Introduction To World Religion

ACLC COLLEGE OF MANDAUE
SHS DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEMS
QUARTER 1
LESSON 1: DEFINITION OF TERMS
Introduction
The course explores the main tenets and practices of major world religions: Judaism, Christianity,
Islam, Hinduism, Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and
Shintoism. It aims to help learners understand the historical contexts of nine religions, appreciate
their uniqueness and similarities and promote mutual understanding among believers of different
faiths. They are expected to demonstrate understanding and appreciation of one’s faith and that of
others.
Unit learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to;
a. To understand the importance of studying Religion.
b. To differentiate what is Religious study and Theology.
c. To define religion
d. To understand that religion is the right ordination of man to God
e. To differentiate religion from philosophy, ethics, art and magic.
f. To understand the elements of a religion
g. To differentiate the types of religion
Lesson Content
The Growth of Religiosity

Despite advances in science, religion remains to be a potent force in the 21st century. In
2015, a recent survey by Win-Gallup International showed that 63% of people worldwide are still
religious. This is a 4-point increase from the 2012 score that recorded 59% religiosity among those
who joined the poll. It is clear that even if there is a significant number of non- religious and
atheist individuals worldwide, the majority still consider themselves essentially influenced by
religion. This religiosity is reflected in several important events and trends that have happened in
the 21st century.
Religion in the 21st Century
Conversations on Islam have blossomed especially after September 11, 2001 when the US
and other liberal democratic countries united in the war against terror while groups representing
fundamentalist Islamism, like Al Qaeda and ISIS, continue to proliferate. Hinduism and
Buddhism have become prominent alternatives in the West where excessive materialism has eaten
up everyone and has led to economic crises caused by greed like what happened in 2007-08.
The Buddhist inspired concept of “minimalism” or living with less has helped tame capitalism
while the Hindu knowledge system popularly known as “yoga” has become extremely popular
around the world as a physical activity, healing method, and spiritual practice.
The Importance of Religious Literacy
Studying religion helps one understand the modern world we are living in today - locally,
nationally, and globally. Furthermore, a good non-biased study of religion fosters “religious
literacy” which in turn curbs “religious illiteracy.”
Religious illiteracy or the lack of responsible understanding of religious traditions are widespread
and fuels bigotry, prejudice, and antagonism. This is dangerous in a personal and local level but
is even unhealthier and can even be fatal when it exists in the national and global contexts. A
recent example of how lack of understanding on the nature of religion leads to violence and bigotry
is what occurred against the Muslim community after the recent Paris and Brussels bombing.
Muslims around the world particularly in Europe and the US experienced an increase number of
hate crimes ranging from verbal abuse to fatal physical violence after the said bombings. As we
will later on discuss, these crimes are fueled by a misconception that all adherents of a certain
religious tradition are the same. It is clear that Muslim fundamentalists were behind the terrorist
attacks of recent years. But not all Muslims are Muslim fundamentalists and to not see the
difference is what causes violence and bigotry. Through studying religion in a non-devotional and
academic manner, religious illiteracy is lessened and a peaceful more cooperative relationship
between people of different belief systems will ensue.
How to Study Religion
In this course we will be implementing a kind approach to studying religion inspired by

the pursuit of “religious literacy.” While taking up this course, you may be of contact with other
students from different religious backgrounds. Therefore, it is important to remind everyone that
this course does not promote or privilege one religion, belief system, or interpretation over
another. Our primary goal in this course is to understand diverse perspectives. We will not debate
over which religion is true or which interpretation is credible. Therefore, despite the level of your
devotion to any religion, it is expected from you to participate in this class in a respectful manner
motivated by curiosity and sincere interest in learning from others. To help you transition into this
mindset it is important to differentiate between “theology” and “religious studies.”
Theology vs. Religious Studies
Here is the definition of theology:

“The study of religious faith, practice, and experience the study of God and God’s
relation to the world (Merriam-Webster, 2015).”
On the other hand, here is a definition of religious studies:
“Religious Studies is the academic field of multi-disciplinary, secular study of religious
beliefs, behaviors and institutions.”
So what is the difference between the two?
A student of theology (theologian) is naturally a believer of the religion. When you study
theology you are expected to express and assert the devotional beliefs accompanied in what you
study. Of course it is possible to study theology as a non-believer but the nature of education in
theology is biased towards a particular faith. You are within the confines of the religion.
On the other hand, a student of religious studies (religious scholar) is not necessarily a believer.
He is an outsider and his education about religion is not biased towards one particular belief
system. In this course, we will be scholars employing a scientific approach to studying religion.
We are not theologians and therefore, even if we cannot completely remove our biases from our
personal belief systems, we will strive to be impartial and kind towards others of different faiths.
Religion is a reality with many faces. It is confused with so many things that it can be seen in
different perspective; sociology, history, rituals, doctrinal, experience, etc. It is indeed hard to
define religion and know its nature when you do not know its limits. By the year 1912, there were
already 148 definitions of religion. Its definition has already multiplied. Religion came from the
Latin word “Religio” but many religious scholars and theologians searched what is the root word
of this “Religio” there are some religious scholars and theologians try to find an answer where
does this religion came from.
Etymological Meaning:
Cicero - lt. “religio”, “relegere”; to observe attentively. It is to observe practice and
rituals.
Lactantius- lt. “religare”; to tie again. To tie or bind us with the divine since we were
separated from him.
St. Augustine- lt. “re-eligere”; to choose again. To choose God again since we were
choosing ourselves. To keep in touch with again. To be connected again.
Macrobius- lt. “relinquere”; to leave behind. We have been handed to us by our fore
fathers; rituals. It means to bequeath.
St. Thomas- all these definitions are acceptable. (it reveals St. Thomas’ charity and
humility) But they have one thing in common; that it has something to do with our
relationship with God. “Religio est essentialiter recta ordinatio hominis ad Deum.”
(ST.2-2,q.81,a.1) Religion is essentially the right ordination of man to God. It is only for
man. Not for the angels, plants, nor animals.
Elements of St. Thomas’ Definition of Religion:
“Recta ordination”/ Right Ordination
Right ordination involves a relationship. It is a relationship with the Divine; with God.
We are related to him because we are creatures of God. He is the principal cause of our
existence. This right ordination speaks man’s relationship or ordination to God. Right ordination
is the going of man to God. For St. Thomas, right ordination involves consciousness in man. It
must be a free choice to be with God. A man can’t be truly religious by force. It should be a
personal and desired relationship with God.
“ad Deum” / God

He is the God that truly exists; the one and true God. God is the object of the relationship;
of the ordination, not anybody else. The believer must see to it that he is dealing with God and
not his image. Nor the god we personally think of. Our understanding of God should not be a
kind of a subjective belief. Rather he must be treated who he really is. It does not mean to deal
to a god whom we personally create, not the one we want god to be. Thus, we have to worship
the one and the same God no matter what happen; he should still be the God of joys and
sorrows. Religion calls for our response to God. We have to respond because it is God who
makes the initiative. All we have to do is to respond; and that is the role of religion. The search
for the true God is the obligation of every man.
“Hominis” / Man.
It is the whole man, his totality that is involved in religion. It also means that religion is
exclusively for men. Angels, plants, and animals have nothing to do with it. It belongs to man
that is why religion necessarily involves the intellect and will; it is a human response to God.
Both soul and body must be ordained to God since man is composed of body and soul. Neither a
soul nor the body alone worship God. It is the total person that must be worshipping God. It is
holistic. Since the subject of religion is man, it is also subject of change; that it is capable of
changing- sad, happy, etc. But still we need to worship God no matter in what condition we are.
The Misconceptions of Religion
We can know the essence of religion by describing it negatively - religion is not
philosophy, ethics, arts, and neither magic:
Religion and Philosophy
Similarities: 1) both transcend the material world in their object; ideas, God. Their objects are
beyond what is visible. 2) both deal with the absolute; ideas and God are absolute realities.
Differences: 1) Religion is not basically a doctrine, but an event, an experience with the Divine.
Still, religion involves doctrines. It is a lined experience of the divine, a religious experience.
Whereas, philosophy is a doctrine, it is a system of knowledge, a science. 2) Both are different
with regards to their origin. Philosophy emanates from the natural inclination of man to know the
truth; curiosity and wonder. In religion, it begins from man’s desire to be saved. 3) Both differ
with regards to their ends. Philosophy ends in the contemplation of the truth. Religion ends in the
communion of the divine. 4) In philosophy, it begins with experience; intellectual investigation
of reality. Problems are solved through the aid of the reasoning faculty. It deals with problems to
be solved. Whereas religion deals with mysteries. 5) They differ in their in their instrument.
Philosophy uses reasoning and intellect. Religion makes use of faith. 6) They differ in their
certainty. In philosophy, it accepts what is reasonable or logical- logical certainty. What is not
logical is rejected. In religion, it is certainty with ambiguity. It is something relational. Faith is
certainty than the logical. In matters of faith, just have faith. Religion is higher than ethics; e.g
(Abraham) “You shall not kill”, yet offered his son to God. 7) They also differ in the language
used. Philosophy uses concepts while religion uses symbols. In philosophical issues we need to
be precise and clear because it deals with concepts. In religion, it uses symbols because we cannot
define the absolute, we cannot grasp the divine- There stands for candles, cross, water, etc. We
need to know symbolism as priests because it is the language of religion. It is important. 8) They
also differ in their aggrupation. Experts of Philosophy are called teachers, professors, and doctors.
And they group themselves into a school of thoughts. While experts of religion call themselves
saints. And they group themselves into communities.
Religion and Ethics
Similarities: 1) they deal with the absolute. In religion, God is the absolute; he demands for
everything. In ethics, the rules are there, ethics is absolute. Even before there had already been a
sense of what is right and wrong. 2) Both fields deal with actions. Ethics deals with the rightness
of action. Also, religion demands for good actions and deeds. Good actions are necessary for
religious experience. However, ethics sets good rules but doesn’t have the model for example the
fits the description. In religion, Christ is the model.
Differences: 1) ethical rules makes us more human; to act like man, to help us act like human
beings. The end of ethics is the perfection of man. On the other hand, religion is the divinization
of man. It brings us to the level of God.
Religion and Art.
They are often thought to be the same. But they are distinct from each other. It’s natural
because religion deals with the absolute. And it is through arts and symbols. Transcendentals can
be expressed through symbols. Words are not enough. How related they are, still they are different
things. Art is an important expression of religion
Similarities: 1) they deal with the transcendent. In art, it depicts what is invisible. E.g. Roses
means love. Since love is not tangible, it uses symbols to express love. E.g. Ring means eternity.
It is a reality which goes beyond the material world; beyond a phenomenal world. Art points to
another reality that the object representing. Art reminds what is noble, good and beautiful in man.
Art is supposedly used to pinpoint what is not seen and tangible. Pornography is not an art. It is
business.
Difference: 1) distinct in their object. Art’s object is beauty. In religion the sacredness is
the object. Everything which is presented and has no room for imagination is not an art.
Religion and Magic
Difference: 1) Attitude. In religion, it is submission to the divine will, to God’s will. In magic, it
is to take control of the divine. 2) Relation to society. Religion forms society; a community. In
magic, it is personal; not to share their talents and tricks to other people. 3) Instrument. In religion
it is to please the divine and ask for favor. In magic, it is to control the divine. Religion is for
divine worship. In magic we use God to do something. Magic are only tricks. We have to believe
the mastery of a skilled magician; no need to believe in magic.
Elements of Religion
✓ Soteriological (having to do with salvation): Post-archaic religions are schemes of
salvation, concerned with the source, nature, and appropriate methods of removal of some
evil believed to afflict humans. Most religions are equally concerned with the achievement
of blessedness, release, or fulfilment that transcends evil, in either this world or the next,
or possibly both. Salvation is one of the basic concerns of post-archaic religion.
✓ Theological (the rationalization of religion): Theology deals with the nature of supreme
being, or whatever functions in the religion as the source of supreme validity. Gods are
objects of religious devotion and practice, and only secondarily are regarded as conceptions
or hypothetical entities to be treated with speculative interest. To understand a particular
religious’ outlook calls for knowledge and appreciation of the way its adherents relate
belief and practice to supremely important beings. To deal properly with theology, one
must look at the manner in which adherents understand their relation to the objects of
devotion, and at the systems of thought in which this relationship is expressed.
✓ Anthropological (nature and possibilities of human being): This aspect of religion is
intertwined with the soteriological aspect, since in many religious systems (Christianity,
Hinduism, and Buddhism, for example), images of human nature define the problem of
evil and the ways adherents try to escape from evil. In orthodox Christianity, sin is
characteristic of human nature. This belief sets the stage for salvation by divine grace
through God forgiving sin. In Buddhism, suffering is deeply embedded in the human
psyche, and this belief sets the stage for salvation through intellectual growth. So for each
religion, the problem of evil, the conceptions of human nature, and the methods of salvation
is interrelated.
✓ Epistemology (How do we know?): Epistemology refers generally to the problem of
knowledge. In a religious context, this means how adherents believe themselves able to
communicate with their deities, and how the deities make known their will to humans. The
problem of knowledge is related to the nature of truth as conceived by adherents. Religious
knowledge must be reconciled with profane knowledge. This gives rise to a religious
doctrine of truth that settles such conflicts by granting religious knowledge a superior
epistemological status over profane knowledge. Religious knowledge comes to adherents
through various combinations of revelation, prayer, vision, sacred literature, and
communication with other adherents.
✓ Ethics (relations between humans): Religion defines appropriate forms of conduct
between people. Ethics are institutionalized as informal norms, or formal codes and laws.
From the point of view of many social scientists, the ethical function is religion's most
important contribution to society.
Cultic Practices (symbolic behavior): Religion confers meaning on acts. Ritual is the means by
which religion is publicly embodied.
Ritual involves:
1) social organization of the religious community
2) the functions of types of religious personnel set apart for various religious duties
3) the modes of behavior by which adherents approach the sacred dimension
4) the devices used to guarantee proper group and individual conduct
Ritual acts are often themselves regarded as sacred, or at least as necessary steps to the
goal of salvation.
This leads to a consideration of:
1) the place of symbols in the religion
2) characteristic gestures, forms of speech, and movement
3) the effects of religious belief on art and architecture
Monotheism- a belief in one god/deity.
Ex: Christianity, Judaism, Islam.
Polytheism- a belief in many or more than one gods/deities.
Ex: Hinduism, Greeks, and Romans.
Atheism- the denial of the existence of god.
Types of Atheism:
Practical Atheism- the people who acts and lives as if there is no God.
Theoretical Atheism- people who are professionals who fight the belief that there is no God.
Animism- believe that different aspects of nature have powers.
Summary of topic/section
Studying religion helps one understand the modern world we are living in today - locally,
nationally, and globally. Theology is the study of religious faith, practice and experience the study
of God and God’s relation to the world. Religious study is the academic field of multi-disciplinary,
secular study of religious beliefs, behaviors and institutions. Religion came from the Latin word
“Religio” but many religious scholars and theologians searched what is the root word of this
“Religio” there are some religious scholars and theologians try to find an answer where does this
religion came from. Right ordination involves a relationship. Elements of religion are
soteriological, theological, anthropological, epistemology an ethics.
Assessment:
Answer the following questions base on your understanding in the above discussions, should
include your own thoughts.
1. What is the importance of studying religion?
2. What is the difference between theology and religious study?
3. Are you a religious literacy? Why?
4. What is religion? How important it is to human’s life?
5. What are the different types of religion and explain each?
LESSON 2: HOW WORLD RELIGION BEGAN
Introduction
Similar to living organisms, religions are born in history and they gradually develop into living
traditions and affect the lives of their followers. Belief systems originate in certain localities within
the context of culture and even geography. From their rudimentary forms, religions continually
evolved into complicated systems replete with rites and practices that made recruitment of
members necessary. Quite unfortunately, other religions also decline as in the case of
Zoroastrianism that once flourished in South Asia but is now only confined to Iran, India, and
Central Asia. They may also give impetus to establish new movements within religious groups,
such as in the case of Buddhism that may be viewed as a reaction to the overly ritualistic beliefs
and the exclusivity of Hinduism. They may also contribute to the foundation of other religions,
such as those themes Christianity borrowed from Judaism, and themes Islam borrowed from both
Christianity and Judaism (Brasswell 1994). This lesson will deal with the origin of religions along
with the geographical context and cultural milieu that have impacted the establishment of world
religions and belief systems.

a. To know the origin of world religion.
b. To understand the historical background of the of the world religions.
c. To know its geographical context.
Lesson Content
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Scholars hold the view that religion is universal and can be found in all known contemporary
societies (Ember & Ember 1997). Even the most fundamental of belief systems can be seen to a
greater or lesser degree in all religions (Hopfe 1983). Various theories have been formulated to
explain the origin of religion. Even prehistoric humans, such as the Neanderthals and Cro-
Magnons, have practiced a set of belief systems in one way or another, including burying their
dead, painting on the walls of caves, and carving images from stones. The existence of humankind
for so long a time has resulted in the formation of religion and belief system. It is certain that
many religions may have been unrecorded in the past. Others may have gradually died down. This
lesson will deal primarily with religions that are still active until the present time. The succeeding
table illustrates some significant dates in the history of the establishment of several world
religions.
The Patriarch Abraham
The prophet and patriarch Abraham played a major role in the establishment of the three
monotheistic religions: namely, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which account for more than
half of the world’s total population at present. As such, these organized religions are collectively
known as Abrahamic religions. The Jewish people regard Abraham as the ancestor of the
Israelites, through his descendants Isaac and Jacob. The Muslims consider Abraham’s son Ishmael
as the ancestor of the Arabs. The Christians view Abraham as ‘father in faith’ as narrated in the
Bible and the ancestor of Jesus Christ. Notable religious personalities trace their origin in
Abraham’s sons from different wives through their descendants. The importance of Abraham in
these three religions lies in the fact that the patriarch appears as an elemental figure for a
monotheistic belief system and a paragon of extreme devotion. Derived from a common source,
it is but natural that the three monotheistic religions share some commonalities in their basic
tenets. For one, they all worship one supreme being. The ancient Hebrews call their God Elohim,
Adonai, or Yahweh. Present-day Judaism uses the names “Lord” and “God.” For the Muslims,
they call their God as Allah. In addition, prophets and apostles play major roles in these religions.
Judaism has 48 prophets and seven prophetesses. Early prophets include Abraham, Isaac, Jacob,
Moses, Aaron, and Joshua to name a few. In Christianity, the 12 apostles were the primary
disciples of Jesus Christ, some of whom wrote parts of the New Testament. For the Muslims, they
believe that Muhammad is the final prophet or the “Seal of the Prophets.”
Prior to their establishment as organized religions, the role of divine revelation or intervention is
associated among their progenitors. For instance, God instructed Abraham to sacrifice his son
Isaac at Mount Moriah. God presented the Ten Commandments to Moses at Mount Sinai. God
sacrificed his son Jesus Christ through crucifixion as the plan to salvation. God commanded
Muhammad to establish a new religion at a cave in Mount Hira. Then and now, followers of the
three Abrahamic religions are presented with a choice between good and evil.
The Indian Mosaic
With its history dating back to at least 6500 B.C.E., India is one of the world’s oldest surviving
civilizations. The many conquerors that came to India were gradually absorbed into the native
Indian religions. With great movements of various people in the past came their customs, arts,
languages, literature, beliefs, and many more facets of their culture. The Harappan civilization,
the Aryan influence, the local dynasties, and the Muslim conquest all had their fair share in
building the intricate Indian mosaic. As a result, variety and complexity characterize Indian
culture.
Religion is an essential part of the Indian tradition. Four great religions originated in India –
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism – and a myriad of minor cults and local sects. Even
Muslims and Christians have found their way into the Indian heartland along with the Jews and
Zoroastrians. Hinduism perfectly reflects Indian heterogeneity with its eclectic, diversified, and
assorted ways of religious expressions that are quite confusing to outsiders. It has no specific
founder, no one sacred book, and with innumerable gods and goddesses that any Hindu can
venerate. As such, Hinduism can be considered as a ‘museum of religions’ (Israel and Grewal
1989). It was during the Vedic Period that Hinduism or Sanatana Dharma became systematized
as a religion that preached order and purpose to the cosmos and human life. During this period,
universal order became equated with a stable society as evidenced by the establishment of a
centralized government and the integration of collective traditions into Indian lives.
The Way of the Dao
Chinese civilization is one of the world’s oldest, dating back almost 4,000 years ago. Even
during the olden days, the Chinese had already endeavoured to establish and attain good
governance (Perry 1988). China adopted Kung Fu-Tzu's (Confucius) ideals and ethics as the
nation developed meritocracy as a basis for government officials. Confucius is regarded as
China’s greatest philosopher and teacher who lived at the same time as Siddhartha Gautama in
India (Perry 1988).
Confucian ideals aspire to harmonize human relations and serve as guide to social behavior.
Providing a backdrop for traditional Chinese values, Chinese dynasties used Confucian morals
and political ideals that became influential among the Chinese people. The Confucian principles
can be applied at the levels of individual, community, and state. It is no wonder that Confucian
values can be seen in the Chinese method of governance, the merit of one’s education, and
importance of order in the society (Rozman 1991). An ideal human society is of utmost concern
for Confucian followers.
Meanwhile, mysteries abound the birth and personal life of Laozi (Lao-tzu) who may have written
Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching or The Book of the Way and its Power) around the 6th century B.C.E.
Other sources indicate that he lived during the period of the Warring States around the 5th or 4th
century B.C.E. Believed to be a contemporary of Confucius, he once worked as government
archivist or record keeper at the time of the Zhou Dynasty but soon left the service due to his
frustration with corruption. Around 142 C.E., Daoism began as an organized religion with the
establishment of the Way of the Celestial Masters sect by Zhang Daoling during the Han Dynasty.
This group along with other later Daoist sects devised intricate rituals, venerated heavenly beings,
and wrote numerous religious texts. The writings of Daoism centers on the concept of Dao as a
way or path signifying appropriateness of one’s behavior to lead other people.
Similar with Daoism, the writings of Confucius frequently dwell upon the theme of the Dao
understood as being the truth or way things ought to be done concordant with a specific view to
life, politics, and customs. This Confucian view is somehow close to the meaning of Dao in
Daoism which means a road, path, or way in which one does something. The Confucian Dao
principally concerns human affairs while the Daoist Dao means the way the universe works.
Both Confucius and Lao-tzu were followers of the Dao. With regard to the art of leadership, try
to compare the following passages as lifted from the sacred texts of the Analects of Confucius and
the Dao De Jing by Lao-tzu.
GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT
The Western Frontier

Middle East- this is the home of the 3 great religions namely Judaism, Christianity and
Islam.
The Indian Subcontinent
More than 4000 years ago a great civilization emerged along the Indian River that
develop a unique culture long before the Christian Era
The Eastern End
At the eastern end of the great Asian continent blooms the cultural and political
dominance of China.
The existence of humankind for so long a time has resulted in the formation of religion and belief
system. The prophet and patriarch Abraham played a major role in the establishment of the three
monotheistic religions: namely, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which account for more than
half of the world’s total population at present. Chinese civilization is one of the world’s oldest,
dating back almost 4,000 years ago. Even during the olden days, the Chinese had already
endeavored to establish and attain good governance (Perry 1988). China adopted Kung Fu-Tzu's
(Confucius) ideals and ethics as the nation developed meritocracy as a basis for government
officials. Middle East- this is the home of the 3 great religions namely Judaism, Christianity and
Islam.
Assessment:
Test I.
1. Based in your understanding make a summary in the origins of world religion
2. Do you think studying the historical of the world religion useful the human’s life? Why?
Test II. True/False
1. Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons practiced a set of belief systems in one way or another,
including burying their dead, painting on the walls of caves, and carving images from
stones.
2. The Muslims did not consider Abraham’s son Ishmael as the ancestor of the Arabs.
3. The importance of Abraham in these three religions lies in the fact that the patriarch
appears as an elemental figure for a monotheistic belief system and a paragon of extreme
devotion.
4. The ancient Hebrews call their God Elohim, Adonai, or Yahweh.
5. The Harappan civilization, the Aryan influence, the local dynasties, and the Muslim don’t
have a fair share in building the intricate Indian mosaic.
6. Hinduism perfectly reflects Indian heterogeneity with its eclectic, diversified, and
assorted ways of religious expressions that are quite confusing to outsiders.
7. Hinduism can be considered as a ‘museum of religions.
8. Chinese civilization is one of the world’s oldest, dating back almost 4,000 years ago.
9. Hinduism began as an organized religion with the establishment of the Way of the
Celestial Masters sect by Zhang Daoling during the Han Dynasty.
10. The Confucian Dao are not concerns human affairs while the Daoist Dao means the way
the universe works.
LESSON 3: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OF RELIGION

Introduction
Religion has become a very important aspect in the development of civilizations and cultures. In
fact, most ancient societies based their worldviews on religion, and it has been proven to be
beneficial to the attainment and maintenance of social stability and cohesiveness. However, as
time went by, religion has also become the basis of conflicts between societies, even within
societies. While religion has promoted solidarity among societies, it has also been the reason
behind the outbreak of particular wars in history. In this lesson, we will discuss the positive and
negative effects of religion, as well as examples of historical events caused primarily by religion.

a. To differentiate the positive and negative effects of Religion.To
differentiate what is Religious study and Theology.
Lesson Content
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF RELIGION

There is no doubt that religion has an important role in society. In fact, it has become so closely
intertwined with other institutions such as political and economic systems that religious beliefs
sometimes became the basis of political legitimacy. This is the very reason why the principle of
separation of state and religion was established in many countries.
However, religion has served purposes beneficial to society in general. In one way or another, it
inspires values that cultivate peace, compassion and kindness. Religion upholds traditions of
shaping human's spirituality and embracing the goodness in each individual.
✓ Religion Promotes Social Harmony
Religion believes in supernatural beings and powers. It practices a set of rituals and ceremonious
rites of passage and rites of intensification. It also regards religious leaders such as priests,
priestesses and shamans in high esteem. These characteristics help advance social harmony by
assimilating and stabilizing cultures and nations. Religion provides divine authority to ethical and
moral principles which also help promote unity among people. Common participation in rituals
together with basic uniformity of beliefs help promote social cohesiveness.
✓ Religion Provides Moral Values
Perhaps one of the most significant functions of religion is that it encourages moral values. It
provides a systematic model of the universe, which in effect determines organized human
behavior. By providing moral values, one is able 36 World Religions in Focus to distinguish right
from wrong, good from evil. It also provides a system of reward and punishment that administers
and standardizes people’s behavior in society. Some people believe that it is sometimes more
effective than the laws implemented by the state, since most people give more importance to the
reward and punishment in the afterlife.
✓ Religion Provides Social Change
Since religion is a source of moral values, religion provides social change. It can be very effective
in lobbying and campaigning for certain social issues using its own moral teachings as the basis
of argument.
✓ Religion Reduces Fear of the Unknown
Religion was developed from man’s need to have a sense of origin and destination; to discover
where they came from and where they are bound to go to when they die. Religion provides answers
for phenomena and questions that science or reason cannot explain. Myths about the origin of
people abound with stories of groups of people being created by gods and goddesses, perpetuating
the notion that people came from supreme beings and will eventually go back to them in the
afterlife.
✓ Religion Gives Positive Goals in Life
People were inspired by the stories of different prophets from their own religious affiliations, like
that of Moses, Siddharta Gautama, and Muhammad. These people showed how ordinary people
like them were given important missions in life, and how they struggled to carry out their
respective missions.
✓ Religion Gives People a Sense of Belonging
Just as family, ethnicity, or nationality give people a sense of belonging, so does religion. For
some, religion provides people with personal identity as part of a group with similar worldviews,
beliefs, values, practices, and lifestyles. It provides communities with prospects to recognize and
offer vital action and service to provide the needs of the larger community.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF RELIGION
Religion has often been named as the culprit behind divisiveness and conflicts among
people. There is also a belief that religion can be dangerous to society when used to advance the
interests of a group of people at the expense of other people especially those with different
religious beliefs. Religious fundamentalism or the demand for a strict adherence to orthodox
theological doctrines is often considered as the reason behind most religious conflicts. Some of
the negative effects of religion which we will discuss in this lesson are: affirmation of social
hierarchy; reason why people fight each other; promotion of discrimination; obstruction of
scientific success and development; and hindrance to the use of reason.
✓ Religion Affirms Social Hierarchy
Some religions affirm social hierarchy often favoring men and as a result, perpetuate the
notions of class or gender discrimination and oppression. Another example of religion reflecting
the hierarchy of political structures would be the Confucian emphasis on the relations between the
ruler and the subject, with the former exercising authority over the latter.
✓ Religion Causes Discrimination
There are some who say that religion, after turning people against themselves, turn people
against each other. This happens when people do not tolerate religious ideologies different from
the one they follow. Religious fanaticism can lead to feelings of hatred, which could lead to
racism, and eventually violence. Throughout history, religion has been used by colonizers to
justify their forcible occupation of territories. In a way, religion has made this world a more
complicated place to live in.
✓ Religion Triggers Conflicts and Fights
Religion also has some aspects which make it susceptible to be a source of conflict and
war. History witnessed numerous lives sacrificed and lost in the name of religion. Wars have been
fought in the name of religion, and this phenomenon continues up to the present time. In Palestine,
the Jews are in conflict with the Muslims; in Kashmir, it is the Muslims against Hindus; in Sudan,
it is the Muslims opposite Christians and animists; in Sri Lanka, it is the Sinhalese Buddhists
against the Tamil Hindus; in Indonesia, it is Muslims contra Timorese Christians. These are only
some of so many wars being fought in the name of religion, which means that so many resources
are being wasted and millions of lives are being lost.
✓ Religion As An Economic Tool for Exploiting the Masses
According to the German philosopher Karl Marx, “religion is the opium of the masses.” This is
in relation to his critical approach to religion in which he proposed that the bourgeoisie keeps the
proletariat in control through religion. According to Marx, it maintains social inequality by
propagating a worldview that justifies oppression. He believed that religion can be effectively
used by the ruling class to maintain a social order that is more favorable to them.
✓ Religion Impedes Scientific Success and Development
Throughout history, religion has proven to impede scientific development. For example, it has
often been said that the Catholic Church used to teach that the world is flat and warned people
against going to faraway places if they do not wish to fall off the edge of the earth.
✓ Religion Obstructs the Use of Reason
Many question the suitability of religious doctrines to the needs of the present and future
generations. In order to put these dogma to practice, religion should, therefore, evolve and learn
to adapt to the ever changing world. Ancient religious beliefs and practices which have proven to
be inhuman should be replaced with sensible ones. Take the case of the trepanning, or the ancient
practice of boring holes in the human skull, a surgical procedure performed on epileptics and the
mentally ill, with the belief that through the hole the evil spirit will leave the person. During those
days they regard it as an attempt at exorcism, but at present the procedure is just unthinkable.
Religion has become a very important aspect in the development of civilizations and cultures.
Positive effect of religion are religion promotes social harmony, provides moral values, provides
social change, reduces fear of the unknown, gives positive goals in life and gives people a sense
of belonging. Negative effects of religion are religion affirms social hierarchy, causes
discrimination, triggers conflicts and fights, religion as an economic tool for exploiting the
masses, impedes scientific success and development, obstructs the use of reason,
Assessment:
Explain the positive and negative effect of religion in your own words, experiences and
observations.
LESSON 4: JUDAISM
Introduction
Judaism is the world’s oldest monotheistic religion, dating back nearly 4,000 years. Followers of
Judaism believe in one God who revealed himself through ancient prophets. The history of
Judaism is essential to understanding the Jewish faith, which has a rich heritage of law, culture
and tradition.

a. To Recite the Ten Commandments as stated in the Old Testament.
b. To Identify a Jewish custom or tradition.
c. Justify: The core teaching of Judaism is the covenant of one God with a chosen people
vs. other people with many gods.
d. Identify a story from the Old Testament that demonstrates the Jewish belief in one God.
Lesson Content
Judaism Beliefs
Jewish people believe there’s only one God who has established a covenant—or special agreement
with them. Their God communicates to believers through prophets and rewards good deeds while
also punishing evil. Most Jews (with the exception of a few groups) believe that their Messiah
hasn’t yet come but will one day. Jewish people worship in holy places known as synagogues,
and their spiritual leaders are called rabbis. The six-pointed Star of David is the symbol of
Judaism.
Today, there are about 14 million Jews worldwide. Most of them live in the United States and
Israel. Traditionally, a person is considered Jewish if his or her mother is Jewish.
Torah
The Jewish sacred text is called the Tanakh or the “Hebrew Bible.” It includes the same books as
the Old Testament in the Christian Bible, but they’re placed in a slightly different order. The
Torah, the first five books of the Tanakh, outlines laws for Jews to follow. It’s sometimes also
referred to as the Pentateuch.
Founder of Judaism
The origins of Jewish faith are explained throughout the Torah. According to the text, God first
revealed himself to a Hebrew man named Abraham, who became known as the founder of
Judaism. Jews believe that God made a special covenant with Abraham and that he and his
descendants were chosen people who would create a great nation.
Abraham’s son Isaac, and his grandson Jacob, also became central figures in ancient Jewish
history. Jacob took the name Israel, and his children and future generations became known as
Israelites. More than 1,000 years after Abraham, the prophet Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt
after being enslaved for hundreds of years. According to scriptures, God revealed his laws, known
as the Ten Commandments, to Moses at Mt. Sinai.
The Temples
Around 1000 B.C., King David ruled the Jewish people. His son Solomon built the first holy
Temple in Jerusalem, which became the central place of worship for Jews. The kingdom fell apart
around 931 B.C., and the Jewish people split into two groups: Israel in the North and Judah in the
South. Sometime around 587 B.C., the Babylonians destroyed the first Temple and sent many
Jews into exile. A second Temple was built in about 516 B.C. but was eventually destroyed by
the Romans in 70 A.D. The destruction of the second Temple was significant because Jewish
people no longer had a primary place to gather, so they shifted their focus to worshipping in local
synagogues
Jewish Holy Books

While the Tanakh (which includes the Torah) is considered the sacred text of Judaism, many other
important manuscripts were composed in later years. These offered insights into how the Tanakh
should be interpreted and documented oral laws that were previously not written down.
Around 200 A.D., scholars compiled the Mishnah—a text that describes and explains the Jewish
code of law that was previously orally communicated.
Talmud
Later, the Talmud, a collection of teachings and commentaries on Jewish law, was created. The
Talmud contains the Mishnah and another text known as the Gemara (which examines the
Mishnah). It includes the interpretations of thousands of rabbis and outlines the importance of 613
commandments of Jewish law. The first version of the Talmud was finalized around the 3rd
century A.D. The second form was completed during the 5th century A.D.
Judaism embraces several other written texts and commentaries. One example is the 13 Articles
of Faith, which was written by a Jewish philosopher named Maimonides.
Shabbat/ Sabbath
Shabbat is recognized as a day of rest and prayer for Jews. It typically begins at sunset on Friday
and lasts until nightfall on Saturday. Observing Shabbat can take many forms, depending on the
type of Judaism that a Jewish family may follow. Orthodox and Conservative Jews, for example,
may refrain from performing any physical labor, using any electrical device or other prohibited
activities. Most observant Jews celebrate Shabbat by reading or discussing the Torah, attending a
synagogue or socializing with other Jews at Shabbat meals.
Types of Judaism
There are several sects in Judaism, which include:
✓ Orthodox Judaism: Orthodox Jews are typically known for their strict observance of
traditional Jewish law and rituals. For instance, most believe Shabbat shouldn’t involve
working, driving or handling money. Orthodox Judaism is a diverse sect that includes
several subgroups, including Hasidic Jews. This form started in the 18th century in Eastern
Europe and holds different values than traditional or ultra-Orthodox Judaism. Hasidic Jews
emphasize a mystical experience with God that involves direct communion through prayer
and worship. Chabad is a well-known Orthodox Jewish, Hasidic movement.
✓ Reform Judaism: Reform Judaism is considered a liberal category of the religion that
values ethical traditions over strict observance of Jewish laws. Followers promote
progressive ideas and adaptation. Most of the Jews living in the United States follow
Reform Judaic traditions.
✓ Conservative Judaism: Many people consider this form of Judaism somewhere in
between Orthodox and Reform Judaism. Typically, conservative Jews honor the traditions
of Judaism while allowing for some modernization.
✓ Reconstructionist Judaism: Reconstructionism dates back to 1922 when Mordecai
Kaplan founded the Society for the Advancement of Judaism. This sect believes that
Judaism is a religious civilization that’s constantly evolving.
✓ Humanistic Judaism: Rabbi Sherwin Wine founded this denomination of Judaism in
1963. Humanistic Jews celebrate Jewish history and culture without an emphasis on God.
While there are various denominations of Judaism, many Jews don’t identify with a
particular classification and simply refer to themselves as Jewish.
Jewish Holidays
Jewish people observe several important days and events in history, such as:
• Passover: This holiday lasts seven or eight days and celebrates Jewish freedom from
slavery in Egypt. Specifically, Passover refers to the biblical story of when the Hebrew
God “passed over” houses of Jewish families and saved their children during a plague that
was said to have killed all other first-born babies in Egypt.
• Rosh Hashanah: Jews celebrate the birth of the universe and humanity during this holiday,
which is also known as the Jewish New Year.
• Yom Kippur: This “Day of Atonement” is considered the holiest day of the year for Jews
who typically spend it fasting and praying.
• High Holy Days: The 10 days starting with Rosh Hashanah and ending with Yom Kippur
are also known as the High Holidays, the Days of Awe or Yamim Noraim. The High Holy
Days are considered a time of repentance for Jewish people.
• Hanukkah: This Jewish celebration, also known as the “Festival of Lights,” lasts eight
days. Hanukkah commemorates the rededication of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem after
the Maccabees defeated the Syrian-Greeks over 2,000 years ago.
• Purim: This is a joyous holiday that celebrates a time when the Jewish people in Persia
were saved from extermination.
Judaism is the world’s oldest monotheistic religion, dating back nearly 4,000 years. They believe
there’s only one God who has established a covenant—or special agreement with them. The
Jewish sacred text is called the Tanakh or the “Hebrew Bible.” Talmud is a collection of teachings
and commentaries on Jewish law, was created. The Talmud contains the Mishnah and another text
known as the Gemara (which examines the Mishnah). It includes the interpretations of thousands
of rabbis and outlines the importance of 613 commandments of Jewish law. Shabbat is recognized
as a day of rest and prayer for Jews. Types of Judaism are Orthodox, Reform Judaism,
Conservative Judaism, Reconstructionist and humanistic. Jewish holidays are Passover, Rosh
Hashanah, Yom Kippur, High Holy Days, Hanukkah and Purim.
Assessment:
Test I True/ False:
1. Jewish people worship in holy places known as synagogues, and their spiritual leaders are
called rabbis.
2. The Jewish sacred text is called the Tanakh or the “Hebrew Bible.
3. Most of the Jews lived in Israel and not in US.
4. The Torah contains the Mishnah and another text known as the Gemara (which examines
the Mishnah).
5. According to scriptures, God revealed his laws, known as the Ten Commandments, to
Moses at Mt. Sinai.
6. Around 2000 B.C., King David ruled the Jewish people.
7. The first five books of the Tanakh, outlines laws for Jews to follow.
8. Jews believe that God made a special covenant with Abraham and that he and his
descendants were chosen people who would create a great nation.
9. A second Temple was built in about 587 B.C. but was eventually destroyed by the
Romans in 70 A.D.
10. Shabbat is recognized as a day of rest and prayer for Jews.
Test II.
Explain in your own understanding the core teaching of Judaism is the covenant of one God
with chosen people vs. other people with many Gods.
LESSON 5: CHRISTIANITY
Introduction
Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world, with more than 2 billion followers.
The Christian faith centers on beliefs regarding the birth, life, death and resurrection of Jesus
Christ. While it started with a small group of adherents, many historians regard the spread and
adoption of Christianity throughout the world as one of the most successful spiritual missions in
human history.

a. To demonstrates understanding of the elements of Christianity.
b. Explain the core teaching of Christianity is the message that a loving God sent His
begotten Son in order to redeem humankind from eternal damnation.
Lesson Content
Christianity Beliefs
• Some basic Christian concepts include:
• Christians are monotheistic, i.e., they believe there’s only one God, and he created the
heavens and the earth. This divine Godhead consists of three parts: the father (God
himself), the son (Jesus Christ) and the Holy Spirit.
• The essence of Christianity revolves around the life, death and Christian beliefs on the
resurrection of Jesus. Christians believe God sent his son Jesus, the messiah, to save the
world. They believe Jesus was crucified on a cross to offer the forgiveness of sins and was
resurrected three days after his death before ascending to heaven.
• Christians contend that Jesus will return to earth again in what’s known as the Second
Coming.
• The Holy Bible includes important scriptures that outline Jesus’s teachings, the lives and
teachings of major prophets and disciples, and offer instructions for how Christians should
live.
• Both Christians and Jews follow the Old Testament of the Bible, but Christians also
embrace the New Testament.
• The cross is a symbol of Christianity.
• The most important Christian holidays are Christmas (which celebrates the birth of Jesus)
and Easter (which commemorates the resurrection of Jesus).
Who was Jesus?
Most historians believe that Jesus was a real person who was born between 2 B.C. and 7 B.C.
Much of what scholars know about Jesus comes from the New Testament of the Christian Bible.
According to the text, Jesus was born to a young Jewish virgin named Mary in the town of
Bethlehem, south of Jerusalem in modern-day Palestine. Christians believe the conception was a
supernatural event, with God impregnating Mary via the Holy Spirit. Very little is known about
Jesus’s childhood. Scriptures reveal that he grew up in Nazareth, he and his family fled
persecution from King Herod and moved to Egypt, and his “earthly” father, Joseph, was a
carpenter. Jesus was raised Jewish, and according to most scholars, he aimed to reform Judaism—
not create a new religion. When he was around 30 years old, Jesus started his public ministry after
being baptized in the Jordan River by the prophet known as John the Baptist. For about three
years, Jesus traveled with 12 appointed disciples (also known as the 12 apostles), teaching large
groups of people and performing what witnesses described as miracles. Some of the most well-
known miraculous events included raising a dead man named Lazarus from the grave, walking on
water and curing the blind.
Jesus’s Teachings
Jesus used parables: short stories with hidden messages, in his teachings. Some of the main themes
that Jesus taught, which Christians later embraced, include:
• Love God.
• Love your neighbor as yourself.
• Forgive others who have wronged you.
• Love your enemies.
• Ask God for forgiveness of your sins.
• Jesus is the Messiah and was given the authority to forgive others.
• Repentance of sins is essential.
• Don’t be hypocritical.
• Don’t judge others.
• The Kingdom of God is near. It’s not the rich and powerful—but the weak and poor—who
will inherit this kingdom.
• In one of Jesus’s most famous speeches, which became known as the Sermon on the Mount,
he summarized many of his moral instructions for his followers.
Jesus’s Death and Resurrection
Many scholars believe Jesus died between 30 A.D. and 33 A.D., although the exact date is debated
among theologians. According to the Bible, Jesus was arrested, tried and condemned to death.
Roman governor Pontius Pilate issued the order to kill Jesus after being pressured by Jewish
leaders who alleged that Jesus was guilty of a variety of crimes, including blasphemy. Jesus was
crucified by Roman soldiers in Jerusalem, and his body was laid in a tomb. According to scripture,
three days after his crucifixion, Jesus’s body was missing. In the days after Jesus’s death, some
people reported sightings and encounters with him. Authors in the Bible say the resurrected Jesus
ascended into Heaven.
The Christian Bible

The Christian Bible is a collection of 66 books written by various authors. It’s divided into two
parts: The Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament, which is also recognized
by followers of Judaism, describes the history of the Jewish people, outlines specific laws to
follow, details the lives of many prophets, and predicts the coming of the Messiah.
The New Testament was written after Jesus’s death. The first four books Matthew, Mark, Luke
and John are known as the “Gospels,” which means “good news.” These texts, composed
sometime between 70 A.D. and 100 A.D., provide accounts of the life and death of Jesus.
Letters written by early Christian leaders, which are known as “epistles,” make up a large part of
the New Testament. These letters offer instructions for how the church should operate.
The Acts of the Apostles is a book in the New Testament that gives an account of the apostles’
ministry after Jesus’s death. The author of Acts is the same author as one of the Gospels it is
effectively “part two” to the Gospels, what happened after Jesus’s death and resurrection.
History of Christianity
According to the Bible, the first church organized itself 50 days after Jesus’s death on the Day of
Pentecost when the Holy Spirit was said to descend onto Jesus’s followers. Most of the first
Christians were Jewish converts, and the church was centered in Jerusalem. Shortly after the
creation of the church, many Gentiles (non-Jews) embraced Christianity. Early Christians
considered it their calling to spread and teach the gospel. One of the most important missionaries
was the apostle Paul, a former persecutor of Christians. Paul’s conversion to Christianity after he
had a supernatural encounter with Jesus is described in Acts of the Apostles. Paul preached the
gospel and established churches throughout the Roman Empire, Europe and Africa. Many
historians believe Christianity wouldn’t be as widespread without the work of Paul. In addition to
preaching, Paul is thought to have written 13 of the 27 books in the New Testament.
Persecution of Christians
Early Christians were persecuted for their faith by both Jewish and Roman leaders. In 64 A.D.,
Emperor Nero blamed Christians for a fire that broke out in Rome. Many were brutally tortured
and killed during this time. Under Emperor Domitian, Christianity was illegal. If a person
confessed to being a Christian, he or she was executed. Starting in 303 A.D., Christians faced the
most severe persecutions to date under the co-emperors Diocletian and Galerius. This became
known as the Great Persecution.
Constantine Embraces Christianity
When Roman Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity, religious tolerance shifted in the
Roman Empire. During this time, there were several groups of Christians with different ideas
about how to interpret scripture and the role of the church. In 313 A.D., Constantine lifted the ban
on Christianity with the Edict of Milan. He later tried to unify Christianity and resolve issues that
divided the church by establishing the Nicene Creed. Many scholars believe Constantine’s
conversion was a turning point in Christian history.
The Catholic Church
In 380 A.D., Emperor Theodosius I declared Catholicism the state religion of the Roman Empire.
The Pope, or Bishop of Rome, operated as the head of the Roman Catholic Church. Catholics
expressed a deep devotion for the Virgin Mary, recognized the seven sacraments, and honored
relics and sacred sites. When the Roman Empire collapsed in 476 A.D., differences emerged
among Eastern and Western Christians. In 1054 A.D., the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern
Orthodox church split into two groups.
The Reformation
In 1517, a German monk named Martin Luther published 95 Theses a text that criticized certain
acts of the Pope and protested some of the practices and priorities of the Roman Catholic church.
Later, Luther publicly said that the Bible didn’t give the Pope the sole right to read and interpret
scripture. Luther’s ideas triggered the Reformation movement that aimed to reform the Catholic
church. As a result, Protestantism was created, and different denominations of Christianity
eventually began to form.
Types of Christianity
Christianity is broadly split into three branches: Catholic, Protestant and (Eastern) Orthodox.
The Catholic branch is governed by the Pope and Catholic bishops around the world. The
Orthodox (or Eastern Orthodox) is split into independent units each governed by a Holy Synod;
there is no central governing structure akin to the Pope.
There are numerous denominations within Protestant Christianity, many of which differ in their
interpretation of the Bible and understanding of the church.
Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world, with more than 2 billion followers.
Some Christian beliefs are only one God, life and death and resurrection of Jesus, Jesus will return
to earth again in what’s known as the second coming, holy bible, the cross symbol and Christmas.
Jesus teachings used parables. Some of the main themes that Jesus taught are love God, love thy
neighbors as yourself, forgive others who have wronged you, love your enemies, ask God for
forgiveness of your sins, Jesus is the Messiah, repentance of sins, is essential, don’t be
hypocritical, don’t judge others and the Kingdom of God is near. The Christian Bible is a
collection of 66 books written by various authors. It’s divided into two parts: The Old Testament
and the New Testament. Types of Christianity are Catholic Protestant and (Eastern) Orthodox.
Assessment:
Test I. True/False
1. Protestantism was created, and different denominations of Christianity eventually began to
form.
2. The first church organized itself 60 days after Jesus’s death on the Day of Pentecost when
the Holy Spirit was said to descend onto Jesus’s followers.
3. In 380 A.D., Luther declared Catholicism the state religion of the Roman Empire.
4. Many historians believe Christianity will spread even without the work of Paul.
5. Jesus was crucified by Roman soldiers in Jerusalem, and his body was laid in a tomb.
6. Christians believe the conception was a supernatural event, with God impregnating Mary
via the Holy Spirit.
7. Some of the most well-known miraculous events included raising a dead man named
Lazarus from the grave, walking on water and curing the blind.
8. One of Jesus’s most famous speeches, which became known as the Sermon on the Mount,
he summarized many of his moral instructions for his followers.
9. The people issued the order to kill Jesus after being pressured by Jewish leaders who
alleged that Jesus was guilty of a variety of crimes, including blasphemy.
10. Many scholars believe Constantine’s conversion was a turning point in Christian history.
Test II.
Explain the core teaching of Christianity is the message that a loving God sent His begotten Son
in order to redeem humankind from eternal damnation in your words and understanding
LESSON 6: ISLAM
Introduction
Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity, with about 1.8 billion Muslims
worldwide. Although its roots go back further, scholars typically date the creation of Islam to the
7th century, making it the youngest of the major world religions. Islam started in Mecca, in
modern-day Saudi Arabia, during the time of the prophet Muhammad’s life. Today, the faith is
spreading rapidly throughout the world.

a. To demonstrates understanding of the elements of Islam.
b. The core teaching of Islam is there is only one God and Muhammad is His final and greatest
messenger.
Lesson Content
Islam Facts
• The word “Islam” means “submission to the will of God.”
• Followers of Islam are called Muslims.
• Muslims are monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known as
Allah.
• Followers of Islam aim to live a life of complete submission to Allah. They believe that
nothing can happen without Allah’s permission, but humans have free will.
• Islam teaches that Allah’s word was revealed to the prophet Muhammad through the angel
Gabriel.
• Muslims believe several prophets were sent to teach Allah’s law. They respect some of the
same prophets as Jews and Christians, including Abraham, Moses, Noah and Jesus.
Muslims contend that Muhammad was the final prophet.
• Mosques are places where Muslims worship.
• Some important Islamic holy places include the Kaaba shrine in Mecca, the Al-Aqsa
mosque in Jerusalem, and the Prophet Muhammad’s mosque in Medina.
• The Quran (or Koran) is the major holy text of Islam. The Hadith is another important
book. Muslims also revere some material found in the Judeo-Christian Bible.
• Followers worship Allah by praying and reciting the Quran. They believe there will be a
day of judgment, and life after death.
• A central idea in Islam is “jihad,” which means “struggle.” While the term has been used
negatively in mainstream culture, Muslims believe it refers to internal and external efforts
to defend their faith. Although rare, this can include military jihad if a “just war” is needed.
Muhammad
The prophet Muhammad, sometimes spelled Mohammed or Mohammad, was born in Mecca,
Saudi Arabia, in 570 A.D. Muslims believe he was the final prophet sent by God to reveal their
faith to mankind. According to Islamic texts and tradition, an angel named Gabriel visited
Muhammad in 610 A.D. while he was meditating in a cave. The angel ordered Muhammad to
recite the words of Allah. Muslims believe that Muhammad continued to receive revelations from
Allah throughout the rest of his life. Starting in about 613, Muhammad began preaching
throughout Mecca the messages he received. He taught that there was no other God but Allah and
that Muslims should devote their lives to this God.
Hijra
In 622, Muhammad traveled from Mecca to Medina with his supporters. This journey became
known as the Hijra (also spelled Hegira or Hijrah), and marks the beginning of the Islamic
calendar. Some seven years later, Muhammad and his many followers returned to Mecca and
conquered the region. He continued to preach until his death in 632.
Abu Bakr
After Muhammad’s passing, Islam began to spread rapidly. A series of leaders, known as caliphs,
became successors to Muhammad. This system of leadership, which was run by a Muslim ruler,
became known as a caliphate. The first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law and
close friend. Abu Bakr died about two years after he was elected and was succeeded in 634 by
Caliph Umar, another father-in-law of Muhammad.
Caliphate System
When Umar was assassinated six years after being named caliph, Uthman, Muhammad’s son-in-
law, took the role. Uthman was also killed, and Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, was
selected as the next caliph. During the reign of the first four caliphs, Arab Muslims conquered
large regions in the Middle East, including Syria, Palestine, Iran and Iraq. Islam also spread
throughout areas in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The caliphate system lasted for centuries and
eventually evolved into the Ottoman Empire, which controlled large regions in the Middle East
from about 1517 until 1917, when World War I ended the Ottoman reign.
Sunnis and Shiites
When Muhammad died, there was debate over who should replace him as leader. This led to a
schism in Islam, and two major sects emerged: The Sunnis and the Shiites. Sunnis make up nearly
90 percent of Muslims worldwide. They accept that the first four caliphs were the true successors
to Muhammad.
Shiite Muslims believe that only the caliph Ali and his descendants are the real successors to
Muhammad. They deny the legitimacy of the first three caliphs. Today, Shiite Muslims have a
considerable presence in Iran, Iraq and Syria.
Other Types of Islam
Other, smaller Muslim denominations within the Sunni and Shiite groups exist. Some of these
include:
Wahhabi: This Sunni sect, made up of members of the Tameem tribe in Saudi Arabia, was
founded in the 18th century. Followers observe an extremely strict interpretation of Islam that
was taught by Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab.
Alawite: This Shiite form of Islam is prevalent in Syria. Followers hold similar beliefs about the
caliph Ali but also observe some Christian and Zoroastrian holidays.
Nation of Islam: This mostly African-American, Sunni sect was founded in the 1930s in
Detroit, Michigan.
Kharijites: This sect broke from the Shiites after disagreeing over how to select a new leader.
They are known for radical fundamentalism, and today are called Ibadis.
Quran
The Quran (sometimes spelled Qur’an or Koran) is considered the most important holy book
among Muslims. It contains some basic information that is found in the Hebrew Bible as well as
revelations that were given to Muhammad. The text is considered the sacred word of God and
supercedes any previous writings. Most Muslims believe that Muhammad’s scribes wrote down
his words, which became the Quran. (Muhammad himself was never taught to read or write.) The
book is written with Allah as the first person, speaking through Gabriel to Muhammad. It contains
114 chapters, which are called surahs. Scholars believe the Quran was compiled shortly after
Muhammad’s death, under the guidance of Caliph Abu Bakr.
Islamic Calendar
The Islamic calendar, also called the Hijra calendar, is a lunar calendar used in Islamic religious
worship. The calendar began in the year 622 A.D., celebrating the journey of Muhammad from
Mecca to Medina. The Islamic calendar indicates the proper days of Islamic holidays and
celebrations, including the period of fasting and prayer known as Ramadan, which occurs during
the ninth month of the calendar.
Islam Symbols
As in many religions, there is no single image or symbol of Islam that is universally accepted by
all Muslims worldwide. The crescent moon and star has been adopted in some predominantly
Muslim countries as a symbol of Islam, though the crescent moon and star image is believed to
pre-date Islam and was originally a symbol of the Ottoman Empire. In some other applications,
such as the International Red Cross and Red Crescent humanitarian aid movement, a red crescent
indicates that followers of Islam are respected and treated accordingly. The color green is also
sometimes associated with Islam, as it was reportedly a favorite color of Muhammad's and is often
featured prominently in the flags of predominantly Muslim countries.
Five Pillars of Islam
Muslims follow five basic pillars that are essential to their faith. These include:
•
• Shahada: to declare one’s faith in God and belief in Muhammad
• Salat: to pray five times a day (at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening)
• Zakat: to give to those in need
• Sawm: to fast during Ramadan
• Hajj: to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during a person’s lifetime if the person
is able
Sharia Law
Islam’s legal system is known as Sharia Law. This faith-based code of conduct directs Muslims
on how they should live in nearly every aspect of their lives. Sharia law requires men and women
to dress modestly. It also outlines marriage guidelines and other moral principles for Muslims. If
crimes are committed, Sharia law is known for its harsh punishments. For example, the
punishment for theft is amputating a person’s hand. Adultery can carry the penalty of death by
stoning. However, many Muslims do not support such extreme measures.
Muslim Prayer
The prophet Muhammad is credited with building the first mosque in the courtyard of his house
in Medina. Mosques today follow some of the same principles he established in 622 A.D. Muslim
prayer is often conducted in a mosque's large open space or outdoor courtyard. A mihrab is a
decorative feature or niche in the mosque that indicates the direction to Mecca, and therefore the
direction to face during prayer. Men and women pray separately, and Muslims may visit a mosque
five times a day for each of the prayer sessions. In addition to hosting prayers, mosques often
function as public gathering places and social centers.
Muslim Holidays
The two major Muslim holidays are:
✓ Eid al-Adha: celebrates the Prophet Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son for Allah.
✓ Eid al-Fitr: marks the end of Ramadan—the Islamic holy month of fasting.
Muslims also celebrate other holidays, such as the Islamic New Year and the birth of
Muhammad.
Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity, with about 1.8 billion
Muslims worldwide. The prophet Muhammad, sometimes spelled Mohammed or Mohammad,
was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in 570 A.D. In 622, Muhammad traveled from Mecca to
Medina with his supporters. This journey became known as the Hijra (also spelled Hegira or
Hijrah), and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. The two major sects are the Sunnis
and the Shiites. Sunnis make up nearly 90 percent of Muslims worldwide. They accept that the
first four caliphs were the true successors to Muhammad. Other types of Islam are Wahhabi,
Alawite, and Kharijites. The Quran (sometimes spelled Qur’an or Koran) is considered the most
important holy book among Muslims. The Islamic calendar, also called the Hijra calendar, is a
lunar calendar used in Islamic religious worship. Five pillars of Islam are Shahada, Salat, Zakat,
Sawn, and Hajj. Two major holidays of Muslim are Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr.
Assessment:
Test I
What is meant by the core teaching of Islam wherein there is only one God and Muhammad is His
final and greatest messenger.
Test II. True/False
1. A mihrab is a decorative feature or niche in the mosque that indicates the direction to
Mecca, and therefore the direction to face during prayer.
2. To make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during a person’s lifetime if the person is
able is called Salat.
3. The color Red is also sometimes associated with Islam, as it was reportedly a favorite
color of Muhammad's and is often featured prominently in the flags of predominantly
Muslim countries.
4. The Islamic calendar indicates the proper days of Islamic holidays and celebrations,
including the period of fasting and prayer known as Ramadan, which occurs during the
ninth month of the calendar.
5. Eid al-Adha celebrates the Prophet Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son for Allah.
6. Muslim don’t have any holidays aside from Eid ad-Adha and Eid al-Fitr.
7. Adultery can carry the penalty of death by stoning according to Sharia law.
8. Shahada is to declare one’s faith in God and belief in Muhammad.
9. Shiite Muslims believe that only the caliph Ali and his descendants are the real
successors to Muhammad.
10. Wahhabi followers hold similar beliefs about the caliph Ali but also observe some
Christian and Zoroastrian holidays.
LESSON 7: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF JUDAISM,

CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
Introduction
Judaism, Christianity and Islam have its uniqueness and similarities with their belief and practices.

a. Identify the uniqueness and similarities of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
b. Provide evidence that Judaism, Christianity and Islam share common roots from Patriarch
Abraham
c. Justify that Judaism, Christianity and Islam, as monotheistic religions, have largely
influenced the world today.
Lesson Content
Common Belief are;
✓ One God
✓ Life hereafter
✓ Scriptures including Old Testament
✓ History of Abraham
✓ History of Moses
✓ History of David
✓ Jesus
✓ Social and Moral Teachings
The similarities of the three religion, Christianity, Judaism and Islam are one God, God of
Abraham, their special relationship with God, history of ancient Hebrews and Hebrew law,
importance of prophets, prayer during worship services, services held in the holy building,
sermon during worship service, Jerusalem is the holy city, readings from holy book during
service and religious leader chants experts from holy bible.
Assessment:
Explain the following questions base in your understanding.
1. For all the similarities they have, what is the most important thing? Why?
2. What might be the source of unity?
3. What belief did the three religions impacts people in the world today? Explain
LESSON 8: HINDUISM
Introduction
Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion, according to many scholars, with roots and customs dating
back more than 4,000 years. Today, with about 900 million followers, Hinduism is the third-
largest religion behind Christianity and Islam. Roughly 95 percent of the world’s Hindus live in
India. Because the religion has no specific founder, it’s difficult to trace its origins and history.
Hinduism is unique in that it’s not a single religion but a compilation of many traditions and
philosophies.

a. To demonstrates understanding of the elements of Hinduism.
b. To identify the names of the major Hindu deities as well as their corresponding functions
or powers.
c. The core teaching of Hinduism is the attainment of liberation in the identification of Atman
and Brahman through the Four Yogas.
Lesson Content
Hinduism Beliefs
Some basic Hindu concepts include:
• Hinduism embraces many religious ideas. For this reason, it’s sometimes referred to as a
“way of life” or a “family of religions,” as opposed to a single, organized religion.
• Most forms of Hinduism are henotheistic, which means they worship a single deity, known
as “Brahman,” but still recognize other gods and goddesses. Followers believe there are
multiple paths to reaching their god.
• Hindus believe in the doctrines of samsara (the continuous cycle of life, death, and
reincarnation) and karma (the universal law of cause and effect).
• One of the key thoughts of Hinduism is “atman,” or the belief in soul. This philosophy
holds that living creatures have a soul, and they’re all part of the supreme soul. The goal is
to achieve “moksha,” or salvation, which ends the cycle of rebirths to become part of the
absolute soul.
• One fundamental principle of the religion is the idea that people’s actions and thoughts
directly determine their current life and future lives.
• Hindus strive to achieve dharma, which is a code of living that emphasizes good conduct
and morality.
• Hindus revere all living creatures and consider the cow a sacred animal.
• Food is an important part of life for Hindus. Most don’t eat beef or pork, and many are
vegetarians.
• Hinduism is closely related to other Indian religions, including Buddhism, Sikhism and
Jainism.
Hinduism Symbols
There are two primary symbols associated with Hinduism, the om and the swastika. The
word swastika means "good fortune" or "being happy" in Sanskrit, and the symbol represents good
luck. (A diagonal version of the swastika later became associated with Germany’s Nazi Party
when they made it their symbol in 1920.)
The om symbol is composed of three Sanskrit letters and represents three sounds (a, u and m),
which when combined are considered a sacred sound. The om symbol is often found at family
shrines and in Hindu temples.
Origins of Hinduism
Most scholars believe Hinduism started somewhere between 2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C. in the Indus
Valley, near modern-day Pakistan. But many Hindus argue that their faith is timeless and has
always existed. Unlike other religions, Hinduism has no one founder but is instead a fusion of
various beliefs.
Around 1500 B.C., the Indo-Aryan people migrated to the Indus Valley, and their language and
culture blended with that of the indigenous people living in the region. There’s some debate over
who influenced who more during this time. The period when the Vedas were composed became
known as the “Vedic Period” and lasted from about 1500 B.C. to 500 B.C. Rituals, such as
sacrifices and chanting, were common in the Vedic Period.
The Epic, Puranic and Classic Periods took place between 500 B.C. and 500 A.D. Hindus began
to emphasize the worship of deities, especially Vishnu, Shiva and Devi. The concept of dharma
was introduced in new texts, and other faiths, such as Buddhism and Jainism, spread rapidly.
Hindu Gods
Hindus worship many gods and goddesses in addition to Brahman, who is believed to be
the supreme God force present in all things. Some of the most prominent deities include:
• Brahma: the god responsible for the creation of the world and all living things
• Vishnu: the god that preserves and protects the universe
• Shiva: the god that destroys the universe in order to recreate it
• Devi: the goddess that fights to restore dharma
• Krishna: the god of compassion, tenderness and love
• Lakshmi: the goddess of wealth and purity
• Saraswati: the goddess of learning
Hindu Places of Worship
Hindu worship, which is known as “puja,” typically takes place in the Mandir (temple). Followers
of Hinduism can visit the Mandir any time they please. Hindus can also worship at home, and
many have a special shrine dedicated to certain gods and goddesses. The giving of offerings is an
important part of Hindu worship. It’s a common practice to present gifts, such as flowers or oils,
to a god or goddess. Additionally, many Hindus take pilgrimages to temples and other sacred sites
in India.
Sects of Hinduism
Hinduism has many sects, and is sometimes divided into the following:
• Shaivism (followers of Shiva)

• Vaishnava (followers of Vishnu)
• Shaktism (followers of Devi)
• Smarta (followers of Brahman and all major deities)
Some Hindus elevate the Hindu trinity, which consists of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Others
believe that all the deities are a manifestation of one.
Hindu Caste System

The caste system is a social hierarchy in India that divides Hindus based on their karma and
dharma. Many scholars believe the system dates back more than 3,000 years. The four main castes
(in order of prominence) include:
• Brahmin: the intellectual and spiritual leaders
• Kshatriyas: the protectors and public servants of society
• Vaisyas: the skillful producers
• Shudras: the unskilled laborers
Many subcategories also exist within each caste. The “Untouchables” are a class of citizens that
are outside the caste system and considered to be in the lowest level of the social hierarchy. For
centuries, the caste system determined every aspect of a person’s social, professional and religious
status in India. When India became an independent nation, its constitution banned discrimination
based on caste. Today, the caste system still exists in India but is loosely followed. Many of the
old customs are overlooked, but some traditions, such as only marrying within a specific caste,
are still embraced.
Hindu Holidays
Hindus observe numerous sacred days, holidays and festivals. Some of the most well-known
include:
• Diwali: the festival of lights

• Navaratri: a celebration of fertility and harvest
• Holi: a spring festival
• Krishna Janmashtami: a tribute to Krishna’s birthday
• Raksha Bandhan: a celebration of the bond between brother and sister
• Maha Shivaratri: the great festival of Shiva
Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion, according to many scholars, with roots and customs dating
back more than 4,000 years. Some of the Hinduism beliefs are Hinduism embraces many religious
ideas, they worship in Brahman, they belief in doctrines of samsara, belief in soul, belief that
people’s actions and thoughts directly determine their current life and future belief, they strive to
achieve dharma, belief that all living creatures are consider the cow as a sacred animal, and for
them food is an important part of life for hindus. Hindus value many sacred writings as opposed
to one holy book. The primary sacred texts, known as the Vedas, were composed around 1500
B.C. Hindus God’s are Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Devi, Krishna, Lakshmi and Saraswati. Hindu
worship, which is known as “puja,” typically takes place in the Mandir (temple). Sects of
Hinduism are Shaivism (followers of Shiva), Vaisnava( followers of Vishnu), Shaktism( followers
of Devi) and Smarta( followers of Brahman and all major deities). Hindus caste system are
Brahmin, the intellectual and spiritual leaders; Kshatriyas, the protectors and public servants of
society; Vaisyas, the skillful producers and Shudras, the unskilled laborers.
Assessment:
True/False
1. The caste system is a social hierarchy in India that divides Hindus based on their karma
and dharma.
2. Today, the caste system doesn’t exists anymore in India but is loosely followed.
3. Shaivism is the follower of Brahman and other all major deities.
4. Kshatriyas is the protectors and public servants of society
5. Hindus didn’t value sacred writings as opposed to one holy book.
6. The word om means "good fortune" or "being happy" in Sanskrit, and the symbol
represents good luck.
7. Food is an important part of life for Hindus. Most don’t eat beef or pork, and many are
vegetarians.
8. Vishnu is the god that preserves and protects the universe.
9. The concept of dharma was introduced in new texts, and other faiths, such as Buddhism
and Jainism, spread rapidly.
10. Hindus didn’t strive to achieve dharma, which is a code of living that emphasizes good
conduct and morality.

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ACLC COLLEGE OF MANDAUE

INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEMS

Unit learning outcomes

The Growth of Religiosity

Religion in the 21st Century

How to Study Religion

In this course we will be implementing a kind approach to studying religion inspired by

Here is the definition of theology:

So what is the difference between the two?

“ad Deum” / God

LESSON 2: HOW WORLD RELIGION BEGAN

Unit learning outcomes

The Western Frontier

LESSON 3: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OF RELIGION

Unit learning outcomes

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF RELIGION

Unit learning outcomes

Jewish Holy Books

Unit learning outcomes

The Christian Bible

Unit learning outcomes

Test II. True/False

LESSON 7: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF JUDAISM,

Unit learning outcomes

Unit learning outcomes

• Shaivism (followers of Shiva)

Hindu Caste System

• Diwali: the festival of lights

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