VPAR101

ENTOMOLOGY ANDPARASITOLOGY
TOPIC: 12

Family of Protozoan under the Order Epimastigote form- kinetoplast and

o
Trypanosomastida kinetosome are just posterior to the
nucleus and the undulating membrane
Haemoflagellates (associated with blood) belonging to the runs forward from there.
family Trypanosomatidae: o Promastigote form- kinetoplast and
kinetosome are still further anterior in the
• Genus Trypanosoma body and there is no undulating
• Genus Leishmania membrane. (Found in insects; commly in
Leishmania; the stage that enters the
• Members of the genus Trypanosoma are found in mammals; extracellular)
the bloodstream and tissues of vertebrates o Amastigote form- the body is rounded
throughout the world. and the flagellum emerges from the body
• Cause of morbidity and mortality in animals and through a wide funnel‐shaped reservoir.
humans in tropical regions. (Found inside the cell of a mammal;
• T. equiperdum, which is transmitted venereally –
-
intracellular). There’s no amastigote in
all have an arthropod vector, is non-pathogenic. other Trypanosoma except in the
Trypanosoma cruzi.
MORPHOLOGY REPRODUCTION
• Trypanosomes have a leaf‐like or rounded body • Asexual by binary fission (clonal expansion)
containing a vesicular nucleus, and a varying • Sexual reproduction is very rare
number of sub‐pellicular microtubules lying
beneath the outer membrane. TRANSMISSION
• A single flagellum arising from a kinetosome or • Non-cyclical transmission: the arthropod serves
basal granule. as mechanical vector (the parasite does not
• An undulating membrane is present in some develop or multiply inside the insect).
genera and the flagellum lies on its outer border. • Cyclical transmission: the arthropod serves as
• Posterior to the kinetosome is a rod‐shaped or the intermediate host (IH)
spherical kinetoplast (large mitochondrion) o Salivaria trypanosomes use the anterior
containing DNA. station development
• Originally, they are parasites of the intestinal tract ▪ Multiplication occurs in the
of insects. digestive tract or proboscis
• Others are heteroxenous, spending part of their o Stercorarian trypanosomes use the
life cycle in a vertebrate host and part in an posterior station development
invertebrate host. ▪ Multiplication occurs in the gut
and the infective forms migrate
LIFE CYCLE to the rectum. (The insect feed
• Members of the genus Trypanosoma are on the skin and release feces;
heteroxenous and pass-through amastigote, infection may happen through
promastigote, epimastigote and tryptomastigote scratching)
stages in their life cycle.
• In some species only tryptomastigote forms are Trypanosoma species
found in the vertebrate host; others, both Species Subgenus Hosts Vector
Salivarian
amastigote and tryptomastigote forms are Trypanosoma Duttonella Cattle, Tsetse flies
present. vivax sheep, goat
o Tryptomastigote form- kinetoplast and horse,
kinetosome are near the posterior end camel, wild
ruminant
and the flagellum forms the border of an
-

Trypanosoma Nannomonas Cattle, Tsetse flies

undulating membrane that extends along congolense sheep, goat
the side of the body to the anterior end. horse, pig,
(found on the blood stream, hindgut, camel, wild
ruminant
midgut and salivary gland of insect)
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VPAR101
ENTOMOLOGY ANDPARASITOLOGY
TOPIC: 12

Trypanosoma Nannomonas Pig, camel, Tsetse flies o Cause fatal nagana disease in domestic
simiae sheep, goat ruminants.
Trypanosoma Trypanozoon Cattle, Tsetse flies
brucei sheep, goat, (T.b evansi: o makes humans always sleepy
T. brucei brucei horse, Tabanus, o Trypanosoma brucei is pleomorphic in
T. brucei evansi donkey, Stomoxys; form and ranges from long and slender,
camel, pig, Haematopot up to 42 μm (average 29 μm), to short
dog, cat a)
wild game and stumpy.
animals o T.b. brucei is virulent in dogs, camels
T. brucei Trypanozoon Human Tsetse flies and horses.
gambiense o T. congolense is the most pathogenic
T. brucei
rhodesiense =
trypanosome in cattle (followed by T.
T. brucei Trypanozoon Horse None vivax)
equiperdum (coitus)
Trypanosoma Pycnomonas Pig Tsetse flies
suis
Life cycle: (Aftican Tryponosomiasis)
Trypanosoma Trypanomorpha Birds Biting
avium insects, red • Inoculation of the vector. The metacyclic
mites trypomastigote in inoculated into the humans by
Trypanosoma Trypanomorpha Chicken Biting tsetse fly (Glossina)
gallinarum insects • Trypomastigote transform in the bloodstream
Stercorarian
Trypanosoma Megatrypanum Cattle, wild Tabanids,
• They undergo binary fission (can be found in the
theileiri ruminants hippoboscid blood, lymph, spinal fluid, semen)
flies • They become circulating trypomastigote
Trypanosoma Megatrypanum Sheep Sheep ked parasitizing the body of the host (no significant
melophagium
effect on reservoir host; they become dormant in
Trypanosoma Megatrypanum Deer Tabanid,
cervi hippoboscid latent phase)
flies • The insect will take other blood meal. The
Trypanosoma Herpetosoma Rat Fleas Trypomastigote in the blood of the host will be
lewsii
ingested by the insect.
Trypanosoma Herpetosoma Mouse Fleas
musculi • They will undergo again binary fission and will
Trypanosoma Schizotrypanum Human, Reduvid become procyclic trypomastigote in the midgut
cruzi primates, bugs of tsetse fly.
dogs, cats
• Procyclic trypomastigote leave the midgut and
transform into an epimastigote.
Countries where the most important livestock • It will undergo other binary fission to become
trypanosomes are present: metacyclic trypomastigote and will be found on
the salivary gland, ready to inoculate human.

• Trypanosoma vivax
o Important to livestock in West Africa
o High parasitemia associated with
extensive mucosal and serosal
hemorrhages.
Africa- T. congolense T. Vivax + T.b. evarsi (Asia) o Chronic disease in cattle results in
South America- T. vivax- T. evansi anemia and emaciation
o Exported to South America -Transmitted
Genus Trypanosoma by tabanids and uses deer as reservoir.
o Characteristic- do not go into the
Tsetse-transmitted sub-Saharan African trypanosomes: midgut; remind only in the salivary area
(proboscis); has short life cycle
• Trypanosoma brucei (pleomorphic) and =
therefore, it can easily be transmitted
Trypanosoma congolense (monomorphic) mechanically.
-

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VPAR101
ENTOMOLOGY ANDPARASITOLOGY
TOPIC: 12

• Trypanosoma cruzi
• Trypanosoma simiae o Etiologic agent of American
o The only trypanosome species to be trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) of
extremely pathogenic to pigs. human and dog
o Transmitted by triatomine bugs (kissing
-In general, most of the species cause anemia due to bugs) of the genera: Triatoma,
immune mediated impact on the erythropoietic system of Rhodnius, and Panstrongylus
the animal; there is an increase erythrophagocytosis. o Reservoir host: Opossums,
They also can induce decrease production of RBC. o armadillos, rats, guinea pigs, cats,
(Hemolysis cannot be the cause since they do not enter raccoons, and monkeys
in the cell) o Monomorphic
o Life cycle:
Non-Tsetse dipteran-vectored trypanosomes: ▪ Kissing bugs only bite humans
at night, they bite the host and
• Trypanosoma evansi defecate. Infection may start
o Occurs in Africa north of the Sahara, when the host scratch its skin
Asia, and tropical America with feces of kissing bugs on it.
o Causes surra of all species of domestic ▪ The vectors of T. cruzi are
animals. kissing bugs (Reduviidae) and,
o Surra is characterized by anemia, weight once ingested, the
loss, and recurrent fever trypomastigotes pass to the
o Transmitted by Flies of the family midgut where they turn into
Tabanidae and vampire bats serve as amastigote forms.
vectors. ▪ These multiply by binary fission
and turn into either metacyclic
• Trypanosoma equinum trypomastigote or epimastigote
o Causes a disease called mal de forms.
caderas in horses in South America ▪ Epimastigote forms multiply

±
o Similar to surra in biology and disease further and extend into the
manifestations. rectum, where they turn into
metacyclic trypomastigotes,
Sexually transmitted trypanosomes: which pass out in the faeces.
▪ Infective trypomastigotes can
• Trypanosoma equiperdum actively penetrate the mucous
=
-

o Transmission occurs through direct membrane or skin of the final

sexual contact host.
o Causes the equine venereal disease
called dourine Nonpathogenic trypanosomes:
o Acute stage:
▪ Swelling of the genitalia and a • Trypanosoma cervi
mucoid discharge • Found in Alaskan reindeer (Rangifer tarandus),
▪ Presence of circular, flattened, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk,
"silver dollar" plaques in the skin and mule deer in North America
o Chronic stage:
▪ Emaciation, paresis (incomplete • Trypanosoma theileri
paralysis), intermittent fever, • Harmless parasite of cattle transmitted by
and death. tabanid flies worldwide

American triatomine-transmitted trypanosomes: • Trypanosoma melophagium

• Harmless parasite of sheep transmitted by the
sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus

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VPAR101
ENTOMOLOGY ANDPARASITOLOGY
TOPIC: 12

▪ amastigotes develop into

How trypanosomes evade the immune system? promastigotes, multiplying by
• They have variable surface protein (VSG) that division, in the gut of the sandfly
change during colonal expansion. (first batch of
binary fission is different from the second batch • Leishmania tropica
in terms of structure in the surface; therefore the o Causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in
anti-bodies produced in the first batch is no humans, dogs, rodents, and wild
longer effective on the second batch) mammals in Eurasia and Africa.

How to diagnose animal trypanosomiasis? • Leishmania Mexicana

• A presumptive diagnosis can be made if o Causes cutaneous lesions in animals
trypanosomes are observed by direct
microscopic examination of blood, lymph nodes • Leishmania braziliensis
(e.g., smears of needle biopsies), edema fluid or o Causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
tissues collected at necropsy. Organisms are in the Americas.
most likely to be found in the blood during the
initial stages of the infection. (google) Leishmaniasis:

How to control animal trypanosomiasis; How to treat Visceral leishmaniasis

animal trypanosomiasis? • Mammalian host:
• Trypanosomiasis can be controlled by treating o Macrophages provide a means by which
livestock with trypanocides or insecticide – the parasite is disseminated throughout
killing parasites or vectors, respectively. the body.
Mathematical modeling of trypanosomiasis was o Tissues with large numbers of parasites
used to compare the impact of drug- and include the spleen, liver, bone marrow,
insecticide-based interventions on R 0 with intestinal mucosa, and mesenteric lymph
varying densities of cattle, humans and wild nodes.
hosts. (google) o Dogs (major reservoir host) develop
cutaneous lesions.
Genus Leishmania
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
• Leishmania donovani; Leishmania infantum • Mammalian host:
o The major causes of human visceral o Most cases found in cats
leishmaniasis (kala-azar)- originated in o typically presenting as nodular lesions
India (Transmitted by Phlebotomine on the face

÷
flies)
o Life cycle of Leishmania infantum:
▪ Dog gets infected when the
sandfly inoculates
promastigotes of Leishmania
▪ The promastigotes lose their
flagella, developing into
amastigotes. They infect
macrophages
▪ Depending on the canine
immune response, it can
develop into a condition called
visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-
azar) or cutaneous leishmaniasis
▪ Sandfly obtains parasitic
amastigotes