CWYW or EndNote for Palm OS, the
EndNote program must be installed.
To configure EndNote for Palm OS components and/or set

EndNote as the default citation manager in Word 2007 for a
specific user:
2. Launch the configuration utility. You can do this in one of
these ways:

Or, go to the shared EndNote program folder and
double-click "Configure EndNote.exe."
3. On the Welcome screen, select Configure EndNote for me and
click Next.
4. On this screen, select whether to:
a. Use EndNote as default citation manager for Word 2007.
This simply suppresses the Citations and Bibliography
group on the References tab in Word 2007, to avoid
confusion with EndNote commands.
b. Configure EndNote for Palm OS Support. If Palm
Desktop software is detected, this option is selected by
default. Leave this component checked, or clear it if you
do not wish to install EndNote on your Palm device.
c. Click Next.
5. On the Final Installation Complete screen, click Finish.
Uninstalling EndNote
Before you remove EndNote, back up your libraries and any
other files you have created or customized.
If you used the Configure EndNote utility to register Palm OS
support or Word 2007 settings for additional users on a
computer, please uninstall those files before uninstalling the
program. Otherwise jump down to uninstalling the EndNote
program.
To uninstall Palm OS support or Word 2007 settings:
1. Log on to the computer as the current user. You do not have
to be an administrator.
2. Launch the configuration utility. You can do this in one of
these ways:
Go to the EndNote program folder and double-click
"Configure EndNote.exe."
3. On the Welcome screen, select Remove all EndNote components
for me and click Next.
4. Continue through the uninstall process as instructed.

This removes only Palm OS support and a single Word 2007
setting, and only for the current user.
Next, uninstall the EndNote program:
1. Log on to the computer as an administrator.
3. Select Add or Remove Programs.
4. In the list of currently installed programs, select EndNote X2.
5. Click the Remove button.
Next, remove any modified EndNote files that remain:
We purposely do not remove any EndNote libraries or
customized files. You can manually delete these files with
Windows Explorer. Once you are sure you do not want to save
any of the files contained in the following folders, you can delete
them:
Windows XP
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared Documents\EndNote
C:\Documents and Settings\[UserName]\Application Data\EndNote
C:\Documents and Settings\[UserName]\My Documents\EndNote
Windows Vista
C:\Users\Public\Public Documents\EndNote
C:\Users\[UserName]\Documents\EndNote
C:\Users\[UserName]\App Data\Roaming\EndNote

Appendix A
Making Backup Copies of Your
EndNote Files
Contents
Backing Up Your EndNote Files ...................................... 624
Important Files to Backup...................................... 624
Backup Suggestions ................................................ 627
623
Backing Up Your EndNote Files
We strongly recommend that you keep several backup copies of
your critical computer files, especially your EndNote libraries
and papers that you are writing. There are many ways that a file
can be damaged: CDs and hard disks can fail, viruses can erase
or corrupt files, and, of course, there is always human error and
the possibility of accidentally throwing away your thesis or
grant proposal the day before it is due. If you have any kind of
disaster, big or little, backup copies can save you hours or days
of work.
The simplest way to make a backup is to use the Windows
Explorer or Windows desktop to copy your files to a CD or other
portable storage device. This will work for your EndNote
libraries unless they are too large to fit on one of these.
To backup larger files, or automate the backup process, use a
backup program. Windows XP and Vista include backup
programs, and there are also a number of commercial backup
programs available that make regular backups easy and efficient.
These programs can scan your disk for files that you designate as
important, keep track of changes, and save you time by copying
only the changed files. In addition, they can split large files,
including EndNote libraries, among several disks. If you ever
need those files, the backup program can “restore” them from
the disks.
Important This section lists the important EndNote files to backup. If you
Files to Backup received the EndNote program electronically, you may want to
start by backing up the EndNote installer.
EndNote libraries
The library file is where all of your references are stored. Note
that exporting data from your library is not a “backup.” An
export file is just a text document, whereas an EndNote library is
a database. Make sure you back up both the file with the
extension .ENL as well as the corresponding .DATA folder. The
.DATA folder is considered part of the library; it includes
figures, groups, and other files necessary for the library.
To easily save a copy of all of the required library files and
folders, and save disk space, you can create a compressed
filename.enlx file. The filename.enlx file includes the
624 Appendix A: Making Backup Copies of Your EndNote Files

filename.enl library file as well as its associated .DATA folder
and all of its contents.
NOTE: EndNote libraries larger than 4 gigabytes (GB) or 65,535 files

(64 K) cannot be compressed with EndNote’s Compressed Library
command.
To save to a compressed library file:

2. From the File menu, select Compressed Library and then
Create.
Library.
Any of the following characters in the original library
filename will be replaced with an underscore in the
compressed library filename.

with an underscore
\ back slash
/ forward slash
: colon
* asterisk
? question mark
" quotation mark
< less than
> greater than
| vertical bar
4. Back up the compressed filename.enlx file.

To restore a compressed library file:
1. Use EndNote (version X or later) to open the filename.enlx
file, which will extract the .ENL file and the .DATA folder to
the same folder where the .ENLX file is located.
2. Use EndNote to open the filename.enl file as you normally
would to use the library.
Appendix A: Making Backup Copies of Your EndNote Files 625

Custom Reference Types
The current reference types table applies to all libraries opened
under the current user account.
To back up custom reference types:
3. Under Reference Type Table, click Export to display a file

dialog.
4. Name the file, select a folder where you will be able to find it
later, and click Save. EndNote will append an .xml suffix to
the file name.
To restore the reference type table:
3. Under Reference Type Table, click Import.
4. In the file dialog, locate, highlight, and Open the .xml file that
was previously exported.
Modified Styles, Filters, and Connection Files

Modified styles are important to backup so that you do not have
to recreate the bibliographic format if something happens to
your customized style. Similarly, custom filters and connection
files should be backed up so that you do not have to redo the
work to get your references to import as you want them.
When you display a list of styles, filters, or connection files, the
list is compiled from both the default installation folders as well
as your personal folders.
The default Styles, Connections, and Filters folders are installed
in the EndNote X2 program folder:
Program Files\EndNote X2\Styles
Program Files\EndNote X2\Filters
Program Files\EndNote X2\Connections

If you have not modified these files, it is not important to make
backups of them because you can always reinstall them with the
EndNote Installer.
Once you make a change to one of these files, or create a new file,
it is saved to your personal Styles, Filters, or Connections folder.
These folders are typically found in:
Windows XP: Documents and Settings\[Username]\My Documents\
EndNote\
Windows Vista: Users\[Username]\Documents\EndNote\
You can change the location of your personal folders with Folder
preferences. To locate or change your personal Folder locations,
see “Folder Locations” on page 551.
Word processing documents

The papers you have written that include EndNote citations
should be kept with your EndNote backup files.
Backup Keep at least two sets of backup disks, each at a different

Suggestions location. We recommend that you have sets for alternate days, so
if you discover that something went wrong yesterday, you will
have the day-before-yesterday’s version.
Make archival sets of the files listed above whenever you finish
an important document. An archival set should include all of the
files that are needed to recreate a final formatted paper. Label the
backup disks, lock them and keep them in a safe place far away
from your computer (preferably off-site). If you ever need to
recreate the document, you will have all of the necessary files.
Appendix A: Making Backup Copies of Your EndNote Files 627

Appendix B
Troubleshooting
Contents
Troubleshooting EndNote ................................................ 630
Displaying Extended/Special Characters ............ 630
Opening an EndNote X2 Library with
EndNote 8 or 9 .................................................. 631
The EndNote Library is Corrupted ....................... 633
Cannot Save a style, filter, or connection file....... 634
Troubleshooting Cite While You Write ......................... 635
No EndNote commands in Word .......................... 635
Two EndNote toolbars appear in Word ............... 636
Word crashes or gives an error when I try to
insert a large number of citations ................... 637
Garbled ADDIN EN.CITE code is appearing
rather than citations ......................................... 637
Corrupted Word documents.................................. 638
Inserted citations disappear, but the reference
list is created ..................................................... 639
Troubleshooting Connections.......................................... 640
Problems Connecting to the Internet .................... 640
Problems Finding the Host .................................... 640
Problems Connecting ............................................. 641
Problems Communicat-ing with the Host............ 643
The Connection Error Dialog................................. 643
Errors Encountered While Retrieving
References ......................................................... 643
Problems With Retrieved Data .............................. 644
629
Troubleshooting EndNote
For EndNote documentation updates and correction notes for
this release, please refer to the Readme.txt file installed in the
EndNote X2 program folder.
For late-breaking news and updates, please go to:
http://www.endnote.com/support
For a list of frequently asked questions, see:
http://www.endnote.com/faqs
Displaying Importing Unicode Characters

Extended/ When you are copying text from the Web, or viewing an HTML
Special document exported from EndNote, set encoding to “Unicode
(UTF-8).” To do this in Internet Explorer, go to the View menu
Characters and choose Encoding.
If the encoding information in the import file is not recognized,
no records will be imported into EndNote. If the encoding is
recognized, but is incorrect for translation from the source
program, Unicode characters will be corrupted during the
Import operation.
Displaying Unicode Characters in EndNote

languages. If characters do not appear as they should in
EndNote, you may need to change your display font. Some fonts
do not include certain characters. This example shows boxes
rather than the appropriate Japanese characters.
630 Appendix B: Troubleshooting

From the Edit menu, choose Preferences and click the Display
Fonts option. We recommend using a Unicode font as the display
font, to display the majority of Unicode characters.
Changing Language Settings

You likely will need language packs installed in order to view
Unicode double byte characters correctly in all instances. (This is
a Windows requirement, not an EndNote requirement.)
EndNote uses the default language and locale settings from your
operating system. While you may not need to install a language
pack to view extended characters in a reference (because you
have a font installed that can render the characters you need),
there may be a time when you need to change your Windows
Language setting.
To change the Locale/Language setting:
1. From the Start menu under Windows, choose one of these,
depending on your system version:
Settings>Control Panel>Regional and Language
Options>Languages tab
Start>Control Panel>Regional Options>General Tab
2. Use the tab to view or change the locale and/or languages
and methods you can use to enter text.
You may be asked for a CD that contains the language pack
you requested. This is a CD available for your operating
system, and is not provided with EndNote.
3. After changing the language setting, use the Recover Library
command to rebuild existing EndNote libraries. See
“Recovering a Damaged Library” on page 120.
Opening an EndNote X2 can open EndNote 8 or 9 libraries with absolutely no

EndNote X2 problems. Technically, EndNote 8 and EndNote 9 can open
libraries created with EndNote X2, but we do not recommend it.
Library with
Because EndNote X2 includes enhancements, you may
EndNote 8 or 9 encounter one of the following situations, and possibly others,
when opening an EndNote X2 library with EndNote 8 or 9.
Appendix B: Troubleshooting 631

When I attempt to open an EndNote X2 library,
EndNote crashes
When you received your copy of the EndNote X2 library, it did
not include the .DATA folder associated with it. The .DATA
folder is a critical part of your library.
You must get another copy of the EndNote X2 library, including
the .DATA folder associated with it.
When I open an EndNote X2 library, it appears to be

empty
When you received your copy of the EndNote X2 library, it did
not include the .DATA folder associated with it. The .DATA
folder is a critical part of your library.
If you have not modified the blank library in any way (such as
adding a new reference), you can simply copy the original
.DATA folder to the folder containing the blank library
(replacing the new .DATA folder created by EndNote 8 or 9). It
should now open correctly. If the original DATA folder is not
available, delete the .DATA folder that was created by EndNote
8 or 9, and you will be able to open the library with EndNote X2
(which will recreate the appropriate .DATA folder).
If you have modified the blank library, all previous reference
information is lost. You must reload a copy of the original
EndNote X2 library, including the .DATA folder.
The Korean sort order is lost

EndNote X and later included a Korean sort option; EndNote 8
or 9 will ignore the Korean sort option, and will default to the
first item in the Sort list (System Default or English).
Saved groups are lost

EndNote X1 and X2 include the ability to save groups of records
in a library; EndNote 8 or 9 will ignore groups.
Some references incorrectly use the Generic

reference type
EndNote X and EndNote X2 added new reference types.
EndNote 8 or 9 will display and print the Generic reference type
for those references entered into the new reference types.

Existing File Links are not working
EndNote 8 and 9 do not support relative paths for attached files.
When you use EndNote X2 to insert a file with a relative path,
and then open that library with EndNote 8 or 9, you will see a file
path that is not a functioning hyperlink.
NOTE: Do not modify the non-functioning relative link, or you will break
the link for EndNote X2.
If EndNote X2 users will be sharing libraries with EndNote 8 or

9 users, we recommend entering each file twice—once with a
relative path (for EndNote X and later) and once with an absolute
path (for EndNote 8 and 9).
1. First, use File Attachments>Attach File to link the file with a
relative path. On the file dialog, make sure to select the check
box titled "Copy this file to the default file attachment folder
and create a relative link."
2. Use File Attachments>Attach File to link the file again, this
time with an absolute path. On the file dialog, make sure to
clear the check box titled "Copy this file to the default file
attachment folder and create a relative link." Navigate to the
existing file in the .DATA/PDF subfolder for that reference
and insert it.
This will create a relative link and an absolute link to the same
document.
While you could insert files only as absolute links, you would
lose the ability to easily and accurately transfer attached files to
other colleagues using EndNote X or X1. Absolute links require
the same folder structure on each machine.
The EndNote Any time you feel your library may be corrupted:
Library is 1. Back up the library. (Do not replace any previous backup
Corrupted copies, just in case you need them!)

2. From the Tools menu, run the Recover Library operation to
rebuild the library. See “Recovering a Damaged Library” on
page 120 for more information about this command.
NOTE: Due to a bug in the Macintosh System, you may encounter

database corruption when your EndNote library is stored on an SMB
(Windows) server, you are accessing it from a Macintosh running OS
10.4.x, and you make changes that require reindexing data. If this
should happen, copy the library to your local computer (or a Macintosh
server) and run the Recover Library operation from the Tools menu in
EndNote. See “Recovering a Damaged Library” on page 120.
Cannot Save a You have edited a content file (a style, filter, or connection file),
style, filter, or but when you try to save the file you cannot choose Save, but
must choose Save As to save a copy.
connection file
The many styles, filters, and connection files provided with
EndNote are installed in the Styles, Filters, and Connections
folders which are located in the EndNote program folder:
C:\Program Files\EndNote X2\Styles
C:\Program Files\EndNote X2\Filters
C:\Program Files\EndNote X2\Connections
However, when you create a new file, or modify one of the
installed files, the file is saved in one of your personal folders. By
default, your personal folders are set to:
Windows XP:
Styles
Filters
Connections
Windows Vista:
C:\Users\[UserName]\Documents\EndNote\Styles
C:\Users\[UserName]\Documents\EndNote\Filters
C:\Users\[UserName]\Documents\EndNote\Connections
When you display a list of files in EndNote, the list is compiled
from both folder locations: the installation folders found in the
EndNote program folder, plus your personal folders. For more
information about these folder locations, and how to change
them, see “Folder Locations” on page 551.
If you want to make a modified file available to all users, you
must log in as an administrator to copy the file to the program
folder location.

To make a file available to all users:
1. Edit the file as needed and save a copy to your personal
folder.
2. Log off as the current user.
3. Log in again with administrative rights.
4. Copy the modified file from your personal folder to the
appropriate installation folder in the EndNote X2 program
folder.
Troubleshooting Cite While You Write
No EndNote When this manual was written, EndNote commands were

commands in available in Word 2003 and 2007. In Word 2003, EndNote
commands appear on the Tools menu in an EndNote X2 submenu.
Word In Word 2007, EndNote commands appear on an EndNote X2
tab.
If you upgraded your version of Word after installing EndNote,
or Cite While You Write commands do not appear in Word for
some other reason, you should run the installation program
again.
Run the EndNote installer file to Repair the installation:
2. Run the EndNote installer file from disk or CD.
Or, run the EndNote installer from the Control Panel to Repair
the installation:
Your entire EndNote installation is checked and repaired as
needed.

If you initially did a Custom install, and did not install Cite
While You Write files, you need to modify your installation to
install the appropriate files.
Run the EndNote installer file to Modify the installation:
2. Run the EndNote installer file from disk or CD.
3. Select Modify and click Next.
4. Make sure that under Word Templates/Add-in, “Cite While
You Write for Microsoft Word” is selected for installation.
5. Click Next.
Or, run the EndNote installer from the Control Panel to Modify
the installation:
5. Select Modify and click Next.
6. Make sure that under Word Templates/Add-in, “Cite While
You Write for Microsoft Word” is selected for installation.
7. Click Next.
When word processor support is correctly installed, you will see
EndNote commands on the Tools>EndNote submenu in Word, or,
in Word 2007, on an EndNote X2 tab.
Two EndNote When you have an earlier version of EndNote installed, and later
toolbars install EndNote X2, there may be situations where the previous
version’s Cite While You Write files are not removed. You may
appear in see two EndNote toolbars in Microsoft Word, and you may see
Word two EndNote submenus on the Tools menu in Word.
To completely remove the old Cite While You Write add-in:
1. Locate the Word Startup folder.
See your Microsoft Word documentation about how to view
and manage add-ins; you will be able to see which add-ins
are loaded and where they are located.
2. Quit from Word.

3. Delete all of the CWYW files found in the Startup folder, such
as these files for EndNote X:
EN10Cwyw.dot
EN10Cwyw.wll
EN10Cwyw.WordXP.wll
Earlier versions of EndNote will show similar files, with a
slightly different prefix.
NOTE: The Startup folder for Word is hidden by default. You likely will
need to either enter the full path to the folder, or turn on “Show hidden
files and folders” in Windows Explorer.
4. Restart Word.
Word crashes EndNote uses Word's hidden field codes when formatting
or gives an citations, and inserts all the reference information for all of the
grouped citations in these codes. However, there is a limit to the
error when I amount of text that Microsoft allows in a single set of field codes.
try to insert a You may reach the maximum limit when you attempt to insert 20
large number or more citations for references that have extensive information
in them (such as large abstracts).
of citations
To avoid this issue, try not to insert a large group of citations all
at once. Instead, insert a small group of references, then a space,
and then insert another small group of references. This avoids
having a single group of formatted citations that would exceed
Word's field code limitations.
When you use Insert Selected Citations, or highlight multiple
citations to insert from the Find Citations dialog, EndNote limits
you to 50 citations in a single group.
Garbled When you insert a citation into a Word document, the citation is
ADDIN embedded in field codes, such as:
EN.CITE code
is appearing
rather than
citations

Field codes hold reference information for your formatted
citations, and are typically hidden.
To hide field codes in Word:
Word 2003:
1. In Word, go to the Tools menu and select Options.
2. On the View tab, clear the box titled "Field Codes.”
3. Click OK.
Word 2007:
1. In Word, click the Microsoft Office button in the top left
corner.
2. Click the Word Options button.
3. Click Advanced.
4. Scroll to the “Show document content” section and clear the
box titled “Show field codes instead of their values.”
5. Click OK.
NOTE: An easy way to turn field codes on or off is to press Alt+F9.
Your citations will now appear correct in the document. Field

codes are still there, and are necessary, but they are hidden from
view.
Corrupted The Unformat Citations command may help you restore a

Word corrupted Word document. It can also be helpful to use
Unformat Citations to avoid corruption in the first place.
documents
Problems can occur when you have many citations in your Word
document, and you either move many citations around in the
document, or make many edits to references in the associated
EndNote library. If you Unformat Citations before you begin
making edits, you can avoid possible issues.
To restore a corrupted Word document (Word 2003):
1. Before you begin, please back up your Word document and
the associated EndNote library. (Do not replace a previous
backup.)
2. In Word, open a new Blank Document.
3. Go to the Insert menu, and choose File.
4. Insert the problematic Word document into this new blank
document.

5. From the Tools>EndNote menu, choose Format Bibliography.
If the document is still not formatting correctly, continue to
the next step.
NOTE: The next step removes the traveling library from this document,
so make sure you have the library available that contains these
references.
6. From the Tools>EndNote menu, choose Unformat Citations to

convert the citations into the temporary format and remove
the reference list from the end of the document.
7. Quit from Word (and Outlook if it is open).
8. Start Word again, and open just the unformatted document.
If you need to move large sections of the document around,
or delete citations, do it at this point.
9. Open EndNote and the associated library.
10. In Word, go to the Tools>EndNote menu and choose Format
Bibliography again.
Inserted Most likely, you are formatting with an output style that doesn't
citations include a citation definition, such as the "Show All" output style
or the "Chicago 15th A" output style. To fix this, simply format
disappear, but the bibliography with a different output style.
the reference To reformat with a different output style:
list is created
1. Word 2003: In Word, go to Tools>EndNote menu and select
Format Bibliography.
2. In the dropdown output style list, select the output style
you'd like to use. A generic output style you can use for this
purpose is the "Author-Date" style. You can click the Browse
button to choose from other available output styles.
3. Click OK to format the document using the selected style.
If you are using an author/year type of output style, and the
reference you are citing does not include an author or a year,
there will be nothing to display in the citation. The citation will
simply not show up, although the full form will appear in the
reference list at the end of the document.

Troubleshooting Connections
When connecting with an online database, there are at least two
computers involved in completing the tasks you wish to
perform: yours and the database server. Most often, there are
intermediary computers as well, such as Domain Name Servers
(DNS), proxy servers, and firewalls.
With more than just your computer involved, things can get
complicated. This section attempts to give you the
understanding necessary to solve problems that arise with
connections. If you do not find the information that you need
here, please contact EndNote technical support.
The most basic problem you can encounter with connections is
the failure to connect at all. There are four ways you may
experience this problem:
EndNote cannot connect to the Internet.
EndNote cannot find the host.
EndNote cannot connect to the host.
EndNote cannot communicate with the host.
Problems In general, if you are able to use a Web browser or other Internet
Connecting to software, you should also be able to connect with EndNote. Try
using your Web browser to make sure your Internet connection
the Internet is working.
Dial-up Connections
Your computer system includes software to connect to the
Internet through a modem connected to your telephone line. You
need to set up the Windows dialup connections software in order
to connect with your Internet provider.
In most cases, trying to connect in EndNote will start up your
dialup software automatically. Some networking packages
require that you establish the dialup connection manually before
trying to connect in EndNote.
Problems There are a few possibilities for what could be wrong if EndNote
Finding the cannot find the host:
Host The domain name specified in the connection file is wrong.

Your network software does not have the correct address for
the Domain Name Server.
Your Domain Name Server is not working.

If the connection file has worked in the past, the problem may lie
with the Domain Name Server. If you have just made the
connection file yourself and it’s never worked before, you
probably entered the wrong Server Address.
If you suspect problems with the Domain Name Server, contact
your network administrator.
Problems Once the host is found, EndNote tries to connect. It sends a

Connecting connection request to the host and waits for up to two minutes
for a reply. It may receive none, or it may receive a refusal
immediately. In the first case you’ll see a time-out error message,
and in the second case you’ll see a “host refused connection”
error message.
If you wait for two minutes and receive a time-out message, the
remote computer is down for some reason. Try again later.
If you receive a refusal message, and this happens no matter
which connection file you try to use, you are likely behind a
firewall.
Firewalls and Proxy Servers

Firewalls
Your system may be configured with a firewall to block certain
ports. To connect to a database from behind a firewall, you must
ask your network administrator to allow communication
through the firewall for the port used by the online database you
wish to search. You can open the connection file to find the
appropriate server address and port number, as described later
in this section.
Depending upon the configuration of the firewall, the
administrator may allow communication to all computers
outside the firewall on the requested port, or communication to
a specific server and port.
Proxy Servers
Your organization, or the online database provider, may use a
proxy server to allow only valid users access to the
organization’s network and/or database. Contact a network
administrator from the organization to find out whether a proxy
server is used.
If you already have access to the remote network with your Web
browser, check the configuration of your Web browser. Look for
“proxies” or “proxy server.” (See your Web Browser

documentation to locate proxy server settings, as the location
changes depending on which version you are using.) The
configuration for a proxy server has two pieces of information:
an address and a port.
NOTE: If Internet Explorer is configured for use with a proxy server,

EndNote will automatically handle the proxy server when accessing
http-based connections (PubMed and Web of Science). If you do not
use Internet Explorer, configure proxy settings with the Internet Options
in the Windows Control Panel.
Finding the Server Address and Port

Before you contact your network administrator, check the
appropriate EndNote connection file for the address of the
remote server and the port specified.
To obtain the server address and port for an online database:
1. From the Edit menu, choose Connection Files and select Open
Connection Manager.
2. Select the appropriate connection file and click Edit.
3. In the Connection File window, click on the Connection
Settings option.
You will find the server address and the port on the Connection
Settings panel.

Communicating with Local Database Servers or
Gateways
Many universities and organizations license Z39.50 databases for
use on their own servers, or for access from a local gateway. The
company providing the databases will include client software for
accessing the databases. Some Z39.50 servers are designed to
respond only to requests from this client software. In other cases,
the server must be configured to allow requests from software
other than the supplied client program.
If your organization maintains Z39.50 databases, but you are
unable to connect to them with EndNote, ask your network
administrator if the database server supports client software
other than that supplied by the database provider.
Problems Once you are connected, the most common problem in

Communicat- communicating with a host server is a password problem. Check
your password and user ID. Check the upper or lower case
ing with the requirements. If a password is rejected, you will see an error
Host message that says something like “Server has rejected
initialization.” See “Access-Restricted Databases” on page 184.
The When searching an online database, if there is a problem with the

Connection database, the search terms, or the connection file, EndNote
presents an error message describing the source of the
Error Dialog problem.The connection error dialog displays the original Z39.50
error message, if available, EndNote’s translated version of that
error, and any other message being sent directly from the server.
Errors For various reasons, some references cause errors during

Encountered retrieval. If EndNote encounters an error while retrieving
references from a remote source, it stops the retrieval process. In
While order to get the rest of the references, it is best to submit the
Retrieving search again, and this time request that references start
References downloading with the one after the reference which might have
caused an error. For example, if the error appeared while the
tenth reference out of fifty was being retrieved, submit the search
again, and when prompted, ask only for references 11 through 50
to be retrieved.
EndNote typically retrieves references in batches, for speed and
memory reasons. However, some servers are too slow, or their
record data is too large, to support batch downloads. If you find
that your connection with a service provider fails after
approximately the same amount of data each time you attempt

to download references, you can try turning off batch processing.
You will need to open the connection file you are using, as
described under “Editing a Connection File” on page 520, and
deselect the Batch Download option described under “The
Connection Settings” on page 522.
Problems With Blank Records

Retrieved Data If blank records appear in your reference list, it could be due to
a number of causes. One thing to check is whether your filter
settings in the connection file match the format of the retrieved
records. Open the connection file and view the Templates section.
Also show the Connection status window, and change its view to
show Record Data. The two formats need to match in order for the
data to import.
Sometimes, when viewing the record data in the Connection
Status window, you will notice that there is no bibliographic
information for a reference that was retrieved. This happens
sometimes where duplicate or blank entries remain in the online
database. These can be ignored.
Asterisks in Author Names or Titles

For some databases, diacritical characters in the author names
and titles cannot be interpreted correctly when EndNote
retrieves the references. In such cases, the diacritical characters
are replaced with an asterisk (*). Use the Change Text command
in the References menu to change the names with the asterisks to
the name with the diacritical characters as they should be. See
“Entering Special Characters” on page 158 for information about
entering diacritics.
See “Importing Unicode Characters” on page 630 for
information about importing Unicode characters correctly.

Appendix C
Reference Types and Fields
Contents
The EndNote Reference Types ........................................ 647
Important Points About Reference Types ........... 647
Supplied Reference Types ...................................... 648
Table of Predefined Reference Types
Aggregated Database .............................................. 649
Ancient Text ............................................................. 649
Artwork .................................................................... 650
Audiovisual Material .............................................. 650
Bill ............................................................................. 651
Blog ........................................................................... 651
Book .......................................................................... 652
Book Section ............................................................. 652
Case ........................................................................... 653
Catalog ...................................................................... 653
Chart or Table .......................................................... 654
Classical Work ......................................................... 654
Computer Program.................................................. 655
Conference Paper..................................................... 655
Conference Proceeding ........................................... 656
Dictionary .................................................................656
Edited Book .............................................................. 657
Electronic Article ..................................................... 657
Electronic Book ........................................................ 658
Encyclopedia ............................................................ 658
Equation.................................................................... 659
Figure ........................................................................ 659
Film or Broadcast ..................................................... 660
Generic ...................................................................... 661
Government Document ........................................... 660
Grant ......................................................................... 661
Hearing ..................................................................... 661
Journal Article .......................................................... 662
Legal Rule or Regulation ........................................ 662
645
Magazine Article ..................................................... 663
Manuscript............................................................... 663
Map........................................................................... 664
Newspaper Article .................................................. 664
Online Database ...................................................... 665
Online Multimedia.................................................. 665
Pamphlet .................................................................. 666
Patent ....................................................................... 666
Personal Communication ....................................... 667
Report ....................................................................... 667
Serial ......................................................................... 668
Standard ................................................................... 668
Statute ...................................................................... 669
Thesis ....................................................................... 669
Unpublished Work.................................................. 670
Web Page ................................................................. 670
Unused 1 .................................................................. 671
Unused 2 .................................................................. 671
Unused 3 .................................................................. 672
646 Appendix C: Reference Types and Fields

The EndNote Reference Types
The table presented on the following pages shows which fields
are used in each of the 48 different reference types and what the
fields are called. The reference types are presented in
alphabetical order, although the Generic reference type is
repeated several times so that you can easily compare an
individual field to its Generic field name.
Descriptions of special fields, such as Authors, Pages, URL,
Figure, and the Date Stamp fields start on page 408.
Important Points About Reference Types

You can assign a particular reference type to each reference
entered into your library.
Reference type definitions, accessible through EndNote’s
Preferences, determine which fields are available for each of
the different reference types.
The Reference Types preference allows up to 48 different
types of references, each capable of supporting up to 54
fields.
Of the 48 reference types, all but the Generic type can be
modified.
Use the Reference Types preference to add, delete, or rename
fields.
The layout of the Generic reference type should be used as a
guide when modifying or creating reference types. Rows
reserved for Authors should be used only for author names.
The Date Stamp fields, “Added to Library” and “Last
Updated,” are automatic fields that cannot be altered. They
appear in the footer of each reference.
libraries opened under the current user account.
If you move your library to a different computer, your
preference for the current user account on that computer,
unless you also transfer a copy of your reference type table.
See “Sharing Your Reference Type Table” on page 417.
Do not enter reference data into the Reference Types preference
dialog. These definitions are designed to store just the names
of the reference fields.
Appendix C: Reference Types and Fields 647

Supplied Reference Types
Aggregated Database Government Document
Ancient Text Grant
Artwork Hearing
Audiovisual Material Journal Article
Bill Legal Rule or Regulation
Blog Magazine Article
Book Manuscript
Book Section Map
Case Newspaper Article
Catalog Online Database
Chart or Table Online Multimedia
Classical Work Pamphlet
Computer Program Patent
Conference Paper Personal Communication
Conference Proceeding Report
Dictionary Serial
Edited Book Standard
Electronic Article Statute
Electronic Book Thesis
Encyclopedia Unpublished Work
Equation Web Page
Figure Unused 1
Film or Broadcast Unused 2
Generic Unused 3

1 Generic Aggregated Database Ancient Text
2 Author Author Author
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Editor
6 Secondary Title Periodical Publication Title
7 Place Published City City
8 Publisher Publisher Publisher
9 Volume Volume Volume
10 Number of Volumes Number of Volumes
11 Number Publication Number Text Number
12 Pages Pages Pages
13 Section Screens
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title Volume Title
16 Edition Date Published Edition
17 Date Date Accessed Date
18 Type of Work Type of Work Type of Work
19 Subsidiary Author Translator
20 Short Title Short Title Short Title
21 Alternate Title Alternate Title Abbreviated Publication
22 ISBN/ISSN ISBN/ISSN ISBN
23 DOI DOI DOI
24 Original Publication Original Publication Original Publication
25 Reprint Edition Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
34 Accession Number Accession Number Accession Number
35 Call Number Call Number
36 Label Label Label
37 Keywords Keywords Keywords
38 Abstract Abstract Abstract
39 Notes Notes Notes
40 Research Notes Research Notes Research Notes
41 URL URL URL
42 File Attachments File Attachments File Attachments
43 Author Address Author Address Author Address
44 Figure Figure Figure
45 Caption Caption Caption
46 Access Date Access Date
47 Custom 8
48 Translated Author Translated Author Translated Author
49 Translated Title Translated Title Translated Title
50 Name of Database Name of Database Name of Database
51 Database Provider Database Provider Database Provider
52 Language Language Language
53 Added to Library Added to Library Added to Library
54 Last Updated Last Updated Last Updated

1 Generic Artwork Audiovisual Material
2 Author Artist Author
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Series Editor
6 Secondary Title Series Title
9 Volume Volume
10 Number of Volumes Extent of Work
11 Number Size Number
12 Pages Description
13 Section
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
16 Edition Edition
17 Date Date Date
18 Type of Work Type of Work Type
19 Subsidiary Author Performers
21 Alternate Title Alternate Title Alternate Title
22 ISBN/ISSN ISBN
23 DOI DOI DOI
24 Original Publication Contents
25 Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1 Cast
28 Custom 2 Credits
29 Custom 3 Size/Length Size/Length
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5 Format
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
35 Call Number Call Number Call Number
41 URL URL URL
46 Access Date Access Date Access Date
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Bill Blog
2 Author Author
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title of Entry
6 Secondary Title Code Title of WebLog
7 Place Published City
8 Publisher Publisher
9 Volume Code Volume Access Year
10 Number of Volumes
11 Number Bill Number Access Date
12 Pages Code Pages Description
13 Section Code Section Message Number
14 Tertiary Author Illustrator
15 Tertiary Title Legislative Body Institution
16 Edition Session Edition
17 Date Date Last Update Date
18 Type of Work Type of Medium
19 Subsidiary Author Sponsor
21 Alternate Title Alternate Title
22 ISBN/ISSN ISBN
23 DOI DOI DOI
24 Original Publication History Contents
25 Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1 Author Affiliation
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Book Book Section
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Series Editor Editor
6 Secondary Title Series Title Book Title
10 Number of Volumes Number of Volumes Number of Volumes
11 Number Series Volume Series Volume
12 Pages Number of Pages Pages
13 Section Pages Chapter
14 Tertiary Author Series Editor
15 Tertiary Title Series Title
16 Edition Edition Edition
17 Date Date
18 Type of Work Type of Work
19 Subsidiary Author Translator Translator
21 Alternate Title Abbreviation Abbreviation
22 ISBN/ISSN ISBN ISBN
23 DOI DOI DOI
24 Original Publication Original Publication Original Publication
25 Reprint Edition Reprint Edition Reprint Edition
27 Custom 1 Section
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5 Packaging Method
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Case Catalog
2 Author Author
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Case Name Title
5 Secondary Author Institution
6 Secondary Title Reporter Series Title
7 Place Published City
8 Publisher Court Publisher
9 Volume Reporter Volume Volume
10 Number of Volumes Reporter Abbreviation Catalog Number
11 Number Series Volume
12 Pages First Page Pages
13 Section Page Cited Number of Pages
14 Tertiary Author Higher Court
15 Tertiary Title Decision
16 Edition Action of Higher Court Edition
17 Date Date Decided Date
18 Type of Work Citation of Reversal Type of Work
19 Subsidiary Author Counsel Translator
20 Short Title Abbreviated Case Name Short Title
21 Alternate Title Abbreviation
22 ISBN/ISSN ISBN
23 DOI DOI DOI
24 Original Publication History Original Publication
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Chart or Table Classical Work
2 Author Created By Attribution
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Name of File Series Editor
6 Secondary Title Image Source Program Series Title
9 Volume Image Size Volume
11 Number Number Series Volume
12 Pages Description Number of Pages
13 Section
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
16 Edition Version Edition
17 Date Date
18 Type of Work Type of Image Type
20 Short Title Short Title
22 ISBN/ISSN ISSN/ISBN
23 DOI DOI DOI
24 Original Publication Original Publication
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Computer Program Conference Paper
2 Author Programmer Author
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Series Editor Editor
6 Secondary Title Series Title Conference Name
7 Place Published City Conference Location
9 Volume Volume
11 Number
12 Pages Description Pages
13 Section
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
16 Edition Version
17 Date Date
18 Type of Work Type Type
19 Subsidiary Author
22 ISBN/ISSN ISBN
23 DOI DOI DOI
25 Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1 Computer Place Published
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Conference Proceeding Dictionary
3 Year Year of Conference Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Editor Editor
6 Secondary Title Conference Name Dictionary Title
7 Place Published Conference Location City
10 Number of Volumes Number of Volumes Number of Volumes
11 Number Number
13 Section
15 Tertiary Title Series Title
17 Date Date
18 Type of Work
19 Subsidiary Author Sponsor Translator
23 DOI DOI DOI
27 Custom 1 Pub Place
28 Custom 2 Year Published
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Edited Book Electronic Article
2 Author Editor Author
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
6 Secondary Title Series Title Periodical Title
11 Number Series Volume Issue
13 Section
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
17 Date Date Date Accessed
21 Alternate Title Alternate Title Alternate Title
22 ISBN/ISSN ISBN ISSN
23 DOI DOI DOI
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1 Year Cited
28 Custom 2 Date Cited
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
43 Author Address Editor Address Author Address
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Electronic Book Encyclopedia
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Editor Editor
6 Secondary Title Secondary Title Encyclopedia Title
11 Number
12 Pages Number of Screens Pages
13 Section
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
17 Date Date Accessed Date
18 Type of Work Type of Medium
23 DOI DOI DOI
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Equation Figure
2 Author Created By Created By
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Name of File Name of File
6 Secondary Title Image Source Program Image Source Program
9 Volume Image Size Image Size
11 Number Number Number
12 Pages Description Description
13 Section
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
16 Edition Version Version
17 Date Date Date
18 Type of Work Type of Image Type of Image
20 Short Title
21 Alternate Title
22 ISBN/ISSN
23 DOI DOI DOI
24 Original Publication
25 Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Film or Broadcast Government Document
2 Author Director Author
3 Year Year Released Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Series Director Department
7 Place Published Country City
8 Publisher Distributor Publisher
9 Volume Volume
11 Number Issue
12 Pages Running Time Pages
13 Section Section
14 Tertiary Author Producer
15 Tertiary Title Series Title Series Title
17 Date Date Released
18 Type of Work Medium
19 Subsidiary Author Performers
22 ISBN/ISSN Report Number
23 DOI DOI DOI
25 Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1 Cast Government Body
28 Custom 2 Credits Congress Number
29 Custom 3 Congress Session
30 Custom 4 Genre
31 Custom 5 Format
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
38 Abstract Synopsis Abstract
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Grant Hearing
2 Author Investigators
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title of Grant Title
5 Secondary Author
6 Secondary Title Committee
7 Place Published Activity Location City
8 Publisher Sponsoring Agency Publisher
9 Volume Amount Requested
10 Number of Volumes Amount Received Number of Volumes
11 Number Status Document Number
13 Section Duration of Grant
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title Legislative Body
16 Edition Requirements Session
17 Date Deadline Date
18 Type of Work Funding Type
22 ISBN/ISSN
23 DOI DOI DOI
24 Original Publication Original Grant Number History
25 Reprint Edition Review Date
27 Custom 1 Contact Name
28 Custom 2 Contact Address
29 Custom 3 Contact Phone
30 Custom 4 Contact Fax
31 Custom 5 Funding Number
32 Custom 6 CFDA Number
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Journal Article Legal Rule or Regulation
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Issuing Organization
6 Secondary Title Journal Title Number
7 Place Published Place Published
8 Publisher Publisher
9 Volume Volume Rule Number
10 Number of Volumes Session Number
11 Number Issue Start Page
13 Section Start Page Section Number
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title Supplement No.
16 Edition Epub Date Edition
17 Date Date Date of Code Edition
18 Type of Work Type of Article Type of Work
21 Alternate Title Alternate Journal Abbreviation
22 ISBN/ISSN ISSN Document Number
23 DOI DOI DOI
27 Custom 1 Legal Note
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Magazine Article Manuscript
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author
6 Secondary Title Magazine Collection Title
7 Place Published Place Published City
8 Publisher Publisher Library/Archive
9 Volume Volume Volume/Storage Container
10 Number of Volumes Frequency Manuscript Number
11 Number Issue Number Folio Number
13 Section Start Page Start Page
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
16 Edition Edition
17 Date Date Date
18 Type of Work Type of Article Type of Work
21 Alternate Title Alternate Magazine Abbreviation
22 ISBN/ISSN ISSN
23 DOI DOI DOI
27 Custom 1
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Map Newspaper Article
2 Author Cartographer Reporter
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
6 Secondary Title Series Title Newspaper
9 Volume Volume
10 Number of Volumes Frequency
11 Number Start Page
12 Pages Description Pages
13 Section Section
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
17 Date Date Issue Date
18 Type of Work Type Type of Article
22 ISBN/ISSN ISBN ISSN
23 DOI DOI DOI
27 Custom 1 Scale Column
28 Custom 2 Area
29 Custom 3 Size
30 Custom 4
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Online Database Online Multimedia
2 Author Author Created By
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
6 Secondary Title Periodical Series Title
7 Place Published
8 Publisher Publisher Distributor
9 Volume Volume
11 Number Number of Screens
12 Pages Pages
13 Section
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
16 Edition Date Published
17 Date Date Accessed Date Accessed
20 Short Title
21 Alternate Title
23 DOI DOI DOI
25 Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5 Format/Length
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
35 Call Number
41 URL URL URL
46 Access Date
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Pamphlet Patent
2 Author Author Inventor
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Institution Issuing Organization
6 Secondary Title Published Source Published Source
7 Place Published City Country
8 Publisher Publisher Assignee
9 Volume Number Patent Version Number
11 Number Series Volume Application Number
13 Section Pages International Patent Number
14 Tertiary Author International Title
15 Tertiary Title International Author
16 Edition Edition International Patent Classification
17 Date Date Date
18 Type of Work Type of Work Patent Type
22 ISBN/ISSN ISBN Patent Number
23 DOI DOI DOI
24 Original Publication Original Publication Priority Numbers
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1
28 Custom 2 Issue Date
29 Custom 3 Designated States
30 Custom 4 Attorney/Agent
31 Custom 5 Packaging Method References
32 Custom 6 Legal Status
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
43 Author Address Author Address Inventor Address
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Personal Communication Report
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
5 Secondary Author Recipient Series Editor
8 Publisher Publisher Institution
9 Volume Volume
10 Number of Volumes Communication Number Series Volume
11 Number Folio Number Document Number
13 Section
14 Tertiary Author Publisher
15 Tertiary Title
16 Edition Description Edition
17 Date Date Date
18 Type of Work Type Type
19 Subsidiary Author Department/Division
21 Alternate Title Abbreviation Alternate Title
23 DOI DOI DOI
25 Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Serial Standard
2 Author Author Institution
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title Title
6 Secondary Title Secondary Title Section Title
7 Place Published City Place Published
9 Volume Volume Rule Number
10 Number of Volumes Number of Volumes Session Number
11 Number Series Volume Start Page
13 Section Chapter Section Number
15 Tertiary Title Series Title Paper Number
16 Edition Edition
17 Date Date Date
19 Subsidiary Author Volume Editor
21 Alternate Title Abbreviation Abbreviation
22 ISBN/ISSN ISBN Document Number
23 DOI DOI DOI
27 Custom 1 Section
28 Custom 2 Report Number
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Statute Thesis
2 Author Author
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Name of Act Title
5 Secondary Author
6 Secondary Title Code Academic Department
7 Place Published Country City
8 Publisher Source University
9 Volume Code Number Degree
10 Number of Volumes Statute Number
11 Number Public Law Number
12 Pages Pages Number of Pages
13 Section Sections
14 Tertiary Author Advisor
15 Tertiary Title International Source
16 Edition Session
17 Date Date Enacted Date
18 Type of Work Thesis Type
22 ISBN/ISSN
23 DOI DOI DOI
24 Original Publication History
25 Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item Article Number
27 Custom 1
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Unpublished Work Web Page
3 Year Year Year
4 Title Title of Work Title
6 Secondary Title Series Title Series Title
8 Publisher Institution Publisher
9 Volume Access Year
11 Number Number Access Date
12 Pages Pages Description
13 Section
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
16 Edition Edition
17 Date Date Last Update Date
18 Type of Work Type of Work Type of Medium
21 Alternate Title Abbreviation Alternate Title
22 ISBN/ISSN ISBN
23 DOI DOI DOI
25 Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
34 Accession Number Accession Number
41 URL URL URL
47 Custom 8

1 Generic Unused 1 Unused 2
2 Author
3 Year
4 Title
5 Secondary Author
6 Secondary Title
7 Place Published
8 Publisher
9 Volume
11 Number
12 Pages
13 Section
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
16 Edition
17 Date
18 Type of Work
20 Short Title
21 Alternate Title
22 ISBN/ISSN
23 DOI
25 Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
34 Accession Number
35 Call Number
36 Label
37 Keywords
38 Abstract
39 Notes
40 Research Notes
41 URL
42 File Attachments
43 Author Address
44 Figure
45 Caption
46 Access Date
47 Custom 8
48 Translated Author
49 Translated Title
50 Name of Database
51 Database Provider
52 Language
53 Added to Library
54 Last Updated

1 Generic Unused 3
2 Author
3 Year
4 Title
5 Secondary Author
6 Secondary Title
7 Place Published
8 Publisher
9 Volume
11 Number
12 Pages
13 Section
14 Tertiary Author
15 Tertiary Title
16 Edition
17 Date
18 Type of Work
20 Short Title
21 Alternate Title
22 ISBN/ISSN
23 DOI
25 Reprint Edition
26 Reviewed Item
27 Custom 1
28 Custom 2
29 Custom 3
30 Custom 4
31 Custom 5
32 Custom 6
33 Custom 7
34 Accession Number
35 Call Number
36 Label
37 Keywords
38 Abstract
39 Notes
40 Research Notes
41 URL
42 File Attachments
43 Author Address
44 Figure
45 Caption
46 Access Date
47 Custom 8
48 Translated Author
49 Translated Title
50 Name of Database
51 Database Provider
52 Language
53 Added to Library
54 Last Updated

Appendix D
Direct Export Formats and
Import Formats
Contents
About Direct Export and Import Formats ...................... 674
Direct Export Formats ........................................................ 675
Options ................................................................................. 683
673
About Direct Export and Import Formats
What do we mean by “direct export” and “import formats?”
Direct Export: Start by opening the EndNote library into which
the data should be imported. The information provider includes
an option to save directly to EndNote. When you select this
option, the information provider automatically looks for the
appropriate filter in your EndNote Filters folder. How well the
information transfers depends on how accurately the
information provider has tagged each item of bibliographic
information.
Importing: When an information provider does not provide
direct export to EndNote, the process of importing references
becomes a little more complicated. You must save references
from the information provider to a text file in a tagged format.
Then, in EndNote, you must use the File>Import feature to select
the tagged text file for import, choose the appropriate import
filter, and then start the importing process.
You also have another option for copying references into your
EndNote libraries. See Chapter 6, “Searching Online Databases
with EndNote” for information about directly searching and
downloading from various online databases.
Copyright Issues and Fair Use of Downloaded Data

EndNote gives you the capability to import references downloaded from
online databases into its libraries. Some producers of online reference
databases expressly prohibit such use and storage of their data, others
charge an extra fee for a license to use the data in this way. Before you
download references from a database, be sure to carefully check the
copyright and fair use notices for the database. Note that different
databases may have varying restrictions, even from the same information
provider (such as DIALOG or Ovid).
674 Appendix D: Direct Export Formats and Import Formats

Direct Export Formats
Many information provider websites include a direct export
option that allows you to send copies of references directly to an
EndNote library. The direct export process automatically selects
an EndNote import filter to map bibliographic information into
the appropriate EndNote fields. All you need to do before you
begin is open the EndNote library into which the data should be
imported.
NOTE: In some cases, you may be required to select an appropriate

filter. When the direct export process is started, EndNote first checks
the file for tags that are specific to a common import type, such as the
EndNote, Web of Science, or RIS format. If no match is found, EndNote
searches through all filters for a vendor ID and database ID that match
the file. If no match is found, you are prompted to select a filter.
The systems listed below provide a direct export of references

into EndNote. At the time this manual was printed, these were
the current instructions for each information provider listed in
the table. If you find that these formats have changed, please
check the documentation from your information provider or
contact us.
This is not a complete list, and the number of providers keeps
growing, so check with your information providers to find out
whether they participate!
Information Provider Type of Data/Access How to Direct Export

ALEPH Various library websites The ExLibris system allows for the addition of an
export feature that exports data in the RIS format.
Depending on the site, it is under Save or Email.
American Psychological PsycInfo Online
Association
http://www.apa.org/psycinfo
Subscription required
Bibliotek.dk Agricultural and Veterinary This requires setup; open the Bibliotech Help file
Information and look under “Exporting to Reference
Manager, EndNote.”
http://
bibliotek.dk.sogning.php
BioMedCentral All journals Use the Send to EndNote button.
http://www.biomedcentral.com
Free access
Appendix D: Direct Export Formats and Import Formats 675

BioOne Biomedical 1. Do your search.
http://www.bioone.org 2. Press the Abstract button on one of your
references.
3. Select the Create Reference link.
4. Select EndNote for downloading.
Blackwell Synergy All journals published by 1. Do your search.
Blackwell that are online
2. Click the Highlighted box.
http://www.blackwell-
3. At the top of the page, click the Download all
synergy.com
highlighted abstracts to Reference Manager
button.
4. At the bottom of the page, select the EndNote
format and click Download references.
BMJ British Medical Journal; 1. Do your search.
Tobacco Control Database
2. Check each reference you want to export.
http://bmj.com/cgi/citmgr
3. Select Download to citation manager and click
Free access Go.
4. Select Download ALL selected Citations to
Citation Manager.
5. Click EndNote.
6. Select the appropriate EndNote library.
Buffalo University Library catalog
http://ublib.buffalo.edu/
libraries/e-resources/bison/
off.html
Access for Buffalo University
students only
CABI-Direct CABI Databases 1. Search and then Mark your records.
http://www.cabdirect.org 2. Scroll to the bottom of the page, and before the
Subscription required word Export, choose EndNote.
Canadian Journal of http://www.cjc-online.ca 1. Do your search.

Communication Subscription required 2. Select an article by clicking the Abstract button.
3. On the right side, there is a bar called the
Research Support Tool; select Capture Cite and
follow the instructions.

CCLR Reference Sight Database 1. Register (free sign in) in order to access
provided by the University of Advanced options.
Waterloo Centre for Contact 2. Do your search and mark the references you want
Lens Research (formerly to save.
Bausch & Lomb Vision
Science Reference Database) 3. At the bottom of the page, under Download
Format, select Bibliographic Software Format.
http://
www.referencesight.com 4. Click Download References Now.
5. When asked whether to Save or Open the file,
Free subscription
choose Open and select the EndNote program.
Delphion Patent data 1. Do your search.
http://www.delphion.com 2. Click the “Data Extract” tab.
Subscription required 3. From the Select Format list, choose EndNote,
RefMan, ProCite (RIS).
4. Mark the records you want and click Download
to start processing the file.
5. When asked whether to Save or Open the file,
choose Open and then select EndNote.
EBSCO All EBSCO databases Click Save, click the Bibliographic Manager tab,
click Citations in Direct Export Format, and
http://www.ebsco.com/
click Save.
Ei Engineering Village Elsevier Engineering
Information database
http://www.ei.org
Elsevier Science Direct 1. Do your search.
http://www.elsevier.com 2. Check each reference you want to export.
Subscription required 3. Click the Export citation link.
4. On the Export screen, mark Citations.
5. Under Export, choose Citations and Abstracts.
6. For the file format, choose RIS Format.
EMBASE EMBASE database
http://www.embase.com

ERIC ERIC database 1. Do your search.
http://www.eric.ed.gov 2. For each record you want, select the record and
then click the Add to my clipboard button to add
Free access
it to your set.
3. Select the Clipboard.
4. Mark the records you want to export, and click
Export records.
5. On the Export dialog, select “Citation Manager
File” and click Download.
6. On the file dialog, click Open.
ESDS Government Economic and Social Data 1. Do your search.
Service for the UK,
2. Mark the records you want to save.
Government Social Data
Survey Information 3. Click Export to EndNote.
http://www.esds.ac.uk/
government/search/
Free access
Google Scholar Broad literature search First, set your preferences:
http://scholar.google.com/ 1. Go to http://scholar.google.com.
Free access 2. Next to the Search button, click Scholar
Preferences.
3. Scroll down to the “Bibliography Manager"
section.
4. Select "Show links to import citations into"
and then "EndNote.”
5. Click Save Preferences.
You are returned to the Google Scholar search
page, where you can perform a search. Each
search result will include the button Import into
EndNote.
HAPI Hispanic American Periodical 1. Search and then add record to Marked List.
Index (UCLA)
2. Select Export to EndNote.
http://hapi.ucla.edu

IEEE Institute of Electrical and 1. Do your search.
Electronics Engineers, Inc.;
2. Go to the abstract (not PDF).
All databases
3. Click Download Citation.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
Xplore/guesthome.jsp 4. Choose whether you want “citation” or
“citation plus abstract,” and choose the file
format “ISI ResearchSoft.”
JAMA and Archives Journal of the American 1. Do your search.
Medical Association
2. Check each reference you want to export.
http://pubs.ama-assn.org/
3. Click the Export citation link.
Free access
JISC Joint Information Systems 1. Search and then Mark the records you want to
Committee Collections save.
http://www.jisc- 2. Click the Print, Email, Save button.
collections.ac.uk
3. Export to bibliographic software: EndNote.
JSTOR The Scholarly Journal Archive
http://www.jstor.org/help/
export_help.html
Karger Publishing Medical and scientific journals 1. Display the reference you wish to download.
http://www.karger.com/ 2. Click Download Citation.
Free access 3. Click Using Citation Manager Software.
4. Open the file with EndNote, and choose an
EndNote library.
Los Alamos National Library without walls
Laboratory
http://www.lanl.gov/
Free access
MicroPatent All articles
http://www.micropat.com
Nature Scientific data
http://www.nature.com

Nerac All articles Follow the instructions on the MYACCOUNT
page for setting up the direct export format.
http://www.nerac.com
NISC All articles
http://www.nisc.com
OCLC All databases 1. Mark the records you want.
http://www.oclc.com 2. Select Export.
Subscription required 3. Select the EndNote library to import into.
4. Select the appropriate filter from the Filter
Manager.
OhioLink Multiple databases A Record Output page exists where you can
select the format you want to use. Select
http://www.ohiolink.edu
EndNote-Refer/Reference Manager-RIS.
OVID All databases 1. Select the citation(s) you wish to save.
http://www.ovid.com 2. Choose “Complete Record” and then Direct
Export into EndNote.
3. Click Save to export directly into EndNote.
OVID SilverPlatter 400+ databases Select Direct Export.
http://www.ovid.com Select the Silverplatter.enf file to import.
Oxford Press Journals Journal articles 1. Do your search.
http:// 2. Check each reference you want to export.
www.oxfordjournals.org/
3. Click the Export citation link.
Free access
Pacific Northwest Labs Internal databases
http://www.pnl.gov
Internal use only
Patent Cafe Patent data
http://www.patentcafe.com

PILOTS Medical PTS research 1. Do your search.
http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ 2. Mark your records.
publications/pilots/
3. Go to the Output tab.
Internal use only
4. Select Citations and Abstracts as the format to
save the records.
5. Click the Export to Database option and select
EndNote.
PNAS Online Online science journal search 1. Do your search.
tool at Boston University
2. Mark your records.
http://cybele.bu.edu/biomass/
3. At the bottom of the page, select Download to
ar/pnas/all.shtml.htm
Citation Manager.
4. Select EndNote.
ProQuest All databases 1. Click on Results & Marked List.
http://www.proquest.com 2. Click Export Citations.
Subscription required 3. Select Export directly to ProCite, EndNote or
Reference Manager, and EndNote will
automatically open.
RLG Historical and humanities Use the Export to Bibliography button, and select
EndNote.
http://www.rlg.org
Science Magazine Journals 1. Do your search.
http://www.sciencemag.org 2. Check each reference you want to export.
Subscription required 3. Click the Export citation link.
Scopus Scopus 1. From the Results screen, click on Export.
http://www.scopus.com 2. On the Export screen:
Subscription required a) In the Export Format box, select RIS Format.
b) In the Content Format box, select either
“citations only” or more detailed records.
3. Select your library, and the imported
references will display on the screen.

St. John of God, Ireland Medical library Select Export to Bibliographic Database.
http://www.library.sjog.ie
Internal use only
Stanford University’s HighWire Press 1. Do your search.
HighWire Press
http://highwire.stanford.edu/ 2. Check each reference you want to export.
Free access 3. Select download to citation manager and click
Go.
4. Click download citations to Citation Manager.
5. Click EndNote.
Telemed Telemed 1. Do your search.
http://tie.telemed.org 2. Check each reference you want to display and
click show citations.
Free access
3. Check each reference you want to export and
click export.
4. Click Export the selected citation(s) to
EndNote.
Thieme Journal publications Click Export to Bibliographic Database.
http://www.thieme-
connect.com/ejournals/
home.html
Web of Science Thomson Scientific 1. Display your marked references.
2. Look under Output Records and select the
option to output Full Records.
3. Click Export to Reference Software to have
the references exported directly to EndNote.
WebFeat Federated Search Engine Click Export to Bibliographic Management.
http://www.webfeat.org
WilsonWeb General science and social 1. Click on Results & Marked List.
science journals
2. Click Export Citations.
http://
3. Select Export directly to ProCite, EndNote, or
vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/
Reference Manager.
hww/login.jhtml
Required login

Options
To import references, you must first save references from the
information provider to a text file in a tagged format. Then, in
EndNote, use the File>Import feature to select the tagged text file
for import, choose the appropriate import filter, and then start
the importing process.
Chapter 7, “” includes more detailed information about
importing. See “General Importing Instructions” on page 203 for
step-by-step instructions.
Chapter 17, “Filters” includes information about how to open,
view, and edit filters. Filters direct tagged bits of bibliographic
information to corresponding EndNote fields. Many of the filters
include a Comments section with tips about how to best
download references for importing into EndNote.
The list of providers below, with their recommended output
formats and import filters, is simply a subset of those services
that are supported. We provide hundreds of import filters in
your EndNote Filters folder.
At the time this manual was printed, these were the current
format options for each information provider listed in the table.
If you find that these formats have changed, please check the
documentation from your information provider or contact us.
NOTE: All files must be saved as plain text (.txt) files before importing.
If references are sent to you in the body of an email, save the email to
a plain text file for importing.
Information Provider Recommended Download Format Import Option

AARP AgeLine There is no method for downloading data from this Ageline (AARP) filter
(http:// database. Instead, save the results screen as a plain text
research.aarp.org/ file with your web browser’s Save command. The
ageline/home.html) resulting text file contains tags which are preceded by 18
spaces.

ACM Digital Library Users with subscription access to this website can save EndNote Import
(Association for multiple records to a BINDER. Once saved, you can
Computing Machinery) export the records in an EndNote format.
Non-subscribers can download one record at a time:
1. Create a search.
2. Click on an article.
3. Scroll half-way down the page and select DISPLAY
EndNote.
Limitations:
Since only plain text files can be imported into EndNote,
you cannot import images, graphics, etc.
Before importing, you may need to edit the file to insert
a comma after corporate author names. Otherwise,
EndNote will not be able to distinguish corporate authors
from personal authors.
CAS SciFinder Save references in the “Tagged Format” (*.txt). SciFinder (CAS) filter
CSA From the CSA search results screen, click Save/Print/ Various filters for CSA
(formerly Cambridge Email. On the “Save/Print/Email” screen, select: databases are provided
Scientific Abstracts) in the EndNote Filters
Record Format: Full Format
folder.
Save File Format: PC
Click Save. Your Web browser asks where to save the
file. If your Web browser lets you save in different file
formats, make sure you save as a “Text Only” (*.txt) file.
DIALOG Set your communication software's option to capture Various DIALOG
text. Use Dialog's Format 5 with "tag" appended to the filters are provided in
TYPE command -- type "s1/5/1-20 tag". the EndNote Filters
folder.
You must download data in Format 5. If Format 5 is not
available, try the “full” format, which is sometimes the
same as Format 5. For questions concerning Dialog’s
many formats, please contact Dialog's tech support.
DIMDI Use the DLOAD command with report D1 Various DIMDI filters
(e.g. DLOAD REPORT=D1). are provided in the
EndNote Filters folder.
EBSCOhost After adding selected references to your folder, click Various EBSCO filters
“View Folder” or “Folder has items” to see its contents. are provided in the
On the Folder Content page, click Export. On the Export
Manager page, select “Generic bibliographic
management software" to save a file to disk. Click Save.

EDINA Use the “Name” format, where data is tagged with words Various EDINA filters
such as “Author” rather than “AU.” are available in the
Because there are so many different formats used for
source data, you may need to manually edit source data
after importing.
EndNote cannot parse author names that are not clearly
delimited, such as
“S Hughes B Reynolds S A Bell & C Gardner.” You will
need to manually edit author names.
Emerald Display the marked list, click “display for download Emerald filter
(ASCII),” and then save as a plain text file.
The filter provided works for these Emerald databases:
Emerald Management Reviews at
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/revs/
Computer Abstracts International Database at http://
www.emeraldinsight.com/caid
International Civil Engineering Abstracts at
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/icea/
Computer & Communications Security Abstracts at
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/ccsa/
Current Awareness Abstracts at
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/caa/
Limitations:
Page numbers are separated by a hyphen with spaces on
either side of it. You will need to manually remove the
spaces after importing.
InfoTrac From the E-Mail Delivery panel at the bottom of the InfoTrac (GALE) filter
(Gale) marked list window, restrict the contents to “citation;” do
not choose “full article.”
Limitations:
Records often have extraneous information in the title
field, which must be removed manually after importing.
INIST 1. Click the Enregistrer button. Various INIST filters
are provided in the
2. Select the records you wish to download.
3. Under “Quels champs?” choose "Tous les champs."
4. Under “Incluez” choose "Numéro de notice et nom de
la base de données" and "Libellés abrégés."
5. Click the Sauvegarde de notices button.
INNOPAC Save references in the “EndNote” format. EndNote Import

Knowledge Finder Place document in the Save file, and select the document. Various Knowledge
Choose Export Selected Documents from the File menu. Finder filters are
provided in the
Medscape After selecting the desired records and adding them to MEDLINE (Medscape)
your clipboard, click the Save or Email Clipboard link. filter
Save or email your clipboard in PC or Mac MEDLARS
format as a plain text (*.txt) file.
NERAC Save your file as plain text (*.txt). NERAC
OCLC FirstSearch 1. Mark the records you wish to download. Various OCLC filters
are provided in the
2. In the navigation pane, click Export.
3. Click the radio button next to “The marked records” or
“A range of records.”
4. Click the radio button next to “EndNote.”
5. Click Export and save to a Text file.
Ovid 1. After selecting the references you wish to download, The appropriate Ovid
click Results Manager. filter will be selected
automatically when
2. Choose the following options:
using the Direct Export
Fields: Complete Reference option. If you are using
Citation Format: Reprint/Medlars (or Direct Ovid's multiple
Export, if available) database searching, you
must select the Direct
3. Click the Email or Save button. Export citation format.
4. Save the file as plain text (*.txt).
ProQuest 1. Select the desired references and then click the “My ProQuest filter
Research Summary” tab.
2. Click the “Documents and Bibliography” tab.
3. Choose “Export,” then either “Export directly to
ProCite, EndNote or Reference Manager,” or “Download
in a format compatible with ProCite, EndNote, Reference
Manager and RefWorks.” If you choose the former, make
sure your data is displayed in a tagged format before
saving as a text file.
PsycINFO at After marking the records you wish to download, choose Use the PsycINFO
http://www.apa.org/ Full PsycINFO Record then click the Display Marked (APA) filter.
psycinfo Records button. Select the text, then copy and paste it
into a text editor, saving the file as plain text (*.txt).

PubMed 1. From the drop-down menu next to the Display button, PubMed (NLM) filter
choose MEDLINE.
2. From the “Send to” menu, choose File and save the
file as a plain text file (*.txt).
Note that the PMID will transfer to the Accession
Number field in EndNote.
SilverPlatter WebSPIRS 1. Once you've obtained your search results, click Save. Various SilverPlatter
filters are provided in
2. Select the following “Save Records” options:
the EndNote Filters
Which fields?: All fields folder.
Include: Record number and database name
Field labels: Short labels.
3. Click the Save Records button.
4. Use your Web browser to save the page as "Text Only"
(do not save in HTML format).
STN Set your communication software’s options to capture Various STN filters are
text to a file. Type the command “Display All”. provided in the
UnCover Using your email software, save references emailed to UnCover (INGENTA)
(Ingenta) you as a "Plain Text" or "Text Only" file.
VHL 1. After selecting the desired references, scroll to the Various VHL filters are
(Virtual Health Library) bottom of the page and click “Your collection” (or “Su provided in the
selleccíon”). EndNote Filters folder.
2. Cancel the print dialog, and then save the screen as a
plain text file.
Web of Knowledge Display your marked references. Then, look under ISI-CE filter
Web of Science Output Records and select the option to output Full
Records. Next, click Export to Reference Software to
have the references exported directly to EndNote. (See
“Direct Export Formats” on page 675.) You may also
choose Save to File to save the references to a text file
and import them into EndNote.
Wilson 1. Click Print Email Save. WilsonWeb filter
2. Click Export to Bibliographic Software.
3. Choose The EndNote Filter and click Export.
4. Save to a text file.
WorldCat 1. Mark those references to be saved and click Export. WorldCat (OCLC) filter
(OCLC FirstSearch)
2. Choose Text File.
3. Click Export.

Appendix E
Keyboard Commands
Contents
Menu Keyboard Commands ............................................ 690
Editing Keyboard Commands.......................................... 692
CWYW Keyboard Commands.......................................... 693
689
Menu Keyboard Commands
The EndNote menus display equivalent key commands next to
many menu commands, so you can execute commands without
taking your hands off the keyboard to use a mouse. You can use
the following tables as a quick reference.
All commands are not always available to you. For example, if no
references are highlighted in the Library window, the Edit
References and Move References to Trash commands are not
available from the References menu.
These tables list only commands with a keyboard equivalent.
Not all menu commands have a corresponding keystroke.
File Menu Command Key Command

Open Library CTRL+O
Close Library CTRL+W
Save CTRL+S
Print CTRL+P
Exit CTRL+Q
Edit Menu Command Key Command

Undo CTRL+Z
Cut CTRL+X
Copy CTRL+C
Paste CTRL+V
Select All CTRL+A
Copy Formatted CTRL+K
Change Text CTRL+R
Font > Plain Font CTRL+L
Style > Plain CTRL+T
Style > Bold CTRL+B
Style > Italic CTRL+I
Style > Underline CTRL+U
690 Appendix E: Keyboard Commands

References Menu Command Key Command
New Reference CTRL+N
Edit References CTRL+E
Move References to Trash CTRL+D
Go To CTRL+J
File Attachments > Open File CTRL+ALT+P
URL > Open URL CTRL+G
Next Reference CTRL+PAGE DOWN
Previous Reference CTRL+PAGE UP
Show All References CTRL+M
Tools Menu Command Key Command

Search Library CTRL+F
Spell Check CTRL+Y
CWYW > Return to Word ALT+1
CWYW > Insert Selected Citations ALT+2
CWYW > Format Bibliography ALT+3
CWYW > Import Traveling Library ALT+8
CWYW > CWYW Preferences ALT+9
Open Term Lists> CTRL+1
Authors Term List
Journals Term List
Keywords Term List
(Opens the appropriate list for the
field where the cursor resides.)
Define Term Lists CTRL+4
Link Term Lists CTRL+3
Window Menu Command Key Command

Close All Libraries CTRL+SHIFT+W
Help Menu Command Key Command

Help Contents F1
Appendix E: Keyboard Commands 691

Editing Keyboard Commands
A set of key commands is available so that you can enter
references without using the mouse. For example, to create and
enter a new reference without touching the mouse: type CTRL+N
to add a new reference, type the bibliographic information using
TAB or SHIFT+TAB to move forward or backward between the
fields, and then press CTRL+W to save and close the reference.
Action Key Command

create a new reference CTRL+N
select more than one reference CTRL+CLICK
select a range of references SHIFT+CLICK
open selected reference(s) CTRL+E
close the active window CTRL+W
close all windows of the same type as the CTRL+SHIFT+W
active window
select the next field TAB
select the previous field SHIFT+TAB
when the cursor is in an Author, Journal, or CTRL+1
Keywords field, display the appropriate Term
list for term selection
When text is selected:
undo the previous command CTRL+Z
cut selected text and put it on the clipboard CTRL+X
copy selected text and put it on the clipboard CTRL+C
paste text from the clipboard at the cursor CTRL+V
select all text in a field CTRL+A
check spelling CTRL+Y
set the text style to Plain CTRL+T
select the Plain font CTRL+L
turn bold on and off CTRL+B
turn italic on and off CTRL+I
turn underline on and off CTRL+U
Use the ARROW keys to navigate within a field.

CWYW Keyboard Commands
These keyboard commands are available when you use Cite
While You Write with Microsoft Word. The table below shows
the initial settings, but you can change the key command
assignments. See “Keyboard Shortcuts in Word” on page 563.
Note that:
Alt+1 is used for both Return to Word and Go to EndNote. The
program determines which application is currently active
and switches to the other application.
Some of these commands are available both from Word and
from EndNote.
While you can change key assignments, keep in mind that
most other key combinations are currently already in use in
both EndNote and Word.
Cite While You Write Command Key Command

Find Citation(s) ALT+7
Insert Note ALT+0
Insert Selected Citation(s) ALT+2
Find Figure(s) NONE ASSIGNED
Go to EndNote ALT+1
Return to Word ALT+1
Edit Citation(s) ALT+6
Edit Library References ALT+5
Format Bibliography ALT+3
Unformat Citations ALT+4
Remove Field Codes NONE ASSIGNED
Export Traveling Library ALT+8
Cite While You Write Preferences ALT+9
Help NONE ASSIGNED
Specific to Word 2003
Format Figures (Generate Figure List) NONE ASSIGNED
Specific to Word 2007
Update Citations and Bibliography NONE ASSIGNED
Convert Word 2007 Citations to EndNote NONE ASSIGNED
Export Word 2007 Citations NONE ASSIGNED
Export Word 2007 Master List NONE ASSIGNED
Appendix E: Keyboard Commands 693

The EndNote Glossary
Boolean Operator
A Boolean operator is one of the connecting terms AND, OR, or NOT, used to combine
search lines. A matching reference must meet both of the conditions connected by the
AND, so AND narrows the search compared to using either search line alone. OR is used
to find records that match either of the conditions connected by the OR operator, and so
widens the search. NOT is used to find any records that do not match the search line
following it.
Cite While You Write

Cite While You Write software is installed with the EndNote program for use with
Microsoft Word 2003 and 2007. It integrates EndNote commands into Word for quick and
easy insertion and formatting of citations, bibliographies, figures, and tables. Instant
formatting and a traveling library that contains full reference information make Cite
While You Write the easiest and most efficient way to cite references and create a
bibliography.
Connection Files
Connection Files are EndNote files used to store the information necessary to connect to
and search online databases. Connection Files are stored in the Connections folder in
your EndNote X2 folder and can be browsed using the Connection File Manager (from
the Edit menu, choose Connection Files and select Open Connection Manager). To establish
a connection to an online database, go to Tools>Online Search and select a service. Internet
access is required.
Continuation Line
Continuation lines are second or subsequent lines of data belonging to a single tag, and
are typically described in the context of a data file to be imported by EndNote. EndNote
uses the indent level for continuation lines in order to distinguish text containing
reference data from text containing instructions, prompts, and other miscellaneous text
from your database’s interface. Continuation lines need to be consistently indented the
same number of spaces from the left margin. For example, the continuation lines below
are indented four spaces from the left margin.
AB- A single-subject research design that used multiple baselines
across behaviors compared traditional adaptations to adapted
computer technologies.
Data File
A data file consists of the records captured or saved from a reference database. A data
file must be a text file in order for its records to be imported by EndNote into an EndNote
library.
Database
A database is a file consisting of one or more records, each containing one or more fields
of information, such as the name of the author, title of publication, year of publication,
The EndNote Glossary 695

and so on. In the context of EndNote, databases are typically collections of bibliographic
data, and are referred to as libraries.
Default
A default is a value, action, or setting that a computer system or program will assume
unless the user intervenes to override it.
Delimiters
Delimiters are punctuation that separates one term or field (or any piece of data) from
another. Delimiters are used in the context of temporary citation markers (the curly
braces are default delimiters that identify the temporary citations in the body of your
text) and term lists.
Diacritics
Diacritics are phonetic variations, such as accents, associated with a letter. When using
the Sort References command or formatting a bibliography, EndNote sorts diacritical
characters according to the rules of the language that is selected on the Sort References
dialog. Characters with diacritics are sorted differently in English, Spanish, Swedish, and
other systems. Diacritical marks can be significant in searches. Use the “Match Case”
search option to exactly match letters such as é, ü and î.
Display Fonts
EndNote has a concept of “Plain Font,” as well as “Plain Size,” and “Plain Style.”All
references in your EndNote library should be stored in the plain font, size, and style,
unless a specific change is necessary (such as the use of the Symbol font, or s for emphasis
of a word). The appearance of the plain font is determined by the General font setting.
This changes the font used to display the references, as well as being the font that is used
when printing or exporting references directly from EndNote. The Library font is the font
used to display references in the Library window. Both display fonts may be changed
using EndNote’s preferences.
EndNote Web
EndNote Web is a Web-based service designed to help students and researchers through
the process of writing a research paper. EndNote Web includes some of the same features
as the desktop version of EndNote, although its capabilities are limited. You can easily
transfer references between EndNote Web and the desktop version of EndNote.
Field
A field refers to a part of an EndNote reference, such as the author, year, or title. In the
EndNote Reference window, each field is displayed as its own section, containing a
separate piece of information, such as author names or keywords. Fields are arranged in
EndNote styles to show how the data should be formatted. They are arranged in EndNote
import filters to show how the tagged data should be imported. EndNote allows for up
to 52 fields in each reference.
Field Codes
Cite While You Write inserts hidden field codes around and inside your formatted
citations in Word. These hidden codes contain reference information, and allow EndNote
to format, unformat, and reformat citations within Word.
696 The EndNote Glossary

Filter
A filter is a file consisting of one or more Reference Type templates that instruct
EndNote how to interpret and import data into the corresponding fields in EndNote.
Filters are selected as import options when you choose the Import command from
EndNote’s File menu. EndNote comes with a variety of filters, each designed for a
specific database. You may also create your own filters, or modify any of those supplied
with the program. Filters are stored in the Filters folder in the EndNote X2 folder; you
may browse the list of filters by choosing Import Filters from the Edit menu and selecting
Open Filter Manager.
Firewall
Firewalls are security measures that restrict access between computers and the Internet;
they are typically used to block hackers from access to your private workstation or
network. In order to search Z39.50 servers over the Internet, your network administrator
may need to allow access to certain port numbers through a firewall.
Generic Fields and Reference Types

The Generic reference type includes the complete set of 52 fields that are available in
EndNote. It is “generic” in that it is not specialized for a specific type of reference (such
as a book or a journal article). EndNote has a fixed set of “generic” fields that provides
the basis for all specific fields used in the different reference types. The generic field
names are not worded to be reference type-specific (for example, the generic field name
“Author” is equivalent to “Reporter” for a newspaper article or “Artist” for the Artwork
reference type). Generic field names are used throughout EndNote (for example, in the
Sort References and Search dialogs) to refer to a similar category of fields that can be
found in the different reference types. When you choose a generic field name in any of
these dialogs, it refers to all fields in that row of the Reference Types preference (see page
418).
Global Editing
Global editing commands allow you to make editing changes to a group of records at the
same time, rather than having to edit each record individually. Change Text searches for
text in your library, and either deletes that text or replaces it with other text that you
specify. Change Field modifies any field in your library by either inserting text at the
beginning or end of the field, replacing the contents of the field with different text, or
deleting the contents of the field. Move Field provides a way to move the entire contents
of one field to another field within a reference.
Groups
Groups are an effective way of breaking a large library into subsets. EndNote
automatically generates several temporary groups: Search Results displays references
found during the most recent search; Duplicate References displays the results of a
duplicate search; Imported References displays the most recent batch of references
transferred in with the Import command, and Full Text displays those references for
which PDF files are attached. You can build Custom groups by highlighting individual
records and adding them to a group. You can create a Smart group based on a search
strategy. A Group lets you point to a subset of references. This does not copy the

references into a separate library. When you delete a Group, the records still exist in the
library. You can include an individual reference in many Groups or none at all.
Information Provider
An information provider is a service that provides access to one or more databases.
Examples of information providers include Ovid, Thomson Scientific, SilverPlatter, and
STN.
In-text Citation
An in-text citation is the brief citation to a reference that appears in the body of the text
of a paper. Typically this is just the author name and year in parentheses, or a
bibliography number.
Keyword
A keyword is a term that helps identify a record, and that is used for efficient searching.
Also known as a descriptor, index term, subject term, or subject. Multiple entries (words
or phrases) can be entered in the Keywords field of a reference.
Library
In the context of using EndNote, a “library” is the term for your EndNote database of
references. It is a collection of records of reference material. When you choose Open from
EndNote’s File menu, you open a library. The references are displayed in the Library
window.
Literal Text
Literal text consists of any text in a data file that does not correspond to a field in
EndNote. Literal text must be included in a filter in order for EndNote to parse multiple
pieces of information found in a single tag in a record to the corresponding field or fields
in EndNote. Examples of literal text include punctuation used to separate one piece of
information from the next, as well as any identifying text, such as “vol.” for Volume, or
“pp.” for Pages.
Log File
When using the Online Search command to search and retrieve references from online
databases, EndNote maintains a log file to record communication status messages with
the online database as well as a log of the references that were retrieved. The location of
the log file can be determined (and changed) by choosing Preferences from the Edit menu,
and clicking the Online option.
MARC (MAchine Readable Cataloging)

MARC is a standardized format developed by the Library of Congress for producing
machine-readable bibliographic records. MARC uses numeric tags such as tag 100 for
Personal Author, and tag 245 for the Title.
Mnemonic Tag
A mnemonic tag is an abbreviated way of identifying the contents of the data that
follows. Mnemonic tags frequently use the first two characters of the corresponding data,
as in “AU-” for AUthor, “TI-” for TItle, or “SO-” for SOurce. Other mnemonic tags use a
combination of the two naming conventions, as in “SO-<PY>” for the SOurce’s
Publication Year.

Online Database
An online database is the term used for remote databases available online using
EndNote’s Online Search command. These are typically databases that are accessible on a
Z39.50 server. They include library catalogs and other bibliographic reference databases.
An Internet connection is required to access an online database, and some databases
require a subscription.
Output Style
An output style is a file that, in conjunction with the reference type for a particular
reference, controls the output format of in-text citations, references in a bibliography,
figures, and tables. Each output style that you use is stored in a separate file and can be
used by more than one library. An output style contains instructions that tell EndNote
which fields to print, in what order, and with what associated punctuation. It may also
include additional font or style instructions. Output styles are often referred to simply as
styles.
Proxy Server
A proxy server is a server that all computers on a local network have to go through before
accessing information on the Internet. By using a proxy server, an organization can
improve network performance and filter what users connected to the network can access.
Proxy servers are also used to help prevent unauthorized access to a private network.
PubMed
PubMed is the National Library of Medicine’s online public access version of their
MEDLINE database. You can directly search PubMed and save records with the Online
Search command on EndNote's Tools menu.
Reference Types
An EndNote library can contain references from a variety of different sources, such as
books, journal articles, and newspaper articles. We call these different sources reference
types. EndNote provides built-in forms for these and other common reference types.
Retrieved References Window

The Retrieved References window appears when a connection to an online database is
established. This workspace displays the connection status as well as the references
retrieved from your searches. Use this workspace to store retrieved references as you
continue searching the online database. When your searching is complete, copy the
references from the Retrieved References window to the Library window to save them.
RTF File
RTF is an acronym for Rich Text Format, a standardized file format. You can save most
word processor documents to this standard type of file while retaining formatting and
styles. EndNote can scan an RTF file in order to format in-text citations and generate a
bibliography.
Sort
A sort defines how a set of references is ordered on a field by field basis, in either
alphabetic or numeric order. Fields are sorted from left to right by character. Quotation
marks, parentheses and other punctuation marks are considered during a sort, except

when comparing title fields. In an alphabetic sort, punctuation comes first, then numbers,
then the letters A-Z. Within a sort level, the sorting of diacritics (accented characters) is
determined by the language setting. You may define a list of stop words that are ignored
for sorting when they appear at the beginning of an author or title field.
Subject Bibliography
A subject bibliography is a bibliography with sorted references grouped under sorted
Subject Headings. Typical headings group references by Keyword, Author, or Journal
Title, but you can base headings on any EndNote field or combination of fields. You can
even group references by reference type.
Styles
Styles are the files that EndNote uses to determine how to arrange references for a wide
variety of bibliographic formats. Styles are typically for specific journals, though they can
also be based on more general style guides such as the Chicago Manual of Style or the
MLA Handbook. EndNote provides more than 3,000 preconfigured styles in the Styles
folder of your EndNote X2 folder. To preview and browse through these styles, choose
Output Styles from the Edit menu, and select Open Style Manager. Styles are used to
determine the format of references on the preview tab of the Library window as well as
when you use the Print, Export, Format, Format Bibliography, and Copy Formatted
commands. They are also referred to as output styles.
Subscription Databases
Subscription databases are online bibliographic databases which require payment or
some form of authorization to enable you to connect (as opposed to “free” databases or
library catalogs). For more information about these databases, contact the individual
information providers.
Tagged Data
Tagged data consists of an identifier, typically a mnemonic tag, in the left margin of a
data file, followed by text for one or more fields of information. Data must be
consistently tagged if it is to be imported by EndNote into the appropriate fields in
EndNote.
Templates
Templates are used in both styles and filters to show EndNote how to output or import
bibliographic data. The templates use field names to represent the actual bibliographic
data as it should be arranged in a bibliographic entry (in the case of styles), or in a data
file to be imported (in the case of filters). Typically, a different template is constructed for
each reference type.
Manuscript templates are used to create Microsoft Word documents that conform to
electronic publishing guidelines. You can select a predefined template from either
EndNote or Word, which triggers a manuscript template wizard.
Term Lists
Each library has preconfigured term lists for authors, journals, and keywords. The term
lists maintain a list of the names or words entered into the corresponding fields. They are
used to help with data entry by suggesting terms as you type. The Journals term list can

also be used to store various abbreviations of the journal names and later use those
abbreviations as needed in bibliographies.
Text File
A text file consists entirely of characters that can be typed from a standard keyboard. A
text file may contain any character from the English alphabet, punctuation marks, spaces,
and numbers. A text file cannot contain any control characters or text styles used by a
word processor to format text. EndNote can only import records captured or saved as
text files, and cannot read files saved in a word processor format. EndNote can export
references to a text file, but cannot apply styles within the text file.
Traveling Library
When you use EndNote’s Cite While You Write commands in Word, each formatted
citation in your document is saved with field codes that embed reference data in the
document. The paper contains a “traveling library” of EndNote references cited. This
makes it easy to use your document on other machines and share your document with
colleagues.
Unicode
The Unicode Worldwide Character Standard is a character encoding system. Unicode
provides a unique number for every character used by the principal written languages in
the world, along with codes for a full range of punctuation, symbols, and control
characters. These codes are constant, no matter what the platform, the program, or the
language. It allows data to be transported through many different systems without
corruption of extended characters.
URL
A URL, or Uniform Resource Locator, can be used to specify the location of any resource
available on the Internet (typically for Web pages or FTP sites). A common format for a
URL for a Web page is http://www.endnote.com.
Web of Science
Web of Science is the Web interface for access to the ISI Citation Databases, which cover
over 8,000 international journals in the sciences, social sciences, and the arts and
humanities. Through ISI Links, Web of Science also offers navigation to electronic full-
text journal articles, genetic information, and chemical and patent databases. Please
contact Thomson for subscription information.
Search Web of Science just as you would search any other online database. Your search
results are copied directly to the EndNote library of your choice.
Z39.50
Z39.50 is a NISO protocol that describes the search and retrieval of information from
online databases. It is primarily used for data retrieval from bibliographic databases.

Index
Symbols ACM Digital Library 684

acronyms 545
` accent grave
ActiveSync operation 597
importing 486, 489
ADA 23
in citations 312
Add to Showing References option (Search
in Styles 444
command) 237
^ caret symbol (in Styles) 445
Added to Library field 150
{ and } citation delimiters 308, 541
Add-in commands do not appear 635
@ symbol (cited pages) 313
ADDIN EN.CITE 291
* asterisk in author names 644
adding
¬ hanging indent code 461
dictionaries for spell checking 557
| vertical bar
fields 411, 412
importing 490
fields to filter 514
in Styles 443
prefix text to a citation 311
A reference types 415
references 143
AARP AgeLine 683 row(s) to filter 484
abbreviated search lines 236
author names 452, 453 suffix text to a citation 312
journal names 448 tags to filter 514
(see also Journals term list, journal agencies, entering as authors 147
abbreviations) Aggregated Database reference type 649
page numbers 447 alert messages during online connections 640
Abbreviated Journal field 272 alphabetical order
About this Connection panel 521 (see also sorting)
About this Filter panel 481 citations 463
About this Style panel 430 references 464
absolute path Alt+P 110
converting to relative path 169 Alt+Tab 354
definition 168 Alternate Journal field 149, 272
PDF preference 560 ambiguous citations 449
abstracts 459 American English dictionary 558
Abstract field 152 American Psychological Association 675
in preview 112 Ancient Text reference type 649
include in bibliography 460 And option (Search command) 227, 235
accent grave (`) annotated bibliographies 378, 460
importing 486, 489 Annotated style 378, 422
in citations 312 anonymous works 147, 446
in styles ANSEL 203
accents 159 APA 675
(see also diacritics) AppleShare 608
importing 523 Application tab 565, 576
Access files, inserting 65, 163 Arrow keys 48, 105, 135, 692
accessibility 23 Artwork reference type 650
Accession Number field 542 asterisks in author names 644
accession numbers 508 attributes (see search attributes)
access-restricted databases 184
Index 703
Audiovisual Material reference type 650 B
Author fields 146, 408
back apostrophes (`) 444
formatting 456
(see also accent grave)
importing 489
backup
spell checking 172
EndNote files 624
Author List panel 458
files to back up 624
Abbreviations 453
libraries 115
citations 452
Batch Download 523
name order 454
beaming references, Palm handheld 590
separators 452
Begins With, as Search option 233
Author name separators, filters
Between Authors separator, filters 493
individual author name 494
BibIX 222
multiple author names 493
bibliographic styles 421
author names 146
(see also styles)
(see also Author List panel)
bibliographies
abbreviations (et al.) 453
(see also creating bibliographies)
Author fields 408
(see also independent bibliographies)
capitalization 454, 457
adding citations later (CWYW) 306
citations 309, 453
adding information 436–437
complex names 147
annotated 378
corporate 147
blank lines 461
entering 62, 146
creating (CWYW) 319
excluding from citations (CWYW) 304
custom sort order 465
format in bibliographies 458
deleting (CWYW) 328
formatting (see also styles) 452
double-spacing 461
in citations 452
editing (CWYW) 327
in edited books 458
font and size (CWYW) 323
in manuscript template wizard 295
from multiple Word documents (CWYW)
in temporary citations 309
326
initials 146, 457
from several papers 363
name formatting in bibliography 457
importing 220
name order 457
including notes 305, 542
Name Order in filters 492
indenting 461
name order in formatted references 454,
layout 459
457
layout (CWYW) 323
omitting from citations 308, 310, 314
making text dependent on fields 441
sorting 242
margins 461
term list 271
modifying styles 431
universities 147
moving (CWYW) 328
Author Names setting 457
numbered format 459
Author Parsing filter panel 491
previewing 85
Author-Date Style 422
punctuation 435
authority lists (see term lists)
references from multiple libraries 366
Authors term list 271
reformatting (CWYW) 92
Auto Date Stamp 150
reformatting (Format Paper) 355
auto-completion, preferences 553
removing information 436, 437
automatically open libraries (see favorites)
settings in Word (CWYW) 321
automatically update EndNote files 37
sort order 463
automatically update term lists 261
spacing (CWYW) 323
Autorun 611
stand-alone 370
704 Index
suppressing text when information is C
missing 442
CAB Abstracts 197
title (CWYW) 323
Call Number field 151
Bibliographies panel, Style editor 430
call numbers, subject bibliography 401
bibliographies, by subject (see subject
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts 684
bibliography)
Canadian Journal of Communication 676
bibliographies, importing 214
canceling
Bibliography Layout tab, subject bibliography
reference retrieval 74
398
searches 228
bibliography numbers 459
capitalization 148, 499, 545
Bibliography Sort option 464
author names 454, 457
Bibliotech.dk 675
titles 148
BibTex 222
Caption field 155, 163
Bill reference type 651
captions, output style settings for figures and
billing inquiries 22
tables 469
Biological Abstracts 197
caret (^) 445
BioMedCentral 675
Carl UnCover 687
BioOne 676
carriage returns
BIOSIS Previews 197
Change Field 178
Blackwell Synergy 676
Change Text 177
blank fields, searching for 229
searching for 228
blank lines
carriage returns, in bibliographies 461
between references 459
Case reference type 653
in bibliography 461
Catalog reference type 653
blank records 644
Change and Move Fields command 177
Blog reference type 651
change case
blue text (Web links) 152
author names 500
BMJ 676
headline 500
BMP files, inserting 162
of imported text 499
bold text 155
omitting terms 545
Book reference type 144, 652
sentence 500
book reviews 151
Change Field command 224
Book Section reference type 144, 652
carriage returns 178
Bookends 222
Clear field option 177
Boolean operators 227, 235
common uses 174
boxes instead of text 630
Insert after field’s text option 177
braces as citation delimiters 541
Insert before field’s text option 177
(see citation delimiters)
marking search results 174
Brazilian dictionary 558
Replace whole field with option 177
British English dictionary 558
using with term lists 267
Broadcast reference type 660
Change Fields tab 177
broken vertical bar 443
Change Text command 175, 224
browsing references 48, 105
carriage returns & tabs 177
Buffalo University 676
common uses 174
buttons
deleting text 177
Previous/Next reference 135
important points 176
Text toolbar 568
text styles 176
using with Edit Term command 269
using with term lists 267
using with Update List command 265
Index 705
changing moving (CWYW) 318
(see also editing) multiple citations 308, 356
capitalization (see change case) number of authors listed 454
display fonts 136 number ranges 451
references 174 numbered 451
spelling 174 omitting author names 308, 314
Character Map program 159 omitting year 308, 314
Chart or Table reference type 654 prefixes 311
checking spelling 173 record number only 314
Chemistry term list 30 suffix text 312
choosing the correct filter 207 temporary 307
chronological order temporary vs. formatted 355
citations 463 text after 314
references 464 text before 310, 311, 314
citation delimiters 297, 308, 322, 541 typing 308
around notes 306 Citations template Style editor 430
changing 355 Citations window 353
citation markers (see citation delimiters) Cite While You Write 281
citation matches 353 adding citations later 306
rechecking library 365 bibliography settings 321
rescanning paper 365 checking the installation 36
citation prefixes 310, 314 choosing desktop or Web 565
citation separators 432 citation delimiters 322
citation suffixes 304, 310, 312 citation prefixes 304
citations citation suffixes 305
adding text after 312 citations in footnotes and endnotes 307
copying (CWYW) 318 commands, definition of 285, 287
definition 297, 329, 355 compatibility between word processors
deleting (CWYW) 318 345, 609
determining format with styles 431 copying citations 318
drag-and-drop in a paper 300 deleting bibliographies 328
editing 93 deleting citations 318
examples 354 desktop vs. EndNote Web 576
field shading (Word) 566 drag-and-drop citations 300
formatted vs. unformatted 357 editing bibliographies (CWYW) 327
formatted vs. unformatted (CWYW) 301 editing citations 93
formatting 353 exclude author from citation 304
in endnotes (CWYW) 307 exclude year from citation 304
in footnotes 307, 357 excluding pages from citations 305
in footnotes (CWYW) 307 export traveling library 343
inserting 88, 355 font and size 323
inserting (CWYW) 297, 298 how to 282
inserting figures in Word 94 indents in the bibliography 323
inserting from multiple libraries (CWYW) inserting citations 88
303 inserting citations from multiple libraries
inserting multiple 301 303
jumping to library reference 340 inserting figures 94
letter after year 451 inserting multiple citations 301
merging 356 installing support 284
modifying (CWYW) 303 instant formatting 320
706 Index
libraries used 323 compatibility
Master documents 326 double-byte characters 631
modifying citations 303 EndNote desktop and EndNote Web 570
moving bibliographies 328 Japanese characters 630
moving citations 318 libraries 35, 123, 124, 631
omitting components from citations 308 libraries (Windows/Mac) 101
preferences 561 of CWYW documents 345, 609
removing field codes 346 Unicode characters 630
selecting a different output style 322 Word files (CWYW) 345
selecting a style 91 word processors 281, 350
setting the bibliography title 323 Completeness attribute 525
toolbar in Word 287 complex searches 235
Tools menu in Word 285, 287 components of a citation 135
traveling library 342 compressed library 115
typing citations 307 Computer Program reference type 655
word processor compatibility 281 Conference Paper reference type 655
citing references Conference Proceeding reference type 656
CWYW 282 Conference Proceedings 144
RTF documents 355 Connect command 70
Classical Work reference type 654 Connect menu, adding items to 518
Clear command Connect.log file (see log file)
connection files 519 connection file 184
filters 480 Connection File window 520
references 141 connection files 182, 516, 695
styles 427 connection folder 551
terms 269 defaults 527
Clear field option 178 deleting 519
Clipboard 361 editing 518
Close Library command 119 folder location 551
Close Reference command 52, 66, 140 getting the latest 37
closing marking as favorites 518
EndNote 119 new 527
filters 481 renaming 521
libraries 119 required information 522
multiple window 119 reverting changes 481
references 52, 66 saving 519
multiple at once 140 Connection Manager 517
styles 427, 428 Connection Status window 195
column headers Connections folder 551
changing 548 Contains, as Search option 232
paper clip 67, 548 contextual menus 567
combination searches 235 continuation lines 495, 695
combining indentation 496
citations 356 Control key 692
citations (CWYW) 301 for selecting references 139
libraries 121 converting
search results 227, 236, 237 double-byte characters 127
command line searching 529 EndNote Journals file 278
commands from keyboard 690 EndNote libraries across platforms 128
comparison search list 227 Extended Latin characters 127
Index 707
old EndNote libraries 124 curly braces { and } 308, 322, 541, 576
Papyrus databases 222 Current Contents 197
ProCite databases 125, 127 Custom Groups
Reference Manager databases 126, 127, adding references 251
205, 222 creating 250
Copy command 122, 156, 356 deleting 256
Copy Formatted command 112, 364, 372 removing references 251
for testing styles 426 renaming 254
copying and pasting searching 254
bibliographies into EndNote 220 Custom ID Authentication String 523
citations (CWYW) 318 custom installation 32
complete references 157 customer support 22
filters 479, 518 customized sort order 465
formatted references 372 Cut command 156
from term lists into references 268 CWYW (see Cite While You Write)
from word processor to EndNote 156 CWYW keyboard commands 693
references 122
styles 426 D
terms between term lists 262 damaged libraries, recovering 120
text into term lists 263 Danish dictionary 558
text within a reference 156 dashes in citations 451
copying filters 479 DATA extension 624
corporations, entering as authors 147, 408 data file 477, 695
correcting references globally 174 DATA folder
creating backing up 624
backup copies of libraries 624 exporting references 373
bibliographies (see creating bibliographies) for figures 164
custom groups 250 is part of a library 101
fields 411, 413 PDF folder 168
new filter 511 data visualization 129
reference types 404, 415, 647 Database Description 522
references 143, 220 Database Name 522
smart groups 252 databases
styles 471 (see also libraries)
term lists 272 definition 695
creating bibliographies importing from 206
annotated bibliographies 378 Date fields 149
by subject 382 date stamp 150
from a paper (CWYW) 87, 319 dates
from a paper (without CWYW) 350 Annotated output style 422
from several papers 363 Author-Date output style 422
from several papers (CWYW) 326 citation format 432
independent 370 dates, entering non-bibliographic 174
selecting output styles 422 default
with Cite While You Write 282 EndNote preferences 534
with journal abbreviations 277 folder locations 551
criteria for duplicate detection 549 libraries to open automatically 535
Ctrl+F 226 reference type (filters) 497
Ctrl+Shift+W 119, 135, 140, 691, 692 reference type (see Generic template)
Ctrl+W 158 defaults (see favorites)
708 Index
Define Lists command 152, 270 dictionaries
Delete command 141 adding for spell checking 557
Delete Term command 269 importing/exporting 557
deleting modifying for spell checking 556
(see also uninstalling) Dictionary reference type 656
a cited library reference 341 Digital Object Identifier 151
author names from citations 310 DIMDI 684
bibliographies (CWYW) 328 direct export from Web pages 82
citations (CWYW) 318 about 674
connection files 519 provider list 675
duplicate references 240 direct import/direct download 210
EndNote 621 provider list 674, 675
fields 411, 412, 414 disabling instant formatting (CWYW) 320, 323,
figure citations 338 562
figure lists 338 disambiguating citations 451
figures 165 discarding changes
file attachments 170 connection files 481
filters 480, 519 EndNote preferences 534
groups 256 output styles 428
information from bibliographies 437 references 141
libraries 119 disconnecting 189
linked files 170 display fonts 57, 696
parts of a citation 310 displaying groups 247
reference types 404, 416, 647 DOI field 151
references 141, 359 DOT extension 293, 294
references (record numbers) 142 DOT Files for Word 291
references from a group 255 double-byte characters 127, 631
search lines 236 downloading
styles 427 batch download 523
terms from term lists 269 blank records 644
text in references 177 direct export providers 675
delimiters 696 errors 644
multiple citations 308 online search results 193
temporary citations 297, 322 table of providers 683
term lists 270, 271 updated EndNote files 37
Delphion 677 drag-and-drop
dependence (styles) 439–443 attaching files 167
deselecting references 139 between libraries 157
desktop to Web 572 bibliographies 371
diacritics citations (CWYW) 300
converting 127 formatted citations 364
entering 159 text in a reference 156
Format Paper 350 duplicate references 549
importing 203, 523 criteria 239
searching for 228 deleting 240
sorting 242 import options 203
DIALOG 684 importing 80
dial-up Internet connection 69 merge in bibliography 547
to/from EndNote Web 571
Index 709
Duplicate References group 249 EMBASE 677
Duplicates library 203 Emerald 685
Dutch dictionary 558 empty fields
hiding 134
E searching for 229
EBSCO 677, 684 empty library 632
Ed./Eds. 443, 445 Empty Trash 141
EDINA 685 enabling instant formatting (CWYW) 320, 323,
Edit command 562
references 51, 140 Encyclopedia reference type 658
styles 277 End key 48
Edit Library Reference command 340 EndNote
Edit menu 372 uninstalling 621
items are dim 156 EndNote files, updating 37
Edit Styles menu 426, 437 EndNote for Palm OS 27
Edited Book reference type 144, 657 beaming references 590
editing deleting references 588
bibliographies (CWYW) 327 displaying references 586
citations 93 editing references 588
cited references in EndNote (CWYW) 340 entering references 587
figures 164 installing 580
filters 499, 510 library statistics 590
import fields 500 preferences 591
references 140, 174 requirements 580
Smart Groups 253 searching 589
styles 431, 436, 437 synchronizing libraries 584
terms in term lists 269 Unicode compliance 585
text in references 174 EndNote for Windows Mobile OS
Editing keyboard commands 692 deleting references 602, 603
Edition 149 displaying references 599
Edition field editing references 602, 603
entering editions 149 entering references 601
in bibliographies 443 installing 594
Editor field library statistics 604
entering editor names 146 preferences 604
in bibliographies 443, 444 requirements 594
singular/plural (Ed/Eds) 445 searching 603
Editor List style panel 458 synchronizing libraries 597
Editor Name style panel 458 Unicode compliance 598
Editor Parsing, filters 491 EndNote Import option 205
Ei Engineering Village 677 EndNote installation 28
Electronic Article reference type 657 EndNote Journals file, converting 278
Electronic Book reference type 658 EndNote Library, importing 205
Electronic Resource Number 151 EndNote manuscript templates 291
Electronic Source reference type 144 EndNote Web
electronic submissions 291 choosing CWYW application 565
Element Set Name 522, 529 Cite While You Write issues 576
Elsevier 677 CWYW toolbar 577
email a compressed library 116 duplicate references 571
email, contacting Thomson ResearchSoft 22 figures and linked files 571
710 Index
fonts and styles 571 Export command 373
how to transfer references 572 Export List command 274
overview 570 Export Selected References option 374
preferences 560 export traveling library 343
remember email and password 573 exporting
selecting application for CWYW 576 references 373
subscribing 570 sort order 374
transfer limitations 571 spell check dictionaries 557
EndNote Web group 246 term lists 274
endnotes, citations in (CWYW) 307 Extended Latin characters 127
ENF file extension 480 extraneous text 495
ENL file extension 625
ENLX file extension 115, 624 F
ENS file extension 427 favorites
entering references 145 connection files 186, 518
abstracts 152 filters 478
author names 146 libraries to open automatically 116
complex names 147 setting EndNote preferences 534
corporate authors 147, 408 styles 325
creating templates 158 Field begins with, as Search option 233
dates for record keeping 149 field codes
edition numbers 149 in Word 290
editor names 146 removing from Word 346
entry date in references 174 Field Editing command 500
example 62 field editing, filters 499, 500
journal names 277 Field ends with, as Search option 233
keywords 152 Field list
notes 152 Change Text command 175
page numbers 149 modifying bibliography templates in styles
Palm handheld 587 433
pasting text from bibliographies 220 modifying citation templates in styles 431
titles 148 modifying reference types 411
Windows Mobile device 601 Search command 232
years 148 field names
entering terms defining in reference types 411, 412
from linked lists 271, 272 including in styles 444
into term lists 260 printing 444
into term lists (automatically) 263 field shading in Word 566
journal abbreviations 262 fields 144, 145, 696
journal names 274 Added to Library 150
ENZ extension 519 adding 411, 412
Equation reference type 659 adding to styles 436
ERIC 678 author fields 408
Esc key 228, 263 Date fields 149
et al. 453, 454 deleting 411, 412, 414
(see also Author List, Editor List) Figure field 409
Excel files, inserting 65, 163 Generic names 407
Exclude Author 315 hiding empty fields 134
Exclude Year 315 Last Updated 150
exit EndNote 119 pages field 409
Index 711
printing 379 filename.enlx 115
removing from styles 436, 437 files installed 30
renaming 411, 412 Film or Broadcast reference type 660
special fields 408 Filter Editor window 481
title fields 408 Filter Manager 478
URL field 409 Filter window
figure citations closing 481
definition 329 example of 483
inserting 94 field cell 484
moving 336 navigating 483
Figure field 155, 160, 409 tag cell 484
figure files filters 697
moving to file attachments 165 adding row(s) to 484
figure lists Author Parsing 491
deleting 338 Between Authors separator 493
moving 337 choosing the correct one 207
Figure reference type 659 continuation lines 495
figures copying 479, 518
deleting 165, 338 creating 511
editing 164 default reference type 497
formatting 333 definition of 477
including captions 163 deleting 480, 519
inserting 160 field editing 499
inserting (CWYW) 330 folder location 551
locating 67 for connection files
positioning 338 getting the latest 37
replacing 165 modifying 510
figures in Word new 480
output style settings 469 record layout 502
preferences 564 reference types 483
File Attachments 166 renaming 481
converting absolute paths to relative paths saving 479
169 smart settings 491
drag-and-drop 167 Filters folder 209, 551
how to link files 166 find (see search)
opening the file 171 Find Citations (CWYW) 298
relative vs. absolute path 168 Find command
removing a linked file 170 in the Connection Manager 517
file extensions in the Filter Manager 478
DOT 293, 294 in the Style Manager 325
ENF 480 using with term lists 267, 268
ENL 113 Find Duplicates command 549
ENLX 115 finding empty fields 229
ENS 427 Finnish dictionary 558
ENZ 519 firewall 641, 697
RTF 351 First Name Parsing
File menu initials only 493
Close Style command 427 Smart Parsing 492
Save As command 427 whole names 493
Save command 427
712 Index
fixing bibliographic formats formatted references 364
(see Special Formatting Characters) adding information 436
folder changing punctuation 435
Program folder 30 numbering 459
folder locations 209, 551, 647 removing information 436
folders text after 460
Connections 551 text before 459
DATA 624 with abstracts 378
DATAPDF 167, 169 formatting
Filter 209 author names 458
Filters 551 bibliographies from multiple Word docs
personal content folders 551 326
preferences 32 bibliographies with instant formatting 320
Searches 238 citations in footnotes 307, 357
Shared folder 31 figures 333
Styles 551 journal names 448
folders installed 30 papers (CWYW) 91, 319
fonts 439, 537 papers (without CWYW) 350
changing display fonts 57 papers using multiple libraries (Format
in library display window 101 Paper) 366
of bibliographies 155 French dictionary 558
of bibliographies in Word (CWYW) 323 FSTA 197
of printed references 376 Full Journal field 272
setting in styles 439 Full Text group 249
used for bibliographies 371, 372
Footnote template, Style editor 430 G
footnotes Gale 685
citations in 307, 357, 466 General Display Font 371, 372, 376, 537
citations in (CWYW) 307 Generate Figure List command 333
citing specific pages 313 generating bibliographies (CWYW) 319
formatting preferences 307 from multiple Word documents 326
foreign language characters (see diacritics) Generic fields 232, 445, 501, 697
format a paper 355 Generic reference type 437, 647, 649, 697
Format Bibliography command, CWYW 298, as a guide 404, 407, 412
321 formatting 433
Format Paper 27, 350 in styles 407
Citation Matches window 353 list of fields 649
citing in footnotes 357 Reference Types preference 411
diacritics 350 Generic template 471, 472
file compatibility 350 German dictionary 558
how to 351 GIF files, inserting 64, 162
OpenOffice 350 global editing 174
previewing formatted references 361 Go To command 240
record numbers 358 Go To EndNote command 285, 288
reformatting 362 Go to ISI link 551
Format Paper command 363 Google Scholar 678
formatted citations, definition 298 Government Document reference type 660
formatted paper 362 Grant reference type 661
opening 354
Index 713
graphics Headline case 500
inserting 162 Hearing reference type 661
inserting (CWYW) 330 Help file 21
grave, see accent grave Hide Connection Status command 195
greater than 234 Hide Empty Fields 134
Greek characters 155, 159 Hide Preview 110
Group ID 523 Hide Selected command 225, 230
Group Policy installations with MSI 614 hiding
grouped references 451 empty fields 134
groups found references 237
about 108, 246 reference preview 110
adding to a custom group 251 reference types 416
creating custom groups 250 hiding groups 247
creating smart groups 252 highlighting (See selecting)
deleting a group 256 HighWire Press 682
deleting references 255 Home key 48
displaying or hiding 247 host refused connection error 641
expanding and collapsing 108 HotSync operation 584
imported references 204, 249 HTML 373
limits 248 Humanities term list 30
online search 183, 188, 246
permanent groups 246 I
renaming 254 Iberian dictionary 558
Search Results 249 ibid 466
searching 254 icons, libraries 101
searching showing references 237 identifiers, in filters 498
temporary 249 IEEE 679
Transferred References 249 IGNORE field 486
Trash 142, 255 Import As Is, filter setting 494
types of groups 246 Import command 205
guided tour Tab-Delimited import errors 214
deleing a custom group 54 import filters 77
entering references 60 import filters (see filters)
importing references 77 Import into Duplicates Library option 203
introducing the EndNote library 45 import traveling library 343
previewing references 48 Imported References group 249
printing references from EndNote 83 importing
saving to a custom group 53 bibliographies 220
searching 83 changing case of imported text 499
searching online databases 69 defining start of reference 502
setting EndNote preferences 56 dictionaries for spell checking 557
sorting references 50 EndNote libraries 205
using Cite While You Write 87 errors 214
excluding duplicate references 80
H excluding duplicates 203
handheld devices 27 from multiple sources in one data file 498
hanging indents 459, 461 from Web pages 674
in CWYW Word documents 323 import filters 77
hardware requirements 26 importing references 77
Palm handheld device 27 journal source data 504
714 Index
MARC records 506 installation 28
options 80, 82, 203, 205 configuring CWYW and Palm OS support
provider lists 674 620
tab-delimited files 211 custom 32
text translation 80 easy deployment 613
text translation option 203 EndNote for Palm OS 27, 580
indents EndNote for Windows Mobile OS 594
(see also Continuation lines) files installed 30
bibliography layout 459 Group Policy 614
in bibliographies 461 mass installations 612
in CWYW documents 323 MSI command line options 617
independent bibliographies 370 options 26
in a plain text file 373 scripted program installations 616
using Copy Formatted 372 instant formatting (CWYW) 320, 323
Index Medicus journal abbreviations 266 enabling/disabling 320, 562
information provider 69, 698 smart tags in Word XP 320
information visualization 129 international distributors 22
InfoTrac 685 Internet address 22
Ingenta 687 in-text citations (see citations)
INIST 685 Is Greater Than, as Search option 233
initials Is Less Than, as Search option 233
(see also Author List panel) Is, as Search option 233
author names 457 ISBN 151
editors (see also Author List) 458 ISI Web of Knowledge 197
from full names 457 ISI-CE import format (Web of Science) 205
Initials Only, filter option 493 ISSN 151
INNOPAC 685 Italian dictionary 558
Insert after field’s text option 177 italic 155, 439
Insert before field’s text option 177
Insert Note command, CWYW 305 J
Insert Selected Citation(s) command (CWYW) JAMA 679
300 Japanese characters 630
Insert Term command 268 journal abbreviations 272, 448
inserting important points 274
citations (CWYW) 297 importing EndNote journals files 278
citations from multiple libraries (CWYW) removing periods 274
303 updating 275
citations from multiple libraries (Format using EndNote’s lists 266
Paper) 366 using when creating bibliographies 277
citations with drag-and-drop 300 Journal Abbreviations command 274, 277, 448
figures 160 relationship to term lists 277
figures (CWYW) 330 Journal Article reference type 662
graphics 162 Journal Article Source Tag 504
journal names into references 274, 277 Journal field 148, 272
multiple citations 301 journal names
multiple citations at once 356 abbreviating 448
PDF and other files 166 entering 148
pictures 162 formatting 448
terms 268, 271, 272 Journal Names Style panel 448
URLs 166
Index 715
Journals term list 271, 409, 416, 449 icon 101
important points 274 important points 101
importing EndNote Journals files 278 importing from Word 343
journal abbreviations 272 locking 119, 608
updating 275 merging 121
JPEG files, inserting 64, 162 moving to different computer 404, 609, 647
Jr., entering with author names 147 opening 118
JSTOR 679 opening old versions 35, 124
renaming 101
K repairing 120
Karger Publishing 679 sharing on a network 119, 608
key commands 48, 105, 135, 145, 692 statistics 102, 138
keyboard commands 690 summary 102, 138
keyboard shortcuts in Word 563, 564 using more than one per paper
keywords CWYW 303
(see also term lists) Format Paper 366
cleaning up 174, 265, 269 libraries used in your Word document (CWYW)
entering 152 323
in manuscript template wizard 295 library display font 103, 537
Keywords field 152 library extension 118
Keywords term list 271 Library of Congress 185
Knowledge Finder 686 library statistics, Palm handheld 590
Korean sort library statistics, Windows Mobile device 604
applying 242 Library toolbar 567
order is lost 632 Library window 47, 85, 101, 103
changing fields 106
L font 537
Label field 152 hiding selected references 225
in formatted references 460 navigating 48, 105
Last Updated field 150 preview 110
late breaking news 21 resizing 103
Latin-1 203 selecting references 138
layout, bibliography 323, 459 showing and hiding references 224
Legal Rule or Regulation reference type 662 sort order 107
less than 234 license.dat file 611
lessons to learn EndNote 43 licensing 610
Letter After Year option 451 limits and limitations
libraries 698 field size 145
backing up 624 Figure field 155
closing 119 libraries 101
closing all at once 119 Notes and Abstract fields 152
compatibility 35, 124 reference fields 144
compressed 115 reference types 404, 647
converting from ProCite 125 references 101
converting from Reference Manager 126 term lists 260
converting to ProCite 127 line spacing
converting to Reference Manager 127 after exporting 375
definition 101 in CWYW bibliographies 323
deleting 119 manuscript templates 292
favorites 116 subject bibliographies 396, 399
716 Index
link to related online references 198 Medline 197
linking term lists to fields 272 Medscape 686
literal text 698 menu 370
Literal vs. EndNote field text 485 Cite While You Write 285, 287
loading searches 238 Edit 372
locating Output Styles 324, 422
attached files 169 Reference Types 61, 134
figures 67 References 225
PDF files 169 Text 439
log file 195, 527, 698 Tools in Word (CWYW) 285, 287
location 550 Window 135
logging on/off text 495 menu commands 690
logical operators 227 Menu keyboard commands 690
Los Alamos National Laboratory 679 Merge Duplicates in Bibliography preference
Lowercasing option 499 366
CWYW 303
M merging
Macintosh 345 citations 356
transferring libraries from 129 libraries 121
Magazine Article reference type 663 MicroPatent 679
Manuscript reference type 663 Microsoft files, attaching to a reference 65, 163
manuscript template wizard Microsoft Word
entering author info 295 Add-in Installation 36
entering keywords 295 Cite While You Write compatibility 281
entering titles 295 Cite While You Write Installation 27, 36
how to use 292 compatibility 26
selecting sections 295 creating bibliographies (CWYW) 319
manuscript templates 291 export traveling library 343
CWYW markers 296 fields shading 566
editing 293, 294 fields, converting to text 346
entering information 294 formatting figures 333
Map reference type 664 inserting figures 330
MARC records 507 keyboard shortcuts 563, 564
creating filter 507, 509 reformatting papers (CWYW) 326
definition 698 removing field codes (CWYW) 346
subfield delimiter 506, 507 sharing documents (CWYW) 346
margins, printing 376 smart tags in XP 320
Mark All 479, 518 traveling library (CWYW) 342
marking search results 174 using manuscript templates 291
mass installations 612 using Master documents (CWYW) 326
Master documents (CWYW) 326 Word 2007 ribbon 288
removing field codes 347 Microsoft Works 350
Match Case option 227 minimize button 103, 135
Change Text command 175 mismatched citations 353, 366
Match Words option 228 misspelled words, correcting 173, 174
Change Text command 175 mnemonic tag 698
Search command 228 modems 69
Matches window 353, 366 modifying citations, CWYW 303
maximize button 103, 135 modifying filters 510
Medical term list 30 modifying terms 269
Index 717
More Info, styles 425 libraries 113
Move Fields tab 178 references 60, 143
Move References to Trash 141 references (changing reference types) 539
moving smart groups 252
bibliographies (CWYW) 328 styles 429, 471
citations (CWYW) 318 term lists 272
figure citations 336 New Connection File command 527
figure lists 337 New Filter command 480
MSI command line options 617 New Reference Type command 437
Multi-Filter import option 498 New Style command 429
multimedia files, inserting 65, 163 New Term command 260, 262
Multiple Citation Separators option 432 Newspaper Article reference type 664
multiple citations 308, 356 NISC 680
inserting (CWYW) 301 non-breaking space 441, 442
separators 432 Norwegian dictionary 558
sort order 463, 465 Not option (Search command) 227, 235, 237
typing 308 NoteBook 222
under one number 451 NoteBuilder 222
multiple libraries, formatting with notes
CWYW 303 adding to bibliographies 459
Format Paper 366 as numbered citations 305
multiple references, selecting 138 in preview 112
multiple Word documents including in reference list 305, 542
Master documents (CWYW) 326 NOTE delimiter 542
multisource import 498 Notes field 152
multi-user access 119, 608 capacity 152
printing 379
N Novell 608
name order 454, 457 number sign (#) 541
filters 492 numbered bibliographies 323, 459
names, entering in author field 242 numbered notes in a paper 305
National Library of Medicine 185 Numbered style 422
Nature 679 numbers
NERAC 680, 686 in Edition field (special case) 149
networks 119, 128 in year field 148
cross-platform 128, 129 page 149
custom settings 609 searching for 229
easy installer deployment 613 sorting 149
Group Policy installations 614
mass installations 612 O
mixed platform 608 OCLC 184, 680, 686
MSI command line options 617 ODT extension 350
multi-user access 128 OhioLink 680
multi-user library access 119, 608 Omit from showing references option (Search
scripted program installations 616 command) 237
special issues 608 omitting
new author names from citations 304, 310
connection file 527 characters from import 500
custom groups 250 years from citations 304, 310
filter 480 OmniViz 129
718 Index
online connections 189 overwriting reference types 415
online database 69 OVID 680
Online Database reference type 665 OVID SilverPlatter 680
online database searching 69, 182 Ovid Technologies 686
connecting 188 direct import 498
how to 183 Oxford Press Journals 680
limitations 192
pause 193 P
picking favorite connection files 186 p./pp. 445
saving references 193 Pacific Northwest Labs 680
searching 189 Page Down key 48
the Connection Status window 195 Page Layout tab, subject bibliography 397
the Log file 195 page numbers
online databases, importing from 206 adding to citations 314
online help 21 entering 149
Online Multimedia reference type 665 excluding from citations (CWYW) 305
Online preferences 171, 550 formatting (see also styles) 447
Online Search 69 formatting options 447
Online Search group 246 in footnotes 313
onscreen preview 377 including p. or pg. 443, 445
OPAC 523 page ranges 447
Open command 118 searching for 229
Open File 171 singular/plural 445
Open Filter Manager 478 Page Numbers command 447
Open Link 172 Page Setup command 377
Open Link command 153, 409, 550 Page Up key 48
Open List command 270 Pages field 149, 409
Open Style Manager 324, 423 Palm handheld
Open URL 171 beaming references 590
opening compatible devices 581
attached file 171 deleting references 588
connection files 516 displaying references 586
filters 511 editing references 588
formatted papers 354 entering references 587
libraries 118 installing EndNote 580
linked file 171 library statistics 590
linked URL 171 preferences 591
Macintosh EndNote libraries 128 requirements 580
old libraries 35, 124 searching 589
references 51, 139 synchronizing libraries 584
styles 422 Palm handheld device 27
OpenOffice 26, 350 Pamphlet reference type 666
OpenURL Link 198 paper clip column header 67
enabling 559 papers
preferences 558 CWYW with Word 282
Options menu 491 Format Paper instructions 351
Or option (Search command) 227 formatted vs. unformatted 362
Original Publication field 150 saving as RTF 352
output styles (see styles) Papyrus 222
Output Styles menu 324, 422 passwords 184, 523, 643
Index 719
Paste command 122, 156 preferences 560
Paste with Text Styles command 156 attached files 560
pasting references 364 change case 545
Patent reference type 666 Cite While You Write 561
PatentCafe 680 connection log file 550
PDF file CWYW application 565
absolute path 168 display fonts 537
converting absolute paths to relative paths duplicates 549
169 EndNote Web 560
drag-and-drop 167 figures and tables 564
limit to PDF links in a single reference 167 folder locations 209, 551
linking to 166 formatting 546
opening the file 171 libraries 535
preferences 560 library display fields 548
relative path 168 online settings 550
relative vs. absolute path 168 OpenURL Link 558
removing a linked file 170 reference types 539
performances, reviews 151 sorting 543
periods spell check 554
missing in bibliography 444 subject bibliography 391
permanent groups 246 temporary citations 540
permissions 119 term lists 553
permissions, network 608 Web Browser settings 550
Personal Communication reference type 144, Windows registry 535
667 prefix text
personal folder locations 551 add to citation with CWYW 304
personal titles, entering 147 before citations 311
pg./pgs 445 previewing
Ph. D., entering with author names 147 Alt+P 110
picture file bibliographies 85
inserting in EndNote 162 multiple references 112
inserting in Word 94 notes only 112
PILOTS 681 references 48, 377
Plain Font 136, 155, 439 resizing Library window preview 110
Plain Size 136, 155, 439 styles 425
Plain Style 155, 439 printing 385
Plain Text 156 (see also creating bibliographies, styles,
platforms, moving CWYW docs 345 and independent bibliographies)
plug-in for EndNote Web CWYW 576 abstracts 378
PMID 232, 508 changing fonts 537
PNAS Online 681 fonts 376
PNG files, inserting 64, 162 important points 376
Pocket PC (see Windows Mobile device) individual fields 379
Port ID 523, 529 margins and headers 376
portable link 168 notes 378, 379
Portuguese dictionary 558 onscreen preview 378
Position attribute 525 page setup 377
positioning figures 338 subject bibliography 382
PowerPoint files, inserting 65, 163 ProCite 125, 127, 222
predefined reference types 647 ProQuest 681, 686
720 Index
proxy server 641, 699 role in formatting bibliographies 341, 358
PsycInfo 686 searching for 229
PsycInfo Online 675 showing in Library window 106
Publish or Perish 222 using text in place of 309
publisher guidelines 291 record syntax 523, 529
publishers Record Termination (filters) 503
removing field codes (CWYW) 346 recovering damaged libraries 120
submitting papers 346 Recycle Bin 119
submitting papers (CWYW) 346 recycling reference numbers, subject
PubMed 185, 687, 699 bibliography 394
Pubmed Practice Database 69 red text 259, 267, 553
punctuation turning off 553
after each reference 460 Ref-11 222
author name separators (citations) 454 Refer 222
dashes in numbered citations 451 Refer format, summary 217
in bibliographies 439 Refer/BibIX 205
in formatted references (see also styles) reference lists, (see bibliographies)
435 Reference Manager 126, 127, 222
in styles 439 Reference Manager (RIS) import option 205
missing in bibliography 444 reference prefixes 437, 459, 461
removing periods from journal names 274 reference suffixes 437, 460
separating authors in bibliography 452 Reference toolbar 568
separating multiple citations 432 Reference Type tag 488
sorting 242 Reference Type template 483
reference types 144, 404, 539, 699
Q adding 412, 415, 437
Quick Search 226 adding fields 413
quit Endnote 119 bibliographic format 434
changing 415
R choosing 144
range creating 404, 415, 647
dates 149 customizing 144, 404, 412, 647
page numbers 149 default 143
selecting references 139 definition 404
Readme.txt file 21 deleting 404, 412, 416, 647
read-only libraries 119, 608 deleting fields 414
rebuilding damaged libraries 120 fields 144
Recheck List command 365 Generic 412
Record Data 527 hiding 416
Record Layout important points 404
Record Layout command 502, 504 in styles 406
smart record identification 502 limits 404, 647
record locking 119, 608 predefined 647
Record Number Marker 541 special fields 408
record numbers 107, 121, 133 tips for choosing 144
and deleted references 142 Unused 415
before each formatted reference 460 Reference Types command 412
in temporary citations 309, 314 Reference Types menu 61, 134, 144
printing 460 Reference Types Table 404, 647
reassigned for pasted references 158
Index 721
Reference window 52, 60, 140, 341, 358 with different styles (CWYW) 326
definition 134 with new citations (CWYW) 326
fields 144 RefViz 129
moving between fields 52, 135 Relation attribute 525
references relative path
adding text before or after 459 definition 168
available types 404, 647 PDF preference 560
capacity 144 selecting for PDF files 168
choosing reference type 143 release notes 21
citing in papers 355 removing
closing 52, 66 EndNote 621
copying and pasting 122 removing (see deleting)
copying in bibliographic format 372 removing field codes, CWYW 346
deleting 141, 359 removing references from a custom group 251
deleting duplicates 240 renaming
discarding changes 141 connection files 521
editing 140 fields 411, 412
entering 145 filters 481
entering (see entering references) groups 254
entering text from term lists 267 libraries 101
exporting 373 styles 428
fields 144 term lists 270
finding in library from citations 340 repairing libraries 120
global editing 174 repeated citations, in footnotes 466
hiding empty fields 134 Replace whole field with option 177
hiding reference types 416 replacing
hiding references 224 figures 165
important points 133 text 175
keywords 174 Report reference type 667
new 61, 143 Reprint Edition field 151
opening 51, 139 reprints on file 151
previewing 48 republished material 150
saving 141 requirements 26
searching 83 EndNote for Palm OS 27
selecting 51, 105, 138 Rescan Paper command 365
show/hide empty fields 134 ResearchSoft contact info 21
showing 224, 231 resize window 103
sorting 50, 242 resize, Library preview tab 110
templates 158 restore
transferring to EndNote Web 572 EndNote default preferences 534
transferring to other libraries 122, 157 Library window 103
unselecting 139 restoring a compressed library 116
viewing information 135 restricting searches to fields 237
References menu 225 Retain Capitalization (Change Text command)
References tab, subject bibliography 391 176
reformatting retrieved references 191
bibliographies (Format Paper) 355 Retrieved References window 194, 699
edited bibliography 285, 289 Revert Connection 481
papers 362 Revert Reference 141
722 Index
Revert Style 428 canceling 228
reverting cleaning up search results 229
changes to references 141 combining search results 227, 236, 237
changes to styles 428 comparison operators 232
resetting preferences to defaults 534 complex searches 237
Reviewed Item field 151 deleting search lines 236
reviews, of various works 151 diacritics (accents) 228
ribbon in Word 2007 288 introduction 226
Rich Text Format 350 Match Case 227
RLG 681 partial words 228
RTF Document Scan (Format Paper) 350 removing results from showing references
RTF file extension 351, 699 237
RTF files 27 restricting to certain fields 232
compatibility 26 Search showing references option 237
definition 699 using term lists 259
Format Paper 350 viewing the references not found 230
running Setup 28, 611 Search Field Name attribute 524
Search Fields 529
S search lines 226
sales information 22 adding and deleting 236
Save As Search Remote option 182
filters 479, 518 search results 191
styles 426 Search Results group 249
Save As command 427 Search Set list 227, 236
Save command 141 Search showing references option (Search
Save Term button 262 command) 237
saving Search tab 71
connection files 519 comparison list 227
files for other word processors (CWYW) description 226
345 Match Words option 228
filters 479 search line 226
references 141 Set list 227
searches 238 searches
styles 427, 472 adding results to showing references 227
Word files without field codes (CWYW) canceling 228
346 combination 235–237
Scan Next command 363 combining search results 236
Science Direct 677 complex 235–237
Science Magazine 681 diacritics 228
SciFinder 684 empty fields 229
Scopus 681 finding carriage returns & tabs 228
scripted program installations 616 for numbers 229
scroll bar 48, 135 for partial words 228
search and replace, (see Change Text and for symbols 234
Change Field commands) guided tour of EndNote searching 83
search attributes 524, 525 loading 238
Search command 224, 225 loading saved searches 238
Add to showing references option 237 marking search results 174
adding search lines 235, 236 Match Words 228
Boolean operators 235 omitting results from showing references
Index 723
227, 237 Show Preview 110
online databases 69, 182 styles 425
Palm handheld 589 Show Selected command 225
partial words 228 SilverPlatter 478, 482, 680, 687
references that do not include a term 237 singe user license 610
restricted to certain fields 232 site license 610
restricted to the showing references 227, site license installer 611
237 size, bibliography font in Word 323
saving strategies 238 small caps 454, 457
Web of Science 701 Smart Groups
Windows Mobile device 603 creating 252
years 229 deleting 256
searching editing 253
groups 254 renaming 254
Quick Search 226 searching 254
Secondary Author 445, 458 Smart Indent Identification 496
section 508 23 Smart Parsing 505
sections, in manuscript template wizard 295 first name parsing 492
Select All command 139, 230, 485 individual author name separators 494
selected references multiple author separators 493
exporting 374 Smart Record Identification 502
selected references, exporting 373 smart settings, in filters 491
selecting references 51, 105, 138 smart tags, in Word XP 320
semicolons, in citations 312 Smartphone 594
Sentence case 500 Sort Library command 107, 242
Serial reference type 668 sorting
Series Editor field 459 (see also styles)
Server Address 522 author names 242
Server Description 522 bibliographies 463–465
setting a favorite library 56 custom sort order 465
sharing exported references 374
libraries across EndNote versions 123 library window 107, 241
libraries across platforms 128 multiple citations 463
libraries on a network 119, 608 omitting articles 543
term lists 274 omitting names 543
Word documents (CWYW) 346 reference list 463
Shift key, for selecting references 139 references 50
Shift-Tab 135 subject bibliography 392
Short Title field 149, 467 subject terms 395
shortcuts Title field 243
in Word 563 source line 487, 504
key commands in EndNote 145, 692 unmatched 505
shortcut menus 567 source parsing 504
toolbars 567 Source Parsing command 504
shortened form of citations 466 Source tag, defining 504
Show All Fields style 422 spaces
Show All References command 225, 231 between references 461
Show Connection Status command 195, 527 in bibliographies 440
Show Empty Fields 134 in bibliographies (CWYW) 323
Show Info, styles 425 missing in bibliographies 444
724 Index
Spanish dictionary 558 fields 440
special formatting characters 442 figures and tables in Word 469
back apostrophes (`) 444 fonts and text styles 439
caret 445 for notes only 379
option-space 442 forced separation 443
vertical bar (|) 443 formatting different reference types 434
spell checking 173 Generic template 407, 433
modifying dictionaries 556 getting the latest 37
preferences 554 hanging indent 461
spelling errors, correcting globally 174 inserting fields 472
Sr., entering with author names 147 inserting Tabs 462
St. John of God, Ireland 682 Journal Abbreviations command 448
Standard reference type 668 journal names 448
Stanford University HighWire Press 682 letter after year 451
StarOffice 26, 350 making backups 624
starting EndNote 45 modifying to include abstracts 378
statistics about libraries 102, 138 multiple citation separators 432
Status window 195 naming 422
Statute reference type 669 navigation 462
STN 687 new 429, 471
Structure attribute 525 number ranges 451
Style editor 430 numbered formats 451, 459
Bibliographies panel 430 options 446
Citations 430 page numbers 447
Footnotes 430 prefixes 437
Style Manager 324, 422 previewing 425, 426
location of styles 551 punctuation 439, 442
Style window 421, 430 relation to reference types 406
closing 428 removing fields 436, 437
styled text (in bibliographies) 439 renaming 428
styled text (subject bibliographies) 396 reverting changes to 428
styles 421, 700 rules 439
accent grave (`) 445 saving 427, 472
adding Abstracts 378 selecting 422
adding fields 436 selecting as favorites 325
adding reference types 437 selecting for CWYW 322
author name separators 452 showing field names 444
blank lines in bibliography 461 Sort Order command 463
citation template 431, 432, 472 sorting 463
copying 426, 428 spaces 440
creating 471 special formatting characters 442
creating (example) 471 suffixes 437, 460
creation dates 424 tabs 461, 462
definition 421 templates 431
deleting 427 updated 429
editing 426, 431 vertical bar (|) 443, 444
editor names 459 Styles folder 551
entering Tabs 462 subdocuments (CWYW) 326
Index 725
subject bibliography tag line indicators 296
applying styles 396 tagged data 700
Bibliography Layout tab 398 tags 698, 700
by call numbers 401 technical drawing files, inserting 65, 163
examples 400 technical support 22
font and size 397 Telemed 682
margins 397 Templates
Page Layout tab 397 folder 30, 31
printing 382 templates 700
record IDs 394 filters 482
References tab 391 for Microsoft Word 291
selecting fields 383 references 158
selecting terms 384 styles 431
settings 391 temporary citation delimiters 541
sorting 392, 395 changing in Word (CWYW) 322
term counts 394 temporary citations 308, 351, 353, 355
Terms tab 392 (see also citations)
subject list 385 changing markers 540
printing 385 components 307
subject term counts 394 CWYW, inserting 297
subject terms, sorting 395 definition 297
submitting papers to publishers (CWYW) 346 delimiters 541
subscript 155 modifying 307
subscription databases 700 modifying (CWYW) 303
suffix text omitting author and year 546
add to citations 312 omitting components 308, 310
add to citations (CWYW) 305 record number only 546
Suggest Terms as You Type 146, 553, 554 typing 307, 546
summary of library statistics 102, 138 temporary groups 249
superscript 155, 439 term counts, subject bibliography 394
support, technical 22 term lists 30, 145, 700
SUTRS 523 4-column journal lists 272
Swedish dictionary 558 auto-completion 259
Symbol font 155 automatic updating 259, 261
symbols 159 capacity 260
in searches 234 chemistry 266
System requirements 26 creating 272
customizing delimiters 271
T deleting terms 269
Tab-Delimited import option 205 editing terms 269
errors 214 entering new terms 260
Table reference type 654 exporting 274
tables in Word humanities 266
output style settings 469 important points 260
preferences 564 importing 266
tabs 459 importing EndNote Journals files 278
Change Field 178 importing into 266
Change Text 177 inserting terms into references 267, 268,
searching for 228 271
Tag cell 484 introduction 259
726 Index
journal abbreviations 272, 277 Format Paper 352
Journals term list 272, 274 in Word 36, 285, 287
medical 266 Manuscript Templates 292
pasting text into 263 online database searching 183
predefined (default) lists 271 Recover Library 120
preferences 553 Spell Check 173
removing links to fields 273 Subject Bibliography 383
renaming 270 Term lists 259
sharing 274 tour of EndNote 43
updating from references 263, 264 training 23
using with Find, Change Text, and Change transfer references
Field commands 267, 268 Cite While You Write issues 576
terms (see term lists) duplicate references 571
Terms folder 30 figures and linked files 571
Terms menu 262, 270, 272 fonts and styles 571
Terms tab, subject bibliography 392 how to transfer references 572
Tertiary Author 445 limitations 571
text before citations 311 overview of EndNote Web 570
text encoding, when importing data 523 remember email and password 573
text files 701 transferring
text in bibliographies 441 libraries, Mac to Windows 129
Text menu 439 libraries, Windows to Mac 128
Text Only export 373 references between libraries 157
text styles, in formatted references 439 term lists between libraries 274
Text toolbar 568 Trash 141
text translation 203 Trash group 142
importing 80 traveling library (CWYW) 342
text, changing fonts and sizes 323, 537 exporting to EndNote 343
Thesis reference type 669 troubleshooting 629, 673
Thieme 682 Add-in installation (Word) 635
Thomson ResearchSoft contact info 21 connections 640
TIFF files, inserting 64, 162 damaged library 633
timeout error message 641 double-byte characters 631
Titles 148, 408 empty library 632
changing case 545 firewalls and proxy servers 641
entering 148 library compatibility 123, 631
in manuscript template wizard 295 Unicode characters 630
shortened forms 149, 467 Truncation attribute 525
sorting 243 turn on/off instant formatting 320, 562
toggle empty fields 134 types of references (see reference types)
toolbars typing
CWYW in Word 287 citations into your paper 307
EndNote Web CWYW 577 EndNote suggests terms 259, 267
EndNote X2 in Word 287 Typing Display Font command 156
Library 567 printing font 376
Reference 568
text 568 U
Tools menu UnCover 687
Configure Handheld Sync 583, 596 underline 155, 439
Data Visualization 129 Undo command 141
Index 727
unformatted citations, definition 297 viewing information in references 135
unformatted papers 362 Virtual Health Library 687
Unicode 50, 136, 159, 160, 266, 537, 557, 585, Visio files, inserting 65, 163
598, 630, 701 vol. 441, 443
uninstalling EndNote 38, 621 volume installations 610
unique identifiers 508 volume installer 611
unlinking field codes (CWYW) 346 volume license 610
unlocking the volume installer 611 VPAT 23
Unmark All 479
Unpublished Work reference type 670 W
Unselect All command 139 Web addresses
unselecting references 139 clickable links 152
unzipping a compressed library 116 entering 152
Update List command 224, 260, 263 Link to URL 166
canceling 263 opening a linked URL 171
important points 263 Web browser, setting a default 550
journal abbreviations 275 Web of Knowledge 197, 687
updating full record charges 198
EndNote enhancements 37 local servers 198
figure lists 333 searching 197
getting the latest filters, styles, connection Web of Science 197, 682, 687, 701
files 37 base URL 551
Journals list 275 hot URL 701
term lists 263 importing from 205
updating term lists 261, 553 Web Page reference type 670
during data entry 554 Web pages
when importing or pasting references 554 exporting/importing references 82
upgrading Web to desktop 572
converting EndNote Journals files 278 WebFeat 682
from earlier versions 34 website, EndNote 22, 23
uppercase to lowercase 499 WebSPIRS 687
URL field 409 Whole Names 493
URLs 152 WilsonWeb 682, 687
clickable links 152 window
definition 166, 701 close 53
entering 152 open 52
jump to Web of Knowledge reference 197 reference 52
linking to 166 window corner 103, 134
Use attribute 525 Window menu 135
Use Default Browser option 550 Windows 345
Use Number Ranges option 451 Windows installation 28
User dictionary 558 Windows Mobile device
User ID 523, 643 deleting references 602, 603
using multiple computers 344, 368 displaying references 599
USMARC 523 editing references 602, 603
UTF-8 266, 557 entering references 601
installing EndNote 594
V library statistics 604
vertical bar (|) 443, 490 preferences 604
VHL 687 requirements 594
728 Index
searching 603
synchronizing libraries 597
Unicode compliance 598
Windows Mobile operating system 594
Windows registry 535
wizard, for Word Templates 291
Word begins with, as Search option 233
word processor files
compatibility 350
copying references from 220
CWYW compatibility 281
WordPad 26, 350
WordPerfect 350
working on different computers 344, 368
workstation license 610
World Wide Web 373
WorldCat 687
WoS (see Web of Science)
www.endnote.com 22, 23
www.endnoteweb.com 570
www.myendnoteweb.com 577
X
XML
exporting 373
importing 205
Y
Year field 148
years
2-digits 432
entering 148
exclude from citation 304
in temporary citations 309
letters after 451
omitting from citations 308, 310
searching 229
Z
Z39.50 182, 701
command line searching 529
zipped libraries 115
Zoological Records 197
Index 729

Manual Endnote X2

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EndNote®

Copyright © 2008 The Thomson Corporation

Chapter 1 Welcome to EndNote

Chapter 2 Installing and Upgrading EndNote

Chapter 3 The EndNote Guided Tour

Chapter 5 Entering and Editing References

Chapter 6 Searching Online Databases with EndNote

Chapter 8 Searching and Sorting in EndNote

Chapter 9 Using Groups

Chapter 10 Term Lists

Chapter 12 Scanning and Formatting Files

Chapter 13 Creating an Independent Bibliography

Chapter 14 Creating Subject Bibliographies and Subject Lists

Chapter 15 Reference Types

Chapter 16 Bibliographic Styles

Chapter 19 Preferences, Toolbars, and Shortcuts

Chapter 21 Using EndNote on a Palm OS Handheld

Chapter 22 Using EndNote on a Windows Mobile Device

Appendix A Making Backup Copies of Your EndNote Files

Appendix D Direct Export Formats and Import Formats

Appendix E Keyboard Commands

The EndNote Glossary .................................................................................................. 695

Index ................................................................................................................ 703

About This Manual

20 Chapter 1: Welcome to EndNote

Chapter 1: Welcome to EndNote 21

Customer Support (Orders, Billing, and Shipping)

Technical Contact Technical Support at Thomson ResearchSoft if you

International For customer support or technical support outside of North

Technical Go to http://www.endnote.com, click on Contact Us, and then

22 Chapter 1: Welcome to EndNote

ADA VPAT Thomson ResearchSoft is dedicated to developing software

What’s New in EndNote X2

Chapter 1: Welcome to EndNote 23

For references entered with EndNote version X1 or earlier,

24 Chapter 1: Welcome to EndNote

Program EndNote is available on CD or by downloading. If you have a CD

Word As of June 2008, EndNote for Windows is compatible with:

26 Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote

EndNote for If your computer has software installed to allow synchronizing

Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote 27

Installing To install EndNote:

28 Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote

Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote 29

30 Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote

Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote 31

Custom Although we recommend that you use the Complete installation

NOTE: If the installer detects another copy of EndNote in the

32 Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote

Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote 33

Upgrading from an Earlier EndNote Version

Install the upgrade just as you would a new installation. See

Backing Up or If Setup detects an earlier copy of the EndNote program in the

34 Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote

Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote 35

In Word 2007, you should see an EndNote tab.

Cite While You Write commands may not be available if you

36 Chapter 2: Installing and Upgrading EndNote

Automatically Updating Files