Chapter 2 BTH

23/08/2019
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Chapter 2
Chemical periodicity
The Periodic Table
1
23/08/2019
The Periodic Table
• Columns in the periodic table are called groups or

families (IA, IIA, IIIBVIIIB, IB, IIB, IIIA VIIIA ).
• Rows in the periodic table are called periods
(n=17, n is also the Principal quantum number).
• Elements in a group have similar chemical and
physical properties and those within periods have
properties that change progressively across the
table.
• About 80% of the elements are metals.
The Periodic Table
• Metals are located on the left hand side of the

periodic table (most of the elements are metals).
• Non-metals are located in the top right hand side of
the periodic table.
• Elements with properties similar to both metals and
non-metals are called metalloids and are located at
the interface between the metals and non-metals.
2
23/08/2019
Properties of The Periodic Table
• Some of the groups in the periodic table are given

special names.
• These names indicate the similarities between
group members:
 Group 1A: Alkali metals.
 Group 2A: Alkaline earth metals.
 Group 6A: Chalcogens.
 Group 7A: Halogens.
 Group 8A: Noble gases.
5
 Period 1: H (1s1) & He (1s2).

 Periods 2 &3: 8 elements in each period,
2s1  2s22p6, 3s1  3s23p6
 Periods 4 &5 :18 elements in each period : 2 (s)
+ 10 (d) + 6 (p).
 2(ns1,2) + 10 ns2(n-1)d110 +6 (np16)
3
23/08/2019
 Period 6 : 32 elements
2(s)+14(f)+10(d)+6(p)
 2(6s1,2) + 14 (6s2 4f114)+10(6s2 5d110)+6 (p16)
 Period 7 : 31 elements (7 elements in A group,

10 d-elements and 14 Lathanit elements.
4
23/08/2019
 THE A GROUPS ELEMENT (IA-VIIIA):
 The A groups contain elements in which s and

p orbitals are being filled.
 Elements within any particular A group have
similar electron configurations and chemical
properties.
 As the valence-shell configuration of nsa or
ns2npb that element is so called s-element or p-
element, respectively.
9
 THE A GROUPS ELEMENT (IA-VIIIA):
 Lithium, sodium, and potassium: have a single

electron in their outermost sorbital (ns1)- Group
IA.
 Beryllium and magnesium have two electrons
in their outermost shell, ns2- Group IIA.
 Boron and aluminum have three electrons in
their outermost shell, ns2np1- Group IIIA.
10
5
23/08/2019
THE A GROUPS ELEMENT (IA-VIIIA):

 The valence-shell configuration of main group
is nsanpb:
 n: the principle quantum number of the outer shell
(the period number for the element).
 Group number = a+b.
11
Group s-, p-element Example:

IA ns1 n=4, number of
IIA ns2 valance electron is 3.
IIIA ns2np1 Valance-shell
IVA ns2np2 configuration?
VA ns2np3
VIA ns2np4
4s24p1
VIIA ns2np5
VIIIA ns2np6
12
6
23/08/2019
 THE B GROUPS ELEMENT (IB-VIIIB):
 The B groups are those in which there are one

or two electrons in the s orbital of the
outermost occupied shell, and the d orbitals,
one shell smaller, are being filled.
 Example: (n-1)d1ns2, (n-1)d5ns1.
 Elements in the B groups are known as the d-
transition elements or transition elements or
transition metals.
13
Group d-element
ns2(n-1)d4ns1(n-1)d5
IB (n-1)d10ns1
IIB (n-1)d10ns2
ns2(n-1)d9 ns1(n-1)d10
IIIB (n-1)d1ns2
IVB (n-1)d2ns2
VB (n-1)d3ns2
VIB (n-1)d5ns1
VIIB (n-1)d5ns2
VIIIB (n-1)d6,7,8ns2
14
7
23/08/2019
 THE B GROUPS ELEMENT (IB-VIIIB):
f-Transition Elements:
 Electrons are being added to f orbitals.
 All are metals.
 The f-transition elements are located between Groups
IIIB and IVB in the periodic table.
15
Trends in The Periodic Table
1. Atomic radius
2. Ionic radius
3. Ionization energy
4. Electron affinity
16
8
23/08/2019
Atomic Radius
 Two factors that determine the size of the

outermost orbital: n and the effective nuclear
charge.
Zeff = Z - S
where Zeff => effective nuclear charge,
Z => nuclear charge, atomic number
S => shielding constant.
Effective nuclear charge is the positive charge that an electron
experiences from the nucleus, equal to nuclear charge but
reduced by any shielding of screening from any intervening
electron distribution. 17
Atomic Radius
 Increase top to bottom down a group

The effective nuclear charge remains nearly constant, but n
gets larger the atomic radius increases.
 Decrease left to right across a period:

Principal quantum number of outer orbitals remains
constant. The effective nuclear charge increases, because
the nuclear charge increases and the number of core
electrons remain constant pulling electrons towards the
nucleus, decreasing size
 Increases from upper right corner to the lower left corner

18
9
23/08/2019
Atomic Radius
19
Atomic Radius
Decrease
Increase
20
10
23/08/2019
Atomic Radius vs. Atomic Number
21
Atomic Radius
Example:
Arrange the following elements in order of increasing atomic
radii. Justify your order.
55Cs, 9F, 19K, 17Cl
Sol.:
F and Cl are in group VIIA: F<Cl
Na and Cl are in period 3: Na>Cl.
Na, K and Cs are in group IA: Na<F<Cs
Thus:
F<Cl< K< Cs
22
11
23/08/2019
Atomic Radius
Problem:
Arrange the following elements in order of increasing atomic
radii. Justify your order.
a) Al (z=13), C (z=6), Si (z=14)
b) Na (z=11), Be (z=4), Mg (z=12)
Sol.:
C<Si<Al
Be<Mg<Na
23
Ionic Radius
• Same trends as for atomic radius

• Positive ions smaller than atom
• Negative ions larger than atom
 r (A+) < r (A) < r (A-)
24
12
23/08/2019
Ionic Radius
Isoelectronic Series
• Series of negative ions, noble gas atom, and
positive ions with the same electronic
configuration
• Size decreases as “positive charge” of the
nucleus increases
25
Ionic Radius
26
13
23/08/2019
Ionic Radius
20Ca, 19K, 13Al, 34Se, 35Br, 52Te
27
Ionization Energy
• The first ionization energy (IE1) of an atom is

minimum energy needed to remove the highest-
energy electron from the neutral atom in the
gaseous state.
• In general, within each period, IE1 value tend to
increase with atomic number.
• The first ionization energy tend to decrease in
going down any column of main- group
elements.
28
14
23/08/2019
Ionization Energy vs. Atomic Number
29
Ionization Energy
• High value for non-metals, electrons difficult to

remove.
• Increases from lower left corner of periodic table to
the upper right corner.
• The second ionization energy (IE2) is the amount
of energy required to remove the second electron.
For given element, IE2 is always greater than IE1
30
15
23/08/2019
Ionization Energy
Example:
31
Ionization Energy
Deviations:
A IIIA element (ns2np1) has smaller IE than the
preceding IIA element (ns2).
Apperently, the np electron of the IIIA element is more
easily removed than one of the ns electron of the IIA
element.
A VIA element (ns2np4) has smaller IE than the preceding
VA element (ns2np3).
As a result of electron repulsion, it is easier to remove an
electron from the doubly occupied np orbital of the VIA
element than from a singly occupied orbital of the VA
element. 32
16
23/08/2019
Ionization Energy
Example:
Arrange the following elements in order of increasing first
ionization energy. Justify your order.
Na (z=11), Mg (z=12), Al (z=13), Si (z=14)
Sol.:
Si (Z=14), e- configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
IE1 (Na)< IE1 (Mg), IE1 (Al) < IE1 (Si)
Al (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1)  IE1 (Al) < IE1 (Mg)
Thus:
IE1 (Na)< IE1 (Al)< IE1 (Mg)< IE1 (Si)
33
Ionization Energy
Exercise:
Arrange the members of each of the following elements
in order of increasing first ionization energies:
35Br, 9F,31Ga, and 55Cs.
Cs<Ga<Br<F
34
17
23/08/2019
Electron Affinity
• Energy released when an electron is added to an

neutral atom.
• The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change
for the process of adding an electron to the
neutral atom in the gaseous state to form
negative ion.
• If the negative ion is stable, the energy change
for its formations is negative number.
• Large negative numbers indicate that a very
stable negative ions formed.
35
Electron Affinity
• Same trends as ionization energy, increases from

lower left corner to the upper right corner.
• Metals have low “EA”.
• Nonmetals have high “EA”.
36
18
23/08/2019
Electron Affinity
37
19

Chapter 2 BTH

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 BTH

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 BTH

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

23/08/2019

The Periodic Table

The Periodic Table

• Columns in the periodic table are called groups or

The Periodic Table

• Metals are located on the left hand side of the

Properties of The Periodic Table

• Some of the groups in the periodic table are given

Properties of The Periodic Table

 Period 1: H (1s1) & He (1s2).

Properties of The Periodic Table

 Period 7 : 31 elements (7 elements in A group,

Properties of The Periodic Table

 THE A GROUPS ELEMENT (IA-VIIIA):

 The A groups contain elements in which s and

Properties of The Periodic Table

 THE A GROUPS ELEMENT (IA-VIIIA):

 Lithium, sodium, and potassium: have a single

Properties of The Periodic Table

THE A GROUPS ELEMENT (IA-VIIIA):

Properties of The Periodic Table

Group s-, p-element Example:

Properties of The Periodic Table

 THE B GROUPS ELEMENT (IB-VIIIB):

 The B groups are those in which there are one

Properties of The Periodic Table

Properties of The Periodic Table

 THE B GROUPS ELEMENT (IB-VIIIB):

Trends in The Periodic Table

 Two factors that determine the size of the

 Increase top to bottom down a group

 Decrease left to right across a period:

 Increases from upper right corner to the lower left corner

Atomic Radius vs. Atomic Number

• Same trends as for atomic radius

 r (A+) < r (A) < r (A-)

20Ca, 19K, 13Al, 34Se, 35Br, 52Te

• The first ionization energy (IE1) of an atom is

Ionization Energy vs. Atomic Number

• High value for non-metals, electrons difficult to

• Energy released when an electron is added to an

• Same trends as ionization energy, increases from

You might also like