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    Navigation

    Uploaded by

    SpyKid Malayalam

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Navigation

    Uploaded by

    SpyKid Malayalam
    22 views11 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    22 views11 pages

    Navigation

    Uploaded by

    SpyKid Malayalam

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    NAVIGATION

    Navigation
    • The art of directing the movement of a craft ( object ) from one point to another along a
    desired path is called navigation.

    Aids for navigation

    • Compass

    • Chronometer

    • The sun , moon , star , winds , theodolite and charts ( map of known world)
    Four method of navigation

    • Navigation by pilotage ( or visual contact )

    • Celestial or astronomical navigation

    • Navigation by dead reckoning

    • Radio navigation
    Navigation by pilotage
    • In this method , the navigator fixes his position on a map by observing known visible
    landmarks.

    • For eg : in air navigation when the ground is visible the navigator can see the principal
    features on the ground such as rivers , hills ,coastlines etc. thereby fix his position

    • Even at a night , light beacons , cities and towns provide information about position of
    the craft.

    • Pilotage navigation requires good visibility

    • With the aid of airborne radar it is called as electronic pilotage. The radar used for this
    purpose is microwave search radar provided with PPI display on which the terrain is
    mapped.

    • The PPI picture has poor resolution compared to human eye.


    • Electronic pilotage has the range of 50 to 100 kms that is the advantageous in poor
    visibility.

    • It can’t applicable over sea.

    • Both methods of pilotage depend upon the availability of accurate maps of the
    terrain.
    Celestial navigation

    • Also called astronomical navigation is accomplished by measuring the angular


    position of celestial bodies.

    • The navigator measures the elevation of celestial body with a sextant and notes the
    precise time at which the measurement is made achronometer .

    • These two measurements are enough to fix the position of the craft on a circle on
    the face of the globe .

    • If two such observations are made , the position or fix of the craft can be identified
    as one of the two points of intersection of the circle.

    • Sometimes the 3rd observation may have to be made to remove the ambiguity.
    • Its advantage is relative independence of external aids

    • Its disadvantage is that the visibility should be good enough to take elevation angle
    of the body.

    • This make always not possible in sea , but in air navigation, with modern aircraft
    flying at altitude above 5000 m .visibility is always good.
    Navigation by dead-reckoning

    • In this method , the position of the craft at any instant of time is calculated from the
    previously determined position, the speed of its motion w.r.t earth along with the
    direction of its motion and the time elapsed.

    • DR stands for deduced calculation

    • This is the most common and widely used method of navigation.

    • This method requires the direction of motion of the craft and speed of motion.

    • First requirement may be met by magnetic compass and second by an instrument such
    as air speed indicator in aircraft and the mechanical log in ship.

    • DR navigation would be straight forward if the medium in which the craft travels is
    stationary
    • In air navigation ,wind velocity is generally obtained in the course of flight from weather
    broadcast or by communication with ground station.

    • In long flights over water, modem air operations resort to minimal flight paths ie, the
    paths which requires minimum flying time.
    Radio Navigation
    • This method is based on electromagnetic waves to find the position of the craft.

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