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Lesson 5 Kinetics: Motion in 2- Dimensions and 3- Dimensions

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The arc of basketball, the orbit of a satellite, a bicycle rounding a curve a swimmer
diving into a pool, blood gushing out of a wound, and a puppy chasing its tail are but a few
examples of motions along curved paths. In fact most motions in nature follow curved paths
rather than straight lines. Both two- and three- dimensional kinematics are simple extensions
of the one dimensional kinematics developed for straight- line motion. This simple extensions
will also yield unexpected insights about nature.
At the end of the module, student must
1. Solve for unknown quantities in Equations involving one dimensional uniformly
accelerated motion including free fall motion
2. Solve problems involving one dimensional motion with constant acceleration in contexts
such as but not limited to, the “tail gating” phenomenon, pursuit, rocket launch, and
free fall problems
3. Describe the motion using the concept of relative velocities in 1D and 2D
4. Deduce the consequences of the independence of vertical and horizontal components of
projectile motion
5. Calculate the range, time of flight, and maximum heights of projectiles
6. Infer quantities associated with circular motions such as tangential acceleration, radius
of curvature
7. Solve problems involving two dimensional motion in context such as, but not limited to
ledge jumping, movie stunts, basketball, safe locations during firework displays, and
Ferris wheel.

Images from Google

a. Circular Motion
b. Projectile Motion

As for one-
dimensional
kinematics, we use
arrows to represent
vectors. The length of the arrow is proportional to the vector s magnitude. The arrow points in
the same direction as the vector. For two-dimensional motion, the path of an object can be
represented with three vectors: one vector shows the straight-line path between the initial and
final points of the motion, one vector shows the horizontal component of the motion, and one
vector shows the vertical component of the motion. The horizontal and vertical components of
the motion add together to give the straight-line path.
For example, observe the three vectors. The
first represents a 9-block displacement east. The
second represents a 5-block displacement north.
These vectors are added to give the third vector a
10.3-block total displacement. The third vector is
the straight-line path between the two points.

Note that in this example, the vectors that

we are adding are perpendicular to each other and,
thus, form a right triangle. This means that we can
use the Pythagorean theorem to calculate the
magnitude of the total displacement. (Note that we
cannot use the Pythagorean theorem to add vectors
that are not perpendicular. We will develop
techniques for adding vectors having any direction,
not just those perpendicular to one another, in Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical
Methods and Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods.)
The Independence of Perpendicular Motion
The person taking the path shown in Figure walks east and then north (two
perpendicular directions). How far he or she walks east is only affected by his or her motion
eastward. Similarly, how far he or she walks north is only affected by his or her motion
northward.
The Independence of Motion
Arrows represent horizontal and vertical velocities at each position. The ball on the right
has an initial horizontal velocity, while the ball on the left has no horizontal velocity. Despite
the difference in horizontal velocities, the vertical velocities and positions are identical or both
balls. This shows that the vertical and horizontal motions are independent.
 Projectile Motion
A kind of two-dimensional motion that occurs when the moving object (projectile) experiences
only the acceleration due to gravity, which acts in the vertical direction
a. Trajectory – curved path
b. Projectile – an abject thrown with an initial horizontal velocity and acted upon
by the earth’s pull of gravity
A. Horizontal Projection
 Projected horizontally
 Parallel to a level surface
 Horizontal velocity remains constant
o Time of flight
o Length of the horizontal component of velocity
 ax=0
 ay=g
 Vx = constant
 Vy = gt
 dy = gt2/2
 Vy = 2 gdy
 dx = Vxt
 dx=ra

Examples:
1. A ball projected from a height of 25.0 m above the ground and is thrown with an
initial velocity of 8.25 m/s.
a. How long is the ball in flight before striking the ground?
b. How far from the building does the ball strike the ground?
2. A little girl throws her jackstone ball horizontally out of the window with a velocity of
30 m/s. If the window is 3 m above the level ground, how far will the ball travel
before it hits the ground?
3. A diver runs horizontally with a speed of 1.20 m/s off a platform that is 10.0 m
above the water. What is his speed just before striking the water?
4. An airplane moving horizontally with a constant velocity of 115 m/s at an altitude of
1050 m. The plane releases a “care package” that falls to the ground along a curved
trajectory. Ignoring air resistance, (a) determine the time required for the package to
hit the ground. Suppose that the plane is traveling with twice the horizontal velocity
(230 m/s), (b) determine the time required for the package to hit the ground.

Solutions:
1. Given: g = -9.8.0 m/s2 a) t = ?
vx = 8.25 m/s b) dx = ?
dy = 25.0 m
Solution:
2dy 2(25m / s ) b. dx = (vx)(t)
a. t = t=
g  9.8m / s 2 dx = (8.25 m/s) (2.26 s)
t = 2.26 s dx = 18.65 m
2. Given: g = -9.8.0 m/s2 dx = ?
vx = 30 m/s t=?
dy = 3 m
Solution:
2dy b. dx = (vx)(t)
t= dx = (30 m/s) (0.78 s)
g dx = 23.40 m
2(3m / s)
t=
 9.8m / s 2
t = 0.78 s Solution:
3. Given: g = -9.8.0 m/s2 vy = ?
vx = 1.20 m/s vy = 2 gdy = 2(9.8m / s 2 )(10m)
dy = 10.0 m vy = 14 m/s
4. Given: g = -9.8.0 m/s2 t=? Solution:
vx = 115 m/s 2dy 2(1050m / s)
dy = 1050 m t= = t = 14.64 s
g  9.8m / s 2
 B. Projections at Arbitrary Angles
 Launch speed = landing speed
o Y initial = Y final
 Parabola – curved produced by projection at an angle
o Parabolic
 Θ (launch point) = θ (target point) Self- enrichment: Projectile Motion
 vix = vi cos θ Blast a Buick out of cannon! Learn about
 viy = vi sin θ projectile motion by firing various objects in the
2 link below. Set the angle, initial speed, and mass.
gt Add air resistance. Make a game out of this
 dy = viyt +
2 simulation by trying to hit a target.
 dy = vfy2 – Viy2 http://cnx.org/contentm42042/1.10/projectile-
2g motion_en.jar
 vfy = viy + gt
2viy viy
 ttotal = t=
g g
2vi sin  vi sin 
 ttotal = t=
g g
 dy = (vi sin θ)2 R = (vi2 sin 2θ) R = (vix) (t)
2g g

Big Idea
Everything that moves toward the ground undergoes projectile motion.
Trajectory is the path that an object in projectile follows.

Examples:
1. Suppose a golf ball is hit off the tee with an initial velocity of 30.0 m/s at an angle of
35° to the horizontal.
a. What is the maximum height reached by the ball?
b. What is the range?
2. A rifle fires a bullet with a speed of 250 m/s at an angle of 37° above the horizontal.
a. What height does the bullet reach?
b. How long is the bullet in the air?
c. What is the horizontal range?

Solutions:
1. Given: g = -9.8.0 m/s2 dy = ?
vi = 30 m/s R=?
θ = 35°
Solution:
(vi sin  ) 2 (vi 2 sin 2 )
dy = R=
2g g
(30m / s sin 35) 2 (30 2 sin(2 x35))
dy = R=
2(9.8m / s 2 ) 9. 8 m / s 2
dy = 15.11 m R = 86.30 m

2. Given: g = -9.8.0 m/s2 dy = ?

vi = 250 m/s t=?
θ = 37° R=?
Solution:
(vi sin  ) 2 2vi sin  (vi 2 sin 2 )
dy = t= R=
2g g g
(250m / s sin 37) 2 (2)(250m / s )(sin 37) (2502 sin(2 x37))
dy = t= R=
2(9.8m / s 2 ) 9.8m / s 2 9.8m / s 2
dy = 1154.91 m t = 30.70 s R = 6130.50 m

What Have I Learned So Far?

1. A place-kicker kicks a football at an angle of 40° above the horizontal axis. The speed of
the ball is vi = 22 m/s. Find the maximum height the ball attains.
2. An arrow has an initial launch speed of 18 m/s. If it must strike a target 31 m away at
the same elevation, what should be the projection angle?
 Solution:

CIRCULAR MOTION
CENTRIPETAL FORCE
If m be the mass of object then it experiences a force which directs towards the center of
the circular path and has a magnitude given by
mv2
Fc= m ac= r
This force is known as centripetal force.
Example: Calculate the centripetal force exerted on a 900 kg car that negotiates a 500 m
radius curve at 25.0 m/s.
Solution:

Fc = mv2 = = 1125 N
r
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
The virtual force which balances the centripetal force in uniform Circular motion is
called as centrifugal force. It is not the real force as it is due to the acceleration of rotating
frame. When a body is rotating in a circular path and the centripetal force vanishes, the body
would leave the circular path.
Science in Action
Cream Separator: It is device which works on the| principle of centrifugal force. It contains a
vessel which has| milk, when it rotated the lighter particles i.e. the cream is collected in a
cylindrical layer around the axis and the milk is drained through an outlet attached to the
vessel.
Washing Machine Drier: When wet clothes are packed tightly in a cylindrical vessel with
perforated walls and rotated with very high speed, water particles move out through the walls
of the vessel.
CIRCULAR MOTION
Motion of a particle along a circle or circular path is called a circular motion. If the body
covers equal distances along the circumference of the circle, in equal intervals of time, the
motion is said to be a uniform circular motion. A uniform circular motion is a motion in which
speed remains constant but direction changes so velocity. Uniform Circular Motion is motion in
a circle at constant speed.

Examples of uniform circular motion are

 motion of moon around the earth.
 motion of satellite round its planet.

Big Idea
Circular motion requires the presence of a single point, in which a body moves around.
Similarly, life has to be lived around a single principle that will guide you to fulfillment
and joy.
BANKING OF ROAD
The tilting of the vehicle is achieved by raising the outer edge of the circular track,
slightly above the inner edge. This is known as banking of curved track.
CONDITION OF OVERTURNING
If speed is greater than limiting speed, then condition of overturning is occurred.
 Science in Action
When a vehicle moves on a curved road it requires centripetal force. Outer edge
of the curved road is raised above the inner edge in order to provide centripetal force.
Electrons which moves around the nucleus requires centripetal force. Earth
experiences centripetal force in order to move around the sun.
Navigate
Centripetal Acceleration
When a body moves in a circle with constant speed, its motion is called uniform circular
motion. At every point, its velocity (called tangential velocity) is directed tangent to its circular
path. . Its tangential velocity changes in direction but not in magnitude (speed). Thus this
velocity must be perpendicular to the acceleration at every point. In a circular path, this type of
acceleration, known as radial acceleration or centripetal acceleration, is directed toward the
center of the circle.
In nonuniform circular motion, the object is moving in a circular path with varying
speeds. Because the speed is changing, there is tangential acceleration in addition to radial
acceleration.
If the radius of the circle is R, the radial acceleration arad and speed v of the body in
uniform circular motion are related by the following:

arad= v2
R
This can also be expressed in terms of the period (T) of the motion. Period is the time for
one revolution (one complete trip of the body around the circle). For one period, the distance
the body has traveled is equal to the circumference

v= T
Substituting this to the equation for 2
R
arad=
T2
Example: R
What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of a car following a curve radius 500 m at
a speed of 25.0 m/s (about 90 km/h)? Compare the acceleration with that of acceleration due
to gravity for this fairly gentle curve taken at highway speed.
Given: v= 25.0 m/s and r= 500 Asked: arad=?
Solution:
v2
Formula: ac= (25.0 m/s)2
R = = 1.25 m/s2
500 m

To compare this with the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2), we take the ratio of ac/g = (1.25
m/s2)/ 9.8 m/s2)= 0.128. Thus, ac= 0.128 g and is noticeable especially if you were not wearing
a seatbelt.
What Have I Learned So Far?
1. The circular path of the moon, which has a radius of approximately 3.84 x 105 km, as it
revolves around Earth makes the moon complete one revolution in 27.32 days. What is the
speed of the moon and its radial acceleration?

Solution:

2. Bodies that are on the surface of Earth are undergoing radial acceleration due to Earth’s
rotation on its axis. Our planet completes one rotation in 24 hrs and has a radius of about
6371 km.
a. What is the radial acceleration of a body found at Earth’s equator in m/s2.
b. If a certain body will be placed at 25° latitude, compute its radial acceleration. Express your
answer in m/s2.
c. Why are bodies on earth not thrown off into space? Justify your answer using your answers
in numbers 1 and 2.

Solution:

Relative Velocity
When reporting velocity, you need to specify the reference frame where it is measured.
For example, suppose you are in a train station and standing stationary on the platform, while
your friend is walking to the right with a speed of 1.2 m/s inside the train, which is also be
moving to the right 15.0 m/s. You assume that that your friend is moving to the right with a
speed of 16.2 m/s. For someone else seated inside the train, your friend is just walking with a
speed of 1.2 m/s. In this situation, you can see that motion is relative.
Examples:
1. You are riding a car moving north at a constant speed of 80 km/h. At the other lane is a
truck that moves at constant speed of 100 km/h to the south. Relative to you, (a) what is the
speed of the truck, when it is approaching you? (b) What about its speed when your car and
the truck have passed each other.
Solution:
a. Relative to you, the speed of the truck is just the sum of the speeds of your car and of
the truck, which is 180 km/h.
b. When your car and the truck have passed each other, the speed of the truck is relative
to you is still 180 km/h. however, the truck is moving away from you.
Big Idea
For a person outside a moving vehicle, the speed of the person inside the vehicle is the
sum of his speed with respect to the vehicle and the speed of the vehicle.

2. You are trying to cross a river that flows due west with a strong water current. Suppose
that you are at the South bank of the river and you want to get to the North bank via a
motorboat. In what direction should you aim your boat?
Solution:
If you will aim your motorboat directly north, you will be dragged by the westward
current. To compensate, you should also have an eastward component of the velocity in
addition to the northward direction. Thus, you should aim your motorboat in the northeastern
direction.
Big Idea
The speed and the motion of an object are relative depending on the frame of reference
that was used. Likewise, people express their own opinions based on their own frame of
reference. So we must always learn how to respect each other’s opinion.
What Have I Learned So Far?
You are riding a Roll on Roll Off vessel as you travel from Batangas to Bicol. Assume that the
vessel cruises the water at a speed of 5 m/s.
1. If you run toward ship’s bow at a rate of 1 m/s, what is your velocity relative to the water?
2. This time, suppose you will be running toward the ship’s stern. Find your velocity with
respect to the vessel’s movement on water at this instance.
Solution:

Self Enrichment: Vector and Velocity

Fill bathtub or sink half-full of water. Take a toy boat or some other object that floats in water.
Unplug the drain so water starts to drain. Try pushing the boat from one side of the tub/sink
to the other perpendicular to the flow of water. Which way do you need to push the boat so that
it ends up immediately opposite? Compare the directions of the flow of water, heading of the
boat, and actual velocity of the boat.

Summary
 A projectile is an object with an initial velocity in whose path is influenced by the effects
of gravity and air resistance. If air resistance is neglected, gravity affects only the
vertical motion of the projectile while the horizontal motion is constant.
 To solve projectile motion problems, perform the following steps
1.Determine a coordinate system. Then, resolve the position and/or velocity of the object in the
horizontal and vertical components, the component of position s are given by the quantities x
and y, and the components of the velocity v are given by v, = v cos θ and v,= v sin θ, where v is
the magnitude of the velocity and θ is its direction.
2. Analyze the motion of the projectile in the horizontal direction using the following equations:
 Horizontal motion (ax = 0)
x = x0 + vxt
vx = vx0 = vx velocity is a constant.
3. Analyze the motion of the projectile in the vertical direction using the following equations
 Vertical motion (Assuming positive direction is up; ay = -g = -9.80 m/s2)
y = y0 + (v0y + vy)t

vy = v0y – gt

y = y0 + v0yt - gt2

= - 2g(y – y0)
4. Recombine the horizontal and vertical components of location and/or velocity using the
following equations:
s =
θ = tan-1 (y/x)
v=
 θv = tan-1 (vy/vx)
 The maximum height h of a projectile launched with initial vertical velocity
v0y is given by:
h=
 A body that moves in a circle with constant speed is moving in uniform circular motion.
 Centripetal acceleration ac is the acceleration experienced while in uniform circular
motion. It always point toward the center of rotation.

ac=
v2
R
 Unit of centripetal acceleration is m/s2
 Centripetal force F c is any force causing uniform circular motion. It is a “center-
seeking” force that always points toward the center of rotation.
mv2
Fc = mac =
r
 In specifying velocity, you have to specify the frame of reference because motion is
relative. Velocities (and other kinematic quantities) depend on the reference where the
measurement is taken.