INDIVIDUAL TASK

FOREST FIRE

By :
SAFIRA AR RAHMAH RAMADANI S
K 111 16 803

DEPARTEMEN EPIDEMIOLOGI
FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
2019
A. Background
Indonesia is a country that has the largest tropical rainforest in Asia and has the most
important biodiversity in the world. In general, Indonesia has 30,000 - 40,000 plant species,
or more than 10% of the world's flora. while the micro-diversity of organisms in the tropics
is very large and unique, but has not been explored optimally both from mapping and its
functions.
Biota diversity can change due to ongoing forest fires, especially in 1997/1998. Various
studies indicate that biological diversity is affected by forest fires. Forest fires will damage
five sectors, namely natural succession, production of organic material and decomposition
processes, nutrient cycles, hydrological cycles and soil formations. Forest fires will also
damage the function of forests as climate regulation and decrease the absorption of carbon
dioxide. Indirect forest fires will also damage water availability. Research on ecosystem
degradation by the effects of forest fires in recent decades has increased rapidly. This is
caused by increasing cases of forest fires and wider areas. Very high heat will damage and
reduce the diversity and abundance of biota. Forest fires also have a huge effect on the risk
of erosion by wind and water. The global impact of forest fires is damage to ecosystems.
Forest and land fires are a recurrent phenomena in Indonesia and little progress has been
made in reducing their occurrence. The mineral and peat fire in 2015 burnt 2.6 million
hectares, mostly in the provinces of Riau, South Sumatra, Jambi, Central Kalimantan, West
Kalimantan and Papua, and costed USD16.1 billion as estimated by the World Bank in
2015.
Forest and land fires in Indonesia are of local, national and global concern. These
anthropogenic fires and hazes caused the death of 19 people and half a million of cases of
acute respiratory infections in 2015. However, the premature death was much higher and
estimated 100,300 people. They also caused environmental, economic, and public education
losses, mostly in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua. Seven provinces were severely affected
by haze: Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Central
Kalimantan and Papua. Of the 2.6 million hectares of burnt area, 33% was peat land with the
remainder mineral land. However, the peat land emitted much more haze compared the
mineral soil. It was estimated the total emissions from Indonesian fires in 2015 were 1.2
billion tonne CO2 equivalent, a figure which may not be balanced by re-growth following
 the fires. The economic disruption caused by the haze has been enormous. In 2015, the cost
of fire and haze was USD 16.1 billion. These losses consisted of water resource damage,
carbon emissions, destruction of vegetation, biodiversity loss, health expenses, business
travel disruption and the cost of ecosystem restoration. The global effects of the fires
included global warming, reduced temperatures and light intensity, and a potential influence
on the El Niño Southern Oscillation or ENSO.

B. Purpose
1. To know the causes of the Fire forest
2. To know the health problems after Fire Forest
3. To know the prevention of Fire Forest
4. To Know the mitigation of the Fire Forest

C. Result
1. Cause of Fire Forest
Forest fires are one of the impacts of increasing levels of pressure on forest resources.
The impacts associated with forest or land fires are environmental damage and pollution,
such as damage to flora and fauna, soil and water. Forest and land fires in Indonesia occur
almost every year even though the frequency, intensity, and area are different.
In general, forest fires that occur in Indonesia are caused by three main factors, namely
fuel conditions, weather, and social culture of the community. Fuel conditions that are
prone to fire hazard is abundant on the forest floor, the water content is relatively low
(dry), and the availability of sustainable fuel. Climate factors such as temperature,
humidity, wind and rainfall also determine vulnerability Fire. High temperatures due to
solar radiation directly cause fuel dry and flammable, high humidity (in forests with
dense vegetation) reduce the chance of forest fires, wind also influences the drying
process fuel and the speed of the spread of fire while rainfall affects the size water
content contained in fuel
Some factors that cause forest fires include:
a. Use of fire in land preparation activities. Communities around forest areas often
use fire for land preparation, both to make agricultural land and plantations such
 as coffee and cocoa. The high difference in production costs is one factor driving
the use of fire in land preparation activities. The method of using fire in land
preparation activities is carried out because it is cheap in terms of cost and
effective in terms of time and the results achieved are quite satisfactory.
b. There is disappointment with the forest management system. Various social
conflicts often appear in the community around the forest area. Conflict
experienced especially the problem of conflict over forest management systems
that did not provide economic benefits to the community. Some people's
dissatisfaction with forest management can lead people to act anarchically without
taking into account conservation or legal rules.
c. Illegal logging or illegal logging. Illegal logging or illegal logging activities
produce more critical lands with high level of fire hazard. Often, uncontrolled fire
easily propagates to the area of critical forests. Activities of illegal logging or
illegal logging often leave fuel (leaves, branches, and twigs) that are increasingly
increasing and accumulate in the forest area which in the dry season will dry out
and be very potent as a cause of forest fires.
d. Need for Forage Livestock (HMT). The life of the people around the forest area
cannot be separated from livestock and grazing. Livestock (especially cows) is a
form of side business to make ends meet family. The need for forages and grazing
areas is one thing that must be done fulfilled. To get good quality grass and
palatability the people usually burn down unproductive pasture areas. After the
burning grassland area will grow new grasses that have better quality and high
nutritional content.
e. Forest encroachment. Another factor that is not less important as the agent that
causes forest fires is migration residents in forest areas (forest encroachers).
Whether we realize it or not, it's getting longer, people's life needs will increase
along with the increasing number of families and increasingly complex life needs.
This requires residents to increase the area their arable land so that their
agricultural produce can meet their daily needs.
f. Another cause. Other causes that can trigger fires are a lack of awareness society
against the dangers of fire. Usually the form of activity that is the cause is
 accidental offender. For example the community has a high interaction with the
forest. One form of interaction is the habit of residents taking the usual rattan
while working they lit cigarettes. Unconsciously they threw away cigarette butts
in forest areas that have the potential for abundant fuel so that it is possible case of
fire.

2. Health Problems after Fire Forest

The World Health Organization estimates that around 20 million Indonesians have been
exposed to the smoke of forest fires which has resulted in various pulmonary and
respiratory system disorders. About 25.6 million people consisting of 22.6 million people
in Sumatra and 3 million people in Kalimantan were victims of the smoke caused by
forest and land fires.
Large amounts of smoke chemicals from forest fires cause air pollution. Air pollution
occurs because of the presence of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide
(SO2), formaldehyde, akrelein, benzene, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone (O3), tin,
particulate matter (PM10), fine particles (PM2 , 5), coarse particles (PM25-10). This
particulate can cause cardiovascular disease until death.
Forest fire disasters also affect people's health in the form of diseases related to the
respiratory tract, such as Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (ISPA), pneumonia, asthma,
eye irritation, and skin irritation. Haze pollution originating from forest fires contains a
mixture of gases, particles and chemicals due to incomplete combustion of organic
materials in the forest or land (sergeant, plant residues, etc.). The mixture of gases,
particles and chemicals contained in smog gives a lot of health effects. In the fast (acute),
smoke from forest fires will cause irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. Usually this
causes symptoms of sore and runny eyes, uncomfortable nose and itching and sore throat
which can facilitate the occurrence of acute respiratory infections (ARI). These adverse
effects threaten the health of everyone, especially infants and children who experience
high vulnerability to exposure and contracting health diseases due to the haze of forest
and land fires.
In general, haze can interfere with the health of all people, both those who are healthy and
sick. Under certain health conditions, people will become more prone to health problems
 due to smog than others, especially in people with pulmonary and cardiovascular
disorders, the elderly, and children.
a. Smoke fog can cause local or local irritation to the mucous membranes in the
nose, mouth and throat which is directly hit by the smoke of forest fires. As well
as causing allergic reactions, inflammation and possibly infection.
b. Similar disorders can also occur in the eyes and skin, which directly contact with
the smoke of forest fires, causing complaints of itching, runny eyes, inflammation
and burdensome infections.
c. The impact of smog can aggravate asthma and other chronic lung diseases, such
as chronic bronchitis, COPD. Because the smoke of forest fires will be inhaled
into the lungs. The ability of the lung to work is reduced and causes people to get
tired easily and have difficulty breathing.
d. The ability of the lungs and respiratory tract to overcome the infection is reduced,
leading to easier infection. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) become easier to
occur, mainly because of the imbalance of the body's resistance (host), bacterial /
viral patterns etc. causes of disease (agent) and poor environment (environment).
e. Pollutants in the smoke of forest fires that fall on the earth's surface may also be a
source of pollutants in clean water and unprotected food facilities. If then the
water and contaminated food is consumed by the community, then it is not
impossible for gastrointestinal disorders and other diseases to occur.
f. In general, various chronic diseases in various organs of the body (heart, liver,
kidneys etc.) can also worsen. This occurs because of the direct impact of smoke
haze, as well as the indirect impact where smoke haze decreases the body's
resistance and also causes stress.
g. Those who are elderly and children (also those who have chronic diseases) with
low immune system will be more vulnerable to health problems.

3. How to prevent Fire Forest

Forest fires are caused by human activity. As a result, many people have to be affected
because humans are not responsible. Preventing forests from fires is an important thing
that must be known by residents and officers who are in the area around the forest.
 Because, it is not impossible just because trivial things can occur forest fires and cause
fatal ecosystem damage. And here are tips on preventing forest and land fires :
a. Provide education
There are still many people living around the forest who still do not have sufficient
knowledge about the forest and cause fatal ecosystem damage. There are still many
people who burn grass during the dry season accompanied by strong winds. So that
the spread of fire will be easy and widespread. So it is necessary to provide
understanding to the community around the forest not to burn grass and debris.
b. Performing burning activities with a minimum distance specified
As is known, the minimum distance that must be considered for combustion of
garbage or debris is at least 50 feet from the building and 500 feet from the forest.
This must be applied by people who want to burn grass in the forest area.
c. Make sure the fire is goes out
Before residents leave the kiln, it is advisable to clean the area from flammable
materials.
d. Avoid burning when it's windy
Strong winds are a major factor in widespread forest fires. The fire will be firmer and
bigger and of course this is very dangerous

4. How is the disaster mitigation

The fire mitigation is an effort that can be done to prevent, alert, extinguish and and
prevent the fires, thus fire prevention is an action where we make preparations before the
disaster occurs.
BPBD also plays an important role in conducting fire prevention, namely by providing
socialization to the community, impacts, hazards, and ways to deal with when forest fires
occur, and by disseminating information on forest and land fire disasters that can have
potential haze and drought through local electronic media. Another early warning is to
educate the community with the aim of increasing public awareness of forest fires. This
extension can also be done by practicing directly in the field to deal with fire threats, so
that people can know what they have to do when there is a threat of a fire disaster
The activities of the BPBD in carrying out forest and land fire disaster management also
have several other activities such as:
a. Making a water reservoir BPBD conducts community empowerment, so that the
community can make water reservoirs in areas near points prone to forest and land
fires. With the existence of a water reservoir, the hope is that if there is a forest
and land fire it can be minimized by putting out the fire from the water reservoir
that has been provided.
b. Mapping fire-prone areas By conducting mapping in fire-prone areas it is hoped
that the community will be more focused and know which fires often occur in
accordance with the conditions in the field. The results of the mapping will be
made as detailed as possible in order to make it easier for the public or agencies to
be more aware of the fire hazard points and the results of mapping can also be
used as guidelines by various agencies in carrying out their activities in each
regional or regional unit.
c. Providing a fast, integrated and accurate forest fire information system. By
providing a forest fire information system, it will be able to help related parties or
the community in order to anticipate areas that are not present in disaster-prone
points. Because it does not rule out the possibility that areas that are not at the
point of fire will later experience forest and land fires at any time. So that the
information system of forest and land fires is needed to always provide fast,
integrated and accurate information about areas that are at risk of being prone to
disasters or those that are not in disaster-prone points. This can be done by
analyzing the conditions of the environment in the area.
d. Monitoring weather and air conditions Monitoring is done to find out how the
weather conditions before the threat of forest fires. So, if at any time there are
signs of threats of forest and land fires, the BPBD can act swiftly and quickly to
cope with the fire so that it does not spread widely and this monitoring is also
carried out to be able to control the spread of smoke pollution caused by forest
and land fires
D. Closing
1. Conclusion
In general, forest fires are influenced by 2 (two) of these main factors, namely
natural factors and human activity factors
Forest fire disasters also affect people's health in the form of diseases related to the
respiratory tract, such as Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (ISPA), pneumonia, asthma,
eye irritation, and skin irritation
Preventing forests from fires is an important thing that must be known by residents
and officers who are in the area around the forest. Because, it is not impossible just
because trivial things can occur forest fires and cause fatal ecosystem damage. And here
are tips on preventing forest and land fires
The basic principle in efforts to mitigate forest and land fires is more focused on the
pre-disaster stage (before a disaster occurs). Because the existence of disaster
management in the pre-disaster stage will be able to minimize or minimize the adverse
effects of disasters and anticipate the possibility of a disaster

2. Suggestion
1. More intensive socialization is needed to prevent forest fires which are focused on
counseling land clearing without burning and community awareness through good
communication between officers and the community.
2. There needs to be additional facilities to extinguish forest fires such as monitoring
towers, fire trucks and equipment used by officers and communities in extinguishing
fires.
3. It is necessary to increase the professionalism of officers in carrying out their duties in
the field such as strict action when meeting forest burners.
 CASE OF FOREST AND PEAT FIRE IN RIAU PROVINCE, SUMATERA

In Indonesia, the problem of forest fires has become a national issue that deserves serious
attention from the government. This incident happened yearly faithfully, especially on the island
of Sumatra and on the island of Borneo with a wide range and varying number of hot spots.
Forest and peatland fires again occur inIndonesia in 2014. namely in Riau Province, Sumatra.

Forest and land fires in Riau Province in 2014 have at least burned 848 hectares. In the field, the
area burned is wider because many burned areas are far from accessibility, so there is not much
area. The details of the distribution of hotspots in Riau are the 46 points of the spiritual area, 24
points of Bengkalis, 35 points of Dumai, Inhil 6 points, Inhu 3 points, Kampar 2 points,
Kuansing 7 points, and Pelalawan 10 points.
These forest fires are allegedly carried out by communities and companies in clearing land by
burning, causing disruption of human respiratory health in certain time exposures based on the
Air Pollution Standard Index (ISPU) which has been categorized as dangerous and has the
potential to disrupt transportation especially sea and air.

The Karhutla case in 2014 in Riau Province had 26 companies with 19 cases, which at that time
were still under investigation or package with forest and land fire experts as well as
environmental damage experts and company witnesses. until the end of June 2014 18 companies
with a total of 67 people were called to be asked for information.

This fire greatly affected the people of Riau, mainly due to smoke which spread in the Riau
region and even spread to the regions to West Sumatra, Jambi, and North Sumatra. The presence
of smoke causes:
 The closure of the airport has resulted in the loss of air access to the Riau area which will
certainly have an impact on the regional economy
 some schools had to be closed so that teaching and learning activities were stopped
 More and more days the people of Riau are attacked by diseases. Information that was
successful in the data contained 53,533 cases of diseases caused by smoke in Riau. more
than 4,000 people suffer from eye and skin disease due to thick smoke. In addition there
are also victims of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections such as shortness of breath,
asthma, lungs, and even heart disease. There were 1 fatality due to too much smoke
inhalation.
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