REPORT ON INTERNSHIP AT HESCOM, HUBLI

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

The primary objective of Industrial Training is to gain through practical experience, a
sound appreciation and understanding of the theoretical principles learnt as a postgraduate
at the University. Industrial Training is oriented towards developing the skills, knowledge
and attitudes needed to make an effective start as a member of the engineering profession.

1.2 HUBLI ELECTRICITY SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED

The Government of Karnataka as part of reforms in power sector has unbundled the
transmission and distribution activities in the state of Karnataka. As a result, the HESCOM
Limited was incorporated on 30.04.2002 under the Companies Act, 1956 (No. 1 of 1956)
and the company started operation w.e.f. 01.06. 2002.The Company came into existence
with geographical jurisdiction of 7 Districts comprising of Dharwad, Belgaum, Gadag,
Haveri, Uttar Kannada, Bagalkot & vijayapura with an objective to carry on the business of
distribution and supply of electricity more efficiently and canonically. The Company is
operating from Hubballi City and covering the areas where the agricultural consumption is
comparatively on higher side. The Company has withstood the initial transitional problems
and achieved its objective of improving efficiency and better consumer services. The
company today is functioning as a commercial entity in pursuance of power sector reforms
undertaken by Government of Karnataka.
The year 2002-03 was the first year of operation of the Company. The mission of the
HESCOM is to ensure reliable quality power to its customers at competitive prices.
HESCOM is committed to achieve this mission through:

DEPT. OF EEE,SDMCET, DHARWAD 1

1) Encouraging best practices in distribution.

2) Ensuring high order maintenance of all its technical facilities.

3) Emphasizing the best standards in customer services.

1.2.1 BACKGROUND OF HESCOM

1) The Government of Karnataka as a part of reforms in Power sector has unbundled the
Transmission and Distribution Activities in the state.
2) Consequently, HESCOM was incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 on 30 04-
2002.

3) The company started its operation w.e.f., 01-06-02 with an objective to distribute
electricity more efficiently and economically.

4) The Company has geographical jurisdiction over 7 Districts comprising of

Dharwad, Belgaum, Gadag, Haveri, Uttarkannada, Bagalkot and Vijayapur.

5) The Company is presently operating through 2 Zones, 7 Circles and 24 O&M

Divisions with an area of 54513 Sq. Kms & population of over 1.66 Crs.

1.2.2 VISIONS

1. 100% Rural Electrification.

2. Reduce T&D Losses gradually to below 15%.
3. 100% Metering at all levels right from feeder end to consumer installations.
4. Elimination of Low Voltage Pockets by reorganizing the existing feeder’s consequent to
establishment of new Sub-stations by HESCOM and KPTCL.
5. Reduction in interruption.
6. Power Supply on Demand.
7. Eliminate commercial losses by increased vigilance activities.
8. Application of Information Technology in more and more activities.
9. Increasing business efficiency by reducing AT & C Losses.
 1.2.3 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE:

Fig 1. Organization Structure

1.2.4 COMPANY PROFILE

Table 1. Company Details

 1.2.5 STRATEGIES

1. Enhancement of revenue generation.

2. Strengthening and refurbishing distribution network to reduce losses and cost of operation.

3. Enhancing employee productivity.

4. Providing best services to its consumers.

5. Energy Audit at 33 KV / 11 KV DTC level to bring down avoidable losses.

6. Enhancement of vigilance activities to reduce power theft and pilferage.

1.3 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

In the early days, there was a little demand for electrical energy as the numbers of
consumers connected were very less. So, small power stations were built to supply lightning
loads. The increased demand of electrical energy can be met by building big power
generating stations at favorable places where fuel (coal, gas or water energy) is available in
abundance.

The electrical energy produced at the power stations has to be supplied to the consumers.
This is done by a large network of conductors between the power station and the consumers
which can be broadly divided into two parts viz., transmission and distribution system. Each
part can be further divide into two parts the primary transmission and secondary
transmission. The primary distribution and secondary distribution.
 1.3.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF TYPICAL POWER SUPPLY

Generating station:
Generating station is the one where electrical power is produced by three phase alternators
operating in parallel the usual generation voltage is 11kv. For economy in the transmission
of electric power, the generation voltage [11kv] is stepped up to 132kv [or more] at the
generating station with the help of three phase transformers. The transmission of electrical
power at high voltages has several advantages including the saving of conductor material
and high transmission efficiency.
Primary transmission:
The primary transmission is carried at 66kv, 132kv, 220kv and 400kv.the electric power at
132kv is transmitted by three phase three wire overhead systems to the outskirts of the city.
This forms the primary transmission.

Secondary transmission:
The primary transmission line terminates at the receiving station which usually lies at the out
skirts of the city. At the receiving station, the voltage is reduced to 33kv by step down
transformers. From this station, electric power is transmitted at 33kv by three phase three
wire overhead systems to various substations located at the strategic points in the city. This
forms the secondary transmission.

Primary distribution:
The secondary transmission line terminates at the substation where voltage is reduced from
33kv to 11kv, three phase three wire the 11kv line run along the important road sides of the
city. This forms the Primary distribution. It may be noted that big consumers (having
demand more than 50kw) are generally supplied power at 11kv for further handling with
their own substation equipment.

The electric power from primary distribution line (11kv) is delivered to distribution
substation. Thus, the substations are located at near the consumer’s localities and step down
the voltage to 400v, three phase four wire for secondary distribution the voltage between two
phases is 400v and between any phase and neutral is 230v. The single line residential line is
connected between any one phase and the neutral, whereas three phase, 400v motor load is
connected across three phase lines directly. Secondary distribution system consists of
feeders, distributors and service mains. No consumer is given direct connection from the
feeders instead the consumers are connected to the distributors through their service mains.
 2 SUBSTATION VISIT

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage level. A substation may include
transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages,

or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. The substation has an

additional function like they provide points where safety devices may be installed to
disconnect equipment or circuit in the event of the fault. Street lighting, as well as the
switching control for street lighting, can be installed in a substation.

The substations we visited during our internship are:

a) Lakamanahalli substation 110/33/11 KV.

b) Nigadi substation 33/11 KV.

2.1 LAKKAMMANAHALLI SUBSTATION

The substation at Lakamanahalli is a 110/33/11KV substation. It receives power

through the Navanagar and KUD lines at 110KV. It sends power at two voltage levels,
33KV an 11KV. A 20MVA 110/33KV transformer is used to step down the voltage and
transmit power to SDT, Alnavar and UDT at 33KV. Two transformers, of 20MVA and
10MVA are used to step down the voltage from 110KV to 11KV. Power is transmitted to
Express, Hebballi, Madaramaddi, JSS, Navalur, KMP, Venkateshwar, Someshwar and UAS
at 11KV. Five 11KV lines are idle. For the protection of switchgear, transformers, associated
equipment of 11 kV and 33 kV lines against large over-voltages/ surges, Lightning
arrestors/surge arrestors are used in each line.

Line isolators or GOS are used to isolate the lines from healthy lines, under
maintenance. SF6 circuit breakers are used for protection from damage caused by over
currents resulting from overload or faults. Current and voltage transformers are used to
electrically isolate the high voltage primary circuit from the low voltage secondary circuit
and, thus provide a safe means of supply for indicating instruments, meters and relays. In
addition,
shunt capacitor bank of 20MVAR is used for reactive power compensation and power factor
correction.

Analysis of Feeders at Lakkammanahalli Substation:

a) BRTS Feeder
BRTS feeder which is comes under Lakamanhalli Sub-station (110 / 11KV) which is
located in urban divison of Dharwad
Feeder Specifications:
Feeder name BRTS
Company name HESCOM
Zone name Hubballi
Circle Hubballi
Division name Dharwad Urban
Sub- division name Dharwad CSD-1
Section name Vidyagiri
Sub-station name Lakkammanahalli
Feeder voltage level 11kV
Feeder category Urban DHQ

Technical Specifications:
Conductor Information (in Ckms)

Conductor Name Length (Ckms)

Rabbit 7.8
Weasel 1.2
Length of feeder = 23.86 km

Installations to DTC mapping & DTC to feeder mapping

Distribution Transformer exists on April-18

DTC’s Numbers Total KVA

25KVA 09 225
63KVA 13 819
100KVA 105 10500
250KVA 04 1000
Total 131 12544
IP set installations of BRTS feeder = 64
Total number of installations = 5729

Total connected KVA = 12544

Length of feeder = 23.86 km
 BRTS Feeder Distribution loss (%) for the month July and August 2019

Peak load in Amps 96

Final meter reading 7848.72
Initial meter reading 7793.13
Difference in reading 55.59
Meter constant 15000
Feeder consumption in 0.83385
MU
Total energy 0.1187
unaccounted in MU
Distribution loss(%) 14.24

Calculations:
Distribution loss calculation
Feeder consumption in MU = ((Difference in meter reading) * (Meter constant)) / 106
= (55.59 * 15000)/106
= 0.83385
Distribution loss = (Total energy unaccounted in MU) * 100 / (Feeder consumption in MU)
= (0.1187 * 100) / 0.83385
= 14.24

Technical loss in the 11 kV system of DISCOM: All the 11 kV feeders has been considered.
It will be ensured by the respective DISCOM that meters of all consumers on the feeders are
tested and incorrect/burnt/stopped meter, if any, is replaced by correct meter and there is no
case of direct theft etc. Technical losses in such feeders may be arrived at as difference
between the sending end energy and receiving end energy at consumer end (for 11 kV
consumers) plus energy recorded at LV side of distribution transformers.

Load Factor = L.F = (Average load/Peak load)

= (66.56/98)
= 0.67912
Average load = (Annual energy consumption)/ ( 3× 11 × p f×8760)
= (11x98x365x24)/ ( 3× 11 × 0.85×8760)
= 66.56
Diversity Factor = (Connected load (generally total capacity of TC’s))/ (peak load)
= 131/98
 = 1.336
Loss Load Factor (L.L.F) = 0.2(L. F) +0.8(L.F)2
= 0.2(0.67912) +0.8(0.67912)2
= 0.504787

Load density factor = (pxL / KVA.km)

= 23.8 /0.85
= 28
Annual Energy Losses = (0.105 x p2xRxLxLLF)/(2xLDFxDF2)
= 8218.9 Watts

DEPT. OF EEE,SDMCET, DHARWAD 11

 2.2 NIGADI SUBSTATION

This is the 33KV/11KV substation at nigadi Dharwad. Here the incoming feeder line is from
Lakkammanahalli substation Dharwad.

Here 33KV voltage is received from lakkammanahalli substation. This voltage stepped down
to the 11KV using 5MVA power transformer and this voltage is supplied to the consumer
ends.

DEPT. OF EEE,SDMCET, DHARWAD 12

This substation consists of 10 outgoing feeders.

Single Line Diagram of Nigadi Substation

DEPT. OF EEE,SDMCET, DHARWAD 13

 Remote control desk with annunciation panel

Annunciators in electrical substations and generating plants provide immediate visual

indication of alarm conditions, accompanied by audible sounds to call attention to the visual
information displayed.

Typically, the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems that linked
substations and control centres were entirely separated from the annunciators. Applying
microprocessor technology to protective relays, SCADA systems, meters, and other
intelligent electronic devices enabled new system architectures.

Annunciators in electrical substations provide concise visible and audible notification. An

annunciator has a legend area, referred to as an annunciator “window,” that contains a
concise text description of a condition to be alarmed.
 Fig: Annunciation panel

An alarm indicator illuminates for the visible indication of the alarm condition. Different
annunciator models use light bulbs or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as separate indicators or
to backlight an engraved, translucent window. An audible alarm demands the attention of
people near the annunciator. Pushbuttons allow the audible horn to be silenced and to
acknowledge that the operator has observed an alarm.
 3 ELEMENTS OF SUBSTATION

A: Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side

1.Primary power lines 2. Ground wire 3. Overhead lines 4. Transformer for measurement of
electric voltage 5. Disconnect switch 6. Circuit breaker 7. Current transformer 8. Lightning
arrester 9. Main transformer 10. Control building 11. Security fence 12. Secondary power
lines Equipment in a substation can broadly be categorized as follows:

Structures

Structures are required to provide entry from the overhead line to the substation and to
extend out required number of feeders. The numbers of structures should be kept to a
minimum, as large number of structures would not only be uneconomical but give an ugly
look to the substation and may prove to be obstructions in extending bus-bar, lines, etc. The
main structures required for 33/11 kV substations are:

− Incoming and outgoing gantries;

− support structures for breaker, isolators, fuses, insulators, CTs and PTs; and

− Bus-bars.

Switchyard structures can be made of fabricated steel, RCC or PSCC, Rail or RS Joist.
 Fig.: Substation Structures

3.1 POWER
TRANSFORMER

A transformer is employed in a substation to change voltage levels between high

transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages or at the interconnection of two
different transmission voltages.

Fig: Power Transformer

3.2 LIGHTNING PROTECTION−SURGE ARRESTORS

Large over voltages that develop suddenly on electric transmission and distribution
system are referred to as “surges” or “transients”. These are caused by lightning strikes or by
circuit switching operations. Surge arrestor is a protective device for limiting surge voltages
on equipment by discharging or bypassing surge current.

The surge arrestor which responds to over-voltages without any time delay is
installed for protection of 33 kV switchgear, transformers, associated equipment and 11 kV
and 33 kV lines. The rated voltage of arrestors for 33 kV should be 30 kV for use on 33 kV
systems and with nominal discharge current rating of 10 kA. The rated voltage of lightning
arrestors should be 9 kV (rms) for effectively earthed 11 kV system (coefficient of earth not
exceeding 80 % as per IS: 4004) with all the transformer neutrals directly earthed. The
nominal discharge current rating should be 5 kA.

Fig : Surge Arrestor

3.3 ISOLATORS

Isolators are mechanical switching devices capable of opening or closing a circuit

− when a negligible current is broken or made, or

− only a small charging current is to be interrupted, or

− When no significant voltage difference exists across the terminals of each pole. Isolators
are capable of carrying current under normal conditions and short circuit currents for a
specified time. In open position, the isolator should provide an isolating distance between the
terminals. The standard values of rated duration of short time current capacity withstand for
isolator and earthling switch is normally 1 second. A value of 3 seconds is also sometimes
specified. For 33 kV, horizontal type isolating switches are used. The rated normal current is
630 A at 36 kV. For 11 kV, both horizontal and vertical mounting isolating switches of 400
Amps at 12 kV are used.

Fig.3.5: Group Operating system

3.4 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

A circuit breaker is a switching device built ruggedly to enable it to interrupt/ make

not only the load current but also the much larger fault current, which may occur on a circuit.
A circuit breaker contains both fixed contacts and moving contacts. The purpose of circuit
breakers is to eliminate a short-circuit that occurs on a line. Circuit breakers are found at the
arrivals and departures of all lines incident on a substation. When the circuit breaker is
closed these contacts are held together. The mode of action of all circuit breakers consists in
the breaking of the fault current by the separation of the moving contacts away from the
fixed ones. An arc is immediately established on separation of the contacts. Interruption of
the current occurs after the arc at these contacts is extinguished and current becomes zero.

Fig: Circuit Breaker

Elements of a Circuit Breaker

Circuit breakers contain the following elements, irrespective of the medium for arc quenching
and insulation:

• Main contact at system voltage

• Insulation, such as porcelain, oil or gas, between the main contacts and ground potential

• Operating and supervisory accessories, of which tripping facilities are most important.

A wide variety of closing and tripping arrangements (using relays with variable time delay)
and a number of operating mechanisms (based on solenoids, charged springs or pneumatic
arrangements) are available now-a-days. The types of breakers used in a distribution system
are:

• Air break type;

• Oil break type;

• Vacuum type; and

• SF 6 gas breaker.

The rated voltage of circuit breakers for 33 kV level is 36 kV, and for 11 kV, it is 12
kV. The short circuit current rating is 25 kA. The 11 KV switchgear is generally metal
enclosed indoor type.

3.5 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

The substations have current and voltage transformers designed to isolate electrically
the high voltage primary circuit from the low voltage secondary circuit and, thus, provide a
safe means of supply for indicating instruments, meters and relays.

3.6 CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)

Current transformers are used in power installations for supplying the current circuits
of indicating instruments (ammeter, wattmeter, etc.), meters (energy meter, etc.) and
protective relays. These transformers are designed to provide a standard secondary current
output of 1 or 5 A, when rated current flows through the primary. A fundamental
characteristic of CT is its transformation ratio, expressed as the ratio of the rated primary to
rated secondary current. Current transformers have two inherent errors: the current ratio and
phase displacement. These two errors serve as a basis on which current transformers are
classified for accuracy.

3.7 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER OR POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (PT)

These instrument transformers are used for supplying the voltage circuit of indicating
instruments, integrating meters, other measuring apparatus and protective relays or trip coils.
These may be of single phase or three phase designs and of the dry or oil immersed types. A
voltage transformer or PT is rated in terms of the maximum burden (VA output) it will
deliver without exceeding specified limits of error. On the other hand, a power transformer is
rated by the secondary output it will deliver without exceeding specified temperature rise.
 Fig: current and voltage transformer

3.8 INSULATORS

An electrical insulator resists the flow of electricity. Application of voltage

difference across a good insulator results in negligible electrical current. Adequate insulation
is of prime importance for obvious reasons of reliability of supply, safety of personnel and
equipment, etc. The insulators in use at substations are post insulators of pedestal type. The
station design should be such that the number of insulators is kept at a minimum at the same
time ensuring security of supply. In the areas where the problem of insulator pollution is
expected (such as near the sea or thermal station, railway station, industrial area, etc.) special
insulators with higher leakage resistance should be used.
 Fig: parallel and series Insulators

3.9 POWER AND CONTROL CABLES

Power and control cables of adequate current carrying capacity and voltage rating are
provided at the substation. Power cables are used for 33kV,11 kV or LT system to carry load
current. The control cables are required for operating and protection system connections.
The cables are segregated by running in separate trenches or on separate racks.

3.10 CONTROL PANELS

Control panels installed within the control building of a switchyard provide mounting for
mimic bus, relays, meters, indicating instruments, indicating lights, control switches, test
switches and other control devices. The panel contains compartments for incoming lines,
outgoing lines, bus-bars with provision for sectionalizing, relays, measuring instruments, etc.

The panel is provided with:

a) Suitable over-current and earth fault relays to protect the equipment against short circuit
and earth faults; and

b) Measuring instruments such as ammeter, voltmeter and energy meter for 33kV and 11 kV
systems.
 Fig: Control panel room

3.11 EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS

Earthing has to be provided for

• Safety of personnel,

• Prevention of and minimizing damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy

fault currents,

• Improved reliability of power supply.

Large sub-stations -1 ohm

Small sub-stations -2 ohms Power stations -0.5 ohms
Distribution transformer stations- 5 ohms
 Fig: Grounding for 110KV G.O.S

3.12 EARTHING SWITCHES

Earthing switches are provided at various locations to facilitate maintenance. Main

blades and earth blades are interlocked with both electrical and mechanical means. The
earthing switch has to be capable of withstanding short circuit current for short duration as
applicable to the isolator.

3.13 REACTIVE COMPENSATION

Reactive compensation (as indicated by system studies of the network) has to be

provided. It is always a good idea to ensure a power factor correction for transformers, since
even when they are operating on low load (e.g., during the night) they absorb reactive power,
which must be compensated to avoid unnecessary loadings and losses. Shunt capacitors are
connected on the secondary side (11 kV side) of the 33/11 kV power transformers. The
capacitors are generally of automatic switched type. The automatic system of the capacitor
bank has the task of switching in the necessary capacitance according to the load
requirements at each given moment.
 Fig: Capacitor bank

3.14 STATION BATTERY/DC SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT

Station batteries supply energy to operate protection equipment such as breakers and
other control, alarm and indicating equipment. The station batteries are a source for
operating DC control system equipment during system disturbances and outages. During
normal conditions the rectifier provides the required DC supply. However, to take care of
rectifier failure, a storage battery of adequate capacity is provided to meet the DC
requirements. Normally, in a 33/11 kV substation, the DC system is of 30 cells consisting of
15 lead acid storage batteries or Nickel-Cadmium batteries. The battery is connected in
parallel with a constant voltage charger and critical load circuits. The charger maintains the
required voltage at battery terminal and supplies the normally connected loads. This sustains
the battery in fully charged condition. The correct size battery charger has to be selected for
the intended application.
 Fig 3.12: Station battery arrangement

3.15 AUXILIARY SUPPLY TRANSFORMER

An Auxiliary Supply Transformer of adequate capacity is required to be provided for

internal use for lighting loads, battery charging, oil filtration plant, etc. The supply should be
reliable. In a substation, it is normally provided from a station transformer connected on 33
or 11 kV bus bar.

3.16 WAVETRAP

Wave trap is an instrument using for trapping of the wave. The function of this wave
trap to trap the unwanted waves. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can
trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments in the substation. Generally, it is
used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference, of a
wave. This is relevant in power line carrier communication (PLCC) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company
network.
 Fig: Wave trap

3.17 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

In view of the presence of oil filled equipment in a substation, it is important that

proper attention is given to isolation; limitation and extinguishing of fire so as to avoid
damage to costly equipment and reduce chances of serious dislocation of power supply as
well as ensure safety of personnel. The layout of the substation itself should be such that the
fire should not spread to other equipment as far as possible. Fire extinguishers of the
following type must be provided:
− Carbon dioxide extinguisher, and

− Dry chemical powder extinguisher.

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 type) extinguisher and Dry chemical powder type extinguisher should
conform to IS: 2878 and IS:2171, respectively. For oil fire, foam type extinguishers are used
(see Unit 7, BEE-002 also). The firefighting equipment should be maintained and kept in top
condition for instant use as per IS: 1948-1961 “Fire Fighting Equipment and its Maintenance
including Construction and Installation of Fire Proof Doors-Fire Safety of Buildings
(General)”. So far, we have described the equipment in a 66-33kV/11kV substation.
The ground of the substation yard is filled with crushed gravel stones. This is because of the
following reasons that pertain to safety from shock:
1. Although substation grounding is chosen to provide low resistance path, the entire ground
is filled with crushed stones to provide a high resistance layer so that it can act as insulation
between our foot and the ground.

2. The stone layer on the substation ground provides high resistance so that the fault currents
flow into the ground but not along the ground.

3. To minimize step potential and touch potential voltages.

4. It avoids pool of inflammable oil etc. on the substation ground in case of any spilling of
insulation oil from the equipment. This also avoids spreading of fire from one equipment to
the other in the substation.

5. The rocky outer layer slows down the evaporation of moisture in the earth’s upper layers.

6. It restricts entering of snakes and other reptiles as the surface would be inconvenient to
crawl.

7. It avoids growth of plants and weeds in the substation yard to some extent.

8. Generally, 20 to 25mm baby gravel stones are used instead big size stones to facilitate
movement of persons and equipment in the substation yard.
 4 OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT

Hubballi Electricity Supply Company Ltd., (HESCOM) is a Distribution Licensee

under Section 14 of the Electricity Act, 2003. HESCOM is responsible for purchase of
power, distribution and retail supply of electricity to its consumers and also providing
infrastructure for open access, Wheeling and Banking in its area of operation which includes
seven Districts of the State. They are Bagalkot, Belgum, Vijayapur, Dharwad, Gadag,
Haveri, Uttar Kannada

The O & M divisions of HESCOM are further divided into seventy-eight subdivisions.
These sub-divisions are further divided into 255 O & M section offices. Section offices are
the base level offices looking into the operation and maintenance of the distribution system
in order to provide reliable and quality power supply to HESCOM’s consumers.

4.1 TARIFF
The term Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational
tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis. The power

plants have fixed and variable costs. The fixed cost elements are interest on loan, return on
equity, depreciation, O&M expenses, insurance, taxes and interest on working capital. The
variable cost comprises of the fuel cost, i.e., coal and oil in case of thermal plants and
nuclear fuel in case of nuclear plants. In the Availability Tariff mechanism, the fixed and
variable cost components are treated separately. The payment of fixed cost to the generating
company is linked to availability of the plant, that is, its capability to deliver MWs on a day-
by-day basis.

The total amount payable to the generating company over a year towards the fixed
cost depends on the average availability (MW delivering capability) of the plant over the
year. In case the average actually achieved over the year is higher than the specified norm
for plant availability, the generating company gets a higher payment. In case the average
availability achieved is lower, the payment is also lower. Hence the name ‘Availability
Tariff’. This is the first component of Availability Tariff, and is termed ‘capacity charge’.
The second component of Availability Tariff is the ‘energy charge’, which comprises of the
variable cost (i.e., fuel cost) of the power plant for generating energy as per the given
schedule for the day. It may specifically be noted that energy charge (at the specified plant-
specific rate) is not based on actual generation and plant output, but on scheduled generation.

4.2 SUMMARY OF FILING & TARIFF DETERMINATION PROCESS

4.2.1 Background for Current Filing:
The Commission in its Tariff Order dated 30th March, 2016 had approved the ARR for
FY17 to FY19 and the Revised Retail Supply Tariff of HESCOM for FY17 under the MYT
principles for the control period of FY17 to FY19. HESCOM in its present application filed
on 30th November, 2016 has sought approval for the Annual Performance Review (APR) for
FY16 based on the audited accounts, Revision of ARR for the second year of the fourth
control period i.e. FY18 and revision of Retail Supply Tariff for FY18.

4.2.2 Preliminary Observations of the Commission;

After a preliminary scrutiny of applications, the Commission had communicated its
observations to HESCOM on 21st December, 2016. The preliminary observations were
mainly on the following points: Capital Expenditure, Sales Forecast, Assessment of IP set
consumption, RPO Compliance, Wheeling and Banking, Cross subsidy surcharge, Power
Purchase, Issues pertaining to items of revenue and expenditure, Distribution Losses,
Compliance to Directives.
4.2.3 Public Hearing Process
As per the Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission (Terms and Conditions for
Determination of Tariff for Distribution and Retail Sale of Electricity) Regulations, 2006,
read with the KERC Tariff Regulations, 2000, and KERC (General and Conduct of
Proceedings) Regulations 2000, the Commission vide its letter dated 04th January, 2017
treated the application of HESCOM as petition and directed HESCOM to publish the
summary of its ARR and Tariff proposals in the newspapers calling for objections, if any,
from interested persons.

4.2.4 Consultation with the Advisory Committee of the Commission

The Commission has also discussed the proposals of the KPTCL and all the ESCOMs in the
State Advisory Committee meeting held on 08th March, 2017. During the meeting, the
following important issues were also discussed: -
 Performance of KPTCL / ESCOMs during FY16
 Major items of expenditure of KPTCL / ESCOMs for FY18
 Members of the Committee have offered valuable suggestions on the proposals. The
Commission has taken note of these suggestions while passing the Order.

4.3 CALCULATION OF LOSSES:

Name of the station - 110/11KV KUD
Name of the feeder - Basavesawar
% T & D LOSS = ((station consumption – meter consumption)/station consumption) *100

= ((809100-678800)/809100) *100

= 16.10
AT & C LOSS = (1- Business efficiency) *100

= (1-0.83) *100

= 17.26

Name of Name of Station Meter %T&D Business AT & C

the station the feeder consumption consumptio Loss efficiency Loss
n
110/11KV Basaveswar 8,09,100 78,800 16.10 0.83 17.26
KUD
Jayanagar 11,19,400 9,44,503 15.62 0.83 16.88

DEPT. OF EEE,SDMCET, DHARWAD 34

 KCD 7,91,400 6,73,070 14.95 0.84 16.17
Navodaya 50,620 42,120 16.79 0.82 18.46
Pavatenagar 1,52,100 1,33,640 12.14 0.87 12.85

Fig: Feeder wise energy audit

DEPT. OF EEE,SDMCET, DHARWAD 35

 5 AREA LOAD DISPATCH CENTER

The Load Dispatch Department is the nerve center for the operation, planning, monitoring
and control of the power system. Electricity cannot be stored and has to be produced when it
is needed. It is therefore essential that power system is planned and operated optimally &
economically.
The objectives of Load Dispatch Department are:
1. Matching the power demand with system integrity, reliability and security of generation
and transmission facilities
2. Regulating the system frequency.
3. Optimum utilization of resources.
4. Quick restoration of normalcy after system disturbances.

Thus, the objectives of Load Dispatch Department is to co-ordinate generation, transmission

and distribution of electricity from moment to moment to achieve maximum security and
efficiency. The functions of Load Dispatch Department are Dynamic in nature.

Responsibilities of State Load Dispatch Centre are:

1. Demand Estimation for operational purpose.

2. Scheduling for Merit Order Dispatch.
3. Regulating Generation Load Balance.
4. Schedule for Central Sector Drawl & Regulate it.
5. Monitor bilateral power supply agreement.
6. Maintain system frequency in 49.0 Hzs to 50.5 Hzs range.
7. Outage planning and monitoring.
8. Restoration procedure planning and implementation.
9. Reactive power management and voltage control.
10. Load Shedding Implementation.
11. Coordination with RLDC and other constituents.
Functions of the State Load Dispatch Centre are:

1. The Regional Load Dispatch Centre shall be the apex body to ensure integrated operation
of the power system in the concerned region.
2. The Regional Load Dispatch Centre shall comply with such principles, guidelines and
methodologies in respect of the wheeling and optimum scheduling and dispatch of electricity
as the Central Commission may specify in the Grid Code.
3. The Regional Load Dispatch Centre shall - a. Be responsible for optimum scheduling and
dispatch of electricity within the region, in accordance with the contracts entered into with
the licensees or the generating companies operating in the region;
b. Monitor grid operations;
c. Keep accounts of the quantity of electricity transmitted through the regional grid;
Compliance of directions. Transmission within a State regional grid;
d. Exercise supervision and control over the inter-State transmission system; and
e. Be responsible for carrying out real time operations for grid control and dispatch of
electricity within the region through secure and economic operation of the regional grid in
accordance with the Grid Standards and the Grid Code.

5.1 AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF AND UI

The term Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational
tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis. The power
plants have fixed and variable costs. The fixed cost elements are interest on loan, return on
equity, depreciation, O&M expenses, insurance, taxes and interest on working capital. The
variable cost comprises of the fuel cost, i.e., coal and oil in case of thermal plants and
nuclear fuel in case of nuclear plants. In the Availability Tariff mechanism, the fixed and
variable cost components are treated separately. The payment of fixed cost to the generating
company is linked to availability of the plant, that is, its capability to deliver MWs on a day-
by-day basis. The total amount payable to the generating company over a year towards the
fixed cost depends on the average availability (MW delivering capability) of the plant over
the year.

In case the average actually achieved over the year is higher than the specified norm
for plant availability, the generating company gets a higher payment. In case the average
availability achieved is lower, the payment is also lower. Hence the name ‘Availability
Tariff’. This is the first component of Availability Tariff, and is termed ‘capacity charge’.
The second component of Availability Tariff is the ‘energy charge’, which comprises of the
variable cost (i.e., fuel cost) of the power plant for generating energy as per the given
schedule for the day.

The RLDC breaks up and tabulates these output capability declarations as per the
beneficiaries' plant-wise shares and conveys their entitlements to State Load Dispatch
Centers (SLDCs). The latter then carry out an exercise to see how best they can meet the
load of their consumers over the day, from their own generating stations, along with their
entitlement in the Central stations. They also take into account the irrigation release
requirements and load curtailment etc. that they propose in their respective areas. However,
in case of contingencies, Central stations can prospectively revise the output capability
declaration, beneficiaries can prospectively revise requisitions, and the schedules are
correspondingly revised by RLDC. While the schedules so finalized become the operational
datum, and the regional constituents are expected to regulate their generation and consumer
load in a way that the actual generation and drawls generally follow these schedules,
deviations are allowed as long as they do not endanger the system security. The schedules
are also used for determination of the amounts payable as energy charges, as described
earlier. Deviations from schedules are determined in 15-minute time blocks through special
metering, and these deviations are priced depending on frequency. As long as the actual
generation/drawl is equal to the given schedule, payment on account of the third component
of Availability Tariff is zero. In case of under-drawl, a beneficiary is paid back to that extent
according to the frequency dependent rate specified for deviations from schedule.

5.2 Unscheduled Interchange (UI)

Unscheduled interchange is the mechanism developed to improve grid efficiency, grid

discipline, accountability and responsibility by imposing charges on those who defer from
their scheduled generation or drawl. Unscheduled generation and drawl of electricity puts the
whole grid and many other electrical equipment in to danger by dumping large fluctuations
in frequencies. Unscheduled Interchange is a part of three-part tariff put forward by GOI in
the name of Availability Based Tariff on 4th January 2000 at inter-state level
 Benefits arising from UI implementation

Huge benefits can be incurred by following the UI mechanism of tariff both on the
monetary side as well discipline side. Listed are some of the benefits of the UI mechanism.

1. UI is a real time pricing mechanism UI rate is dependent on frequency signal received by

every generator. Each generator then reacts to this frequency change and adjusts their supply
to reach a new allowable frequency level. The decreasing returns by the deviations from the
scheduled supply/drawl makes each generator/drawer think before deviating from the
scheduled supply/drawl. The collective action thus plays a vital role in the game of making
the frequency stable at the equilibrium level. This results in a win-win situation for all the
stakeholders.
2. UI can be used for Merit Order dispatch A perfect market is the one which does not have any
one player in it who can guide the proceedings of the market. This tells that every player in a
perfectly competitive market is small enough and is aware of the market conditions. Each
generator is aware of the UI mechanism and in real time the UI rate applies to all the utility
transactions. Each utility has its say in the market and no one can undermine its rights in real
time mechanism. This tends to dispatch least cost power first than the other.

3. UI increases efficiency of the grid. Grid efficiency is definitely increased by meeting merit
order dispatch, charging utilities and beneficiaries for deviating from the scheduled
supply/drawl, incentive for withdrawing the load during the peak hours etc.

4. Capacity best matched with load by UI mechanism It tends to match the demand/supply by
provision of incentives/disincentives and for the want of generating more revenues.

5. Power exchange along with UI mechanism: The proponents of the power trading market of
India say that the lack of investor confidence in the Indian market is due to absence of the
organized day ahead market. Lack of transparency is also a big deterrent towards the same.
Introduction of UI has supported the development of a trading market and exchanges which
serve for day ahead schedule and real-time trading by bringing all the consumers and sellers
together on a single platform with standardized contracts, trading procedures and bid
formats. This would also lead to much transparency in the pricing mechanism and the
confidence of investors is bound to increase.
6. UI prevents costly damage to electrical & mechanical equipment Frequency variation is the
very cause of damage to electrical equipment’s and indirectly to the mechanical equipment’s
too. When frequency management is looked in to so deeply the damage to the equipment’s is
also reduced drastically.

5.3 SNAP SHOTS OF SCADA ALDC INTERFACE

Fig: Karnataka State Power Flow

 Fig: Different stations

Fig: ESCOM Station Load

 Fig: Karnataka Generation

Fig: Karnataka State Power Flow

Fig: 220KVs IPPs – HESCOM

Fig: IPPs – HESCOM

 6 SHARAVATHI RECEIVING STATION

Name of the Substation: 220/110/33/11 kV Receiving Station

Place of the Substation: Vidyut Nagar, Hubballi.
Date of Commissioning: 03-11-1968
Voltage class: 220/110/33/11 kV
Transmission Zone: Bagalkot.
Name of the TL&SS Dn.: Vidyut Nagar.

6.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

6.2 DIVISIONS
1. Major Work Divisions
2. Transmission Line and Substation
3. Control Room Substation Automation System
4. Meter Testing Division
 6.3 HISTORY OF ENERGY METERS

6.3.1 Smart energy meters

A smart meter is an electronic device that records consumption of electric
energy in intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at least daily back
to the utility for monitoring and billing. Smart meters enable two-way communication
between the meter and the central system. Unlike home energy monitors, smart meters can
gather data for remote reporting.

The present system of energy metering as well as billing in India uses

electromechanical and somewhere digital energy meter. It consumes more time and labour.
One of the prime reasons is the traditional billing system which is inaccurate. Many times
slow, costly, and lack in flexibility as well as reliability. Today accuracy in electricity billing
is highly recommended. The smart energy meter gives real power consumption as well as
accurate billing. It provides real time monitoring of electricity uses It is less time consuming
and cost effective.
 Fig: Smart energy meter

6.3.2 Meter Testing Division

Sub divisions in meter testing

1. Mater testing laboratory
2. Breakdown and maintenance
3. L.T. rating subdivision
4. H.T. rating subdivision

6.3.3 procedure of working:

In BEST Undertaking meters are required to be installed on site against

connection orders, replacing meter due to defect or for higher capacity etc. Every meter is
preferably tested in Meters Department before installation on site. The testing of meter is
carried out with RSM on Semi-Automatic and Fully Automatic Test Benches through
Software.

6.3.4 Testing of meters:

Following types of testing is carried out on single-phase / poly-phase conventional and static
energy meters.
1 Routine testing of energy meters
2 Testing of incoming energy meters 3 Laboratory testing of energy meters 4
Official Testing of energy meters

6.4 PROCEDURE OF TESTING CONVENTIONAL METERS

1. Hang all the meters on the rack of the test bench.

2. Megger Test is carried out between (PC and meter body), (CC and meter body) and (Cc
and PC).

3. Physical inspection is carried out on individual meter to check for abnormality if any.

4. Current coils of the meters are connected in series with current source and potential coils
are connected in parallel to the Potential Source of the Test Bench.

5. Switch on the supply of the potential coil and keep on for half an hour for warming up. In
monsoon, the warming up period is about 45 minutes. The warming up test is carried out for
energizing the potential coil. No warming is required in case of static meter.

6. After warming up, the meter is tested on following load points

b) 50% Ib at UPF

c) 10% Ib at UPF

d) 50% Ib at 0.5 Lag PF

a) 100% Ib at UPF
7. Starting current, no load and Dial Test is performed on the meter as per relevant IS.

8. After testing the meter spot checking is carried out by supervisor.

After carrying out all the above-mentioned tests, the test results are entered in test result sheets.
 Fig 6.1: Conventional meter test kit

1. Meters supplied by the manufacturer are subjected to testing prior to issue to user
department. These meters are distributed among the Charge Engineers.

2. Initially switch ON the MCB.

3. Switch ON the Voltage stabilizing unit. Switch ON the A.C. Mains of Electra S.2000
Itron panel/ Zera panel. In Itron Test Bench (TB) the software used for Meter Testing is
named as Calwin and as regards Zera Test Bench, Winsam software is used.
4. Switch ON the green push button of the Electra S.2000 panel to become green. Switch on
the Yellow Button in case of Zera panel.

5. Wait for the JETPORT programme to LOG.IN in case of Itron TB.

6. Wait for the RSM light on Electra S.2000 panel to become green.

7. Then start the Calwinprogramme in case of Itron test bench and Winsamprogramme in
case of Zera TB.

8. Before starting the work, ensure that the meter test bench is clean.

9. Collect the meters (40 nos.) for testing

10. Physical inspection is carried out on individual meter and abnormality if any inside the
meter is noted.

11. Check the meters for loose screw inside the Terminal Block. If loose screws found, same
shall be tightened properly before mounting on the meter test bench.
12. The terminal Block of the test bench and the height of the clamp shall be adjusted such
that the meter gets fixed firmly on the test bench.

13. All the meters shall be mounted on the test bench. Ensure that current and voltage
connections are proper.

14. The programme shall be prepared considering the make and size of meters to be tested.
2.2.16 The program shall include following tests: -

a. Starting current test - 0.4% of Ib.

b. Accuracy test - 100% Ib at UPF - 50% Ib at UPF
- 10% Ib at UPF
- 50% Ib at 0.5 Lag PF

c. No load test - 115% of rated voltage.

d. Dial/ Register test - 2 Kwh shall be passed.

15. During the dial test, the initial & final readings of all the meters should be entered using
the Hand-held device.

16. In case of Itron TB the tests can be performed in sequence or either selecting them one
by one. However, in case of Zera TB the tests are performed in sequence only. Initially, only
Voltage is applied and the displays of all the meters are checked for Seven Segment Display,
Meter serial number and RTC.

17. Apply the scan head adjustment by selecting the scan head adjustment tab in the Calwin
program. Set the scanners when “scan head adjustment” operator hint is shown on display in
the WINSAM program.

18. Single phase Meter is tested for accuracy class +-1% on load points

19. After execution of all the tests, the programme gets switch off automatically and the
results are automatically saved in case of Zera TB. In case of Itron TB the Test results are
required to be
 7.CASE STUDY (SIMULATION)

HESCOM DATA

1.Available three-phase capacitor sizes and cost

Size

(KVAR) 150 300 450 600 900 1200

Cost(Rs. 750 975 1140 1320 1650 2040

2.Case Study:

Single feeder real distribution system (Chandur Village Feeder).

3.Single line Diagram

The single line diagram of Chandur village feeder is shown in figure.

22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 132

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

G
7.1 Bus Data and Line Data

Nominal
Bus No Bus Name Voltage (KV)

1 Gen 11
2 Bus 2 11
3 Bus 3 11
4 Bus 4 11
5 Bus 5 11
6 Bus 6 11
7 Bus 7 11
8 Bus 8 11
9 Bus 9 11
10 Bus 10 11
11 Bus 11 11
12 Bus 12 11
13 Bus 13 11
14 Bus 14 11
15 Bus 15 11
16 Bus 16 11
17 Bus 17 11
18 Bus 18 11
19 Bus 19 11
20 Bus 20 11
21 Bus 21 11
22 Bus 22 11
7.2 Load Data

S. Bus Name Load (KVA) P. f.

No
1 Gen ------- -------
2 Bus 2 88 0.8 Bus code Line Impedance Line Thermal
From-To Length R+jX Voltage Rating
3 Bus 3 100 0.8
(Km) (ohm\Km\ckt) (KV) (MVA)
4 Bus 4 891 0.8
1-2 5.000 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
5 Bus 5 278 0.8
2-3 0.850 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
6 Bus 6 63 0.8
3-4 0.430 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
7 Bus 7 200 0.8
4-5 0.500 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
8 Bus 8 25 0.8
5-6 0.460 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
9 Bus 9 225 0.8
6-7 0.600 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
10 Bus 10 200 0.8
7-8 0.610 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
11 Bus 11 63 0.8
8-9 0.240 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
12 Bus 12 263 0.8
9-10 0.200 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
13 Bus 13 663 0.8
10-11 0.180 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
14 Bus 14 63 0.8
11-12 0.700 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
15 Bus 15 200 0.8
12-13 0.520 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
16 Bus 16 100 0.8
13-14 0.340 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
17 Bus 17 100 0.8
14-15 0.360 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
18 Bus 18 63 0.8
15-16 0.420 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
19 Bus 19 25 0.8
16-17 0.420 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
20 Bus 20 63 0.8
17-18 0.410 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
21 Bus 21 63 0.8
18-19 0.320 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
22 Bus 22 63 0.8
19-20 0.600 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
20-21 0.520 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
21-22 0.360 0.822+j0.138 11 2.762
7.3RESULT

7.3.1. 22 BUS in MI-POWER

7.1 Implementation in MI-POWER Software

 From Without Compensation With Compensation
Bus

Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage

Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle
1 1.0000 0.00 1.0000 0.00

2 0.9764 0.75 0.9976 0.78

3 0.9503 1.50 0.9938 1.59
4 0.9112 2.73 1.0094 3.03
5 0.8905 3.37 1.0093 3.77
6 0.8722 3.97 1.0094 4.47
7 0.8547 4.59 1.0077 5.19
8 0.8396 5.21 1.0056 5.88
9 0.8255 5.86 1.0011 6.59
10 0.8137 6.49 0.9962 7.26
11 0.8035 7.09 0.9909 7.88
12 0.7933 7.71 0.9837 8.49
13 0.7841 8.52 0.9774 9.02
14 0.7790 8.54 0.9789 9.28
15 0.7741 8.82 0.9804 9.52
16 0.7704 9.02 0.9844 9.67
17 0.7673 9.17 0.9858 9.82
18 0.7632 9.29 0.9880 9.91
19 0.7615 9.38 0.9904 9.98
20 0.7603 9.46 0.9977 10.04
21 0.7597 9.51 0.9936 10.07
22 0.759 9.54 0.9977 10.06

9.54

From To Without Compensation With Compensation

Bus Bus
 % Loading % Loading
1 2 141.51 72.7

2 3 152.5 76.6
3 4 161.2 68.4
4 5 120.6 65.4
5 6 108.2 67.1
6 7 104.3 64.8
7 8 92.5 70.0
8 9 89.4 66.3
9 10 78.0 62.7
10 11 69.9 67.2
11 12 70.0 57.5
12 13 62.3 25.0
13 14 33.9 23.0
14 15 32.6 24.5
15 16 23.8 12.8
16 17 19.5 11.4
17 18 14.7 13.0
18 19 11.6 113.7
19 20 10.58 17.3
20 21 7.1 21.5
21 22 3.6 21.5

From To Without Compensation With Compensation

Bus Bus Loss Loss
 MW MVar MW MVar
1 2 0.1038 0.0174 0.0274 0.0046

2 3 0.1205 0.020 0.0304 0.0051

3 4 0.1941 0.0226 0.0880 0.0102
4 5 0.0753 0.0126 0.0243 0.0041
5 6 0.0606 0.0102 0.0219 0.0037
6 7 0.0564 0.0095 0.0233 0.0036
7 8 0.0444 0.0074 0.0218 0.0043
8 9 0.0414 0.0069 0.0233 0.0038
9 10 0.0315 0.0053 0.0218 0.0039
10 11 0.0253 0.0042 0.0254 0.0029
11 12 0.0254 0.0043 0.0228 0.0005
12 13 0.0201 0.0034 0.0204 0.0005
13 14 0.0060 0.0010 0.0234 0.0005
14 15 0.0055 0.0009 0.0172 0.0001
15 16 0.0029 0.0005 0.0032 0.0001
16 17 0.0020 0.0003 0.0028 0.0001
17 18 0.0011 0.0002 0.0031 0.0002
18 19 0.0007 0.0001 0.0009 0.0003
19 20 0.0006 0.0001 0.0007 0.0004
20 21 0.0003 0.0000 0.0009 0.0003
21 22 0.0001 0.0000 0.0024 0.0004

7.3.2 14 BUS System

7.2 14-BUSS implementation in MI-POWER Software(Without Compensation)

7.2 14-BUSS implementation in MI-POWER Software(With Compensation)

From Without Compensation With Compensation

Bus
 Voltage Angle Voltage Angle
Magnitude (Degree) Magnitude (Degree)
(p.u) (p.u)
1 1.0000 0.00 1.0000 0.00

2 0.9895 0.00 0.9983 -0.02

3 0.9801 0.00 0.9968 -0.04
4 0.9718 0.00 0.9956 -0.07
5 0.9645 0.00 0.9945 -0.11
6 0.9582 0.00 0.9936 -0.15
7 0.9530 0.00 0.9929 -0.21
8 0.99483 0.00 0.9923 -0.26
9 0.9441 0.00 0.9917 -0.32
10 0.9404 0.00 0.9912 -0.38
11 0.9373 0.00 0.9906 -0.44
12 0.9347 0.00 0.9902 -0.43
13 0.9331 0.00 0.9900 -0.42
14 0.9326 0.00 0.9899 -0.41

From To Without Compensation With Compensation

Bus Bus
 % Loading % Loading
1 2 17.3 2.8
2 3 15.5 2.5
3 4 13.8 2.3
4 5 12.1 2.1
5 6 10.4 1.9
6 7 8.9 1.8
7 8 7.8 1.9
8 9 6.9 2.0
9 10 6.0 2.1
10 11 5.2 0.8
11 12 4.3 0.5
12 13 2.6 0.2
13 14 0.9 0.1

From To Without Compensation With Compensation

Bus Bus loss Loss

MW MVar MW MVar
1 2 0.0118 0.0116 0.0003 0.0000
2 3 0.0096 0.0013 0.0003 0.0000
3 4 0.0076 0.0010 0.0002 0.0000
4 5 0.0058 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000
5 6 0.0043 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000
6 7 0.0030 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000
7 8 0.0024 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000
8 9 0.091 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000
9 10 0.0014 0.0002 0.0002 0.0000
10 11 0.0011 0.0001 0.0002 0.0000
11 12 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
12 13 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
13 14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

8.CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, the internship at HESCOM has been an excellent and rewarding

experience. We have been able to meet and network with so many people that I am sure will
be able to help us with opportunities in the future. This internship has been very beneficial in
bridging the gap between our theoretical knowledge and the practical scenario.

The substation visits helped us immensely in through learning and understanding of

all the equipment in the substation, their working and the protective measures employed
there. At the O&M department, we studied the different kinds of tariffs and the billing
procedures. We also calculated the losses for different feeders and learnt about transformer
testing. At the SRS, we learnt about the history of energy meters and how meter testing is
done. We also had a good understanding of the SCADA system implemented at ALDC,
HESCOM. Overall, this internship was very useful in gaining the practical understanding of
our theoretical knowledge. We believe this training would help us in building a good
platform for our career.
 7. REFERENCES

1. Principles of power systems by V.K. Mehta

2. Electrical Power systems by C.L. Wadhwa

3. http://www.hescom.co.in/about-us.html

4. https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-power-substation-engineering-and-layout/

5. http://www.hescom.co.in/electricity-tariff.html

6. https://www.electrical4u.com/energy-meter-testing/