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Canadians
Canadians (French: Canadiens) are people identified
with the country of Canada. This connection may be Canadians
residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most
Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and
are collectively the source of their being Canadian.

Canada is a multilingual and multicultural society

home to people of groups of many different ethnic,
religious, and national origins, with the majority of the National flag of Canada
population made up of Old World immigrants and their
Total population
descendants. Following the initial period of French and
then the much larger British colonization, different Canada: 38,048,738 (Q1 2021)[1]

waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non- Ethnic origins[2]

indigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly 72.9% European
two centuries and continue today. Elements of
17.7% Asian
Indigenous, French, British, and more recent
immigrant customs, languages, and religions have 4.9% Indigenous
combined to form the culture of Canada, and thus a 3.1% African
Canadian identity. Canada has also been strongly 1.3% Latin American
influenced by its linguistic, geographic, and economic
neighbour—the United States. 0.2% Oceanian
Regions with significant populations
Canadian independence from the United Kingdom
grew gradually over the course of many years following
the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867.
World War I and World War II in particular, gave rise
to a desire among Canadians to have their country
recognized as a fully-fledged sovereign state with a
distinct citizenship. Legislative independence was
established with the passage of the Statute of
Westminster 1931, the Canadian Citizenship Act of
1946 took effect on January 1, 1947, and full Map of the Canadian diaspora in the world
sovereignty was achieved with the patriation of the
constitution in 1982. Canada's nationality law closely United States 1,062,640[3]
mirrored that of the United Kingdom. Legislation since
Hong Kong 300,000[3]
the mid-20th century represents Canadians'
commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic United Kingdom 73,000[3]
development. France 60,000[4]
Lebanon 45,000[3]
United Arab Emirates 40,000[5]
Contents Italy 30,000[6]
Population Australia 27,289[3]
Immigration
China 19,990[3]
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Citizenship and diaspora Pakistan 17,320[7]

Ethnic ancestry Germany 15,750[8]
Culture South Korea 14,210[3]
Religion
Japan 11,016[3]
Languages
Argentina 10,000[9]
See also
Brazil 10,000[10]
Notes
Egypt 10,000[3]
References
Greece 10,000[6]
Bibliography
India 10,000[3]
Further reading
Mexico 10,000[6][11]
External links
Netherlands 10,000[6]
New Zealand 10,000[6]
Population South Africa 10,000[3]
Switzerland 10,000[6]
As of 2010, Canadians make up only 0.5% of the
world's total population,[15] having relied upon Philippines 7,500[3]
immigration for population growth and social Haiti 6,000[3]
development.[16] Approximately 41% of current Singapore 5,140[3]
Canadians are first- or second-generation
immigrants, [17] and 20% of Canadian residents in the Trinidad and Tobago 5,000[3]
2000s were not born in the country.[18] Statistics Thailand 5,000[3]
Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Belgium 4,145[3]
Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or
have one foreign-born parent.[19] Indigenous peoples, Denmark 2,559[12]
according to the 2016 Canadian Census, numbered at Portugal 1,000[6]
1,673,780 or 4.9% of the country's 35,151,728 Spain 1,000[6]
population.[20]
Ireland 1,000[6]
Austria 1,000[6]
Immigration
Norway 1,000[6]
While the first contact with Europeans and indigenous Languages
peoples in Canada had occurred a century or more Languages of Canada[13]
before, the first group of permanent settlers were the
56% English
French, who founded the New France settlements, in
present-day Quebec and Ontario; and Acadia, in 22% French
present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, during (11% English & French)
the early part of the 17th century.[21][22]
3.5% Chinese
Approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the 1.6% Punjabi
Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the 1.5% Tagalog
Canadien population and culture.[23][24] During the
1.4% Spanish
18th and 19th century; immigration westward (to the
area known as Rupert's Land) was carried out by 1.4% Arabic
"Voyageurs"; French settlers working for the North 1.2% German
West Company; and by British settlers (English and
1.1% Italian language
Scottish) representing the Hudson's Bay Company,
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coupled with independent entrepreneurial woodsman Religion

called "Coureur des bois".[25] This arrival of newcomers Religions of Canada[14]
led to the creation of the Métis, an ethnic group of
67.2% Christianity[a]
mixed European and First Nations parentage.[26]
3.2% Islam
The British conquest of New France was preceded by a 1.5% Hinduism
small number of Germans and Swedes who settled
1.4% Sikhism
alongside the Scottish in Port Royal, Nova Scotia,[27]
while some Irish immigrated to the Colony of 1.1% Buddhism
Newfoundland. [28] In the wake of the British Conquest 1.0% Judaism
of 1760 and the Expulsion of the Acadians, many 0.6% Other
families from the British colonies in New England
moved over into Nova Scotia and other colonies in (23.9% No religion)
Canada, where the British made farmland available to
British settlers on easy terms. More settlers arrived during and after the American Revolutionary
War, when approximately 60,000 United Empire Loyalists fled to British North America, a large
portion of whom settled in New Brunswick.[29] After the War of 1812, British (including British army
regulars), Scottish, and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Rupert's Land, Upper Canada
and Lower Canada.[30]

Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America,
mainly from the British Isles as part of the Great Migration of Canada.[31] These new arrivals included
some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia.[32] The
Great Famine of Ireland of the 1840s significantly increased the pace of Irish immigration to Prince
Edward Island and the Province of Canada, with over 35,000 distressed individuals landing in
Toronto in 1847 and 1848.[33][34] Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans
who arrived in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries are often referred to as Old Stock Canadians.[35][36]

Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island and
Colony of British Columbia peaked with the onset of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush.[37] The Chinese
Immigration Act eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging
Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.[38] Additionally, growing
South Asian immigration into British Columbia during the early 1900s[39] led to the Continuous
journey regulation act of 1908 which indirectly halted Indian immigration to Canada, as later
evidenced by the infamous 1914 Komagata Maru incident.

The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, since the
establishment of the Canadian Confederation in 1867.[41] In the mid-to-late 19th century, Canada had
a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted "Home
Children" from Britain.[42] Block settlement communities were established throughout western
Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some were planned and others were
spontaneously created by the settlers themselves.[43] Canada was now receiving a large number of
European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles, and
Ukrainians.[44]
Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the Continuous journey regulation
and Chinese Immigration Act) that had favoured British and other European immigrants were
amended in the 1960s, opening the doors to immigrants from all parts of the world.[45] While the
1950s had still seen high levels of immigration by Europeans, by the 1970s immigrants were
increasingly Chinese, Indian, Vietnamese, Jamaican, and Haitian.[46] During the late 1960s and early
1970s, Canada received many American Vietnam War draft dissenters.[47] Throughout the late 1980s
and 1990s, Canada's growing Pacific trade brought with it a large influx of South Asians, who tended
to settle in British Columbia.[48] Immigrants of all backgrounds tend to settle in the major urban
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Permanent Residents Admitted in 2019, by Top 10 centres.[49][50] The Canadian public, as well as the
Source Countries[40] major political parties, are tolerant of
Rank Country Number Percentage immigrants.[51]

1  India 85,585 25.1 The majority of illegal immigrants come from the
2  China 30,260 8.9
southern provinces of the People's Republic of
China, with Asia as a whole, Eastern Europe,
3  Philippines 27,815 8.2 Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East.[52]
4  Nigeria 12,595 3.7 Estimates of numbers of illegal immigrants range
between 35,000 and 120,000.[53]
5  United States 10,800 3.2

6  Pakistan 10,790 3.2

Citizenship and diaspora
7  Syria 10,120 3.0

8  Eritrea 7,025 2.1

9  South Korea 6,110 1.8

10  Iran 6,055 1.8

Top 10 Total 207,155 60.7

Other 134,025 39.3
Total 341,180 100
Map of the Canadian diaspora in the world (might
Canadian citizenship is typically obtained by birth in include people with Canadian citizenship and
Canada or by birth or adoption abroad when at least children of Canadians).[6]
one biological parent or adoptive parent is a Canadian    Canada
citizen who was born in Canada or naturalized in
   + 100,000
Canada (and did not receive citizenship by being born
   + 10,000
outside of Canada to a Canadian citizen).[54] It can
   + 1,000
also be granted to a permanent resident who lives in
Canada for three out of four years and meets specific
requirements.[55] Canada established its own
nationality law in 1946, with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act which took effect on
January 1, 1947.[56] The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act was passed by the Parliament of
Canada in 2001 as Bill C-11, which replaced the Immigration Act of 1976 as the primary federal
legislation regulating immigration.[57] Prior to the conferring of legal status on Canadian citizenship,
Canada's naturalization laws consisted of a multitude of Acts beginning with the Immigration Act of
1910.[58]

According to Citizenship and Immigration Canada, there are three main classifications for
immigrants: Family class (persons closely related to Canadian residents), Economic class (admitted
on the basis of a point system that accounts for age, health and labour-market skills required for cost
effectively inducting the immigrants into Canada's labour market) and Refugee class (those seeking
protection by applying to remain in the country by way of the Canadian immigration and refugee
law).[59] In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072
economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country.[17] Canada resettles over
one in 10 of the world's refugees[60] and has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the
world.[61]

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As of a 2010 report by the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, there were 2.8 million Canadian citizens
abroad.[62] This represents about 8% of the total Canadian population. Of those living abroad, the
United States, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, China, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates, and
Australia have the largest Canadian diaspora. Canadians in the United States constitute the greatest
single expatriate community at over 1 million in 2009, representing 35.8% of all Canadians
abroad.[63] Under current Canadian law, Canada does not restrict dual citizenship, but Passport
Canada encourages its citizens to travel abroad on their Canadian passport so that they can access
Canadian consular services.[64]

Ethnic ancestry
Counting both single and multiple responses,
According to the 2016 census, the country's largest self- the most commonly identified ethnic origins
reported ethnic origin is Canadian (accounting for 32% were (2016)
of the population), [b] followed by English (18.3%), Ethnic origin[65] % Population
Scottish (13.9%), French (13.6%), Irish (13.4%), German
(9.6%), Chinese (5.1%), Italian (4.6%), First Nations Canadian[b] 32.32% 11,135,965
(4.4%), Indian (4.0%), and Ukrainian (3.9%).[65] There English 18.34% 6,320,085
are 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands, Scottish 13.93% 4,799,010
encompassing a total of 1,525,565 people.[67] The
population of Indigenous peoples in Canada is growing French 13.55% 4,670,595
at almost twice the national rate, and four percent of Irish 13.43% 4,627,000
Canada's population claimed an indigenous identity in
German 9.64% 3,322,405
2006. Another 22.3 percent of the population belonged
to a non-indigenous visible minority.[68] In 2016, the Chinese 5.13% 1,769,195
largest visible minority groups were South Asian (5.6%), Italian 4.61% 1,587,970
Chinese (5.1%), and Black (3.5%).[68] Between 2011 and
First Nations[c] 4.43% 1,525,565
2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4
percent.[68] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's East Indian 3.99% 1,374,710
population (about 300,000 people) were members of Ukrainian 3.95% 1,359,655
visible minority groups.[69] Indigenous peoples are not
considered a visible minority under the Employment Dutch (Netherlands) 3.23% 1,111,655

Equity Act,[70] and this is the definition that Statistics Polish 3.21% 1,106,585
Canada also uses.

Culture
Canadian culture is primarily a Western culture, with influences by First Nations and other cultures.
It is a product of its ethnicities, languages, religions, political, and legal system(s). Canada has been
shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of art, cuisine, literature,
humour, and music.[71] Today, Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and constitutional
protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than cultural assimilation.[72] In Quebec,
cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a Quebec culture
distinct from English Canadian culture.[73] However, as a whole, Canada is a cultural mosaic: a
collection of several regional, indigenous, and ethnic subcultures.[74][75]

Canadian government policies such as official bilingualism; publicly funded health care; higher and
more progressive taxation; outlawing capital punishment; strong efforts to eliminate poverty; strict
gun control; the legalizing of same-sex marriage, pregnancy terminations, euthanasia and cannabis
are social indicators of Canada's political and cultural values.[76][77] American media and
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entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada;

conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are
successful in the United States and worldwide.[78] The
Government of Canada has also influenced culture with
programs, laws, and institutions. It has created Crown
corporations to promote Canadian culture through media and has
also tried to protect Canadian culture by setting legal minimums
on Canadian content.[79]

Canadian culture has historically

been influenced by European culture A 1911 political cartoon on Canada's
and traditions, especially British and bicultural identity showing a flag
French, and by its own indigenous combining symbols of Britain,
cultures. Most of Canada's territory France and Canada; titled "The next
was inhabited and developed later favor. 'A flag to suit the minority.'"
than other European colonies in the
Americas, with the result that
themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders were important in
the early development of the Canadian identity.[80] First Nations played
a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada,
particularly for their role in assisting exploration of the continent during
the North American fur trade.[81] The British conquest of New France in
Monument to
the mid-1700s brought a large Francophone population under British
Multiculturalism by
Francesco Pirelli in Toronto;
Imperial rule, creating a need for compromise and accommodation.[82]
four identical sculptures are
The new British rulers left alone much of the religious, political, and
located in Buffalo City, social culture of the French-speaking habitants, guaranteeing through
Changchun, Sarajevo, and the Quebec Act of 1774 the right of the Canadiens to practise the Catholic
Sydney faith and to use French civil law (now Quebec law).[83]

The Constitution Act, 1867 was designed to meet the growing calls of
Canadians for autonomy from British rule, while avoiding the overly strong decentralization that
contributed to the Civil War in the United States.[84] The compromises made by the Fathers of
Confederation set Canadians on a path to bilingualism, and this in turn contributed to an acceptance
of diversity.[85][86]

The Canadian Forces and overall civilian participation in the First World War and Second World War
helped to foster Canadian nationalism,[87][88] however, in 1917 and 1944, conscription crisis'
highlighted the considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones.[89] As a
result of the First and Second World Wars, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less
deferential to British authority.[90] With the gradual loosening of political ties to the United Kingdom
and the modernization of Canadian immigration policies, 20th-century immigrants with African,
Caribbean and Asian nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture.[91] The
multiple-origins immigration pattern continues today, with the arrival of large numbers of
immigrants from non-British or non-French backgrounds.[92]

Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the government during the
premiership of Pierre Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s.[93] The Canadian government has often been
described as the instigator of multicultural ideology, because of its public emphasis on the social
importance of immigration.[94] Multiculturalism is administered by the Department of Citizenship
and Immigration and reflected in the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act[95] and section
27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[96]
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Religion

Canada as a nation is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range

of groups, beliefs and customs.[98] The preamble to the Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms references "God", and the monarch
carries the title of "Defender of the Faith".[99] However, Canada has
no official religion, and support for religious pluralism (Freedom of
religion in Canada) is an important part of Canada's political
culture.[100][101] With the role of Christianity in decline, it having
once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,[102]
commentators have suggested that Canada has come to enter a post-
Christian period in a secular state,[103][104] with irreligion on the
rise.[105] The majority of Canadians consider religion to be
unimportant in their daily lives, but still believe in God.[106] The Religion in Canada (2011
practice of religion is now generally considered a private matter National Household
throughout society and within the state.[107] Survey) [97]

The 2011 Canadian census reported that 67.3% of Canadians identify    Catholic (38.7%)
as being Christians; of this number, Catholics make up the largest    Other Christian (28.6%)
group, accounting for 38.7 percent of the population.[97] The largest    Non-religious (23.9%)
Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada    Islam (3.2%)
(accounting for 6.1% of Canadians); followed by Anglicans (5.0%),    Hinduism (1.5%)
and Baptists (1.9%).[97] About 23.9% of Canadians declare no    Sikhism (1.4%)
religious affiliation, including agnostics, atheists, humanists, and
   Buddhism (1.1%)
other groups.[97] The remaining are affiliated with non-Christian
   Judaism (1.0%)
religions, the largest of which is Islam (3.2%), followed by Hinduism
   Other religions (0.6%)
(1.5%), Sikhism (1.4%), Buddhism (1.1%), and Judaism (1.0%).[97]

Before the arrival of European colonists and explorers, First Nations

followed a wide array of mostly animistic religions.[108] During the colonial period, the French settled
along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, specifically Latin Rite Roman Catholics, including a
number of Jesuits dedicated to converting indigenous peoples; an effort that eventually proved
successful.[109] The first large Protestant communities were formed in the Maritimes after the British
conquest of New France, followed by American Protestant settlers displaced by the American
Revolution.[110] The late nineteenth century saw the beginning of a substantive shift in Canadian
immigration patterns. Large numbers of Irish and southern European immigrants were creating new
Roman Catholic communities in English Canada.[28] The settlement of the west brought significant
Eastern Orthodox immigrants from Eastern Europe and Mormon and Pentecostal immigrants from
the United States.[111]

The earliest documentation of Jewish presence in Canada occurs in the 1754 British Army records
from the French and Indian War.[112] In 1760, General Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst attacked
and won Montreal for the British. In his regiment there were several Jews, including four among his
officer corps, most notably Lieutenant Aaron Hart who is considered the father of Canadian
Jewry.[112] The Islamic, Jains, Sikh, Hindu, and Buddhist communities—although small—are as old as
the nation itself. The 1871 Canadian Census (first "Canadian" national census) indicated thirteen
Muslims among the populace,[113] while the Sikh population stood at approximately 5,000 by
1908.[114] The first Canadian mosque was constructed in Edmonton, in 1938, when there were
approximately 700 Muslims in Canada.[115] Buddhism first arrived in Canada when Japanese
immigrated during the late 19th century.[116] The first Japanese Buddhist temple in Canada was built
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in Vancouver in 1905.[117] The influx of immigrants in the late 20th century, with Sri Lankan,
Japanese, Indian and Southeast Asian customs, has contributed to the recent expansion of the Jain,
Sikh, Hindu, and Buddhist communities.[118]

Languages

A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with English

and French (the official languages) being the mother tongues
of approximately 56% and 21% of Canadians,
respectively.[120] As of the 2016 Census, just over 7.3 million
Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother
tongue. Some of the most common non-official first
languages include Chinese (1,227,680 first-language
speakers), Punjabi (501,680), Spanish (458,850), Tagalog
(431,385), Arabic (419,895), German (384,040), and Italian
(375,645).[120] Less than one percent of Canadians (just over
250,000 individuals) can speak an indigenous language.
Approximately 98% of Canadians can About half this number (129,865) reported using an
speak English or French (2006)[119] indigenous language on a daily basis.[121] Additionally,
   English - 56.9% Canadians speak several sign languages; the number of
   English and French (Bilingual) - 16.1% speakers is unknown of the most spoken ones, American Sign
   French - 21.3% Language (ASL) and Quebec Sign Language (LSQ),[122] as it
   Sparsely populated area (<0.4 km2
is of Maritime Sign Language and Plains Sign Talk.[123] There
(0.15 sq mi) per person)
are only 47 speakers of the Inuit sign language Inuktitut.[124]

English and French are recognized by the Constitution of

Canada as official languages.[125]
All federal government laws are thus enacted in both English and
French, with government services available in both languages.[125] Two of Canada's territories give
official status to indigenous languages. In Nunavut, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are official languages,
alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular
language in territorial government.[126] In the Northwest Territories, the Official Languages Act
declares that there are eleven different languages: Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich'in,
Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey, and Tłįchǫ.[127] Multicultural
media are widely accessible across the country and offer specialty television channels, newspapers,
and other publications in many minority languages.[128]

In Canada, as elsewhere in the world of European colonies, the frontier of European exploration and
settlement tended to be a linguistically diverse and fluid place, as cultures using different languages
met and interacted. The need for a common means of communication between the indigenous
inhabitants and new arrivals for the purposes of trade, and (in some cases) intermarriage, led to the
development of Mixed languages.[129] Languages like Michif, Chinook Jargon, and Bungi creole
tended to be highly localized and were often spoken by only a small number of individuals who were
frequently capable of speaking another language.[130] Plains Sign Talk—which functioned originally as
a trade language used to communicate internationally and across linguistic borders—reached across
Canada, the United States, and into Mexico.[131]

See also
Canuck  Canada portal

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List of Canadians
Persons of National Historic Significance
List of Prime Ministers of Canada

Notes
a. Catholic 39% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes
United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian
1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%.[14]
b. All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws.
However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for
possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English
questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[66] "The majority of
respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled.
Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-
longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or
generational distance from ancestral lineage.

Source 1: Bezanson, Kate; Webber, Michelle (2016). Rethinking Society in the 21st Century,
Fourth Edition: Critical Readings in Sociology (https://books.google.com/books?id=oWO_DAAAQ
BAJ&pg=PA455). Canadian Scholars’ Press. pp. 455–456. ISBN 978-1-55130-936-1.

Source 2: Edmonston, Barry; Fong, Eric (2011). The Changing Canadian Population (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA294). McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 294–296.
ISBN 978-0-7735-3793-4.
c. The category "North American Indian" includes respondents who indicated that their ethnic origins
were from a Canadian First Nation, or another non-Canadian North American aboriginal group
(excluding Inuit and Métis).

Source: "How Statistics Canada Identifies Aboriginal Peoples" (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-5

92-x/12-592-x2007001-eng.htm). Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 16, 2011.

References
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Table&csid=). Statistics Canada. September 26, 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
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l/interactives/global-migrant-stocks-map/). Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project.
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s://tribune.com.pk/story/929229/over-280000-immigrants-living-in-pakistan-says-nisar/). The
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1) (tenth ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-571-0.

Further reading
Beaty, Bart; Briton, Derek; Filax, Gloria (2010). How Canadians Communicate III: Contexts of
Canadian Popular Culture (https://books.google.com/books?id=jjqitK-cRb4C&pg=PP1).
Athabasca University Press. ISBN 978-1-897425-59-6.
Bumsted, J. M. (2003). Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=Pb5AvfpCZZkC&pg=PP1). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-672-9.
Carment, David; Bercuson, David (2008). The World in Canada: Diaspora, Demography, and
Domestic Politics (https://books.google.com/books?id=OZJFUAPGh_0C&pg=PP1). McGill-
Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-7455-7.
Cohen, Andrew (2008). The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are (https://books.google.com/
books?id=glcBcaMC6doC&pg=PP1). McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-2286-9.
Gillmor, Don; Turgeon, Pierre (2002). CBC (ed.). Canada: A People's History (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=PPdMoARR46wC&pg=PA1). 1. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-3324-7.
Gillmor, Don; Turgeon, Pierre; Michaud, Achille (2002). CBC (ed.). Canada: A People's History (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=Z_72vh91NlIC&pg=PA1). 2. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-
7710-3336-0.
Kearney, Mark; Ray, Randy (2009). The Big Book of Canadian Trivia (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=RoBytz0-XuQC&pg=PP1). Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-77070-614-9.

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10/5/21, 4:01 PM Canadians - Wikipedia

Kelley, Ninette; Trebilcock, M. J. (2010). The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian
Immigration Policy (https://books.google.com/books?id=3IHyRvsCiKMC&pg=PP1). University of
Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9536-7.
Resnick, Philip (2005). The European Roots of Canadian Identity (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=JJLOERVCUg0C&pg=PP1). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-705-8.
Richard, Madeline A. (1992). Ethnic Groups and Marital Choices: Ethnic History and Marital
Assimilation in Canada, 1871 and 1971 (https://books.google.com/books?id=y00ho38YLGMC&pg
=PP1). UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0431-8.
Simpson, Jeffrey (2000). Star-Spangled Canadians: Canadians Living the American Dream (http
s://archive.org/details/starspangledcana0000simp). Harper-Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255767-2.
Studin, Irvin (2006). What Is a Canadian?: Forty-Three Thought-Provoking Responses (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=madTgTiR5KUC&pg=PP1). McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-
8321-1.

External links
Canada Year Book 2010 (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/11-402-x2010000-eng.htm) -
Statistics Canada
Canada: A People's History - Teacher Resources (http://www.cbc.ca/history/) - Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation
Persons of National Historic Significance in Canada (http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/lhn-nhs/page1_E.a
sp?nhslisttype=persons&nhslistsort=name&list1=Generate+List) - Parks Canada
Multicultural Canada (https://web.archive.org/web/20120504020748/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/)
- Department of Canadian Heritage
The Canadian Immigrant Experience (http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/immigrants/index-e.htm
l) - Library and Archives Canada
The Dictionary of Canadian Biography (http://www.biographi.ca/index-e.html) – Library and
Archives Canada
Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada (http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/canadiana/i
ndex-e.html) – Library and Archives Canada

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