External and Internal Environment
External and Internal Environment
External and Internal Environment
Manage
Internal
and
External
Environmen
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The soft-drinks giants, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola, suffered a decline in
sales of colas in India in the beginning of the year 2006 after an
environmental group, Centre for Science and Environment
(CSE) claimed to have found pesticides in their drinks up to 50
times the permissible health limits. These companies issued a
number of press statements and conducted many publicity
campaigns in India claiming that their beverages were perfectly
safe. The Union Health Ministry’s expert committee also
observes that Coke and Pepsi were safe. CSE, in turn, criticized
the expert committee’s findings and said that 11 of Coke and
Pepsi drinks contained average pesticide levels that were 24
times higher than the limits agreed by the Indian government.
Despite health ministry’s clean chit to colas, several States
continue to ban or restrict Coke and Pepsi. However, the
pesticide controversy adversely affected the sales of both Coke
and Pepsi as consumers started watching their diet more
closely. Organic food products suddenly became popular as
the healthier option. By definition, organic means fruits,
vegetables, food grains and processed products that have been
produced with no pesticide or inorganic fertilizers. Meanwhile
the soft drinks giants have been continuously advertising and
trying to convince the consumers about the safety of their
products.
(ii) It helps the firm to identify threats and early warning signals:
Threats refer to the external environment trends and changes
that will hinder a firm’s performance. Besides opportunities,
environment happens to be the source of many threats.
Environmental awareness can help managers to identify
various threats on time and serve as an early warning signal.
For example, if an Indian firm finds that a foreign multinational
is entering the Indian market with new substitutes, it should act
as a warning signal. On the basis of this information, the Indian
firms can prepare themselves to meet the
the ones which not only improve their present performance but also
continue to succeed in the market for a longer period.
Internal environment
External environment
A manager’s environment is made up of constantly changing factors-
both internal and external- that affect the operation of the
organization. If a new computer appears in the marketplace, the
managerial environment is affected. If key clients take their
business elsewhere, managers feel the impact. And if
technological advances date an organization’s current methods
of doing business, once again, the managerial environment has
to adapt.
Internal environment
An organization’s internal environment is composed of the elements
within the organization, including current employees,
management and especially corporate culture, which defines
employee behavior. Although some elements affect the
organization as a whole, others affect only the managers. A
manager’s philosophical or leadership styles directly impacts
employees. Traditional managers give explicit employees, while
progressive managers empower employees to make many of
their own decisions. Changes in philosophy and/or leadership
style are under the control of manager. The following sections
describe some of the elements that make up the internal
environment:
Company policies
Formal structures
The formal structure of an organization is the hierarchical
arrangement of tasks and people. This structure determines
how information flows within the organization, which
departments are responsible for which activities, and where the
decision-making power rests.
Organizational cultures
The organizational culture is an organization's personality. Just as
each person has a distinct personality, so does each
organization. The culture of an organization distinguishes it
from others and shapes the actions of its members.
Values
Heroes
Social network
Organizational climates
A byproduct of the company's culture is the organizational climate. The overall tone of
the workplace and the morale of its workers are elements of daily climate. Worker
attitudes dictate the positive or negative “atmosphere” of the workplace. The daily
Resources
supplies, and finances at an organization's disposal. People are the paramount resource
finances are supporting, nonhuman resources that complement workers in their quests to
accomplish the organization's mission statement. The availability of resources and the
way that managers value the human and nonhuman resources impact the organization's
environment.
Managerial philosophies
Philosophy of management is the manager's set of personal beliefs and values about
people and work and as such, is something that the manager can control. McGregor
managers treat employees almost as children who need constant direction, while Theory
organizations and managers are making the move toward the active participation and
When guided properly, an empowered workforce may lead to heightened productivity and
quality, reduced costs, more innovation, improved customer service, and greater
commitment from the employees of the organization. In addition, response time may
improve, because information and decisions need not be passed up and down the
hierarchy. Empowering employees makes good sense because employees closest to the
actual problem to be solved or the customer to be served can make the necessary
decisions more easily than a supervisor or manager removed from the scene.
External environment
A business does not function in a vacuum. It has to act and react to what happens outside
the factory and office walls. These factors that happen outside the business are
known as external factors or influences. These will affect the main internal
functions of the business and possibly the objectives of the business and its
strategies. The external environment is divided into two parts:
impact. For example, complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act requires
and employee unions. Management has a responsibility to each of these groups. Here are
some examples:
• Owners expect managers to watch over their interests and provide a return on
investments.
• Customers demand satisfaction with the products and services they purchase
and use.
• Employees and employee unions provide both the people to do the jobs and
the representation of work force concerns to management.
The second type of external environment is the indirectly interactive forces. These forces
include sociocultural, political and legal, technological, economic, and global influences.
Indirectly interactive forces may impact one organization more than another simply
because of the nature of a particular business. For example, a company that relies
heavily on technology will be more affected by software updates than a company that
uses just one computer. Although somewhat removed, indirect forces are still important
services, and standards that society values. The sociocultural force includes the
• Values refer to certain beliefs that people have about different forms of behavior
or products. Changes in how a society values an item or a behavior can greatly
affect a business. (Think of all the fads that have come and gone!)
• Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the
inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and
make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a firm's cost of capital and
therefore to what extent a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the
costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an
economy
• Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness,
population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety.
Trends in social factors affect the demand for a company's products and how that
company operates. For example, an ageing population may imply a smaller and
less-willing workforce (thus increasing the cost of labor). Furthermore, companies
may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends (such as
recruiting older workers).
• Environmental factors include weather, climate, and climate change, which may
especially affect industries such as tourism, farming, and insurance.Furthermore,
growing awareness to climate change is affecting how companies operate and the
products they offer--it is both creating new markets and diminishing or destroying
existing ones.
SWOT analysis
SWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment. It is the first
stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. SWOT stands for
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. Opportunities and threats are external
factors.
In SWOT, strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. For
example:A strength could be:
A word of caution, SWOT analysis can be very subjective. Do not rely on SWOT too
much. Two people rarely come-up with the same final version of SWOT. TOWS
analysis is extremely similar. It simply looks at the negative factors first in order to
turn them into positive factors. So use SWOT as guide and not a prescription.
Simple rules for successful SWOT analysis.
Once key issues have been identified with your SWOT analysis, they feed into
marketing objectives. SWOT can be used in conjunction with other tools for audit and
analysis, such as PEST analysis and Porter's Five-Forces analysis. So SWOT is a very
popular tool with marketing students because it is quick and easy to learn. During the
SWOT exercise, list factors in the relevant boxes. It's that simple. Below are some
examples of SWOT analysis .
Adapting to environment
gathering information about developments that could impact the future of the
Managers can also actively work to influence their external environments through
Internal elements comprise the organization itself. Internal change arises from activities
and decisions within the organization. Managers can gather information by conducting a
thorough evaluation of the internal operations of the organization. The purpose of this
internal analysis is to identify the organizational assets, resources, skills, and processes
analysis. Key areas to be assessed include the marketing, financial, research and
development, production, and general management capabilities. These areas are typically
evaluated in terms of the extents to which they foster quality and support the competitive