Understanding Culture,

Society, & Politics

Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Culture & Society (Part II)
Understanding Culture, Society, & Politics – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Lesson 2 Society (Part II)
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Abigail Faith M. Luistro

Editor: Roma G. Pigtain
Reviewer: Joed T. Rodriguez
Illustrator: Abigail Faith M. Luistro
Layout Artist: Abigail Faith M. Luistro
Cover Design: LRMDS-Bataan

Management Team:
Schools Division Superintendent : Romeo M. Alip, PhD, CESO V
OIC-Asst. Schools Division Superintendent : William Roderick R. Fallorin
Chief Education Supervisor, CID : Milagros M. Peñaflor, PhD
Education Program Supervisor, LRMDS : Edgar E. Garcia, MITE
Education Program Supervisor, AP/ADM : Romeo M. Layug
Education Program Supervisor, AP : Romeo M. Layug
District Supervisor :
Division Lead Book Designer : Kenneth G. Doctolero
District LRMDS Coordinator : Pepito B. Hernandez
School LRMDS Coordinator : Jaycee B. Barcelona
School Principal :
District Lead Layout Artist, UCSP :
District Lead Illustrator, UCSP :
District Lead Evaluator, UCSP :

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Bataan

Office Address: Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan
Telefax: (047) 237-2102
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Understanding Culture,
Society, & Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Culture & Society (Part II)
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society & Politics – Grade 12

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Society!

This module is divided into two lessons: Lesson 1 for Culture, and Lesson 2

for Society. This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or

facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum

while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also

aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into

consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the

body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this

module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to

manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist

the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society & Politics – Grade 12

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Society!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
 skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your

Assessment
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given

Additional Activities
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

This contains answers to all activities in the

Answer Key
module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know

This module is designed and written to introduce to you the disciplines of

Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science; and to discuss the nature, goals, and

perspectives of the said disciplines.

At the end of this module, it is expected that you have learned to:

1. Explain anthropological and sociological perspectives on culture and

society (UCSPC11DCS-Ic-6).

2. Describe society and culture as a complex whole (UCSPC11/12DCS-Ic-7)

3. Identify aspects of culture and society (UCSP11/12DCS-Ic-8).

4. Identify forms of tangible and intangible heritage and the threats to these

(UCSP11/12DCS-Ie-11).
 What I Know

Determine whether the statements are True or False.

_______1. Society is made up of only a few people.

_______2. Society is made up of interconnected individuals.
_______3. Conflict theory is a reaction to Structural functionalism.
_______4. Structural functionalism sees society as stable and orderly.
_______5. Conflict theory sees the struggle between man and animals.
_______6. Structuration studies the interaction between SF and Conflict
theory in society.
_______7. Travel agency is the power or ability to make choices.
_______8. SF means Structural functionalism.
_______9. If one-part changes, all the other parts also change—this is
according to Structural functionalism.
_______10. Agency is more powerful than social structures—this is according
to Structuration.

Write SF if the perspective used is Structural functionalism, Ct if Conflict theory,

and St for Structuration theory.

_______11. Illusion of social change.

_______12. Struggle for power.
_______13. Dynamic relationship of people and social structures.
_______14. Harmony among the different parts of society.
_______15. Choice.
 Lesson

2 Society

One may be lonely.

“Two is a company, Three’s a crowd”.
Four is double the company
Five is a pair of company and the fifth wheel.

What’s In

When we study culture, it is always in the context group or social meanings because,
again, we can’t call something a culture unless a number or people recognizes and
practices it. When we study politics, it is always in the context of social relations
because politics is defined as “power relations”; it is the “unequal” relationship
between two or more people, or the relationship between people and their
government. In other words, when we study ways of life and power relations, we look
into the groups of people interacting with each other, making meanings, living out
traditions, and exercising power over each other—we are actually looking into
society.

Notes to the Teacher

This lesson investigates the not-so-simple dynamics in a society.
Encourage the student to look into his/her preconceived notions
of how a society operates.
 What’s New

How “sosyal”/social are you? Answer every cell in the Bingo and add your points to
see how connected you are to other people outside your family.

HUMAN SOSYAL BINGO

You know the When going to

You know someone Tried to catch You know the
name of the school, you greet or
outside your family “Manong Taho” 2x birthday a
ATE/KUYA at the talk to people (not
with a name that or 3x in the classmate’s (not
sari-sari store your family
starts with letter morning. You know your relative)
where you usually member or
“X” his daily schedule. sibling
buy things classmate) along
the way
2 points 3 points 2 points
1 point 5 points
You have
memorized the You have tried to You won after You were invited to
At least 5 students
different sections of run in your running for a the birthday of
outside your
the public market, school’s Student position in your your classmate’s
section know you
and you know Governance school’s Student sibling
where to buy what Governance

4 points
5 points 4 points 5 points 3 points
You have at least 5
The security guard You know the You went to the
friends (not your
in your school name of the birthday
relative) in real life
knows your name SOSYAL! security guard in celebration of your
(not just in social
or nickname 1point bonus your school classmate’s sibling
media)

3 points 1point 4 points

5 points
You notice the face, You have
new house, new You know someone baon/pabalot/
You know the store, or any (not your relative) You know someone takeaway from the
name of your change in your who has the same outside your family birthday
that just gave birth
Punong Barangay barangay name as yours celebration of your
classmate’s sibling
1 point 4 points 2 points 3 points 5 points
At least 3 people
Your profile picture At least 3 people (not your relative) More than 3 You invited your
has more than 100 (not your relative) react or comment classmates (not classmates (not
your relative) to
reactions shared your post your social media your relative) went
your house during
on social media post to your birthday your birthday

5 points 3 points 3 points 4 points 3 points

Score:

 1-2 HERMIT: You might have a terrible case of social anxiety, distrust
towards people, or you may be living far away from other people.
 3-13 MAVERICK: You’re not really shy, just an introvert that relates
with people who you really need.
 14-31 APPRENTICE: You are sociable enough to establish few
connections outside the family.
 32-47 EXPLORER: You have expanded your social comfort zone. Your
social connections are not limited to your basic needs and you have a
“good radar” for the happenings around you.
 48-63 NETWORKER: You have a good and wide social connection that
can help you get around your community. You don’t just have a “good
radar”, you hold a good amount of information.
 64-81 INFLUENCER: You don’t just know people; people know you, too,
and recognize your ability. Use your “social power” well.
 What is It

Based on the activity above, how social are you? How actively engaged are you
with the people outside your house, and around your community? Whether we like
it or not, we are a part of the bigger picture called society. Society, as defined in
Cambridge English Dictionary (2020) as “a large group of people who live together in
an organized way, making decisions about how to do things
and sharing the work that needs to be done”. Unless you are living self-sufficiently
in a hidden location, without contact with other people, and never influenced by the
other people or government, then you can argue that you are not a part of any society.
But we’re living in the 21st Century where globalization is undeniably taking place.
Just look at the tag of clothes, the label in your store-bought food, the news in the
radio or television, the materials for building the home where you’re staying—all
manufactured, exported or imported. Therefore, you’re not living in a vacuum; you’re
living connectedly to people outside the comfort of your home.
So how does society work? To answer this question, we will use three Sociological
perspectives.

֍֍֍

Structural Functionalism: Just like the Human Body

If you believe that everyone is in his/her proper place; that everyone fulfills a
specific function that only he/she can do; and that every part of our society is
essential, then you already have understood how SF or Structural Functionalism
sees society—everyone, every relationship and every structure serves a purpose in
maintaining society.
Let’s look at this analogy: Has anyone told you a compliment like, “Ang ganda
ng mata mo! (Your eyes are beautiful!)”, to which you responded something like,
“Sana mata na lang ako. (I wish I’m all eyes.)”? It might be a compliment to another
part of your body, and you wished that the compliment isn’t just for that one part,
so you wished to be all hands, all nose, all eyes, or all-whatever that body part is.
And of course, that can’t be because that is not humanly possible. And if humanly
possible, it isn’t beneficial at all. Every part of our body serves for the benefit of our
whole being. No matter how good or unpleasant that function might seem, it helps
us survive. If you were to become a body part, you might prefer the function of the
mouth or the eye, or even the brain and never the unglamorous role of your pores or
sweat glands, much more your anus, but without those “cleaning” functions, the
body won’t survive. If we will apply this analogy in society, people would unlikely
choose the role of street sweeper, parking attendant, street vendor, jeepney barker,
butcher, construction worker or whatever “humble”, unappealing, and physically
demanding job there is. People would usually choose the corporate business sector,
or the law enforcement sector, medicine, engineering, or education sector. But
society won’t function properly if we are all police officers, doctors, engineers, or
teachers. Society is functioning smoothly as it should be because of the different
structures present. Remember our definition of social structure from module 1?
Social structure is the pattern of social interactions in a society, and this includes,
family, school, mass media, government, and religion to name a few. Each structure
has its own function to fulfill to maintain the stability of society: the family is the
first teacher and training ground of an individual before he/she steps out of the
house; the school reinforces what was taught in the family, and teaches the
individual to be an obedient and productive citizen; mass media promotes the values
and attitudes learned by an individual by producing shows with characters that
model the desired characteristics; the government keeps the individual safe, and
monitors individual behavior that can harm the society; and the church would
cultivate the spirituality of the individual, and would teach the value faith and
patience, instead of rebellion, in times of hardships. But even though society should
be working perfectly, as its parts are doing their functions, dysfunctions happen.
These dysfunctions would turn out to be the social problems. These problems have
wide-ranging effects, and don’t just involve one or a few individuals. Examples of
social problems are poverty, illegal drug trade, and human trafficking. When
dysfunctions or social problems happen, the whole “body” or society reacts, just like
the domino effect; like when you have a wound in your hand or bruise in your leg,
the whole body reacts and adjusts to the pain. To maintain the order and balance in
society, every social structure responds to correct the dysfunction to bring back
normality.
To conclude, remember that when using SF as your “lens” to view society,
always ask, “To what social structure does this role belong to?” and “How does this
social structure contribute to the order and stability of society?”
 What’s More

Determine the social structure to which the following roles belong to and try to
explain the function of these roles in the maintenance or order in society.
Social structure: Education, Health sector, Market, Government, Religion
Example 1: Student education Study well, learn values and ideas that
contribute to the development of the
country, graduate, and become a
productive citizen
Example 2: Church religion Sing songs that promote the spiritual
choir well-being of the members of society;
promote peace, harmony, and trust in
God through songs they sing
Example 3: News Mass Inform people about the status of
reporter media society/country; report news that is not
biased; report news that does not
damage society
1. Nurse

2. Vendor

3. Priest

4. Senator

5. Teacher

Conflict theory: Inequality all around

 Karl Marx

If SF investigates the orderliness of society, our next perspective sees society

as a struggle. Conflict theory is a reaction to SF because it views social structures
as unfair and promotes inequality in society. This theory came from Karl Marx’s
theory (Marxism) that views the conflict between the rich capitalists or business
owners (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat).
Remember that for SF everyone is in its proper place in society because
everyone has a function to fulfill—this perspective accepts one’s place in society
without question. Conflict theory believes that SF’s perspective is used by those in
power to control the less privileged to maintain their position of power. For example,
let’s look into the relationship between a worker and his/her boss. According to SF,
it is important to maintain this relationship because they both have different
functions to fulfill—you can’t have a company with all workers and no boss, or all
bosses and no workers, right? How about promotion? If a worker does a good job,
he/she might be promoted to a higher-ranking position, but is still a worker. And his
boss? He would also move up to a higher-ranking position, thanks to the productivity
of his worker. Hard work and promotion give an illusion that you are moving up in
society, because you remain a worker, and the boss remains the boss. Why? Because
SF says, if change will happen in one part of society, everyone else will move because
the goal is balance and maintenance—and this perspective maintains the inequality
in society according to conflict theory. Let’s look at another example: the function of
religion or church in society. SF would say that the church’s function is to teach faith
in God in times of economic or whatever hardships in society. Conflict theory would
say that the church is an instrument of the rich and powerful in controlling the
people. Why? Because the church teaches the people to accept hardships without
questioning, because questioning hardships is equivalent to questioning God;
questioning authorities is like questioning God; and challenging authorities is like
challenging God. Conflict theory sees that inequality is present in all social structures.
 What’s More

Listen to Tatsulok (by Bamboo) or Upuan (by Gloc-9). If you can’t listen to the
song, just look for or ask someone who knows the lyrics of the song. Then, using the
Conflict theory, write a reflection paper about the message of the song.

֍֍֍

Structuration Theory: Power in Our Choices

SF gave us a very positive view on society, but Conflict theory presented the
problems of SF. These two perspectives are like opposite poles. To balance these
opposing views, we will have the middle ground of Structuration theory. But before
we learn how this theory sees society, let’s introduce a new concept. For
structuration theory, we will use the concept agency, instead of individuals. Agency
is the “power” or capacity of individuals to decide and make decisions for themselves.
Agency then is not dictated by social structures; it is independent and can change
the social structures. Now going back to our theory, Structuration theory suggests
that social structures and agency have a dynamic relationship, meaning the social
structures affect agency much the same way that agency affects the social
structures; not one factor is more powerful than the other. Let’s apply this theory!
Have you encountered the expression, “Ipinanganak na mahirap, mamamatay na
mahirap”? This expression applies what theory? If you answered SF, then you are
correct! The Conflict theory would then say that the poverty of that individual is
because of the oppressive structures that are taking advantage of him/her.
Structuration theory, on the other hand, doesn’t believe that you don’t have a choice.
If you will remain poor, it might be because you did not use your agency to break
away from oppressive social structures; it might also be that your choices
contributed to the social structures that are oppressing you. A better approach, using
Structuration, would be to revise the expression to, “Ipinanganak na mahirap,
mamamatay na mayaman”, because this expresses the individual’s power to choose.
Using structuration theory, you can break away from your status and contribute to
changes in society: you can become a boss, too, and you can help your employees
reach higher position than yours; you can be an obedient citizen while holding your
government accountable of its actions; you can be devote to your religion and at the
same time propose changes for improvement. Structuration theory doesn’t see social
structures and agency as enemies, but as interacting elements in society.
 What’s More

Think of 3 problems in society and apply the perspective of Structuration to solve

those problems.
Example: 1. Water shortage- conserve water; formulate rules that would help in
managing water resources; water companies should also involve the water users in
their decision-making policies.
Example: 2. Teenage pregnancy- encourage openness in the family, especially in
topics about relationships and sex; educate teens properly on sex education to help
them make better choices; teach the value of responsibility and priorities.

What I Have Learned

Let’s look what we have learned so far. Fill in the missing words to complete the
thought of the following paragraphs.

Society is a large number of people living together in an (1) ___________ way.

The way we view society depends on what theory or perspective we use. Using SF or
(2) ___________ makes us see society like a human (3) ___________. All its parts have
a specific (4) ___________. Just like in society, every social structure works to
maintain the order in society. Because the goal is the maintenance of balance in
society, there is almost no change. And if there is change in one part of society,
everything else changes. Just like our expression, “Sakit ng kalingkingan, sakit ng
buong katawan”, a change in a part effects the whole.
(5) ___________ theory, on the other hand, sees society as full of (6) ___________. Social
structures favor the rich and powerful, and discriminate the poor and helpless. There
is always a struggle for power. It criticizes SF’s perspective of change because it is
only an (7) ___________ —you remain where you are because everyone moves as you
move. As the expression goes, “Ang mahirap, pahirap nang pahirap at ang mayaman
naman ay payaman nang payaman”.
Structuration theory on the other hand balances the two perspectives above. This
theory looks into the dynamics between social structures and (8) ___________ —this
is the power of an individual to make choices. It says that not one element of society
is more powerful than the other. Instead it sees the (9) ___________ and
interrelationship between social structures and agency.
 What I Can Do

Think of 3 Social Structures that you belong to. Write down your role/s for each
social structure, the problem/s you see or experience, and possible solutions for
those problems.

Social structures I belong to

1 2 3

Your Role/s Your Role/s Your Role/s

The problem/s you see or The problem/s you see or The problem/s you see or
experience experience experience

What you can do to solve What you can do to solve What you can do to solve
the problem/s the problem/s the problem/s
 Assessment

Determine whether the statements are True or False.

_______1. Society is made up of only a few people.

_______2. Society is made up of interconnected individuals.
_______3. Conflict theory is a reaction to Structural functionalism.
_______4. Structural functionalism sees society as stable and orderly.
_______5. Conflict theory sees the struggle between man and animals.
_______6. Structuration studies the interaction between SF and Conflict
theory in society.
_______7. Travel agency is the power or ability to make choices.
_______8. SF means Structural functionalism.
_______9. If one-part changes, all the other parts also change—this is
according to Structural functionalism.
_______10. Agency is more powerful than social structures—this is according
to Structuration.

Write SF if the perspective used is Structural functionalism, Ct if Conflict

theory, and St for Structuration theory.

_______11. Illusion of social change.

_______12. Struggle for power.
_______13. Dynamic relationship of people and social structures.
_______14. Harmony among the different parts of society.
_______15. Choice.
 Additional Activities

Have you heard about the “feral children”? These are children found living
alone, usually in the wild, without humans taking care of them. For those found in
the forests, some say that animals took care and raised the children. Maybe you have
seen the movie Tarzan or heard of the character Mowgli from The Jungle Book. They
are examples of feral children that were eventually brought back to society.

Do you think humans can really live outside of society? Imagine being raised
by an animal. What would happen when, after long years of living with animals, a
person is placed in society? What would be the challenges? Do you think that person
could forget what he “learned” from the animals?

Think and try to imagine the situation of a feral child. Write your thoughts or
reflections about the questions about.
Additional Assessment What I Have Learned What I Can Do
Activities
1. False 1. Organized Depends on
Depends on 2. True 2. Structural student’s answer
student’s answer 3. True functionalism
4. True 3. Body
5. False 4. Function
6. False 5. Conflict
7. False 6. Inequality
8. True 7. Illusion
9. True 8. Agency
10. False 9. Interaction
11. Ct
12. Ct
13. St
14. SF
15. St
What I know What’s More (SF) What’s New
1. False
2. True 1. heath sector, plus Depends on
3. True student’s explanation student’s answer
4. True 2. market, plus student’s
5. False explanation
6. False 3. religion, plus student’s
7. False explanation
8. True 4. mass media, plus
9. True student’s explanation
10. False 5. education, plus
11. Ct student’s explanation
12. Ct
13. St
14. SF
15. St
Answer Key
References:
Coole, Diana. 2017. "Agency | Political Science". Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/agency-political-theory.
"Critical Theory | Definition & Facts". 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/critical-theory.
Faris, Robert E.L. 1998. "Sociology | Definition, History, Examples, &
Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/sociology.
Gibbs, Beverley. 2013. "Structuration Theory | Sociology". Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/structuration-theory.
Mayall, John Jabez Edwin. 1875. Karl Marx. Image.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_001.jpg.
"SOCIETY | Meaning In The Cambridge English Dictionary".
2020. Dictionary.Cambridge.Org. Accessed July 4.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/society.
"Structural Functionalism | Definition, Development, & Criticisms".
2020. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/structural-
functionalism.
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: [email protected]