09-3.

qxp:Calculus 5e 2013/3/23 1:25 AM Page 575

9.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors 575

EXAMPLE 7 Finding Work

To close a sliding door, a person pulls on a rope with a constant force of 50 pounds at
a constant angle of 60⬚, as shown in Figure 9.34. Find the work done in moving the
12 ft door 12 feet to its closed position.

projPQ F
Solution Using a projection, you can calculate the work as follows.
P Q
60°
W ⫽ 储projPQ F储 储PQ 储 Projection form for work
⫽ cos共60⬚兲 储F储 储PQ 储
F
1
⫽ 共50兲共12兲
2
12 ft ⫽ 300 foot-pounds ■

Figure 9.34

9.3 Exercises
In Exercises 1–4, find (a) u ⭈ v, (b) u ⭈ u, (c) 储 u 储2, (d) 冇u ⭈ v冈 v, In Exercises 21 and 22, find the direction cosines of u and
and (e) u ⭈ 冇2v冈. demonstrate that the sum of the squares of the direction cosines is 1.
1. u ⫽ 具3, 4典, 2. u ⫽ 具6, ⫺4典, 21. u ⫽ 5i ⫹ 3j ⫺ k 22. u ⫽ 具a, b, c典
v ⫽ 具⫺1, 5典 v ⫽ 具⫺3, 2典
In Exercises 23 and 24, find the direction angles of the vector.
3. u ⫽ 2i ⫹ j ⫺ 2k 4. u ⫽ 2i ⫺ j ⫹ k
v ⫽ i ⫺ 3j ⫹ 2k v⫽i⫺k 23. u ⫽ 3i ⫹ 2j ⫺ 2k 24. u ⫽ 具⫺2, 6, 1典

In Exercises 5 and 6, find u ⭈ v. 25. Load-Supporting Cables A load is supported by three cables,
5. 储 u 储 ⫽ 8, 储 v 储 ⫽ 5, and the angle between u and v is ␲兾3. as shown in the figure. Find the direction angles of the load-
supporting cable OA.
6. 储 u 储 ⫽ 40, 储 v 储 ⫽ 25, and the angle between u and v is 5␲兾6.
z
In Exercises 7–10, find the angle ␪ between the vectors. (−4, −6, 10)
B
7. u ⫽ 具1, 1典, v ⫽ 具2, ⫺2典 8. u ⫽ 3i ⫹ j, v ⫽ ⫺2i ⫹ 4j (4, − 6, 10) (0, 10, 10)
␲
冢冣 ␲
冢冣
3␲ 3␲
冢 冣 冢 冣 C A
9. u ⫽ cos i ⫹ sin j, v ⫽ cos i ⫹ sin j
6 6 4 4
10. u ⫽ 2i ⫺ 3j ⫹ k, v ⫽ i ⫺ 2j ⫹ k 300 lb y
O
In Exercises 11–16, determine whether u and v are orthogonal, x
parallel, or neither.
11. u ⫽ 具4, 0典, v ⫽ 具1, 1典 12. u ⫽ 具2, 18典, v ⫽ 具 32, ⫺ 16典 In Exercises 26–29, (a) find the projection of u onto v, and (b)
find the vector component of u orthogonal to v.
13. u ⫽ 具4, 3典 14. u ⫽ j ⫹ 6k
v⫽ 具 1
2, ⫺ 23 典 v ⫽ i ⫺ 2j ⫺ k 26. u ⫽ 具9, 7典, v ⫽ 具1, 3典 27. u ⫽ 2i ⫹ 3j, v ⫽ 5i ⫹ j
15. u ⫽ ⫺2i ⫹ 3j ⫺ k 16. u ⫽ 具cos ␪, sin ␪, ⫺1典 28. u ⫽ 具0, 3, 3典, v ⫽ 具⫺1, 1, 1典
v ⫽ 2i ⫹ j ⫺ k v ⫽ 具sin ␪, ⫺cos ␪, 0典 29. u ⫽ 2i ⫹ j ⫹ 2k, v ⫽ 3j ⫹ 4k

In Exercises 17–20, the vertices of a triangle are given. WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS
Determine whether the triangle is an acute triangle, an obtuse 30. Give a geometric description of the projection of u onto v.
triangle, or a right triangle. Explain your reasoning.
31. What can be said about the vectors u and v if (a) the
17. 共1, 2, 0兲, 共0, 0, 0兲, 共⫺2, 1, 0兲 projection of u onto v equals u and (b) the projection of u
18. 共⫺3, 0, 0兲, 共0, 0, 0兲, 共1, 2, 3兲 onto v equals 0?
19. 共2, ⫺7, 3兲, 共⫺1, 5, 8兲, 共4, 6, ⫺1兲 32. If the projection of u onto v has the same magnitude as the
projection of v onto u, can you conclude that 储 u储 ⫽ 储 v 储?
20. 共2, 0, 1兲, 共0, 1, 2), 共⫺0.5, 1.5, 0兲
Explain.
09-3.qxp:Calculus 5e 2013/3/30 1:19 AM Page 576

576 Chapter 9 Vectors and the Geometry of Space

CAPSTONE 44. Load-Supporting Cables Find the magnitude of the projection

of the load-supporting cable OA onto the positive z-axis as
33. What is known about ␪, the angle between two nonzero
shown in the figure.
vectors u and v, if
(5, −5, 20) B
(a) u ⭈ v ⫽ 0? (b) u ⭈v 0? (c) u ⭈v 0? C z (−5, −5, 20)

A 85 lb
34. Revenue The vector u ⫽ 具3240, 1450, 2235典 gives the
numbers of hamburgers, chicken sandwiches, and cheeseburgers,
respectively, sold at a fast-food restaurant in one week. The
(10, 5, 20) 60°
vector v ⫽ 具1.35, 2.65, 1.85典 gives the prices (in dollars) per unit O
for the three food items. Find the dot product u ⭈ v, and explain x 10 ft
what information it gives. 1000 kg
y Not drawn to scale

35. Programming Given vectors u and v in component form, Figure for 44 Figure for 45
write a program for a graphing utility in which the output is
(a) 储 u 储, (b) 储 v 储, and (c) the angle between u and v. 45. Work An object is pulled 10 feet across a floor, using a force
of 85 pounds. The direction of the force is 60⬚ above the
36. Programming Use the program you wrote in Exercise 35 to
horizontal (see figure). Find the work done.
find the angle between the vectors u ⫽ 具8, ⫺4, 2典 and
v ⫽ 具2, 5, 2典. 46. Work A sled is pulled by exerting a force of 100 newtons on
37. Programming Given vectors u and v in component form, a rope that makes a 25⬚ angle with the horizontal. Find the work
write a program for a graphing utility in which the output is the done in pulling the sled 40 meters.
component form of the projection of u onto v.
38. Programming Use the program you wrote in Exercise 37 to True or False? In Exercises 47 and 48, determine whether the
find the projection of u onto v for u ⫽ 具5, 6, 2典 and statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an
v ⫽ 具⫺1, 3, 4典. example that shows it is false.

Think About It In Exercises 39 and 40, use the figure to 47. If u ⭈ v ⫽ u ⭈ w and u ⫽ 0, then v ⫽ w.
determine mentally the projection of u onto v. (The coordinates 48. If u and v are orthogonal to w, then u ⫹ v is orthogonal to w.
of the terminal points of the vectors in standard position are
49. Find the angle between a cube’s diagonal and one of its edges.
given.) Verify your results analytically.
y y
50. Find the angle between the diagonal of a cube and the diagonal
39. 40.
of one of its sides.
6 6 v (4, 6)
v (4, 6)
4 4
In Exercises 51–54, (a) find all points of intersection of the
2 graphs of the two equations, (b) find the unit tangent vectors to
2 each curve at their points of intersection, and (c) find the angles
x
−4 u 2 4 6 x 冇0⬚ ⱕ ␪ ⱕ 90⬚冈 between the curves at their points of intersection.
−2 4 6
(−2, − 3) −2 u (3, − 2) 51. y ⫽ x2, y ⫽ x1兾3
52. y ⫽ x3, y ⫽ x1兾3
In Exercises 41 and 42, find two vectors in opposite directions
53. y ⫽ 1 ⫺ x2, y ⫽ x2 ⫺ 1
that are orthogonal to the vector u. (The answers are not
unique.) 54. 共 y ⫹ 1兲 ⫽ x,
2 y ⫽ x3 ⫺ 1
41. u ⫽ ⫺ 14 i ⫹ 32 j 42. u ⫽ 具4, ⫺3, 6典 55. Bond Angle Consider a regular tetrahedron with vertices
共0, 0, 0兲, 共k, k, 0兲, 共k, 0, k兲, and 共0, k, k兲, where k is a positive
43. Braking Load A 48,000-pound truck is parked on a 10⬚ slope real number.
(see figure). Assume the only force to overcome is that due to (a) Sketch the graph of the tetrahedron.
gravity. Find (a) the force required to keep the truck from
rolling down the hill and (b) the force perpendicular to the hill. (b) Find the length of each edge.
(c) Find the angle between any two edges.
(d) Find the angle between the line segments from the centroid
共k兾2, k兾2, k兾2兲 to two vertices. This is the bond angle for a
molecule such as CH 4 or PbCl 4, where the structure of the
molecule is a tetrahedron.
10°

Weight = 48,000 lb