Prepare for and Prevent Accidents

When you go boating, you will encounter hazards and risks. The outcome of
these encounters will be determined by your knowledge, skill, and attitude
toward safety. It’s important to make a boating emergency less likely to
happen by taking the proper precautions; it’s equally important to be prepared
and know what to do if an emergency occurs.

Important
Most accidents are preventable. Even accidents attributed to the environment
most likely could have been prevented if the operator had not overlooked the
warning signals, had not made poor decisions, or had the proper boating
skills. Many accidents attributed to equipment also could have been prevented
if proper maintenance and defect detection had taken place.
Practice Risk Management
Because most accidents are the result of a simple mistake, nearly all accidents
are easily preventable.

 The best way to avoid having a serious accident is to take a few simple
steps toward accident prevention. The water can be an unfriendly
environment if you don’t recognize risks and are not properly prepared
for them.
 Risk management is the process of recognizing and acting upon accident
warning signs or minimizing the effects of an accident if it does occur.
 By taking this safety course, you are practicing risk management. You’ve
already reduced the chance that you will be involved in a dangerous
boating emergency by learning safe boating practices.
o You now know the “rules of the road” and how important it is to
pay close attention to other boats and potential hazards and to
maintain a safe speed. By practicing these rules, you greatly
reduce the chance that you’ll be involved in an accident.
o Developing a habit of wearing your personal flotation device
(PFD) also reduces the chance that you will drown should you find
yourself in the water unexpectedly.
 The following pages give additional information to help you understand
and minimize the risks associated with boating and make your time on
the water safe and enjoyable.
Important
It only takes one mistake to ruin your day of boating. Pay attention, slow down
a little, and wear a PFD!
Typical Boating Fatalities
The profile of a typical U.S. boating fatality is:

 Someone not wearing a PFD falls overboard and drowns or…

 A vessel capsizes and someone drowns or…
 A vessel strikes another vessel or fixed object, and the occupants are
fatally injured or drown due to injuries.
Collisions often occur because boat operators are not staying alert and keeping
a lookout for other boats or objects, or are going a little faster than they
should. Although some collisions happen at night when it is difficult to see,
many occur in daylight hours on calm, clear days. About one-third of the time,
alcohol is involved.

You also might be surprised to learn that:

 Typically, victims drown even though there are enough PFDs on the
boat. (Remember, you probably won’t have time to put on your PFD
during an emergency. Get in the habit of wearing it.)
 The vessel is most often a small boat of open design, such as a jon boat,
canoe, or other type of boat with low sides.
 The victims are usually men 26 to 50 years old, who have been boating
for years and likely know how to swim.
Glossary
overboard
Over the side or out of the vessel
Increased Risk Due to Boating
Stressors
The glare and heat of the sun, along with the motion of the vessel caused by
the wind and the waves and the noise and vibration of the engine, have a large
impact on your body that you may not even realize. These natural stressors
make you tire more rapidly when on the water—regardless of your age or level
of fitness. Many boaters greatly underestimate the effect these stressors have
on fatigue.

While perhaps not fatal themselves, stressors may weaken your body and
mind enough to make the risk of an accident much greater.

Increased Risk Due to Dehydration

A typical boating day in the summer causes your body to generate a large
amount of heat. Sitting exposed in the sun increases your body heat. As you
ride in a boat, your body automatically adjusts to the changing position of the
boat. The exertion of this constant adjustment increases body heat.

The way the body rids itself of increased heat is by sweating. Increased
sweating will cause dehydration if fluids are not replaced. Dehydration will
make you more fatigued and more at risk for a boating accident.

The best way to minimize the risk of dehydration is to drink plenty of water—
before, during, and after any water activities. A good rule of thumb while you
are boating in warm weather is to drink some water every 15–20 minutes.

Besides thirst, other signs of dehydration are a dry mouth, sleepiness,

irritability, weakness, dizziness, and a headache. The first thing you should do
if you experience any of these symptoms is to drink plenty of water. If
possible, get out of the sun and rest. Serious dehydration may require medical
attention.
Minimize Risk by Avoiding Alcohol
The effect of alcohol is increased by the natural stressors placed on your body
while boating. Also, alcohol causes dehydration of your body. It takes less
alcohol, combined with stressors, to impair an operator’s ability to operate
safely. Research has proven that one-third of the amount of alcohol that it
takes to make a person legally intoxicated on land can make a boater equally
intoxicated on the water.

Alcohol depresses the central nervous system, affects judgment, and slows
physical reaction time. Most people become impaired after only one drink.

Alcohol makes it difficult for you to pay attention and perform multiple tasks.
For example, it will be more difficult for you to keep track of two or more
vessels operating in your area. This could become critical if you are placed in
an emergency situation and must make a sudden decision.

Alcohol can reduce your ability to distinguish colors, especially red and green.

Understand Alcohol Impairment

Alcohol impairment increases the likelihood of accidents—for both passengers
and vessel operators. Always designate non-drinking boaters to operate the
vessel and to act as an observer if your group plans to consume alcohol. Do not
allow your skipper to operate if he or she is drinking. Alcohol is a major
contributor to boating accidents and fatalities.

Minimize Risk by Wearing PFDs

Approximately 70% of all boating fatalities are drownings, and most of those
fatalities could have been avoided. Ninety percent of drowning victims are not
wearing a PFD—drownings are rare when boaters are wearing an appropriate
PFD. One of the most important things you can do to make boating safe and
enjoyable is not only to carry enough PFDs for everyone on board but also to
have everyone wear them!
The requirements for PFDs on the following pages are both important and the
law.

Keep PFDs Readily Accessible

PFDs must be readily accessible. Better yet, each person should wear a PFD
because PFDs are difficult to put on once you are in the water. In most fatal
accidents, PFDs were on board but were not in use or were not within easy
reach. If you are in the water without a PFD, retrieve a floating PFD and hold
it to your chest by wrapping your arms around it.

Have PFDs of the Proper Size

PFDs must be of the proper size for the intended wearer. Always read the label
of a wearable PFD to make sure it is the right size based on the person’s weight
and chest size. It’s especially important to check that a child’s wearable PFD
fits snugly. Test the fit by picking the child up by the shoulders of the PFD and
checking that his or her chin and ears do not slip through the PFD.

Maintain PFDs in Good Condition

PFDs must be in good and serviceable condition.

 Regularly test a PFD’s buoyancy in shallow water or a swimming pool.

Over time, the ultraviolet radiation from the sun will break down the
synthetic materials of your PFD. Frequently inspect PFDs for rips or
tears, discolored or weakened material, insecure straps or zippers, or
labels that are no longer readable. Discard and replace any PFD that has
a problem.
 If using an inflatable PFD, before each outing check the status of the
inflator and that the CO2 cylinder has not been used, has no leaks, and is
screwed in tightly. Also check that the PFD itself has no leaks by
removing the CO2 cylinder and orally inflating the PFD. The PFD should
still be firm after several hours. After an inflatable PFD has been inflated
using a cylinder, replace the spent cylinder and re-arm it. Because an
inflatable PFD is a mechanical device, it requires regular maintenance.
Maintain the inflatable portion of the PFD as instructed in the owner’s
manual.
Consider Inflatable PFDs
Some people say they don’t wear their PFDs because they’re too hot or too
bulky. But that’s not an excuse anymore. Inflatable PFDs offer a U.S. Coast
Guard (USCG)–approved wearable PFD that is small and lightweight.
Inflatable PFDs come in two styles: a PFD that looks like a pair of suspenders
or a belt pack that looks like a small fanny pack.

 Some of these PFDs are designed to inflate if the wearer falls into the
water; others require the wearer to pull a cord.
 Inflatable PFDs are approved only for people 16 and older, and they are
not to be worn on personal watercraft (PWC) or while water-skiing.
 Read the operating instructions and the approval label before you
choose an inflatable PFD. Then be sure to wear it!
Reach, Throw, Row, or Go
If you are on a dock when someone falls in, you should try to “talk” the victim
to safety. If he or she is unable to get to the dock, you should use these rescue
techniques.

Reach
Extend a fishing rod, branch, oar, towel, or other object to REACH out to the
victim and pull him or her to safety. If nothing is available, lie flat on the dock,
grab the victim’s hand or wrist, and pull him or her to safety.

Throw
If the victim is too far away to reach and a boat isn’t handy, THROW the
victim a PFD or anything else that will float.

Row
If a rowboat is available, ROW to the victim and then use an oar or paddle to
pull the victim to the stern. Let the victim hold onto the stern as you paddle to
shore. If the victim is too weak, hold onto him or her until help arrives. If
using a powerboat, stop the engine and glide to the victim from the downwind
side.

Go
Swimmers without lifesaving training should not swim to a victim. Instead,
GO for help. If you must swim, take along anything that floats to keep between
you and the victim.
Transcript for Reach, Throw, Row, or Go
You do not need to be an Olympic swimmer to save others. In fact, non-
swimmers who know what to do can save a life.

If you are standing on a dock when someone falls in and begins to struggle,
you should try to “talk” the victim to safety. If he or she is unable to get to the
dock, you should:

Reach
Extend a fishing rod, branch, oar, pole, boat hook, shirt, towel, or other object
that can be used to reach out to the victim and pull him or her to safety.

If nothing is available and the victim is within arm’s reach, the rescuer should
lie flat and grab the victim’s hand or wrist and then pull him or her to safety.

Throw
If the victim is too far away to reach and a boat isn’t handy, throw the victim
a PFD or anything else that will float.

Row
If a non-powered boat is convenient, row to the victim. Then use an oar or
paddle to guide him or her to the stern. Let the victim remain in the water
while holding to the stern as you paddle to shore. If the victim is too weak to
hold on, hold him or her until more help arrives. If using a powerboat, stop the
engine and glide to the victim from the downwind side. Help the victim into
the boat, avoiding sharp objects.

Go
Swimmers without lifesaving training should not swim to a victim. Never place
yourself in the same danger. Instead, go for help. If you must swim to a
victim, take along anything that floats to keep between you and the victim.
Ending Up in the Water
Unexpectedly
Most boating fatalities don’t have anything to do with bad weather or
hazardous sea conditions. They typically occur in smaller, open boats on
inland waters during daylight hours when weather and visibility are good, the
winds are light, and the water is calm. Despite these ideal conditions,
passengers fall overboard and many boats capsize, causing over half of all
boating fatalities.

Capsizing, Swamping, or Falling Overboard

Capsizing is when a boat turns on its side or turns completely over. Swamping
occurs when a boat stays upright and fills with water. Sometimes a person
falling overboard from a boat causes the boat to capsize or swamp. Regardless,
the outcome is the same—people are in the water unexpectedly.
Preventing Capsizing, Swamping, or
Falling Overboard
To help prevent and prepare for capsizing, swamping, or someone falling
overboard, follow these guidelines.

 Make sure that you and your passengers are wearing PFDs while the
boat is underway.
 Attach the engine cut-off switch lanyard to your wrist, clothes, or PFD.
 Don’t allow anyone to sit on the gunwale, bow, seat backs, motor cover,
or any other area not designed for seating. Also, don’t let anyone sit on
pedestal seats when operating at a speed greater than idle speed.
 Don’t overload your boat. Balance the load of all passengers and gear.
 Keep your center of gravity low by not allowing people to stand up or
move around while underway, especially in smaller, less-stable boats.
 In a small boat, don’t allow anyone to lean a shoulder beyond the
gunwale.
 Slow your boat appropriately when turning.
 Don’t risk boating in rough water conditions or in bad weather.
 When anchoring, secure the anchor line to the bow, never to the stern.

Glossary
gunwale
Upper edge of vessel’s side (generally pronounced “gunnel”)
If You Capsize, Swamp, or Fall
Overboard
If you should capsize or swamp your boat, or if you have fallen overboard and
can’t get back in, stay with the boat if possible. Your swamped boat is easier
to see and will signal that you are in trouble. Also signal for help using other
devices available (visual distress signals, whistle, mirror).

 If you made the mistake of not wearing a PFD, find one and put it on. If
you can’t put it on, hold onto it. Have your passengers do the same.
 Take a head count. Reach, throw, row, or go, if needed.
 If your boat remains afloat, try to reboard or climb onto it in order to get
as much of your body out of the cold water as possible. Treading water
will cause you to lose body heat faster, so try to use the boat for support.

If Your Boat Sinks or Floats Away

If your boat sinks or floats away, don’t panic.

 If you are wearing a PFD, make sure that it is securely fastened, remain
calm, and wait for help.
 If you aren’t wearing a PFD, look for one floating in the water or other
floating items (coolers, oars or paddles, decoys, etc.) to help you stay
afloat. Do your best to help your passengers find something to help
them float and stay together.
 If you have nothing to support you, you may have to tread water or
simply float. In cold water, float rather than tread to reduce
hypothermia.
Important
Swimming to shore should be considered only as a last resort.
If a Passenger Falls Overboard
If someone on your boat falls overboard, you need to immediately:

 Reduce speed and toss the victim a PFD—preferably a throwable type—unless you know
he or she is already wearing a PFD.

 Turn your boat around and slowly pull alongside the victim, approaching the victim from
downwind or into the current, whichever is stronger.

 Stop the engine. Pull the victim on board over the stern, keeping the weight in the boat
balanced, especially in small boats.

Preventing Falls Overboard From

Small Boats
Small craft boaters need to be especially careful to avoid falling overboard.
Falling overboard and drowning is the major cause of fatalities for small boats.
To prevent falling overboard:

 Keep centered in the boat with your center of gravity low in the boat.
Always keep your shoulders between the gunwales.
 If possible, don’t move about the boat. If you must move, maintain three
points of contact. That is, keep both hands and one foot or both feet and
one hand in contact with the boat at all times.
 Evenly distribute and balance the weight of persons and gear within the
boat, keeping most of the weight low. It is extremely important not to
overload a small boat.
Preventing a Collision
A collision occurs when your boat or PWC collides with another vessel or with
a fixed or floating object, such as a rock, log, bridge, or dock. Collisions can
cause very serious damage, injury, or even death. It is every vessel operator’s
responsibility to avoid a collision.

To prevent a collision, boat and PWC operators should:

 Follow the rules of navigation.

 Pay attention to navigational aids.
 Keep a sharp watch and appoint one person to be the “lookout.”
 Maintain a safe speed, especially in congested traffic and at night.
 Look in all directions before making any turn.
 Use caution if you are traveling directly into the sun’s glare on the water.
 Never operate when fatigued, stressed, or consuming alcohol.
 Be aware that floating debris is more common after heavy rainfall.

Preventing a Fire
Many boats and PWC have burned to the waterline needlessly.

To help prevent a fire:

 Don’t mix the three ingredients required to ignite a fire—fuel, oxygen,

and heat.
 Make sure ventilation systems have been installed and are used
properly.
 Maintain the fuel system to avoid leaks, and keep the bilges clean.
  Follow the safe fueling procedures outlined in Unit 1.

If a Fire Erupts on Your Boat

If fire erupts on your boat:

 Stop the boat if you are underway. Have everyone who is not wearing a
PFD put one on in case you must abandon the boat.
 Position the boat so that the fire is downwind.
o If the fire is at the back of the boat, head into the wind. If the
engine must be shut off, use a paddle to keep the bow into the
wind.
o If the fire is at the front of the boat, put the stern into the wind.

 If the fire is in an engine space, shut off the fuel supply.

 Aim the fire extinguisher at the base of the flames, and sweep back and
forth.
 Never use water on a gasoline, oil, grease, or electrical fire.
 Summon help with your VHF marine radio.

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

To use a fire extinguisher correctly, remember PASS.

P: Pull the pin.

A: Aim at the base of the fire.
S: Squeeze the handle.
S: Sweep side to side.

Preventing Running Aground

If you run aground while traveling at a high speed, the impact not only can
cause damage to your boat but also can cause injury to you and your
passengers. Knowing your environment is the best way to prevent running
aground.

 Become familiar with the locations of shallow water and submerged

objects before you go out. Be aware that the location of shallow hazards
will change as the water level rises and falls.
 Learn to read a chart to determine your position and the water depth.
A boat is grounded (runs aground) when it gets stuck on the bottom. Never assume that water
is deep enough just because you are away from the shore. Also, don’t presume that all shallow
hazards will be marked by a danger buoy.

If Your Boat Runs Aground

If you run aground, make sure no one is injured and then check for leaks.

 If the impact did not cause a leak, follow these steps to try to get loose.
o Don’t put the boat in reverse. Instead, stop the engine and lift the
outdrive.
o Shift the weight to the area farthest away from the point of impact.
o Try to shove off from the rock, bottom, or reef with a paddle or
boathook.
o Check to make sure your boat is not taking on water.

 If you can’t get loose, summon help using your visual distress signals.
Call for assistance using your VHF marine radio.
Cold Water Immersion Kills
Cold water immersion kills in several ways. The colder the water, the greater
the chance of death. However, the initial reaction to cold water immersion can
occur in water as warm as 77° Fahrenheit. By understanding how your body
reacts to cold water, you can prepare for and be better able to respond
appropriately, thus increasing your chance of survival.

Boater’s Tip
Don’t ever think that boating activities won’t expose you to the risk of
hypothermia. Wear rain gear when it rains. A windbreaker over a fleece jacket
is very effective to protect against the wind. Hypothermia can occur on what
begins as a warm, sunny day. In remote areas, carry matches and go ashore if
you need to build a fire. Also carry an extra jacket, hat, and blankets.
Remember that, as a responsible operator, you should tell your passengers
what to bring along for the outing.
Stages 1 and 2 of Cold Water
Immersion
There are four stages of cold water immersion. This is what happens in the
first two stages.

 Stage 1: Initial “cold shock” occurs in the first 3–5 minutes of

immersion in cold water. Sudden immersion into cold water can cause
immediate, involuntary gasping; hyperventilation; panic; and vertigo—
all of which can result in water inhalation and drowning. Immersion in
cold water also can cause sudden changes in blood pressure, heart rate,
and heart rhythm, which also can result in death.
 Stage 2: Short-term “swim failure” occurs 3–30 minutes following
immersion in cold water. The muscles and nerves in the arms and legs
cool quickly. Manual dexterity, hand grip strength, and speed of
movement all can drop by 60%–80%. Even normally strong persons can
lose the strength necessary to pull themselves out of the water or even to
keep their head above water. Death occurs by drowning.
Stages 3 and 4 of Cold Water
Immersion
There are four stages of cold water immersion. This is what happens in the last
two stages.

 Stage 3: Long-term immersion hypothermia sets in after 30

minutes, at a rate depending on water temperature, clothing, body type,
and your behavior in the water. The human body cools much faster in
cold water than it does in cold air. Hypothermia occurs when your body
loses heat faster than it produces it, cooling the organs in the core of
your body. Hypothermia eventually leads to loss of consciousness and
death, with or without drowning.

 Stage 4: Post-immersion collapse occurs during or after rescue.

Once rescued, after you have been immersed in cold water, you are still
in danger from collapse of arterial blood pressure leading to cardiac
arrest. Also, inhaled water can damage your lungs, and heart problems
 can develop as cold blood from your arms and legs is released into the
core of your body.

Preparing for Possible Cold Water

Immersion
Your chance of surviving cold water immersion depends on having sufficient
flotation to keep your head above water, controlling your breathing, having
timely rescue by yourself or others, and retaining body heat.

Prepare for boating in cold water conditions by always wearing a secured PFD.
Also wear layered clothing for insulation. Equip your boat with a means for re-
entry (ladder, sling, etc.) to use if you should fall into the water.

Surviving Cold Water Immersion

Of course, the best prevention is to take all measures necessary to avoid
capsizing your boat or falling into cold water in the first place. If you do fall
into or must enter cold water:

 Don’t panic. Try to get control of your breathing. Hold onto something
or stay as still as possible until your breathing settles down. Focus on
floating with your head above water until the cold shock response
abates.
 When your breathing is under control, perform the most important
functions first before you lose dexterity (10–15 minutes after
immersion).
 If you were not wearing a PFD when you entered the water, look to see if
one is floating around you and put it on immediately. Don’t take your
clothes off unless absolutely necessary. A layer of water trapped inside
your clothing will help insulate you.
  Focus on locating and getting everyone out of the water quickly before
you lose full use of your hands, arms, and legs. Try to reboard your boat,
even if it is swamped or capsized, or anything else that is floating. Get as
much of your body out of the water as possible. Even though you may
feel colder out of the water, the rate of heat loss will be slower than if
immersed in water.
 Be prepared at all times to signal rescuers.

Protecting Against Rapid Heat Loss

If you cannot get out of the water quickly, act to protect against rapid heat
loss. In as little as 10 minutes, you may be unable to self-rescue. Your focus
now should be to slow heat loss.

 Stay as motionless as possible, protecting the high heat loss areas of

your body, and keep your head and neck out of the water.
 Safety typically looks closer than it actually is, so staying with the boat is
usually a better choice than swimming.
 Adopt a position to reduce heat loss. If alone, use the Heat Escape
Lessening Posture (HELP) position; or if there are others in the water
with you, huddle together.
 If you must swim, conserve energy and minimize movement. Swim on
your back with your upper arms against the sides of your chest, your
thighs together, and your knees bent. Flutter-kick with your lower legs.
The HELP and Huddle Positions
Heat Escape Lessening Posture (HELP): When you are alone, this
position protects the body’s three major areas of heat loss (groin, head/neck,
and rib cage/armpits). Wearing a PFD allows you to draw your knees to your
chest and your arms to your sides.

Huddling With Others: Huddling with other people in the water lessens

the loss of body heat and is good for morale. Also, rescuers can spot a group
more easily than individuals.

Treating a Victim of Cold Water

Immersion
When treating victims of cold water immersion, you should:

 Get the victim out of the water as soon as possible. Remove the victim
from the water gently and in a horizontal position.
 Prevent further heat loss.
 Treat the hypothermia victim gently and to your level of training. Be
prepared to provide basic life support.
 Seek medical help immediately.
Symptoms of Hypothermia
Learn to recognize symptoms of hypothermia. They are listed here in order of
severity.

1. Shivering, slurred speech, blurred vision

2. Bluish lips and fingernails
3. Loss of feeling in extremities
4. Cold, bluish skin
5. Confusion
6. Dizziness
7. Rigidity in extremities
8. Unconsciousness
9. Coma
10.Death

What Is Carbon Monoxide

Poisoning?
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an invisible, odorless, tasteless gas that is produced
when a carbon-based fuel burns. CO can make you sick in seconds. In high
enough concentrations, even a few breaths can be fatal. Sources of CO on your
boat may include gasoline engines, gas generators, cooking ranges, and
heaters.

Early symptoms of CO poisoning include irritated eyes, headache, nausea,

weakness, and dizziness. They often are confused with seasickness or
intoxication. Move anyone with these symptoms to fresh air immediately. Seek
medical attention—unless you’re sure it’s not CO.
Preventing CO Poisoning Before You Go Boating
Before each boating trip, you should:

 Make sure you know where the exhaust outlets are located on your boat.
 Educate all passengers about the symptoms of CO poisoning and where
CO may accumulate.
 Confirm that water flows from the exhaust outlet when the engines and
generator are started.
 Listen for any change in exhaust sound, which could indicate an exhaust
component failure.
 Test the operation of each CO detector by pressing the test button.
At least monthly, you should:

 Make sure all exhaust clamps are in place and secure.

 Look for leaks from exhaust system components. Signs include rust
and/or black streaking, water leaks, or corroded or cracked fittings.
 Inspect rubber exhaust hoses for burns, cracks, or deterioration.
At least annually, have a qualified marine technician check the engine and
exhaust system.

Preventing CO Poisoning While

Boating
To protect yourself and others against CO poisoning while boating:

 Allow fresh air to circulate throughout the boat at all times, even during
bad weather.
 Know where your engine and generator exhaust outlets are located and
keep everyone away from these areas.
 Never sit on the back deck, “teak surf,” or hang on the swim platform
while the engines are running.
  Never enter areas under swim platforms where exhaust outlets are
located—even for a second. One or two breaths in this area could be
fatal.
 Ventilate immediately if exhaust fumes are detected on the boat.
 Install and maintain CO detectors inside your boat. Replace detectors as
recommended by the manufacturer.

CO Poisoning: Boat Exhaust

Blocked Exhaust Outlets can cause carbon monoxide to accumulate in the
cabin and cockpit area.
Another Vessel’s Exhaust that is alongside your boat can emit carbon
monoxide into the cabin and cockpit of your vessel. Your vessel should be at
least 20 feet from a vessel that is running a generator or engine.

CO Poisoning: Teak Surfing

Teak Surfing or dragging or water-skiing within 20 feet of a moving vessel
can be fatal. If persons are using a swim platform or are close to the stern, all
gasoline-powered generators with transom exhaust ports must be off.

CO Poisoning: Other Situations

Slow Speed or Idling causes carbon monoxide to accumulate in the cabin,
cockpit, and rear deck.
Station Wagon Effect causes carbon monoxide to accumulate inside the
cabin and cockpit if you are operating the vessel at a high bow angle, if there is
an opening that draws in exhaust, or if protective coverings are used when the
vessel is underway.

How to Respond to Injuries

Proper response to accidents results from good training and common sense. If
an injury is minor, treat it immediately. If an injury is major, make the victim
as comfortable and safe as possible until medical personnel arrive, assuming
you have a way to call for help. Here are some proper responses to accidents
that can occur while boating.

 Shock: The seriously injured should be treated for shock by keeping the

victim warm, still, and in a lying-down position until medical attention
arrives. Elevate the feet several inches except in cases of head, neck, or
back injury or hypothermia.
  Bleeding: Bleeding usually can be controlled by applying direct
pressure to the wound. If the bleeding is minor, apply first aid. If it is
serious, apply a dressing, maintain direct pressure, and seek medical
attention.
 Burns: In cases of burns, the immediate goals are to relieve pain,
prevent infection, and treat for shock. Immediately place minor burns in
cold water and apply a dry bandage after the pain subsides. Seek
medical attention for more severe burns.
 Broken Bones: Seek medical assistance immediately for broken and
dislocated bones. Apply temporary splints with care. An improper splint
can result in lifelong disfigurement; lack of a splint can lead to
hemorrhage, shock, or death.
 Head, Neck, or Spinal Injury: In cases of head, neck, or spinal
injuries, never move a victim more than is absolutely necessary. The
water can provide excellent support until medical personnel arrive. If a
victim must be moved, place him or her gently on a firm, full-length
support.

A First-Aid Kit
A responsible vessel operator takes a certified course in first aid and CPR.
Doing so enables you to respond quickly in emergency situations and to
provide immediate care until the victim can be treated by a physician. When
out boating, it can take a long time to get medical help.

A responsible vessel operator also keeps a first-aid kit on board. It should be

waterproof and include:

 An extra towel
 Antiseptic medications and lotions
 Aspirin or aspirin substitute
 Assorted gauze adhesive bandages and pads
 Cotton and cotton swabs
 Latex gloves
 Scissors
Changes in the Weather
Weather can change very rapidly and create unexpected emergencies for boat
and PWC operators. Even meteorologists have trouble predicting rapid
changes in the weather. You should always watch for changes in the weather
and monitor the weather forecast. As an operator, it is your responsibility to
take appropriate action based on the weather.

How to Avoid Severe Weather

To avoid severe weather:

 Tune a portable radio to a local station that gives weather updates.

Listed below are the VHF-FM radio stations that broadcast National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather reports,
which are updated each hour.
 Be alert to weather conditions. Accumulating dark clouds, shifting
winds, and graying skies all may be indications of danger. Listen for
distant thunder.
 Track changes in barometer readings. A rising barometer indicates fair
weather. A falling barometer indicates foul weather is approaching.
 Watch for wind direction shifts, which usually indicate a weather
change.
 Watch for lightning and rough water. If not electrically grounded, boats
(particularly sailboats) are vulnerable to lightning.
 Be observant of weather from all directions; however, closely watch the
weather to the west, the direction from which most bad weather arrives.
 Watch for fog that creates problems in inlets and bays. Typically, fog will
form during the temperature changes of the early morning or evening
hours and can persist for lengthy periods.
 Head toward the nearest safe shore if a thunderstorm is approaching.
VHF-FM Stations for NOAA Weather Reports
NOAA Weather Radio broadcasts weather forecasts and warnings using these
frequencies:

 162.400 MHz
 162.425 MHz
 162.450 MHz
 162.475 MHz
 162.500 MHz
 162.525 MHz
 162.550 MHz
Severe Weather: Prepare Your Boat
and Passengers
If you are caught in severe weather, prepare your boat and your passengers.

 To prepare the boat to handle severe weather:

o Slow down, but keep enough power to maintain headway and
steering.
o Close all hatches, windows, and doors to reduce the chance of
swamping.
o Stow any unnecessary gear.
o Turn on your boat’s navigation lights. If there is fog, sound your
fog horn as instructed in Unit 2.
o Keep bilges free of water. Be prepared to remove water by bailing.
o If there is lightning, disconnect all electrical equipment. Stay as
clear of metal objects as possible.
 To prepare your passengers for severe weather:
o Have everyone put on a USCG–approved PFD. If a PFD is already
on, make sure it is secured properly.
o Have your passengers sit on the vessel floor close to the centerline.
This is for their safety and to make the boat more stable.
Boater’s Tip
To determine the distance you are from an approaching thunderstorm:

 Count the number of seconds between the flash of lightning and the clap of thunder.

 Divide the number of seconds by five.

 The result is roughly the distance in miles you are from the storm.
Glossary
bailing
To remove water by scooping it out with a bucket
Severe Weather: Go to Shore or
Ride it Out?
If you are caught in severe weather, decide whether to go to shore or ride out
the storm.

 If possible, head for the nearest shore that is safe to approach. If already
caught in a storm, it may be best to ride it out in open water rather than
try to approach the shore in heavy wind and waves.
 Head the bow into the waves at a 45-degree angle. PWC should head
directly into the waves.
 Keep a sharp lookout for other vessels, debris, shoals, or stumps.
 If the engine stops, drop a “sea anchor” on a line off the bow to keep the
bow headed into the wind and reduce drifting while you ride out the
storm. In an emergency, a bucket will work as a sea anchor. Without
power, a powerboat usually will turn its stern to the waves and could be
swamped more easily.
 If the sea anchor is not sufficient, anchor using your conventional
anchor to prevent your boat from drifting into dangerous areas.
Weather Warning Display Signals

Small Craft Advisory: Winds in the range of 21 to 33 knots (24 to 38 mph)

create conditions considered dangerous to small vessels.

Gale Warning: Winds are in the range of 34 to 47 knots (39 to 54 mph).

Storm Warning: Winds are 48 knots (55 mph) and above. If winds are
associated with a tropical cyclone, this warning signals winds of 48 to 63
knots.

Hurricane Warning: Winds are 64 knots (74 mph) and above. This warning is
displayed only in connection with a hurricane.
What You Need on Board to
Summon Help
In times of serious boating emergencies, the ability to summon help quickly
can make the difference between life and death. Here are some items that you
should carry on board to help get assistance quickly.

Visual Distress Signals: It is recommended that you have and know how to
use visual distress signals. Carry extras. Always respond immediately to other
boaters displaying a distress signal.

VHF Marine Radio: Consider purchasing a Very High Frequency (VHF)

marine radio. VHF marine radios have channels that are reserved for distress
calls and are monitored continuously by the USCG.

Mobile Phone: If you own a mobile telephone, include it as part of your

standard boating gear. It may be useful for contacting local law enforcement
agencies. However, they have serious limitations and should not be used as a
substitute for a VHF radio.

Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB): If you operate

far from shore, you should seriously consider carrying appropriate
communications gear. A satellite EPIRB is designed to quickly and reliably
alert rescue forces, indicate an accurate distress position, and guide rescue
units to the distress scene, even when all other communications fail.

Personal Locator Beacon (PLB): A less expensive alternative to an

EPIRB, the PLB sends out a personalized emergency distress signal to a
monitored satellite system. It is waterproof and light enough for you to keep it
attached to your PFD at all times.
Using a VHF Marine Radio
VHF marine radios are increasingly popular with boaters for good reasons.

 They save lives and are easy to use.

 They are more effective for marine communications than CB radios or
mobile phones. VHF radios have more consistent reception than mobile
phones.
 No license is needed when used in recreational boats.
 They withstand rough weather.
 Boat-mounted radios are wired to the boat’s battery.
 The source of a VHF signal can be located so that you can be found even
in fog.
Operating a VHF radio takes some basic knowledge.

 When operating your boat, you must monitor Channel 16 (the distress
channel). If you hear a MAYDAY call, remain silent, listen, and write
down information about the boat in distress. If the USCG or other
rescue authority does not respond, try to reach the USCG while traveling
toward the boat. If you cannot reach the USCG, assist the other boat to
the best of your ability while not placing yourself or your passengers in
danger.
 If you have a life-threatening emergency, have everyone put on PFDs
and issue a MAYDAY call on Channel 16.
 Be aware that the distance for sending and receiving messages is limited
by the height of the antenna and the power of the radio.
 Always use the one-watt setting except in an emergency or if your signal
is too weak to be received clearly.
 Channel 16 is a calling and distress channel only and should not be used
for conversation or radio checks. It can be used to make contact with
another station (boat), but the communication then should move to a
 non-emergency channel such as 68 or 69. Penalties exist for misuse of a
radio, including improper use of VHF Channel 16.

Issuing a MAYDAY Call

To issue a MAYDAY call on Channel 16 of your VHF radio:

1. Transmit “MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY.”

2. Say “This is (name of boat three times, call letters once).”
3. Repeat once more “MAYDAY” and your vessel’s name.
4. Report your location.
5. Report the nature of your emergency.
6. Report the kind of assistance needed.
7. Report the number of people on board and condition of any injured.
8. Describe the vessel and its seaworthiness.
9. Wait for a response. If there is none, repeat the message.
VHF Marine Radio Channels
Here are the most commonly used channels on United States waters.

 Channel 6: Intership safety communications.

 Channel 9: Communications between vessels (commercial and
recreational), and ship to coast (calling channel in designated USCG
Districts).
 Channel 13: Strictly for navigational purposes by commercial, military,
and recreational vessels at bridges, locks, and harbors.
 Channel 16: Distress and safety calls to Coast Guard and others, and to
initiate calls to other vessels; often called the “hailing” channel. (Some
regions use other channels as the hailing channel. For example, the
Northeast uses Channel 9.) When hailing, contact the other vessel,
quickly agree to another channel, and then switch to that channel to
continue conversation.
 Channel 22: Communications between the Coast Guard and the
maritime public, both recreational and commercial. Severe weather
warnings, hazards to navigation, and other safety warnings are
broadcast on this channel.
 Channels 24–28: Public telephone calls (to marine operator).
 Channels 68, 69, and 71: Recreational vessel radio channels and ship
to coast.
 Channel 70: Digital selective calling “alert channel.”