1 Magnetic Effect of Current

ORIGIN OF MAGNETISM: THE MAGNETIC FIELD

The word magnet is derived from the name of In earlier lessons we found that an electric field
an island in Greece called magnesia where magnetic surrounding an electric charge. The region of space
ore deposits were found, as early as 600 BC. surrounding a moving charge (electric current) includes
Shepherds on this island complained that their a magnetic field in addition to the electric field. A
wooden shoes (which had nails) at times stayed magnetic field also surrounds a magnetic substance.
struck to the ground. This was the first phenomenon In order to describe any type of field, we must
which led to the discovery of magnetism. define its magnitude, or strength, and its direction.
(1) Magnet, Magnetism and magnetization Magnetic field is the region surrounding a moving
(i) Magnet -A magnet is an object, which attracts charge in which its magnetic effects are perceptible.
pieces of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt. It has two Magnetic field intensity is a vector quantity and
also known as magnetic induction vector. It is
poles at ends – South and North Pole.
(ii) Magnetism -The property of any object by represented by B
virtue of which it can attract a piece of iron or steel is Lines of magnetic induction may be drawn in the
same way as lines of electric field. The number of lines
called magnetism. (Mainly- Attractive property and
per unit area, normally crossing to the direction of the
Directive Property)
(ii) Magnetization-The process in which a induction being numerically equal to B . The number
magnetic substance (like Fe, Ni, Co, alloy) becomes of lines of B crossing a given area is referred to as the
temporarily or permanently magnet, as by insertion magnetic flux linked with that area. For this reason B
in a magnetic field is called magnetization. is also called magnetic flux density.
(2) Properties of a Magnet There are two methods of calculating magnetic
 Attractive property: A magnet attracts field at some point. One is Biot-Savart law which gives
the magnetic field due to an infinitesimally small
magnetic substances like steel, cobalt, iron etc.
current carrying wire at some point and another is
 Directive Property: When a bar magnet is
Ampere’s law, which is useful in calculating the
freely suspended, it points in the north-south
magnetic field of a symmetric configuration carrying a
direction. The tip which points to the geographic steady current.
north is called the North Pole and the tip which
The unit of magnetic field is weber/m2 and is
points to the geographic south is called the South
known as tesla (T ) in the SI system.
Pole of the magnet.
 Like poles repel, unlike poles attracts each other. MAGNETIC LINES & THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
 Magnetic poles always exist in pairs. The space surrounding a magnet or magnetic
The strength of a magnet is maximum at poles configuration in which its effects are perceptible is
located near the poles. called the magnetic field of the given magnet or
(3) Classification of magnet magnetic configuration.
Natural Magnet Artificial Magnet
A natural magnet is an
ore of iron (Magnetite A magnet which is
( Fe3O4)) which attracts prepared artificially is
small pieces of iron, called an artificial
cobalt and nickel magnet,
towards it.
bar magnet, Electromagnet, In order to visualize a magnetic field graphically,
Magnetite or lode- Michael Faraday introduced the concept of lines.
magnetic needle, horse-
stone is a natural shoe magnet, ball ended According to him a line is an imaginary curve the
magnet. magnet etc. tangent to which at a point gives the direction of
(4) Oersted’s experiment the field at that point.
Oersted found that a magnetic field is (1) Properties of magnetic field lines
established around a current carrying conductor. (i) Outside a magnet, field are from north to
Magnetic field exists as long as there is current South Pole while inside from south to north, i.e.,
in the wire. Magnetic lines of forces magnetic lines are closed curves.
i
(ii) The number of magnetic lines of field
originating or terminating on a pole is proportional
to its strength. 0 lines are assumed to be associated
with a unit pole. So if a body encloses a pole of
2 Magnetic Effect of Current
strength m, total lines linked with the body (called DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD
magnetic flux) will be 0(m). [in S.I unit system] The direction of magnetic field is determined
(iii) Magnetic lines of field can never intersect with the help of the following simple laws:
each other BCZ if they intersect at a point, field (1) Maxwell’s cork screw rule:
intensity at that point will have two directions which According to this rule, if we imagine a
is absurd. right handed screw placed along the
(iv) Magnetic lines of field have a tendency to current carrying linear conductor, be
contract longitudinally (producing attraction between rotated such that the screw moves in the
opposite poles) and repel each other laterally direction of flow of current, then the direction of
(resulting in repulsion between similar poles) rotation of the thumb gives the direction of magnetic
lines of force.
(2) Right hand thumb rule:
According to this rule if a straight
current carrying conductor is held in
the right hand such that the thumb
of the hand represents the direction
(v) Number of lines of field per unit area, normal of current flow, then the fingers encircle the wire will
to the area at a point, represents the magnitude of represent the direction of magnetic lines of force.
field at that point. So, crowded lines represent a (3) Right hand thumb rule of circular
strong field while distant lines represent weak field. currents: According to this
rule if the direction of 
current in circular
conducting coil is in the i
direction of folding fingers 
Magnitude is Direction is Both magnitude & of right hand, then the
not constant not constant direction are not
constant direction of magnetic field will be in the direction of
(vi) In a region of space where there is no stretched thumb.
magnetic field, there will be no lines of field. This (4) Right hand palm rule:
is why, at a neutral point (where resultant field is If we stretch our right hand
zero) there cannot be any line of field. such that fingers point towards
(vii) Magnetic lines of field originate from or the point. At which magnetic field B
enter in the surface of a magnetic material at any is required while thumb is in the
angle. direction of current then normal to the palm will
(viii) Magnetic lines of field exist inside every show the direction of magnetic field.
magnetized material. BIOT-SAVART LAW
(2) Mapping of magnetic field line due to Biot-Savart’s law is used to determine the
some important structure magnetic field at any point due to an infinitesimal
small current carrying element yet it can be used for
long conductors. In order to understand the Biot-
Savart’s law, we need to understand the term
current-element.

Bar Magnet
Ideal Solenoid Current element
 It is the product of current and length of
infinitesimal segment of current carrying wire.
 The current element is taken as
a vector quantity. Its direction is B
A
same as the direction of current. i
dl
Current element AB = i dl
Real Solenoid Circular coil Let a conductor of an arbitrary shape carrying a
current i, and P be a point in vacuum at which the
field is to be determined. Let us divide the conductor
Straight current
carrying wire into infinitesimal current-elements.
3 Magnetic Effect of Current
Let r be a displacement vector and line joining P to Q makes an angle  with the
from the element to the point P. direction of current as shown in figure. Using Biot-
According to Biot-Savart Law, P Savart Law magnetic field at point P due to small
dl
magnetic field at point ‘P’ due the μ  i dlsinθ 
current element is given by dB = 0  
current element i dl is given by the i 4π  r 2 
expression, As every element of the wire contributes to in the
i dlsinθ μ i dlsinθ same direction, we have
dB = k nˆ also B =  d B = 0 . 2 nˆ
μ  i dlsinθ 
B
r 2
4π r
B = 0   .......(i)
Where,  is the angle between i dl and r 4π A  r 2 
n̂ = unit vector along the direction of B () From the triangle OPQ as shown in diagram,
In C.G.S. k = 1 and in S.I.: k = 0
μ We have y = d  tan  dy = dsec 2d
r = d  sec and  =  90 0 - θ 
4π
Where, μ0 = Absolute permeability of air or vacuum
Wb Where,  is angle between line OP and PQ
= 4π × 10 -7 .
Amp - metre Now equation (i) can be written in this form
θ
It's other units are μ0 1 μ i
Henry N Tesla - metre B=  cos d  B = 0    sinθ1 + sinθ2 
or or 4π -θ2 4π  d 
2
metre Amp Ampere
At point P, the direction of the magnetic field due
ˆ
μ0 i( dl × r) μ i( dl × r ) to the whole conductor will be perpendicular to the
Vectorially, dB = × = 0×
4π r 2
4π r3 plane of paper and going into the plane.
The direction of magnetic field is determined by μ0  i 
For the case shown in fig. B =    sinθ1 + sinθ2  
the cross product of the vector i dl with r . i.e. when 4π  d 
current caring wire lying on the plane of paper then at Note:
B
point P, the direction of the magnetic field will be  to (i) 1 & 2 must be taken with sign. 
the plane of paper & going into the plane. i.e. () (ii) From figure α =  90 o - θ2 
Meaning of Cross  and dot  P
and β =  90 o + θ1 
1
If magnetic field is directed perpendicular and into r
2
i
the plane of the paper it is represented by  (cross) μ i
Hence B = o .   cosα - cosβ 

while if magnetic field is directed perpendicular and 4π  r 
out of the plane of the paper it is represented by  A
CASE 1: When the point P is on the perpendicular
(dot)
i i
i
CW
i
ACW
bisector B
B B B B Magnetic field at a point P which
Out In
lies on perpendicular bisector of 
In Out In Out P
finite length wire  θ1 = θ2 = θ (say) i r


μ i
In: B is away from the observer or  inwards. So B = 0 .  2sinθ   A
4π r
Out: B is towards the observer or  outwards.
CASE II: For the case shown in fig. B
Application of Biot-Savart's law In this case -θ2  + θ2
i
FIELD DUE TO A STRAIGHT CURRENT So, magnetic field at point P will be
A
CARRYINGWIRE μ0  i  1
(1) For a wire of finite length: B =    sinθ1 - sinθ2   2
4π  d  r
P
Consider a straight wire
CASE III: When the point P lies along the length
segment carrying a current i of wire (but not on it) [ Axial position of wire ]
and there is a point P at If the point P is along the i
which magnetic field to be length of the wire (but not one P
calculated as shown in the
it), then i dl and r will either be parallel or
figure. This wire segment
makes angle 1 and 2 at that antiparallel, i.e.,  = 0 or ,
point with normal OP.  i dl  r  0
Consider an element of length dy at a distance y
B
Hence using equation (i) B =  dB = 0
from O and distance of this element from point P is r A
4 Magnetic Effect of Current
(2) For a wire of infinite length: other and parallel to z-
When the linear conductor AB is of axis. The direction of
B
infinite length and the point P lies near P current in W1 is outward
the centre of the conductor and in W2 it is inwards.
 θ1 = θ2 = 90 o i
Find the B at ‘P’ & ‘Q’
μ0 i μ 2i A
Sol. Let B at point P due to W1 be B1 and due
So, B = [sin90 o + sin90 o ] = 0
4π r 4π r
to W2 be B2 .
(3) For a wire of semi-infinite length: μi
When the linear conductor is of By symmetry B1 = B2 = B = 0
4πa
infinite length and the point P lies near B To find the angle 
the end A or B.
3a
 θ1 = 90 o and θ2 = 0 o tanθ = = 3  θ = 60 0
i a
μ0 i μ0 i P
So, B =  o
sin90 + sin0  = o
 μi
4π r  4πr A  BP = 2Bcos60 0 ˆj = 0 ˆj
4πa
Ex-1 Calculate the magnetic field induction at a μ0 i μ0 i
Now at point Q B1 = and B2 =
point distance, a 3 / 2 meter from a straight wire of 2π 5a 2πa
length ‘a’ meter carrying a current of i amp. The point Resulting field at Q, B = B cosθjˆ +  B - B sinθ  iˆ
Q 1 2 1
is on the perpendicular bisector of the wire.
To find the angle 
Ex.2 Find resultant magnetic field at ‘C’ in the
a 1
figure shown. tanθ = =
2a 2
Sol. It is clear that magnetic field at ‘C’ due all 1 2
the wires is directed . Also B at ‘C’ due PQ and  sinθ = and cosθ =
5 5
SR is same. Also due to QR and PS is same
 Bres = 2  BPQ + BSP  μi  μi μi  2μ i μi
 BQ = 0 ˆj +  0 - 0  iˆ = 0 iˆ + 0 ˆj
BPQ =
μ0 i
 sin60 0 + sin60 0 
5πa  2πa 10πa  5πa 5πa
4π  a / 2 
Ex.6 In the fig. shown a large
μ0 i
BSP =  sin30 + sin30 
0 0
metal sheet of width ‘W’ caries a

4π 3a / 2  current I (uniformly distributed in its
 3 μ0 i 4μ0 i  width ‘W’). Find B at point ‘P’ which
 Bres = 2  + 
 2πa 3πa  lies in the plane of the sheet.
Ex.3 Figure shows a square loop Sol. To find B at ‘P’ the sheet can be considered
made from a uniform wire. Find the as collection of large number of infinitely long wires.
magnetic field at the centre of the Take a long wire distance x from ‘P’ and of width
square if a battery is connected dx. Due to this the magnetic field at ‘P’ is dB
μ 2 i 
between the points A and C. Therefore, dB = 0  dx  
Ex.4 In the figure shown 4π x  W 
there are two parallel long Due to each such wire B
wires (placed in the plane of will be directed inwards
paper) are carrying currents
μ0 i  dx   a +W 
a+W
μ0 i
2I and I consider points A,  Bres =  dB =   = ln  
C, D on the line perpendicular to both the wires and a
2π W  x  2πW  a 
also in the plane of the paper. The distances are [ Using the concept of uniform Current density ]
mentioned. MAGNETIC FIELD AT AN AXIAL POINT OF A
CIRCULAR COIL
Find (i) B at A, C, D (ii) find the Position of point
Consider a circular loop of radius R and carrying
on line A-C-D where B is zero. a steady current i. We have to find out magnetic
Ex.5 In the figure shown two long wires W1 and W2 field at the axial point P, which is at distance x from
each carrying current I are placed parallel to each the centre of the loop.
5 Magnetic Effect of Current
Consider an element i dl of the loop as shown in (6) Magnetic Field at Centre O in Different
figure, and the distance of point P from current Conditions of Circular Current
element is r . Using Biot-Savart law magnetic field at Condition Figure Magnetic field
i
P due to this current element from can be given by,
μ0 i( dl × r ) Arc subtends μ0 θ i
B = .
dB = × angle  at the  4π r
4π r 3
centre
r

In case of point on O

the axis of a circular i

coil, as for every Semi-circular μ πi μ i

B= 0 . = 0
arc 4π r 4r
current element there
O r
is a symmetrically
 π
situated opposite element, the component of the Three quarter  2π -  i
μ
B = 0 .
2
field perpendicular to the axis cancel each other semi-circular r
O 4π r
while along the axis add up. current
3μ0 i
μ idlsinθ carrying arc =
 Bres =  dBsin = 0  sin 8r
4π r 2
μ0 2πi
Here, is angle between the current element and, Circular
B=
4π r
which is everywhere and sin = R = R
current O
r
μi
r R2 + x 2 = 0
carrying arc 2r
  2πR  
μ iR  dl = μ0  2πiR
2
 Baxis = 0   Concentric co-
4π   R 2 + x 2   0
i
3 / 2
4π   R 2 + x 2 3 / 2  planer circular
    i μ 1 1
loops carries r2 B1 = 0 2πi  + 
(1) If the coil has N turns, then r1 4π  r1 r2 
current in the
μ 2πNir 2
Baxis = 0 . 2 ; same direction
4π (x + r 2 )3 / 2
Concentric co- i
μ0 2πNi μ0 Ni planer circular
(2) At centre x=0  Bcentre = . = = Bmax i
4π r 2r loops carries r2
μ 1 1
r1
(3) The ratio of magnetic field at the centre of current in the B1 = 0 2πi  - 
3/ 2
opposite directN
4π  r1 r2 
Bcentre  x 2 
circular coil & on it's axis is given by =  1+ 
Baxis  r 2  Concentric B2

(4) If point P is far away from the centre i.e. x >> r loops but their i 1 
B = B12 + B22
planes are
μ 2π Nir 2
μ 2NiA μ
 Baxis = 0 . = 0. 3 perpendicular B1 = 0 i12 + i22
4π x 3
4π x to each other  i2 2r
Where, A = r2 = Area of each turn of the coil.
(5) Field at the centre of a current arc B2
Concentric
Since a current carrying circular wire [ 2 radian 
loops but their i1
angle at centre or circumference 2R] provide a planes are at B12 + B22
 B=
μ Ni
magnetic field 0 at the centre. an angle  with B1 +2B1 B2 cosθ
2r 
each other i2
Now using basic theorem, magnetic field for an
arc of radius R carrying current i and subtending an
angle radian at the centre is given by Distribution of
μ 2πi    μ0 i current across O B=0
Bcentre = 0 .  = the diameter i i
4π R  2π  4πR
 Similarly, If ‘l’ is the length of this circular arc,
then magnetic field at the centre is given by Distribution of Using 2nd equatN
μ 2πi  l  μ0 il current & current in
O
Bcentre = 0 .   = parallel combinatN
4π R  2πR  4πR 2 between any
i
 Direction of magnetic field can be obtained two points on i B=0
by using Right hand thumb rule of circular currents. circumference
6 Magnetic Effect of Current
(7) B-x curve: The variation of magnetic field Now half of the charge is removed from one end
due to a circular coil as the distance x varies as and placed on the other end. The rod is rotated in a
shown in the figure. vertical plane about horizontal axis passing through
B varies non-linearly with the mid-point of the rod with the same angular
distance x as shown in figure A B
0
A
frequency. Calculate the magnetic field at a point on
and is maximum when the axis at a distance of 0.4 m from centre of the rod.
x 2 min = 0 , [i.e., the point is at x = – r/2 x = 0 x = r/2
Sol. As the revolving charge is equivalent to current
the centre of the coil] and it is zero at x =  .  10 4 π 
ω
(8) Point of inflection (A and A): Also known as o, equV current I = qf = q   = 1×  3
 = 5 × 10 A
points of curvature change or points of zero curvature.  2π   2π 
(i) At these points B varies linearly with x μ0 2πNir 2
B axis  .
dB d 2B 4π (x 2 + r 2 )3 / 2
 = constant  = 0 .
dx dx 2 2π ×  5 × 10 3  ×  0.6 
2
-7
r = 10 ×
(ii) These are located at x = ± from the centre of (0.6 2 + 0.8 2 )3 / 2
2
r 4μ0 Ni  1.13× 10 -3 T
the coil and the magnetic field at x = is B = If half of the charge is placed at the other end
2 5 5r
and the rod is rotated at the same frequency, the
(9) Helmholtz coils equivalent current is given by
(i) This is the set-up of two coaxial coils of same
q q
radius such that distance between their centers is I  =   f +   f = qf = 5 × 10 3 A
equal to their radius. 2 2
Resultant field
Uniform Since the rod is rotated about an axis passing
through the mid-point of the rod.
a a
O A A A In this case, R = 0.3 m
O1 O2 and x  = 0.4 m
a
2π ×  5 × 10 3  ×  0.3 
O1 O O2 x 2
+ +
– –  B = 10 × -7

(0.3 2 + 0.4 2 )3 / 2
(ii) At axial midpoint O, magnetic field is given by
8μ0 Ni μ0 Ni μ0 Ni  2.3× 10 -3 T
B= = 0.716 = 1.432 B , where B =
5 5R R 2R SOLENOID:
(iii) Current direction is same in both coils otherwise If a conducting wire is
this arrangement is not called Helmholtz’s coil wound in the form of a
cylindrical coil (or the
arrangement.
insulated copper wire wound
(iv) Number of points of inflexion Three(A, A, A)
on a non-conducting cylindrical tube) whose diameter
(v) Such arrangement gives uniform magnetic field
is less in comparison to the length, and then the coil or
inside the Helmholtz coils. tube is called a solenoid. It looks like a helical spring.
B=0
Ex.7 Two wire loop PQRSP
S N
formed by joining two semicircular B

wires of radii R1 and R2 carries a i Solenoid i

current I as shown in the figure given
below. What is the magnetic field A magnetic field is produced around and within
induction at the centre O in cases (A) the solenoid. The magnetic field within the solenoid
is uniform and parallel to the axis of solenoid.
and (B) ?
(1) Finite length solenoid: Let’s N = total
Ex.9 A charge of one coulomb is placed at one number of turns, l = length of the solenoid, n =
end of a non-conducting rod of length 0.6m. The rod is number of turns per unit length N l , R= radius.
rotated in a vertical plane about a horizontal axis Derivation: Take an element of width dx at a
passing through the other end of the rod with angular distance x from point P. [P is the point on axis at
frequency 104 rad/s. Find the magnetic field at a which we are going to calculate magnetic field.]
point on the axis of rotation at a distance of 0.8 m from
Total number of turns in the element dn = ndx
the centre of the path.
7 Magnetic Effect of Current
μ0 2πiR 2
μ H .dl = μ0  i   H .dl =  i
dBP = . 2  ndx  0

4π (x + R 2 )3 / 2 Total current crossing the above area is (i1 + i3 - i2 ) .

[Using B on the axis of Any current outside the area is not included in net
current carrying circular current. (Outward   +ve, Inward   – ve)
coil] Biot-Savart's law v/s Ampere's law
l
μ0 2 iR 2 Biot-Savart's law Ampere's law
  dBP =  ndx 
2 -l1 (x 2 + R 2 )3 / 2 this law is valid for all This law is valid for
current distributions symmetrical current distributN

μ ni  l2 l1  R 1 
2 or infinitely long objects.
BP = 0  +  P
2  l 22 + R 2 l12 + R 2  l1 l2 This law is the differential Basically this law is the

form of B or H integral from of B or H
μ0 ni
= [cosθ2 + cosθ1 ] This law is based only on This law is based on the
2 the principle of magnetism principle of electromagnetism.
(i) Also Magnetic field inside the solenoid at
Note:
μ0 ni
point P is given by B =  sinα + sinβ   Line integral is independent of the shape of path.
2
 The statement  B.dl = 0 does not necessarily
(ii) Infinite length solenoid [For Ideal
Solenoid]: If the solenoid is of infinite length and the mean that B everywhere along the path but possible
point is well inside the solenoid only when no net current is passing through the path.
i.e. α = β = (π / 2) . So Bin = μ0 ni Ex.11 Find the value of
(iii) If the solenoid is of infinite length and the point  B.dl for the loops L1, L2, L3
is near one end.
in the figure shown. The sense
1
i.e. α = 0 & β = (π / 2) so Bend = (μ0 ni) of dl is mentioned in the
2
figure.
 If material of the solid cylinder has relative
μ μ ni
permeability ‘r’ then Bin = μ0 μr ni & Bend = 0 r Application of Ampere’s current law
2
(iv) Comparison between ideal and real solenoid: MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO INFINITE CURENT
CARYING WIRE
Suppose the magnetic
induction at point P, distance R
from the wire is required. Draw
the circle through P with centre
O and radius R as shown in
figure.
Ex.10 A solenoid of length 0.4m and diameter 0.6m The magnetic induction B at all points along this
consists of a single layer of 1000 turns of fine wire circle will be the same and will be tangential to the
carrying a current of 5.0 × 10-3 ampere. Find the circle, which is also the direction of the length
magnetic field on the axis at the middle and at the ends element dl . Thus,  B.dl =  Bdl = B  dl = B  2πR 
of the solenoid. The current crossing the circular area is i.
AMPERE’S LAW Thus, by Ampere’s law, B.dl = μ0 i 
Amperes law gives another method to calculate
μi
the magnetic field due to a given current distribution.  B  2πR  = μ0 i  B = 0
Line integral of the 2πR
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CYLINDRICAL WIRE
magnetic field B around 
Magnetic field due to a cylindrical wire is
any closed curve is equal to i5
i3 obtained by the application of Ampere's law
μ0 times the net current i i1
i2 (1) Outside the cylinder
threading through the area i4 P
P

enclosed by the curve. R r

 B.dl = μ0  i = μ0 (i1 + i3 - i2 )
R
i.e. i i

Also using B = μ0 H (where H = magnetizing field) (B) Thin hollow cylinder

(A) Solid cylinder
8 Magnetic Effect of Current
In all above cases magnetic field outside the wire at P Ex.12 Consider a coaxial cable which consists of an
P
i.e. r > R (or R2) inner wire of radius a surrounded by an outer shell of
 B.dl = μ0 i  B  dl = μ0 i R
r
1

i
inner and outer radii b and c respectively. The inner
 B × 2πr = μ0 i R 2
wire caries an electric current i0 and the outer shell
μi caries an equal current in opposite direction. Find the
(C) Thick hollow cylinder
 Bout = 0 magnetic field at a distance x from the axis where
2πr
μ JπR 2 μ R2 (a) x < a, (b) a < x < b (c) b < x < c and (d) x > c.
For solid cylinder Bout  0  Bout = 0 2  J × r  Assume that the current density is uniform in the inner
2πr 2r
μi as well as the outer shell.
In all the above cases Bsurface = 0 Sol. The parts a, b, c & d of the fig. correspond to
2πR
(2) Inside the hollow cylinder: Magnetic field the four cross-section of the cable. Draw a circle of
inside the hollow cylinder is zero. radius x with the centre at the axis of the cable. By
When r < R (or R1) symmetry, magnetic field at each point of a circle will
B0 have the same magnitude and will be tangential to it.
 B.dl = μ0  0 
B=0 B=0 Therefore,  B.dl = B  2πx 
 B× 2πr = 0
For each of the four parts of the figure.
(A) Thin hollow
 Bin = 0
(a) The current enclosed within the circle is i0 (say)
(B) Thick hollow
(3) Inside the solid cylinder:
cylinder Current
cylinder
A'  x2 
enclosed by loop (i) is lesser then the total current (i) Thus, J = J  i0 = i0 × = i0  2 
A a 
R

Loop
r
i
r Loop
By Ampere’s law,  B.dl = μ i0 0

x  μi x 2
Assume current is uniformly distributed on the  B  2πx  = μ0 i0  2   B = 0 0 2
whole cross section area. a  2πa
Thus, Current density is uniform The direction will be along the tangent to the circle.
A' r 
2 (b) The enclosed current is i0
i.e. J = J  i' = i × = i 2 
A R  By Ampere’s law, B.dl = μ0 i0 
Hence at inside point B
in .d l = μ0 i'
 B  2πx  = μ0 i0  B=
μ0 i0
μ0  J  r  2πx
μ0 ir μ Jr
 Bin = . 2 = 0  Bin =  
2π R 2 2π  2 
(c) The current enclosed within the circle are i0
(4) Inside the thick portion of hollow [through inner wire] and i  (say) [in outer shell].
cylinder: When R1 < r < R2
0

The cross-sectional area of the outer shell is

Current enclosed by loop is given as 2
(πc -πb2). The area of cross-section of the outer shell
A' (r 2 - R12 )
i' = i × = i× 2 2
[as, Current density is uniform] within the circle in part c of the fig. is (πx2- πb2).
  x 2 - b2  
A (R2 - R1 )
Q A'
Thus, i0 = i0 × = i0  2 2 
  c - b  
Q Loop
R 1 A
i
R2
By Ampere’s law,  B.dl = μ  i
0 0 - i0 
Hence at point Q  B.d l = μ0 i'   x 2 - b2  
μ0 i (r - R ) 2 2
 B  2πx  = μ0 i0 1 - 2 2 
 B=   c - b  
1
.
2πr (R22 - R ) 2

μ0 i0  c - x 
1
2 2
(5) Graphical representN of magnetic field:
B=
2πx  c 2 - b 2 
(d) The net current enclosed by the
circle in part d of the figure is zero
because inner wire and the outer
shell caries an equal current i0 in opposite direction.

(A) Solid cylinder (B) Thin hollow cylinder

By Ampere’s law,  B.dl = μ  i
0 0 - i0  = 0  B = 0
9 Magnetic Effect of Current
Ex.13 A cylinder of radius R1 MAGNETIC FIELD INSIDE A LONG SOLENOID
have cylindrical cavity of radius R2 The magnetic field inside a very tightly wound long
as shown in the figure and have solenoid (ideal) is uniform everywhere along the axis
current density J (down ward). Find of the solenoid and is zero outside it.
Magnetic field when To calculate the magnetic field at a point P inside
the solenoid, let us draw a rectangle PQRS as shown
(i) r > R1 (on x-axis towards right)
in fig. The line PQ is parallel to the solenoid axis &
(ii) r < R1 (on x-axis towards left) hence parallel to the
(ii) When point is in cavity. magnetic field B inside the
Sol. (i) r > R1 (on x-axis towards right) solenoid.
Q
Therefore, P
B.dl = Bl
On the remaining three sides, B.dl = 0 everywhere
as B is either zero (outside the solenoid) or
μ0 i μ0 JπR12 perpendicular to dl (inside the solenoid).
Magnetic field due to big cylinder B1 = =
2πr 2πr Q

μ0  -J  πR2
2
 Line integral B along PQRS is  B.dl =  P
B.dl = Bl
M.F due to smaller cylinder B2 = If n is the number of turns per unit length along
2π  R2 +  r - R1 
the length of solenoid, total  n  l  turns cross the
μ0 JπR12 μ0  -J  πR22
 Bnet = B1 + B2 = + rectangle PQRS. Each turn caries a current i.
2πr 2π  R2 +  r - R1   Net current crossing PQRS = nl  i
(ii) r < R1 (on x-axis) towards left of centre Using Ampere’s law,

Magnetic field due to big cylinder B1 =

μ0 i  μ0 Jπr 2
=  B.dl = μ ×  nil 
0
2πr
 Bl = μ0 ×  nil 
2πr
 B = μ0 ni
μ0  -J  πR22
M.F due to smaller cylinder B2 = TOROID:
2π  r +  R1  R2 
A toroid can be Winding
μ0 Jπr 2
μ0  -J  πR 2
considered as a ring shaped Core
 Bnet  B1 + B2 = + 2

2πr 2π  r +  R1  R2   closed solenoid. Hence it is r

like an endless cylindrical i
(iiii) When the point (p) is in cavity
solenoid.
Consider a toroid having total no of turns N. To
calculate the magnetic field at a point P inside the
toroid, let us draw a circle as shown in fig.
For ideal Toroid diameter (d) << radius (R)
Now from Ampere’s law
 B.dl = μ × i
0 in = μ0 Ni
 B  2πR  = μ0 Ni  r P
dl
 O
B
From above fig. PR = r1 sinθ1 = r2 sinθ2 .......(i) μ0 Ni
B=  B = μ0 ni
 R1 - R2  = r1cosθ1 + r2cosθ2 .......(ii) 2πR
Where, n: number of turns per unit length.
μ0 Jπr1 2 μ0 Jr1 μ0 Jπr2 2 μ0 Jr2 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO AN INFINITE
B1 =  and B2 = 
2πr1 2 2πr2 2 SHEET CARRYING CURRENT
And their directions are shown in figure above. The figure shows an infinite sheet of current with
Horizontal component BH = B1 sinθ1 - B2 sinθ2 linear current density  (A/m). Due to symmetry the
field line pattern above and below the sheet is
μJ
 BH = 0  r1 sinθ1 - r2 sinθ2  = 0 Using equN (i) uniform. Consider a square loop of side l as shown
2 in the figure. P B
Vertical component Bv = B1cosθ1 + B2 cosθ2 i
c d
l
μJ μJ
 BV = 0  r1cosθ1 + r2 cosθ2  = 0  R1 - R2 
2 2
b a
Using equN (ii) l
10 Magnetic Effect of Current
Using Ampere’s law, Direction of force on 
b c d a charged particle in magnetic
 B.dl =  B.dl +  B.dl +  B.dl +  B.dl = μ0 i
a b c d field can also be find by


Since B  dl along the path b  c and d  a, Fleming's Left Hand Rule


c a
(FLHR).
therefore, b
B.dl = 0 ;  d
B.dl = 0
Here, First finger (indicates)  Direction of
Also, B || dl along the path a  b and c  d, magnetic field. Middle finger  Direction of motion
b a
thus  B.dl =  a
B.dl +  B.dl = 2Bl
d
of positive charge or opposite direction to the motion
The current enclosed by the loop is i = λl . of negative charge. Thumb  Direction of force
Therefore, according to Ampere’s law Difference between magnetic force and
μ λ electric force
2Bl = μ0  λl  or B = 0 (1) Magnetic force is always perpendicular to the
2
Ex.14 Figure shows a field while electric force is collinear with the field.
(2) Magnetic force is velocity dependent, i.e., acts
cross-section of a large metal
only when the charged particle is in motion while
sheet carrying an electric
electric force (qE) is independent of the state of rest
current along its surface. The or motion of the charged particle.
current in a strip of width dl is Kdl where K is a (3) Magnetic force does no work when the charged
constant. Find the magnetic field at a point P at a particle is displaced while the electric force does
distance x from the metal sheet. work in displacing the charged particle.
Ex.15 Three identical NOTE: (i) F  v and also F  B
long solenoids P, Q and R (ii) Since F  v therefore power due to magnetic
are connected to each force on a charged particle is zero. (use the formula
other as shown in figure. of power P = F.v for its proof)
if the magnetic field at the (iii) Since F  v so work done by magnetic force is
center of P is 2.0 T, what would be the field at the zero in every part of the motion. The magnetic force
centre of Q? Assume that the field due to any solenoid cannot increase or decrease the speed (or kinetic
is confined within the volume of that solenoid only. energy) of a charged particle. Its can only change the
FORCE ON A CHARGED PARTICLE IN direction of velocity.
MAGNETIC FIELD (iv) On a stationary charged particle, magnetic
If a particle carrying a positive charge q and force is zero.
moving with velocity v enters a magnetic field B (v) If v B , then magnetic force on charged
then it experiences a force F which is given by the particle is zero. It moves along a straight line if only

expression F = q( v × B ) Z Fm magnetic field is acting.
 F = qvBsinθ  Ex.15 A Charged particle of mass 5 mg and charge
vcos X B
This is known as 
q = +2C has velocity v = 2iˆ - 3jˆ + 4kˆ . Find out the

Y
magnetic Lorentz force. v magnetic force on the charged particle and its
where v = Instantaneous velocity of the particle, acceleration at this instant due to magnetic field
B = magnetic field at that point. B = 3jˆ - 2kˆ , v & B are in m/s and Wb/m2 respectively.
(1) Zero force: Force on charged particle will Ex.16 A charged particle has acceleration
be zero (i.e. F = 0) if
a = 2iˆ + xjˆ in a magnetic field B = -3iˆ + 2jˆ - 4kˆ . Find
(i) No field i.e. B = 0  F = 0
(ii) Neutral particle i.e. q = 0  F = 0 the value of x.
(iii) Rest charge i.e. v = 0  F = 0 TRAJECTORY OF A CHARGED PARTICLE
(iv) Moving charge at  =0o or  =180o  F = 0 IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

(2) Direction of force: Fm
(1) Straight line: If  =0o
The force F is always q

the direction of a v is v
perpendicular to both the  
B
B
v parallel or antiparallel to q
velocity v and the field B
B , i.e.  = 0 or  =  =180o
in accordance with Right
180o therefore F = 0. Hence the trajectory of the
Hand Screw Rule, though v and B themselves may particle is a straight line.
or may not be perpendicular to each other.
11 Magnetic Effect of Current
(2) Circular path: × ×
v
×
+
×
v
× × (iv) If pitch value is p, then number of pitches
If v is perpendicular to B × × × × × × ×
obtained in length l given as
× × × × × × ×
i.e.  = 90o, hence × × + × F× × + × × l
Number of pitches = & time required t =
l
particle will experience a × × × × × × × p vcosθ
maximum magnetic force × × v × +× × v × × Complete analysis:
Fmax = qvB which act's in a direction perpendicular Let a particle have initial velocity in the plane of
to the motion of charged particle. Therefore the the paper and a constant, uniform magnetic field
trajectory of the particle is a circle. also in the plane of the paper. The particle starts
(i) In this case path of charged particle is circular from point A1. It completes its one revolution at A2
and magnetic force provides the necessary and 2nd revolution at A3 and so on. X-axis is the
mv 2  v qB  tangent to the helix points.
centripetal force i.e. qvB =  =
r  r m 
mv p 2mK 1 2mV
 Radius of path r = = = =
qB qB qB B q
Where, p = momentum of charged particle and
K = kinetic energy of charged particle (gained by
A1, A2, A3, ....... all are on the x-axis.
charged particle after accelerating through potential
Distance A1 A2 = A3 A4 = .......
difference V) then p = mv = 2mK = 2mqV
= vcos .T = pitch
(ii) If T is the time period of the particle then
2πm Where, T = Time period
T= (i.e., time period (or frequency) is Let the initial position of the particle be (0,0,0) and
qB
vsin in +y direction. Then
independent of speed of particle). Along X axis:
(3) Helical path: If the charged particle having
Fx = 0 ; ax = 0 ; v x = vcosθ  constant  & x = vcosθ.t
charge q and mass m is moving with velocity v and
it enter the magnetic field B at angle  as shown in In YZ plane:
figure. Velocity can be resolved in two components, From figure it is clear that
one along magnetic field and the other y = Rsin  ωt  = Rsinβ
perpendicular to it. and v y = vsinθcos  ωt 
Let these components are V and V
z = - R - Rcos  ωt  vz = -vsin sin  ωt 
V  vcosθ and V = vsinθ
 vsinθ 
2
The parallel component of velocity V remains
Acceleration towards centre ac = = ω2 R
unchanged as it is parallel to B . Due to the V the R
particle will move on a circular path. So the resultant  a y = -ω Rsin  ωt  az = -ω Rcos  ωt 
2 2

path will be combination of straight-line motion and Therefore, at any time, we can find out the vector
circular motion, which will be helical (helix) as form of displacement, velocity, acceleration of the
shown in figure. particle.


B
Y p B Ex 17. A proton (p),  - particle and deuteron (D)

v vsin v r are moving in circular paths with same kinetic energies
  in the same magnetic field. Find the ratio of their radii
q, m
vcos
Z X and time periods.
mV m(vsinθ) Ex.18 A positive charge particle of
(i) The radius of this path is r = 
qB qB charge q, mass m enters into a
(ii) Time period and frequency do not depend on uniform magnetic field with velocity v
velocity and they are given by as shown in the figure. There is no
2π r 2π mvsinθ 2π m qB magnetic field to the left of PQ. Find
T= =  and f =
V vsinθqB qB 2π m (i) Time spent, (ii) distance and displacement traveled
(iii) The pitch of the helix, (i.e., linear distance in the magnetic field (iii) Impulse of magnetic force.
travelled in one rotation) will be given by Sol. The particle will move in the field as shown.
p = V ×T = T(vcosθ) = 2π
m
(vcosθ) Angle subtended by the arc at the centre = 2
qB
12 Magnetic Effect of Current
(i) Time spent by the  qB 
charge in magnetic field Now angular displacement θ = ωt =  t
m
 qB 
2θ = ωt  2θ =  t m d 
 m t = sin-1  
2mθ
qB  R
t= Ex.22 What should be the
qB
(ii) Distance traveled by the charge in magnetic field: speed of charged particle so
 mv  that it cannot collide with the
S = r  2θ  =   2θ upper wall? Also find the
 qB  coordinate of the point where
(iii) Impulse = change in momentum of the charge
the particle strikes the lower plate in the limiting case
 
= -mvsinθiˆ + mvcosθjˆ - mvcosθjˆ + mvsinθiˆ  of velocity.
= 2mvsinθiˆ Ex.23 A beam of protons with a velocity 4×105 m/s
Ex.19 Repeat above question if the charge is -ve and enters a uniform magnetic field of 0.3 T at an angle 60°
to the magnetic field. Find the radius of the helical path
π
the angle made by the boundary with the velocity is . taken by the proton beam. Also find the pitch of the
6
helix mp = 1.67 × 10-27 kg
Sol. The particle
will move in the field MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN
as shown in fig. COMBINED ELECTRIC & MAGNETIC FIELD
Lorentz Force
Angle subtended by When the moving charged particle is subjected
the arc at the centre simultaneously to both electric field E and magnetic
field B , the moving charged particle will experience
 2π  5π
=  2π - 2θ  =  2π - = (then same as above) electric force Fe = qE & magnetic force Fm = q( v × B )
 6  3
so the net force on it will be F = q  E + ( v × B ) .
Ex.20 In the figure shown the
magnetic field on the left on ‘PQ’ is This is the famous ‘Lorentz-force equation’.
zero and on the right of ‘PQ’ it is Note: Magnetic force is frame dependent,
uniform. Find the time spent in the Electric force is frame dependent but Lorentz force is
frame independent.
magnetic field.
Depending on the directions of v , E and B
Ex.21 A uniform magnetic field
following situations are possible
of strength B exists in a region of
(i) When v , E and B all the three are
width ‘d’. A particle of charge q
collinear: In this situation as the particle is moving
and mass m is shot perpendicularly
parallel or anti-parallel to the field, the magnetic
(as shown in the figure) into the force on it will be zero and only electric force will act,
magnetic field. Find the time spend by the particle in F qE E
mu mu So a = = v
the magnetic field if  i  d >  ii  d < m m q
B
qB qB
(ii) Hence the particle will pass through the field
Sol. (i) d >
mu
means d > R following a straight-line path (parallel field) with
qB change in its speed. So in this situation speed,
[R: radius of circle] velocity, momentum and kinetic energy all will
T πm change without change in direction of motion as
Therefore, t = = shown in the fig.
2 qB
(iii) v , E and B are mutually perpendicular:
(ii) When d < R the particle will move in the field as
In this situation if E and B are such that
shown in fig. y E
F = Fe + Fm = 0
d
From fig. sinθ = Fe
R F  +q +q
i.e., a =   = 0 v x
d  m
 θ = sin-1   B Fm
 R as shown in figure. z
13 Magnetic Effect of Current
Then the particle will pass through the field with Cyclotron
same velocity, without any deviation in path. Cyclotron is a device used to accelerated
And in this situation, as Fe = Fm positively charged particles (like, -particles,
E
deutrons etc.) to acquire enough energy to carry out
i.e., qE = qvB  v = nuclear disintegration etc.
B
It is based on the fact that the electric field
This principle is used in ‘velocity-selector’ to get a
accelerates a
charged beam having a specific velocity.
charged particle
(iii) E B and uniform, θ  0, 180° and the magnetic High frequency N

( E and B are constant and uniform) field keeps it oscillator

D2
revolving in D1 Energetic
proton beam
circular orbits of W

constant frequency. Target

It consists of S
two hollow D-
shaped metallic chambers D1 and D2 called Dees.
The two Dees are placed horizontally with a small
Along X axis: gap separating them. The Dees are connected to the
; v x = v0cosθ + a x t ; x = v0 cosθt + a x t source of high frequency electric field. The Dees are
qE 1
Fx = qE ; a x =
m 2 enclosed in a metal box containing a gas at a low
In YZ plane: pressure of the order of 10–3 mm mercury. The
 v0 sinθ 
2
whole apparatus is placed between the two poles of
qv0 sinθB = m   a strong electromagnet NS as shown in fig. The
 R 
mv0 sinθ magnetic field acts  to the plane of the Dees.
R= (1) Cyclotron frequency: Time taken by ion to
qB
πr πm
 2π  v0 sinθ qB describe a semicircular path is given by t = =
ω = = 2πf  = = v qB
 T  R m
If T = time period of oscillating electric field then

r =  v0 cosθt +

1 qE  ˆ
2 m 
ˆ  
t  i + Rsinωtj +  R - Rcosωt  -k ˆ
T = 2t =
2π m
the cyclotron frequency
1
f = =
Bq
qB T 2πm
 
v =  v0 cosθ + a x t  iˆ +  v0 sinθ  cosωtjˆ +  v0 sinθ  sinωt -kˆ (2) Maximum energy of particle: Maximum
energy gained by the charged particle Emax =  q B  r02
2 2
qE ˆ 2 
a= i + ω R  -sin  ωt  ˆj - cos  ωt  kˆ 
m 2m  
Ex.24 If a charge particle (q) inters into the Where, r0 = maximum radius of the circular path
magnetic field at origin with velocity vi then find the followed by the positive ion.
maximum possible positive x co-ordinate of particle if Hall Effect
magnetic field is given as The Phenomenon of producing a transverse emf
in a current carrying conductor on applying a
 
B = B0 x -kˆ when x > 0
magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the
=0 when x < 0 current is called Hall Effect.
Ex.24 A long, straight wire caries a current i. A Hall Effect helps us to know the nature and
particle having a positive charge q and mass m kept at number of charge carriers in a conductor.
a distance x0 from the wire is projected towards it with Consider a conductor having electrons as current
a speed v. Find the minimum separation between the carriers. The electrons move with drift velocity v
opposite to the direction of flow of current
wire and the particle. 
 B (1)
Ex.25 An electron is released from the origin at a z v
+ + + + + +
place where a uniform electric field E and a uniform y –

F VH
magnetic field B exist along the negative Y-axis and x (2) – – – – – – –
the negative Z-axis respectively. Find the displacement
of the electron along the Y-axis when its velocity Force acting on electron Fm = -e( v × B ). This
becomes perpendicular to the electric field for the first force acts along x-axis and hence electrons will
time. move towards face (2).
14 Magnetic Effect of Current
FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING (1) Fleming’s left-hand rule:
CONDUCTOR IN MAGNETIC FIELD Stretch the fore-finger, central
Suppose a conducting wire, finger and thumb of left hand
carrying a current i, is placed in mutually perpendicular. Then if
a magnetic field B . Consider a the fore-finger points in the
small element d l of the wire direction of field B and the
(figure). The free electrons drift central in the direction of current i, the thumb will
with a speed vd opposite to the direction of the point in the direction of force.
(2) Right-hand palm rule: Current
current. The relation between the current i and the
Stretch the fingers and thumb of
drift speed vd is i = JA =  nevd  A ......(i)
right hand at right angles to
Here A is the area of cross-section of the wire & each other. Then if the
n is the number of free electrons per unit volume. fingers point in the Magnetic field
Each electron experiences an average (why direction of field B and Force


average?) magnetic force Favg = -e vd × B  thumb in the direction of current i, then normal to
The number of free electrons in the considered the palm will point in the direction of force
small element is nAdl . Thus, the magnetic force on Note:  point of application of magnetic force:
On a straight current carrying wire the magnetic
 
the wire of length dl is dF =  nAdl   -e vd × B 
  force in a uniform magnetic field can be assumed to
If we denote the length dl along the direction of be acting at its mid-point.
the current by dl , the above equation becomes FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENT

  
dF = neAvd dl × B = i dl × B  using (i)
CARRYING CONDUCTORS
Let us consider two very long parallel straight
In case of current carrying conductor in a wires carrying currents i1 and  1  ×
2×
magnetic field force experienced by its small length i2. Each wire is placed in the i1  ×
i2 B 1
×
dF2
element is d F = id l × B ; [ id l = current element ] region of magnetic induction  
dF1
× ×

Total magnetic force F net =  d F =  i(d l × B ) . of other and hence will B   × ×

2
experience a force. The net   × ×

If current i is same at all points of the wire force on a current-carrying

  × ×
d
F net =  dF = i   dl × B  conductor due to its own field is zero. Since there
 
If magnetic field is uniform are two long parallel current-carrying wires 1 and 2
i.e., B = constant (as shown), the wire-2 will be in the field of wire-1
and vice versa.
F net = i   dl  × B = i( L× B )
  The force on dl 2 length of wire-2 due to field of wire-1,
 dl = L = Vector length of the wire = vector dF2 = i2 dl2 B1
connecting the end points of the wire. μ0 2i1 i2  μ0 2i1 
 dF2 = × dl 2  B1 = 4π d 
(For a straight conductor F = Bilsinθ ) 4π d  
Note:  If a current loop of any shape is placed in It will be true for wire-1 in the field of wire-2. The
a uniform B then F net on it is zero.  L = 0  direction of force in accordance with the right-hand
screw rule will be as shown above.
Direction of force: The direction of force is
So the force per unit length in case of two
always perpendicular to the plane containing idl parallel current-carrying wires separated by a
and B and is same as that of cross-product of two distance ‘d’ is
vectors ( A× B ) with A = i dl . dF2 μ0 2i1 i2  N  dF2 2i1 i2  dyne 

=   or =  
dF
dl 2 4π d  m  dl 2 d  cm 
 Direction of force: If two conductors carries current
 P  i dl
i dl 
B
P   in same direction, then force between them will be
B
attractive. If conductor carries current in opposite
 directN, then force betW them will be repulsive.
dF 1× 2

1  ×
2× × × ×
The direction of force when current element idl i1 i2 ×
i1
× ×
i2
×
  × ×
and B are perpendicular to each other can also be   × × × × × ×
F1 F2 F1 F2
determined by applying either of the following rules   × × × × × ×
15 Magnetic Effect of Current
Definition of ‘Ampere’s’ Case 3: Current carrying spring: If current is
dF μ0 2i1 i2  N  passed through a spring, then it will contract because
We have =  
dl 4π d  m  current will flow through all the turns in the same
if i1 = i2 = 1 A ; d = 1m ; dl = 1m ; then dF = 2 × 10 -7 N direction. +
–
Hence, ‘Ampere’s’ is defined as the current which Spring Spring
K
when passing through each of two parallel infinitely
long straight conductors placed in free space at a
m Hg
distance of 1m from each other produces between
If current makes to flow through If switch is closed then current
them force of 2×10-7 N for one meter of their length. spring, then spring will contract start flowing, spring will execute
and weight lift up. oscillation in vertical plane.
FORCE BETWEEN TWO MOVING CHARGES
If two charges q1 and q2 are moving with Case 4: Tension less strings: In the following
velocities v1 and v2 respectively and at any instant figure the value and direction of current through the
the distance between them is r, then conductor XY so that strings becomes tensionless?
Fe q1 q2 Fe Fe
v1 v2 Strings becomes tensionless if weight of
conductor XY balanced by magnetic force  Fm  .
Fm Fm Fe
r q1 r q2 String
Stationary charges Moving charges × × × × × × ×  Fm
B
Magnetic force between them is × × × × × × × i
μ qq vv T T X Y
l×
Fm = 0 . 1 2 2 1 2 .... (i) v1 = v2 = v (say) × ×
X
×
m
×
Y
× ×

4π r × × × × × × ×
mg

and Electric force between them is Hence direction of current is from X  Y and in
1 q1q2 mg
Fe = . .... (ii) balanced condition Fm = mg  B i l = mg  i =
4πε0 r 2 Bl
F 1
From equN (i) and (ii) m = μ0 ε0 v 2 but μ0 ε0 = 2 ; Case 5: Sliding of conducting rod on inclined
Fe c rails: When a conducting rod slides on conducting
Where, c is the velocity of light in vacuum. rails.
X
2 F cos
Fm  v  R
So =   [As v < c so Fm < Fe ] i 
Insulated

v
Fe  c  i
stand

Y F mg sin
i 
Standard Cases for Force on Current Carrying +
mg 
 –
Conductors
Case 1 : When an arbitrary current carrying loop In the following situation conducting rod (X, Y)
placed in a magnetic field ( to the plane of loop), slides at constant velocity (zero acceleration) if
each element of loop experiences a magnetic force Fcosθ = mgsinθ  B i lcosθ = mgsinθ  B =
mg
tanθ
due to which loop stretches and open into circular il
loop and tension developed in it’s each part. Ex.26 A wire is bent in the
T A B T form of an equilateral triangle
B
d PQR of side 10 cm and caries a
B R
O current of 5.0 A. It is placed in
magnetic field B of magnitude 2.0
Case 2: Equilibrium of a current carrying T direction perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Find
conductor: When a finite length current carrying wire the forces on the three sides of the triangle. Also find
is kept parallel to another infinite length current the net magnetic force on the triangle.
carrying wire, it can suspend freely in air as shown Ex.27 Figure shown two long metal rails placed
l Fixed i1 horizontally and parallel to each other at a separation
Movable
X i2 Y l. A uniform magnetic field B exists in the vertically
h h
Movable i2 downward direction. A wire of mass m can slide on the
Fixed i1 X Y rails. The rails are connected to a constant current
l
source which drives a current in the circuit. The
In both the situations for equilibrium of XY
it's downward weight = upward magnetic force friction coefficient between the rails and the wire is .
μ 2i i (a)What should the minimum value of  which can
i.e. mg = 0 . 1 2 .l
4π h prevent the wire from sliding on the rails?
16 Magnetic Effect of Current
(b)Describe the motion of the B About point P, Force on an
wire if the value of  is half element is radially outward which
L
the value found in the make angle  with centre as
previous part. shown in fig. Therefore,

Sol. (a) The force on the wire due to the magnetic τ P =  dτ P   Bi  Rdθ  sin90 0 Rsinθ
0
field is Fm = iL× B  Fm = BiL = 2iBR2
It acts towards right in the given figure. If the wire Ex.31 Find the magnetic force on
does not slide on the rails, the force of friction by the the loop ‘PQRS’ due to the straight
rails should be equal to Fm. If 0 is the minimum wire as shown in fig.
coefficient of static friction. Thus, Ex.32 In the figure showed the wires AB and PQ
BiL
μ0 mg = BiL  μ0 = carry constant currents I1 and I2 respectively. PQ is of
mg
uniformly distributed mass ‘m’
(b) If the friction coefficient is μ  μ0 / 2 , the wire will
and length ‘l’. AB and PQ are
slide towards right with some acceleration a. both horizontal and kept in the
Now the equation of motion becomes
same vertical plane. The PQ is
1  BiL  BiL
Fm - μmg = ma  BiL -   mg = ma  a = in equilibrium at height ‘h’.
2  mg  2mg
Find (i) ‘h’ is terms of I1, I2, l , m, g and other
Ex.28 In the figure shown a
constants. (ii)If the wire PQ is displaced vertically by
semicircular wire is placed in a
small distance prove that it performs SHM. find T?
uniform B directed toward right. Sol. (i) Magnetic repulsive force balances the
R
Find the resultant magnetic force weight.
and torque on it. μ 2i i μiil
mg = Bi2 l  mg = 0 . 1 2 .l  h = 0 1 2
Sol. The wire is equivalent to L = 2R 4π h 2πmg
 B L  θ = 0   Fnet = iL× B = 0
0
(ii) Let the wire be displaced downward by distance
Forces on individual parts x (<< h). Magnetic force on it will increase, so it
are marked in the figure by  goes back towards its equilibrium position. Hence it
and . By symmetry their will performs oscillations. At this position,
μ 2i i
be pair of forces forming Frestore = 0 . 1 2 .l - mg
couples. 4π  h - x 
 
dτ = F  Rcosθ  = Bidlsin  90 0 - θ  Rcosθ =
mgh
- mg =
mgx
h - x h - x
 
 dτ = Bi  Rdθ  sin  90 0 - θ  Rcosθ
 mg 
π
iBπR 2 Fres =  x  x << h
τ =  dτ =  2
π Bi  Rdθ  sin  90 - θ  Rcosθ =
0  h 
-
2 2 CURRENT LOOP AS A MAGNETIC DIPOLE
Since the magnetic field lines pass through the
τ=
iBπR 2 ˆ
2
-j   loop in the same direction, we can assume that one
Ex.29 Find the resultant face of the loop acts as a North Pole because the
magnetic force and torque on the loop. field lines emerge from it and the other face of loop
acts as a South Pole because the magnetic field lines
Ex.30 In the figure shown find the enter at it. Thus the loop acts like a dipole.
resultant magnetic force and torque The polarity at the faces of the loop depends on
about ‘C’, and ‘P’. the direction of current in the loop. Polarity at the
Sol. faces of the loop is easily determined by the clock
rule.
The wire is equivalent to L = 2R
CLOCK RULE: (Clockwise current- South Pole
 B  L  θ = 90 0   Fnet = iL× B = Bi2R
and Anticlockwise current -North Pole.)Looking At
About point C, Force on each element is radially the face of the loop, if the current around that face
outward. Therefore, is in anticlockwise direction, the face has the north
π
polarity, While if the current at that face is in
τ C =  dτ C =  2π Bi  Rdθ  sin90 0 Rcosθ = 0
-
2
clockwise directN, the face has the South polarity as
shown in fig.
17 Magnetic Effect of Current
Behaviour of Current Loop in a Magnetic Field
(1) Torque:
Consider a rectangular
coil CDEF of having N
turns and length L, width
b, placed in a uniform
According to magnetic effects of current, in case field B , in such a way
of current-carrying coil for axial point, that the normal (n) ˆ to the
μ0 2πNiR 2 coil makes an angle 
B= with the direction of B .
 
4π R 2 + x 2 3 2
The coil is capable of
μ0 2πNiR 2 rotation about an axis
When x >> R, B =
4π x 3 O1 O 2 .
Then the torque experienced by the loop
Current b b
S N τ = BiNLsinθ + BiNLsinθ  BNi  bL sinθ = BiNAsinθ
 2 2
M
Where, A = Lb is the area of the loop.
Vectorially, τ = M × B  M = BiA 
If we compare this result with the field due to a  
small bar magnet for a distant axial point, i.e., (i)  is zero when  = 0, i.e., when the plane of
μ 2M the coil is perpendicular to the field.
B= 0 3 (ii)  is maximum when θ = 90 o , i.e., the plane of
4π x
Where, M is magnetic moment of the bar the coil is parallel to the field τ max = BiNA
magnet. We find that a current-carrying coil for a (2) Workdone: If coil is rotated in a uniform
distant point behaves as a magnetic dipole of magnetic field B through an angle  from it's
magnetic moment equilibrium position then work done will be
M = Ni  πR2  = NiA W θ
0
dW =  τdθ =  MBsinθdθ
0
Where N = Number of turns in the coil, i =
 W = -  MBcosθ 0 = MB(1 - cosθ)
θ
Current through the coil & A(πR2) = Area of the
coil. So the magnetic moment of a current carrying It is maximum when  = 180o  Wmax=2MB
coil is defined as the product of current in the coil (3) Potential energy: From definition of P.E
with the area of coil in the vector form. U θ

(1) Magnetic moment of a current loop is a vector 0 dU =  dW =  τdθ = 900 MBsinθdθ

 U = -  MBcosθ 900 = -MBcosθ = -M.B
θ
quantity & direction is perpendicular to the plane of
the loop. Its dimensions are [L2A] & units are Am2. Ex.33 For a given length L of a wire carrying a
(2) For a given perimeter circular shape has current i, how many circular turns would produce the
maximum area. Hence maximum magnetic moment. maximum magnetic moment and of what value?
(3) For any loop or coil B at centre due to Ex.34 A coil in the shape of an equilateral triangle
current in loop, and M are always parallel. of side 0.02 m is suspended from a vertex such that it
is hanging in a vertical in plane magnetic field of 5 ×
10-2 T. Find the couple acting on the coil when a
current of 0.1 amp is passed through it and the
(4) Magnetic moment is case of a charged
magnetic field is parallel to its plane.
particle having charge q and moving in a circle of
1 Sol. As the coil is in the form of an equilateral
radius R with speed v is given by M = qvR 1
2 triangle, its area A = × L× Lsinθ
q qv 2
As we know, the equivalent current i = = 3
 A = 0.5 ×  0.02  ×
2
T 2πR = 3 × 10 -4 m 2
1 2
& A = πR 2  M = i A  qvR
2 So its magnetic moment
(5) This result holds good for plane loops of all M = iA = 3 ×10 -5 A - m 2
shapes rectangular, circular or otherwise.
18 Magnetic Effect of Current
Now, the couple on a current-carrying coil in a Here N = number of turns, i = current in the coil
magnetic field is given by τ = MBsin A = area-vector of the coil and B = magnetic field
Since the plane of the coil is parallel to the at the site of the coil. This torque deflects the coil
magnetic field, the angle between M & B will be 90°. from its equilibrium position.
Coil deflects; a restoring torque is set up in the
Hence τ = MBsin90 = 5 3 × 10 N - m
0 -7
suspension fiber. If  is the angle of twist, the
Ex.35 The arrangement is as
restoring torque is
shown below (a) Find the τ rest = Cα .....(ii)
potential energy of the loop. (b)
Where, C is the torsional constant of the fiber.
Find the work done to increase When the coil is in equilibrium NBiA = Ca
the spacing between the wire and  i = Kα ,
the loop from a to 2a. C
Where, K = is the galvanometer constant.
Sol. (a) Magnetic moment of a small element of the NBA
loop dM = i2 Ldx This linear relationship between i and  makes
The directN of the magnetic moment  is to the the moving coil galvanometer useful for current
plane of paper pointing inwards. measurement and detection.
Current sensitivity (Si): The current sensitivity
dU = -B.dM = -BdM
of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection
Where, B is the magnetic
produced in the galvanometer per unit current
field in this element.
flowing through it.
μ  2i 
i.e. B = 0  1  α NBA
4π  a + x   Si = =
i C
μ0  2i1 i2  Voltage sensitivity (SV): Voltage sensitivity of
 dU = -   Ldx
4π  a + x  a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced
in the galvanometer per unit voltage applied to it.
μ b dx μ a+b
 U = - 0 2i1i2 L = - 0 2i1i2 Lloge   α α Si NBA
4π 0 a+ x 4π  a   SV = = = =
V iR R RC
2μ0 i1i2 L  a  2μ0 i1i2 L  2a 
(b) U i = loge  & Uf = loge  
4π a+b 4π  2a + b 
Thus, work done to increase the spacing between
the wire and the loop from a to 2a will be  The device whose working principle based on
dW = dU  B : conservative repultive force Helmholtz coils and in which uniform magnetic field is
2μ i i L  2a + 2b  used called as "Helmholtz galvanometer".
 dW = U f - U i   0 1 2 loge    The value of magnetic field induction at a point, on
4π  2a + b  the centre of separation of two linear parallel
MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER conductors carrying equal currents in the same
Scale direction is zero.
 If a current carrying circular loop (n = 1) is turned
Restoring into a coil having n identical turns then magnetic field
Permanent Pointer torque
magnet at the centre of the coil becomes n2 times the previous
field. i.e. B(n turn ) = n2 B(single turn)
Magnetic
 When a current carrying coil is suspended freely in
field
Pivoted coil Soft-iron
i i
Magnetic earth's magnetic field, it's plane stays in East-West
core field torque direction.
(A) (B)
In a moving coil galvanometer the coil is  Magnetic field ( B ) produced by a moving charge q
suspended between the pole pieces of a strong horse- μ0 q( v × r ) μ0 q( v × r) ˆ B
shoe magnet. The pole pieces are made cylindrical is given by B = = ;
4π r 3
4π r 2

and a soft iron cylindrical core is placed within the where v = velocity of charge r
v
q
coil without touching it. This makes the field radial. In and v << c (speed of light).
such a field the plane of the coil always remains  If an electron is revolving in a circular path of radius
parallel to the field. Therefore θ = 90 o and the r with speed v then magnetic field produced at the
deflecting torque always has the maximum value. μ ev v
τ def = NBiA ......(i) centre of circular path B = 0 . 2  r 
4π r B
19 Magnetic Effect of Current
 The line integral of magnetizing field  H  for any  If no magnetic field is present, the loop will still
open into a circle as in it’s adjacent parts current will
closed path called magneto-motive force (MMF). It's be in opposite direction and opposite currents repel
S.I. unit is amp. each other. i
 Ratio of dimension of e.m.f. to MMF is equal to the
dimension of resistance.
 The positive ions are produced in the gap between
the two Dees by the ionization of the gas. To produce i
proton, hydrogen gas is used; while for producing  In the previous case if direction of current in
alpha-particles, helium gas is used. movable wire is reversed then it’s instantaneous
 Cyclotron frequency is also known as magnetic acceleration produced is 2g .
resonance frequency.  Electric force is an absolute concept while
 Cyclotron cannot accelerate electrons because they magnetic force is a relative concept for an observer.
have very small mass.  The nature of force between two parallel charge
 The energy of a charged particle moving in a beams decided by electric force, as it is dominator.
uniform magnetic field does not change because it The nature of force between two parallel current
experiences a force in a direction, perpendicular to it's carrying wires decided by magnetic force.
direction of motion. Due to which the speed of + +
charged particle remains unchanged and hence it's i1 i2 + +
K.E. remains same. + +
 Magnetic force does no work when the charged + +
particle is displaced while electric force does work in Fnet = Fm only
F e  repulsion
Fm  attraction
displacing the charged particle.
Fnet  repulsion (Due to this
 Magnetic force is velocity dependent, while electric force these beams diverges)
force is independent of the state of rest or motion of  If a straight current carrying wire is placed along
the charged particle. the axis of a current carrying coil then it will not
 If a particle enters a magnetic field normally to the experience magnetic force because magnetic field
magnetic field, then it starts moving in a circular orbit. produced by the coil is parallel to the wire.
The point at which it enters the magnetic field lies on  The force acting on a curved wire joining points a
the circumference. (Most of us confuse it with the and b as shown in the figure is the same as that on a
centre of the orbit) straight wire joining these points. It is given by the
 Deviation of charged particle in magnetic field : If a expression F = i L× B
charged particle (q, m) enters a uniform magnetic field × × × × × × × × 
b B
× × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × F B
B (extends upto a length x) at right angles with speed × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

v as shown in figure. The speed of the particle in ×

× × ×  × × ×
×

× × ×i × × L × × × ×
magnetic field does not change. But it gets deviated in × ×
a
L
× × × × × × × ×
×
the magnetic field. × × × × × × × × × ×
×

 
Bq  If a current carrying conductor AB is placed
Deviation in terms of time t: θ = ωt =   t
m transverse to a long current carrying conductor as
Deviation in terms of length of the magnetic field; shown then force. i1
Experienced by wire AB i2
-1  x 
θ = sin   . This relation can be used only when x  r .
r
μii  x+l  A B
F = 0 1 2 loge   l
2π  x  x
For x > r, the deviation will be 180o as shown in fig.
  
v
 v
    
  
   
   
 r    
    B
q, m v  v  
  x   x
   
 In the following case if wire
XY is slightly displaced from l
Movable
its equilibrium position, it X Y
i2
executes SHM and it’s time h
h
period is given by T = 2π . Fixed i1
g