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Tejeros Convention: Primary vs. Secondary Sources

Bachelor of Science in Biology (West Visayas State University)

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Name: Ma. Francel A. Cartujano Subject: SS 110

Course and Section: BSBIO 1-A Date Submitted: March 26, 2021

Primary vs. Secondary Sources Tejeros Convention (1897)

Primary Source Secondary Source
The Katipunan and the Revolution: The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of
Memoirs of a General by Santiago Virata Bonifacio and the Katipunan. “Seeds of
Álvarez Discontent”by Teodoro Andal Agoncillo
Author’s • Santiago V. Alvarez was born in Imus, • Teodoro A. Agoncillo was born in
background Cavite on July 25, 1872 and the only Lemery, Batangas on November 9,
child of Revolutionary General 1912
Mariano Alvarez and Nicolasa Virata. • He was considered one of the most
• He is also known as “Kidlat ng Apoy” important historians of the Philippines
or “General Apoy” • He was included in the roster of the
• One of the soldiers of the Order of National Scientists in 1985
revolutionary and Philippine for his contributions in Philippine
independence military History
• He was a member of the Katipunan • He is a graduate of Philosophy and
secret society and remained in the Arts
Magdiwang faction together with • a poet, a writer, an editor, a linguistic
Andres Bonifacio assistant, a Chairperson of the
• Captain general of the military rebel Department of History, and a professor
forces of Cavite in many universities
• Founder and honorary President of the • One of the first Filipino historians who
first directorate of the Nacionalista earned renown for promoting a
Party distinctly nationalist point of view of
Filipino history (nationalist
historiography)
When was the • The account was written in the year • October 1947 to January 1948
account written? 1927 • It was published in 1956
Mention of Date (s) There were only two (2) specific dates • Early part of November- Governor
mentioned in the account: General Blanco has begun his offensive
in Cavite; the capital was moved to San
• March 25, 1897: The assembly at Francisco de Malabon and later to Naik
Tejeros Convened • middle of December 1896: Andres
• March 27,1897: The morning when Bonifacio and his family left the
eyewitnesses reported that a meeting mountains of Montalban and
among the members of the Magdalo Mariquina to visit the Katipunan in
took place at the Tanza parish house Cavite.
• January 2, 1897: Bonifacio wrote a
letter to Mariano Alvarez after his
encounter with the Magdalo in Imus.
• January 1897: Riffle shots interrupted
the fiesta of San Francisco de Malabon
which led to a conflict between
Santiago Alvarez and Captain Mariano
San Gabriel.

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• March 22, 1897: Emilio Aguinaldo

celebrated his birthday with a battle
with a battled with Spanish soldiers in
Salitran. At the same time, the
assembly at Tejeros convened
• April 1897: Spaniards captured the
town of Malabon
Mention of Place • Friar estate house in Tejeros(San • Cavite – successfully rose in revolt
Francisco de Malabon, Cavite) • Batangas – town that was under the
– where the assembly convened Magdalo government
– Where Magdalo Pres. Baldomero • Nasugbu, Tuwi, and Look – towns
Aguinaldo, called another meeting which belonged to the Magdiwang
after the day of the convention government
(March 26, 1897) • Noveleta – the capital of Magdiwang
• Parish house of the Catholic church since its organization; where Esteban
in Tanza(Santa Cruz San Juan invited Bonifacio to attend the
de Malabon) demonstration of the Magdiwang
– where that same night of the rebels
assembly, rumor had it that Messrs. • San Francisco de Malabon – where
Mariano Trias. Daniel Tirona, the capital of Magdiwang was
Emiliano R. de Dios, Santiago Rillo transferred after Noveleta after General
and others were conferring with the Blanco began his offense
priest, Fr. Cenon Villafranca. • Naik – where the capital of Magdiwang
– where the rumored meeting between was transferred after San Francisco de
Magdalo leaders took place the same Malabon
night the day after the assembly • Kawit – Magdalo's capital before it fell
– held a gathering wherein those • Imus, San Francisco de Malabon,
elected at the Tejeros convention Naik and Maragondon – successively
(Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias became the capitals of Magdalo after
and Artemio Ricarte) took their oath they fell in Kawit
of office. • Mountains of Montalban and
Mariquina – a delegate was sent to
look for Supremo as it is where he has
been staying
• Zapote – where Emilio Aguinaldo,
Candido Tirona, and Edilberto
Evangelista met Supremo and his
family after his arrival in Cavite
• House of Juan Castañeda in Imus –
where Bonifacio was brought by the
rebel leaders of Magdalo
• House of Santos Nocon – where
Bonifacio was accomodated upon
arriving at Malaboon
• House of Mrs. Estefania Potente –
where Bonifacio stayed after being
quartered at the house of Santos Nocon
until the Spaniards capture the town in
April 1897

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• San Francisco de Malabon – where

riffle shots from Captain San Gabriel’s
men interrupted the town fiesta, which
led to a conflict between Santiago
Alvarez and Captain Mariano San
Gabriel.
• Estate house of Friars in Tejeros, San
Francisco de Malabon – a Magdiwang
territory; it is where the convention
took place
• Towns of Kawit, Bakood and Imus –
under the governance of the Magdalo
was at that time threatened by the
Spanishh army
• Salitran – a barrio between the town of
Imus and Dasmariñas; where General
Emilio Aguinaldo, leading the Magdalo
soldiers faced the Spaniards
• Tanza or Santa Cruz de Malabon – it
was this place where the former
summer resort of the friars, that
witnessed the first important election
held under the auspices of the
Katipunan government.
• Laguna – where Emilio Jacinto,
Bonifacio’s friend who he wrote a letter
to about what happened during the
convention, is staying
Key Personalities • Supremo Andres Bonifacio – was Magdiwang Government
elected as the Secretary of the Interior Administration:
during the assembly • Mariano Alvarez – President
• Emilio Aguinaldo – elected as the • Pascual Alvarez – Executive
President and won over Mr. Andres Secretary
Bonifacio • Emiliano Riego de Dios – Minister of
• Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras – He the Interior (Pagpapaunlad); elected as
signed the invitation meetings and as the Director of War during the
presided over the assembly Convention
• General Apoy(Santiago V. Alvarez • Mariano Trias – Minister of Grace
himself) and Justice; elected as the Vice
• General Artemio Ricarte – was President during the Convention
appointed by Supremo as Secretary • Ariston Villanueva - Minister of War
during the election • Santiago Alvarez – Comander-in-
• Mr. Daniel Tirona – Broke the Chief
meeting rules and insulted Supremo • Diego Moxica - Minister of Finance
Bonifacio; objected that the position of • Artemio Ricarte – Military
Secretary of the Interior should not be Commander with the rank of
occupied by a person without a lawyer's Brigadier-General; elected as the
diploma Captain General during the
Convention

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• Mr. Diego Mojica – the Magdiwang • Mariano Reiego de Dios – Military

secretary of the Treasury; he warned Commander with the rank of
the Supremo Bonifacio that many Brigadier-General
ballots distributed were already filled • Supremo Andres Bonifacio – elected
out and that the voters had not done this as the Director of Interior during the
themselves. Convention
• Mariano C. Trias – won the Vice • Jacinto Lumbreras – a Magdiwang
president position over Mr. Mariano member; the assembly’s presiding
Alvarez and the Supremo Bonifacio officer
• General Vibora – was elected Captain • Teodoro Gonzales – a Magdiwang
over General Apoy member who acted as the secretary of
• Mr. Emiliano R. de Dios – was elected the assembly
Secretary of War, over Messrs. • Severino de las Alas – a Magdiwang,
Santiago V. Alvarez, Ariston took the floor and suggested that the
Villanueva, and Daniel Tirona convention assembled should solve the
• Mr. Jose del Rosario – the lawyer who problem of whether a new government
Daniel Tirona suggested to replace should be established to take the place
Supremo Bonifacio in his elected of the Katipunan
position
• Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo – the Magdalo Government
Magdalo President Administration:
• Mr. Severino de las Alas – witness • Baldomero Aguinaldo – President
during the oath-taking ceremony • Candido Tirona - Minister of War
• Fr. Cenon Villafranca – a priest who • Emilio Aguinaldo – Comander-in-
officiated the oath-taking ceremony of Chief; lead the Magdalo soldiers
the elected officials: Emilio Aguinaldo, facing the Spaniards in Salitran; won
Mariano C. Trias and Artemio Ricart the Presidency in absentia over
• Mr. Antonio Montenegro Bonifacio and Trias during the
• Mariano M. Alvarez Convention
• Pascual Alvarez • Cayetano Topacio - Minister of
• Ariston Villanueva Finance
• Santos Nocon • Edilberto Evangelista – Lieutenant
• Luciano San Miguel General
• Pablo Mojica • Vito Belarmino – Military
• Santiago Rillo Commander with the rank of
• Cayetano Topacio Brigadier-General
• Nicolas Portilla • Crispulo Aguinaldo – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General
• Daniel Tirona – he objected when
Bonifacio was proclaimed as the
Director of the Interior
• Antonio Montenegro – had an
argument with Santiago Alvarez
• Jose del Rosario - the lawyer who
Daniel Tirona suggested to replace
Bonifacio in his elected position

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• Esteban San Juan – invited Bonifacio

to attend the demonstration of the
Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta
• Captain Mariano San Gabriel – a
Magdiwang man, whose men fired
riffle shots during the town fiesta of
San Francisco de Malabon and caused
chaos.
• Emilio Jacinto – Bonifacio’s friend
who he wrote letter to about after the
event/assembly
• Vicente Fernandez
• Governor General Blanco

Sequencing of 1. It started with the assembly at Tejeros 1. It started by stating that the Katipunan
events on March 25, 1897, and was presided in Cavite were divided into two
by Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras. factions: Magdiwang and Magdalo.
2. Jacinto Lumbreras announced the 2. The Magdiwang, proceeding with its
main topic of discussion: to discuss election independently of the
how to secure the areas under the Magdalo, chose the following men to
Magdiwang control, but this was administer the government. The
countered by Severino de las Alas who Magdalo also elected people to take
imposed that the important matter the reins of its government.
should be tackled - the form of the 3. Both factions agreed to make
government the Katipunan should respective officers wear the same
have. uniform for specific positions.
3. There was a debate whether to change 4. The Katipunan called for the
the state of government the Katipunan reorganization of their territories
had established or not. under each Katipunan faction.
4. Mr. Antonio Montenegro spoke in However, the Magdiwang and
defense of Mr. Severino de las Alas's Magdalo had been silently fighting
stand. He argued that if they would over Cavite, both parties not wanting
disagree on the kind of revolutionary to be ruled over by the other.
government they were to have, then 5. The Magdiwang men invited
they would be no better than a pack of Supremo Andres Bonifacio to visit
bandits or wild, mindless animals. Cavite and intervene with the rising
5. A conflict between General Apoy and conflict.
Antonio Montenegro, as General 6. There were three invitations sent to
Apoy ordered the arrest of Mr. Bonifacio, and only on the third
Montenegro. Because of this, disorder invitation did he approve the request.
occupied the assembly.Conflict was 7. Bonifacio arrived at Imus and was
immediately resolved and Jacinto welcomed by Emilio Aguinaldo,
Lumbreras, the presider of the Candido Tiron and Edilberto
meeting, yielded the chairmanship to Evangelista of the Magdalo faction
Supremo Andres Bonifacio. 8. The Magdalo leaders saw Bonifacio’s
6. Bonifacio accepted and spoke before gestures as if he was acting superior.
the election began stressing that the 9. Bonifacio was then brought to the
person who gets most of the votes house of Juan Castañeda in Imus,
must be declared and respected as the where he was visited by the many from
winner, regardless of his state in life. the Magdalo faction.

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7. Bonifacio proceeded with the election 10. Seeing Vicente Fernandez angered
and appointed Gen. Artemio Ricarte Bonifacio and ordered his immediate
as Secretary. Then, with the help of arrest. The Magdalo, however, did not
Mr. Daniel Tirona, he distributed allow the arrest of Fernandez.
pieces of paper to serve as ballots. 11. Realizing that he has no influence over
8. When the ballots had been collected the people of Magdalo, Bonifacio sent
and the votes were ready to be a letter to Mariano Alvarez, explaining
canvassed, Mr. Diego Mojica, the to him what happened at this
Magdiwang secretary of the treasury, encounter.
warned the Supremo about the 12. Esteban San Juan invited Bonifacio to
manipulations in the ballot. attend the demonstration of the
9. The elected officials were announced. Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta. He
Bonifacio was elected as the was heartily welcomed by the people
Secretary of the Interior over Mariano with a parade as he entered the cities.
Alvarez, which Mr. Daniel Tirona 13. Katipunan lost to Polavieja because of
protested, saying that Bonifacio the existing rivalry between the two
should not be in that position because factions, which called for a convention
he lacks the proper credentials; this in Imus. This assembly, however,
humiliated Bonifacio. yielded no results as there were no
10. Bonifacio, hot and angry, pulled out agreements made as to what kind of
his revolver and aimed. Instead of government they must be organized in
replying, Mr. Tirona, perhaps because the country and if there is a need for a
of fear, slid away and got lost in the new election.
crowd. 14. Suspicious and jealousies continued to
11. The meeting was adjourned, and plague the rebels' ranks and even
Bonifacio declared the election be among the members of the same
nulled and void. faction. Thus, San Francisco de
12. Baldomero Aguinaldo convinced Malbon's town fiesta held in January
members of the Magdiwang to 1897 was disrupted by the riffle shots
reconvene the disrupted meeting to from the men of Captain Mariano San
revalidate the election proceedings Gabriel, a Magdiwang man. This led
and make amends with one another. to a conflict between Santiago Alvarez
13. That same night of the Tejeros and Captain Mariano San Gabriel.
Convention, rumor had it that Mariano 15. The Magdiwang leaders called for
Trias, Daniel Tirona, Emiliano R. de another convention in the estate-house
Dios, Santiago Rillo, and others were of Tejeros, which happened on March
in the parish house of the Catholic 22, 1897.
Church at Tanza and that they were 16. It was also Aquinaldo's birthday, when
conferring with the priest, Fr. Cenon simultaneously the battle in Salitran
Villafranca. led by Aguinaldo raged and the
14. The next day, Magdalo Pres. assembly convened in Tejeros.
Baldomero Aguinaldo, called a 17. Jacinto Lumbreras took the
meeting at the same friar estate house Chairmanship of the meeting and
in Tejeros. opened the discussion about creating
15. The Magdalo members did not come defense strategies to protect Cavite.
to the reconciliation meeting. 18. Severino de las Alas pointed out that
16. That same night of the supposed the Katipunan needs to agree on what
meeting, it was rumored that the type of government must be
Magdalo leaders were currently implemented first before proceeding
with the other agenda.

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holding their own meeting in the 19. There was a debate whether to change
parish house in Tanza. the form of government the Katipunan
17. The following day, 27 March 1897, has established or not. Sensing that the
eyewitnesses who had spied on the situation was getting more out of hand
proceeding the other night revealed without a fruitful result
that a meeting had taken place at the 20. Tension aroused when Santiago
Tanza parish house and that the Alvarez took his anger on Antonio
Supremo's decisions regarding the Montenegro. Because of this,
election at the friar estate house were Lumbreras called for the meeting's
not respected. recess.
18. At the gathering in the Tanza parish 21. The assembly resumed after an hour
house, those elected at the Tejeros with Lumbreras transferring the
convention knelt before a crucifix. chairmanship of the meeting to Andres
19. The officials elected during the Bonifacio.
Tejeros Convention (Emilio 22. Bonifacio granted the petition for a
Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias, and new form of government, stressing
Artemio Ricarte) solemnly took their that the majority's decision must
office without those elected from the always be respected. An election was
Magdiwang. The Magdalo posted held to select the new officials who
troops to guard the Tanza parish house will govern the recently instituted
for their oath-taking ceremonies. Republic of the Philippines. Bonifacio
remarked whoever gets most of the
votes must be declared and respected
as the winner, regardless of his state in
life.
23. A conflict between Andres Bonifacio
and Daniel Tirona was formed after
Bonifacio won the Director of Interior
position
24. Bonifacio angrily whipped out his
pistol to fire at Tirona, but Ricarte
grabbed his hand and prevented what
might have been a tragic affair.
25. As people try to leave, Bonifacio
declared the results of the meeting null
and void, which ended the Tejeros
Convention.
26. Bonifacio sent a letter to Mariano
Alvarez expressing his despair for not
getting the Presidency which, for him,
must be given to him as the initiator of
the revolution. He also shared his
sentiments with his friend, Emilio
Jacinto.
Differences General Observations General Observations
between 2 accounts • The account was written by an • Agoncillo's Seeds of Discontent was
eyewitness who personally comprehensive since it started with a
experienced the event. detailed account of events before and
• It mainly focused on the election and beyond the convention to further
the delegation of the officials. supply and understand the sentiments

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• It was a detailed narration of the of Bonifacio presented in the later

exchange of different views between parts of the text.
each faction and how the election was • It was written based on other accounts
conducted. acquired from different sources and
• Contains dialogues between the not from personal experience.
people involved in the conversations • Contains fewer conversations
during the convention • It is wordy as most events were
• The account was brief, and it simply described using flowery words and
narrates the story in the Tejeros figures of speech.
Convention based on his memoirs and • The account emphasized Bonifacio's
actual experience. emotions as it described what and how
• It is somehow bland due to the lack of he thought about a particular situation
adjectives used to describe the as if he was the account's main
situation. character.
• Contains limited expression of • Teodoro Agoncillo focused more on
feelings aside from visible emotions the misunderstanding between the two
that led to certain happenings to factions.
another like anger • He gave his interpretation of the
actions of Bonifacio and gave reasons
Specific Differences why he was angry that he did not win
• His narration immediately started with the election.
the convention in Tejeros.
• According to Santiago Alvarez, the Specific Differences
Tejeros Convention convened on • The narration started with giving
March 25, 1897 details about the division of
• He did not mention the events that lead Katipunans in Cavite, the Magdiwang
to the assembly. and Magdalo
• He mentioned where the meeting took • Mentioned details and facts about the
place but did not describe it as much history and misunderstanding between
as Agoncillo did on his account. the two factions that lead to the
• Conflicts that arose during the assembly in Tejeros.
convention were discussed, as well as • Stated that the Tejeros Convention
how the attendees dealt with them. started on March 22, 1897
• He cited that the author, General • The account provided a detailed
Santiago Álvarez himself, ordered description of the estate-house where
Antonio Montenegro's capture after the assembly was held as well as a
the two got into a heated discussion. much more complete list of the
• Six (6) available positions were attendees
enumerated for the election of the • Mentioned that there are other
officials. Katipunans who went to the assembly
• The account lacks the names of the uninvited.
nominees mentioned in Agoncillo’s • Presented conflicts that emerged
account. during the convention but were not
• Specified that it was General Santiago told in detail
Álvarez himself who disapproved of • Revealed that Jacinto Lumbreras only
General Artemio Ricarte’s refusal to called for a recession of the meeting
accept the position of Captain-General after arguments emerged among the
of the new government attendees.

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• He was not able to tell that Bonifacio • Provided a list of nine (9) available
sent letters to his uncle-in-law, positions for the election of officials.
Mariano Álvarez. • The names of nominees that were not
• Emilio Aguinaldo being absent during presented in Álvarez’ account was
the convention was not mentioned. mentioned.
• Discussed events that happened after • Stated that only cries and shouts of
the election, specifically the elected disapproval from the assembly were
officials' secret meetings and oath- heard when General Artemia Ricarte
taking ceremony. Those from expressed his refusal to accept the
Magdalo did not invite those who won position of Captain-General.
from the Magdiwang faction. • Two (2) excerpts from the letters sent
by Bonifacio to fellow Katipunero,
Mariano Álvarez, were presented
• Ended the text with the election of
officials that happened at Tejeros, and
Bonifacio writing to Mariano Alvarez
and his friend, Emilio Jacinto

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