Citizen Z
Citizen Z
Citizen Z
8 GRAMMAR
SCIENCE
COUNTS
Past simple vs. past continuous
3 ✌ ✍✞✎✝☎✝ ☎✆✝ ☎✝✧☎ ✒✟☎✆ ☎✆✝ ✠ ☛☛✝✠☎ ✞✄✏☎
☎✝✑✏✝ ✓ ☛✍ ✓ ☎✆✝ ✔✝☛✕✏☞
★✣✩✣✢ ✛✪✤ ✫✣✢✢✜ 0 were sitting ✬✦✭✩✮ ✭✪ ✛ ✯✛✰✱✲ ✫✳✣✜
(review) SB p.90 1 ✬✪✘✩ ✗✘✘✙✮ ✘✴✩ ✘✰ ✩✳✣ ✥✭✪✤✘✥ ✵ ✩✳✣✜
2 ✬✩✛✗✙✮✲ ✶✴✦✩ ✩✳✣✪✷ ✩✳✣ ✥✛✭✩✢✣✦✦
1 ✂ ✁ ✄☎ ☎✆✝ ✞✟✠☎✡☛✝☞ ✌ ✍✞✎✝☎✝ ☎✆✝ ✏✝✑☎✝✑✠✝✏ ✸ ✬✦✯✢✣✛✹✮ ✛✪✤ 4
✒✟☎✆ ☎✆✝ ✞✄✏☎ ✠ ✑☎✟✑✡ ✡✏ ✓ ☛✍ ✓ ☎✆✝ ✔✝☛✕✏ ✟✑ ☎✆✝ ✎✟✏☎☞
✬✤✢✘✚✮ ✩✳✣ ✺✘✜✦✻ ✯✘✼✣✣ ✘✪ ✩✳✣ ✽✘✘✢✲ ✾✳✣✪ ✩✳✣✜
send ✖ ✗✘✘✙ ✖ ✚✗✛✜ ✖ ✢✣✛✤ ✖ ✤✢✛✥ ✖ ✦✗✣✣✚ ✿ ✬✗✘✘✙✮ ✢✘✴✪✤✷ ✦✳✣ ❀
✬✗✘✘✙✮ ✘✴✩ ✩✘ ✩✳✣ ✦✩✢✣✣✩✲ ✫✳✣✜ 7 ✬✗✘✘✙✮
✘✴✩ ✩✘✘ ✛✪✤ ✦✛✥ ✛ ✜✘✴✪❁ ✹✛✪ ✥✳✘ 8
72
SCIENCE COUNTS
5 ✂ ✁✄☎ ✁☎✆ ✝✆✞✁✆✞✄✆ ☎ ✟✠✆✝✡ 8 ❝✵✵❞ ✁ ✁☎✆ ❬✳✄✁❪✴✆✝✡ ✲✵❩❬✟✆✁✆ ✁☎✆ ✝✆✞✁✆✞✄✆✝
☛ ☞✌ ☞ ✍✎✏✑ ✒✓✎✎✓✔✕✖ ✎✏✑ ✗✔✘✎✏ ✎✙✚✛✏✜✢ e ✶✳✁☎ ✁☎✆ ✄✵✴✴✆✄✁ ✄✵✞✷✳✁✳✵✞ ✟ ❫✵✴❩ ✞✷ ✁☎✆ ✶✵✴✷✝ ✳✞
✁☎✆ ✟✳✝✁✡
✣ ☞✌ ✚✤ ✥✘✚✗✙✦✏✜ ✑✓✖ ✑✘✜✍✧✎★✢
✩ ☞ ✑✘✙✪✫ ✑✓✪✍ ✦✘ ✦✔✏ ✖✔✘✗✗✧✎★ ✥✏✎✦✜✏ dance ❡ ✓✖✦✜✘✎✓✙✦ ❡ ✎✏✑ ❡ ✥✙✜✪✤ ❡ ✖✦✜✘✎★✏✜ ❡ ✖✧✎★
✓ ✧✌ ✧✦ ✑✓✖✎✕✦ ✜✓✧✎✧✎★✱
✛ ✧✌ ☞ ✓✖✍✏✫ ✔✏✜ ✎✧✥✏✪✤✱
✥ ☞ ✑✘✙✪✫ ✖✏✎✫ ✔✏✜ ✓✎ ✏✚✓✧✪✱
☛ ☞ ✑✧✖✔ I could dance ✣ ☞ ✑✧✖✔
✫ ☞ ✑✘✙✪✫ ✗✜✘✛✓✛✪✤ ✚✏✏✦ ✖✘✚✏ ✘✌ ✚✤ ✌✜✧✏✎✫✖✱
✏ ☞ ✑✘✙✪✫ ✗✔✘✎✏ ✔✏✜✱
✌ ✧✌ ☞ ✔✓✫ ✚✘✜✏ ✚✘✎✏✤✱
73
UNIT 8
VOCABULARY
WORDLIST
Direction and movement
towards backwards
forwards down
up up and down
✲✳✱✶✹✺✱✲✺ achievement✏
✰✱✲✳✴✵✶✷✸
basic ✑☞ ✄✂☎ ✒✝✞✓ ✎✂✂✡ ✂✄ ☎✆✝ ✠✂☞✔✕☎✝✞✌ ✖✕☎ ✠✟✄ ✡✂
enormous✏
Science identify ✘✆✝✓ ✁✂✞✛✝✡ ✆✟✞✡ ☎✂ ☎✞✓ ✟✄✡ identify the causes
✰✱✲✳✴✵✶✷
✽✻✳✼✱✹✶
✂☛ ☎✆✝ ✗✙✙✄✝✍✍✏
✱✹✵✶✹✺ prevent ✘✆✝✓ ✆✟✒✝ ✔✕☎ ☎✞✟✫✠ ✙✗✎✆☎✍ ☎✆✝✞✝ ☎✂ ☎✞✓ ☎✂ prevent
✟✠✠✗✡✝✄☎✍✏
74
SCIENCE COUNTS
1 ✂ ✁ ✄☎ ☎✆✝ ✞✟✠☎✡☛✝☞ ✌ ✍✞✎✝☎✝ ☎✆✝ ✏✝✑☎✝✑✠✝✏ 3 ✪✏✝ ☎✆✝ ✠✎✡✝✏ ✫✬✭ ☎ ✠ ✍✞✎✝☎✝ ☎✆✝ ✞✡✮✮✎✝☞
✒✟☎✆ ☎✆✝ ✒ ☛✓✏ ✟✑ ☎✆✝ ✎✟✏☎☞ ✯✆✄☎✰✏ ☎✆✝ ✍✱✏☎✝☛✱ ✒ ☛✓✲
around✔ ✕✖✗✘✙✖✚✛✜ ✔ ✢✣ ✔ ✖✙✖✤ ✥✚✦✧
0R E S E A R C H
✛✦✙★ ✔ ✩✦✙✖✚✛✜ ✔ ✢✣ ✖★✛ ✛✦✙★ ✔ ✥✦✚✙✖✚✛✜
1
✳
4
✴
✵
7
UNIT 8
READING
1 Remember and check ✂ ✁✁✄☎✆ ✆✝✄ ✞✟✠✄✁✡☛✟✄✠ ☞ ✁✠✌✍ ✎✝✄✟ ☎✝✄☎✏ ✑ ✞✁ ✒✟✌☞✄✁✌ ☛✟ ✆✝✄ ✆✄✓✆ ✟ ✔✒✕✄ ✖✗
✘ ✆✝✄ ✙✆✞✠✄✟✆✚✌ ✛ ✏✍
✜ ✢✣✤✤✥ ✦✧★✩✪✫ ★✤✣ ★✤✬✭✮✫✯ ✤✰✪✱✫✲ ✮✫ ✳✮✣ ✴✤✩✳✧✰✵✣ ✯✤✰✲✧✫✶ mother’s
1 He sat near a tree and an ✪✰✤✫✯✧ ✴✧✬✬ ✪✱✩ ✪✴ ✩✳✧ ✩✰✧✧✶
✷ ✦✧★✩✪✫ ✩✳✧✫ ✯✪✩ the book ✤✸✪✱✩ ✯✰✤✹✮✩✺✶
✻ ✼✰✥✳✮✽✧✲✧✣ ★✤✣ ✤✫ ✪✬✲ ✢✩✤✬✮✤✫ ✽✤✫✶
✾ ✿✫✧ ✲✤✺ ✳✧ ✯✪✩ ✤✫ ✮✲✧✤ ★✳✧✫ ✳✧ ★✤✣ ✮✫ ✩✳✧ shower✶
❀ ❁✧ ✣✤★ ✳✪★ ✩✳✧ amount ✪✴ ★✤✩✧✰ ✥✳✤✫✯✧✲ ★✳✧✫ ✳✧ ✽✪✹✧✲✶
❂ ✦✧★✩✪✫ ✣✤★ ✩✳✤✩ ✯✰✤✹✮✩✺ ✤✬✣✪ ✳✤✣ ✤✫ ✧❃✧✥✩ ✪✫ ✩✳✧ sun✶
❄ ✼✰✥✳✮✽✧✲✧✣ ✤✫✲ ✦✧★✩✪✫✵✣ ✲✮✣✥✪✹✧✰✮✧✣ ★✧✰✧ ✫✪✩ ✥✪✽❅✬✧✩✧ mistakes✶
3 ❆✄✒✠ ✆✝✄ ✒✁✆☛☎✡✄ ✒✕✒☛✟✍ ❳✒✁✏ ✆✝✄ ✌✄✟✆✄✟☎✄✌ ✎ ❇✆✁✞✄❈❨ ❩ ❇✘✒✡✌✄❈ ✁ 4 ✎✝☛✟✏ ✘ ✒✟ ✆✝✄✁ ❝✡❞ ✁ ✎❡
❬✙ ❇✆✝✄ ✆✄✓✆ ✠ ✄✌✟✚✆ ✌✒✑❈✍ ✔✁ ✕✁✒❞❞✄ ☞☛✆✝ ✌☎☛✄✟✆☛✌✆✌ ☛✟ ☛✆✍
✜ ❭✳✧ ✮✲✧✤ ✪✴ ■✽✤✲ ✣✥✮✧✫✩✮✣✩✣✵ ✮✣✫✵✩ ✤ ✫✧★ ✪✫✧✶ T ❢✁✄ ✆✝✄✑ ✌✝ ☞✟ ✒✌ ✕ ✠ ✁ ❉✒✠❣ ❤✁☛✆✄
✒ ✌✝ ✁✆ ✆✄✓✆ ❇✒❉ ✞✆ ✐❦❧♠❦❦ ☞ ✁✠✌❈✍
❊ ✼✬✬ ✩✳✧ ❍✬✽✣ ✤✸✪✱✩ ❋✰✤✫✭✧✫✣✩✧✮✫ ✳✤✹✧ ✸✧✧✫ ✳✪✰✰✪✰ ❍✬✽✣✶
✷ ❭✳✧ ❍✬✽ The Fly ✳✤✣ ✸✧✧✫ ✽✤✲✧ ✩★✮✥✧✶
PRONUNCIATION
✻ ❪✧✪❅✬✧ ★✧✰✧ ✹✧✰✺ ✤✴✰✤✮✲ ★✳✧✫ ✩✳✧✺ ✣✤★ The Fly✶
✎✝✄ ❑❥✉▲❑ ✌ ✞✟✠
✾ ✼ ✣✱✰✹✧✺ ★✤✣ ✲✪✫✧ ✪✴ ✤✬✬ ✩✳✧ ✳✪✰✰✪✰ ❍✬✽✣ ✴✰✪✽ ❊❫✻✜ ✩✪ ❊❫❴✜✶
▼◆ ❖◆ P◗❘❙ ❚❯❱❲
❀ ❵✮✫✣✩✧✮✫ ✳✤✲ ✸✮✯ ✧✺✧✣✶
❂ ✢✫ Back to the Future❛ ❜✪✥ ✲✪✧✣✫✵✩ ✯✧✩ ✧✹✧✰✺✩✳✮✫✯ ✰✮✯✳✩✶
❄ ✢✫ ✩✳✧ ✥✤✰✩✪✪✫❛ ✢✯✪✰ ✸✱✮✬✲✣ ✤ ✽✪✫✣✩✧✰ ★✳✪ ✭✮✬✬✣ ❅✧✪❅✬✧✶
76
SCIENCE COUNTS
DEVELOPING WRITING
✁✂ ✄☎✆✝✞✁✟✁✠✡ ✆✝☛✞✠☎☞ ✌☎✁✌✟☎✍☞ ✟✎✏☎☞
1 ✑✒✓✔✕ ✓✕✖ ✓✖✗✓✘ ✙✚✓✕ ✓✕✖ ✛✚✜✖✢✔✕✒✣✤✚✣✤ ✚✣✥✖✣✓✚✦✣✘ ✚✣ ✓✕✖ ✛✚✘✓✧ ★✕✖✩✖ ✒✩✖ ✓✕✩✖✖ ✓✕✒✓ ✪✦✫ ✬✦✣✭✓ ✣✖✖✬✧
penicillin the aeroplane the car the lift ✺❍✽ ✾■✹✻❏❑✽ the wheel
♥ ▲ ▼
♠ ❱❯❘❖❬ ❘❱❴❲ ❜✐❝P ❯◆❝❨ ❱♦ ❘❙◆❣❘❖✐ ▼◆❖ P♦◗ ❘❙◆❣❘❖✐ ❚❯◆❱ ❱❯❘❖❣❲ ♠ ❱❯❘❖❬ ❭❪❫ ❯◆❲ ❤❯◆❖❣✐❨ ❥✐♦❥❳✐❴❲
❚❯◆❱ ❳❘❡✐ ❚♦◗❳❨ ❩✐ ❳❘❬✐ ❚❘❱❯♦◗❱ ❚♦◗❳❨ ❩✐ ❳❘❬✐ ❘❡ ❭❪❫ ❨❘❨❖❴❱ ❳❘❜✐❲ ◆ ❳♦❱ q ◆❖❨ ❖♦❱ ◆❳❚◆P❲ ❘❖ ◆
❭❪❫❞ t❘❡✐ ❘❖ ❱❯✐ ❤♦◗❖❱❝P ❙❘❣❯❱ ❖♦❱ ✐❵❘❲❱❪ ❛❜✐❝P♦❖✐❴❲ ❳❘❡✐ ❚♦◗❳❨ ❩✐ ❣♦♦❨ ❚◆P❞
❩✐ ❱♦♦ ❨❘❡❡✐❝✐❖❱❧ ❩◗❱ ❘❖ ❤❘❱❘✐❲ ❘❱ ❯◆❝❨✐❝❞ ❢❯✐ ❚♦❝❬ ♦❡ ❨♦❤❱♦❝❲ ◆❖❨ ♣♦❚ ❱❯◆❱ ❚✐❴❜✐ ❣♦❱ ❘❱❧ ❥✐♦❥❳✐
❤✐❝❱◆❘❖❳P ❚♦◗❳❨ ❩✐❞ ❯♦❲❥❘❱◆❳❲ ❚♦◗❳❨ ❩✐ ◆ ❳♦❱ ❙♦❝✐ ❡✐✐❳ ❡❝✐✐❝ ◆❖❨ ❱❯✐P ❤◆❖ ❣♦ ❱♦ ◆
▲✐❡♦❝✐ ❚✐ ❯◆❨ ❭❪❫❧ ❥✐♦❥❳✐ ❯◆❨ ❨❘❡❦❤◗❳❱❧ ❱♦♦❞ ❳♦❱ ♦❡ ❥❳◆❤✐❲ ❙◗❤❯ ❙♦❝✐ ✐◆❲❘❳P❞
❱♦ ❚◆❳❬ ◆ ❳♦❱ ❙♦❝✐ ❱❯◆❖ ❱❯✐P ❨♦ ♠ ❝✐◆❨ ♦❖❤✐ ❱❯◆❱ ❱❯✐ ❨❘❲❤♦❜✐❝P ♠❱ ◗❲✐❨ ❱♦ ❩✐ ❜✐❝P ✐❵❥✐❖❲❘❜✐❧ ❩◗❱
❖♦❚ q ◗❥ ◆❖❨ ❨♦❚❖❧ ♦❡ ❤♦◗❝❲✐❧ ♦❡ ❭❪❫ ❚◆❲ ◆ ❬❘❖❨ ♦❡ ◆❤❤❘❨✐❖❱❞ ❥❝❘❤✐❲ ❯◆❜✐ ❣♦❖✐ ❨♦❚❖ ◆ ❳♦❱ ❘❖
◆❖❨ ❤◆❝❝P❘❖❣ ❳♦❱❲ ♦❡ ❱❯❘❖❣❲❞ ♥❳❙♦❲❱ ◆ ❯◗❖❨❝✐❨ P✐◆❝❲ ◆❣♦❧ ❱❯✐ ❳◆❲❱ ❱❚✐❖❱P ♦❝ ❱❯❘❝❱P P✐◆❝❲❞
✉❘❱❯♦◗❱ ❘❱❧ ❚✐ ❚♦◗❳❨❖❴❱ ❯◆❜✐ ◆ ❲❤❘✐❖❱❘❲❱ ❘❖ ▲❝❘❱◆❘❖ ❡♦◗❖❨ ♠❡ ❚✐ ❨❘❨❖❴❱ ❯◆❜✐ ❭❪❫❧ ❱❯❘❖❣❲
❱♦❚✐❝❲ ◆❖❨ ❝✐◆❳❳P ❱◆❳❳ ❩◗❘❳❨❘❖❣❲ ❲♦❙✐❱❯❘❖❣ ❲◗❝❥❝❘❲❘❖❣ ❘❖ ❯❘❲ ❳❘❬✐ ❱❯✐ ❡♦♦❨ ❚✐ ✐◆❱ ❘❖ ❙◆❖P
❳❘❬✐ P♦◗ ❲✐✐ ❘❖ ✐❜✐❝P ❤❘❱P ❘❖ ❱❯✐ ❳◆❩♦❝◆❱♦❝P ◆❖❨ ♦❱❯✐❝ ❥✐♦❥❳✐ ❤♦◗❖❱❝❘✐❲ ❚♦◗❳❨ ❩✐ ❨❘❡❡✐❝✐❖❱❞
❚♦❝❳❨❞ ✈♦❚ ❚♦◗❳❨ P♦◗ ❤◆❝❝P ◆❳❳ ❨❘❲❤♦❜✐❝✐❨ ❯♦❚ ❱♦ ❱◗❝❖ ❘❱ ❘❖❱♦ ▲✐❤◆◗❲✐ ♦❡ ❭❪❫❧ ❖♦❚ P♦◗ ❤◆❖ ❣✐❱
P♦◗❝ ❲❯♦❥❥❘❖❣ ❱♦ P♦◗❝ ❯♦❙✐ ❘❡ ❱❯❘❲ ❝✐◆❳❳P❧ ❝✐◆❳❳P ❘❙❥♦❝❱◆❖❱ ❦❲❯❧ ❡❝◗❘❱ ♦❝ ♦❱❯✐❝ ❱❯❘❖❣❲ ❡❝♦❙
P♦◗ ❯◆❨ ❱♦ ❚◆❳❬ ◗❥ ❱♦ ❱❯✐ ❦❡❱❯ ❙✐❨❘❤❘❖✐❞ ♠❱ ❯✐❳❥❲ ❥✐♦❥❳✐ ❚❯♦ ♦❖✐ ❤♦◗❖❱❝P ❱♦ ◆❖♦❱❯✐❝ ❘❖ ◆
✇♦♦❝❪ ♥❖❨ ❘❱ ❚♦◗❳❨❖❴❱ ❩✐ ✐◆❲P ❱♦ ◆❝✐ ❲❘❤❬ ❡❝♦❙ ❙◆❖P ❨❘❡❡✐❝✐❖❱ ❜✐❝P ❲❯♦❝❱ ❱❘❙✐ q ◆ ❨◆P ♦❝ ❳✐❲❲❞
❩◗❘❳❨ ❥❳◆❤✐❲ ❳❘❬✐ ◆❘❝❥♦❝❱❲❧ ✐❘❱❯✐❝❞ ❱❯❘❖❣❲❧ ◆❖❨ ❘❱❴❲ ◗❲✐❨ ◆❳❳ ♦❜✐❝ ❱❯✐ r♦ ❘❖ ▲❝❘❱◆❘❖❧ ❡♦❝ ✐❵◆❙❥❳✐❧ ❚✐
✈♦❚ ❚♦◗❳❨ ❥✐♦❥❳✐ ❣♦ ◗❥ ◆❖❨ ❚♦❝❳❨❞ ❤◆❖ ❯◆❜✐ ❡❝✐❲❯ ❥❘❖✐◆❥❥❳✐ ❡♦❝
❨♦❚❖ ❘❖❲❘❨✐ ❚❘❱❯ ◆❳❳ ❱❯✐❘❝ ❯✐◆❜P ♥ ❳♦❖❣ ❱❘❙✐ ◆❣♦❧ ❥✐♦❥❳✐ ❨❘❨❖❴❱ ❩❝✐◆❬❡◆❲❱❧ ◆❖❨ ❱❯◆❱ ◗❲✐❨ ❱♦ ❩✐
❲◗❘❱❤◆❲✐❲❪ ◗❲✐ ❱♦ ❯◆❜✐ ❭❪❫❞ ♣♦❚ ❳❘❡✐ ❘❲ ❙◗❤❯ ❘❙❥♦❲❲❘❩❳✐❞
♠ ❱❯❘❖❬ ❭❪❫ ❘❲ ♦❖✐ ♦❡ ❱❯✐ ❙♦❲❱ ❩✐❱❱✐❝ ❩✐❤◆◗❲✐ ❚✐❴❜✐ ❣♦❱ ❘❱❞ ▲◗❱ ❭❪❫ ❙◆❬✐❲ ◆ ❳♦❱ ♦❡ ❖♦❘❲✐ ◆❖❨
❘❙❥♦❝❱◆❖❱ ❘❖❜✐❖❱❘♦❖❲ ♦❡ ◆❳❳ ❱❘❙✐❞ ❤❝✐◆❱✐❲ ❥♦❳❳◗❱❘♦❖❞ s◆P❩✐ ❱❯❘❖❣❲
❚♦◗❳❨ ❩✐ ❩✐❱❱✐❝ ❚❘❱❯♦◗❱ ❡❝✐❲❯
❥❘❖✐◆❥❥❳✐ ♦❝ ❯♦❳❘❨◆P❲ ❘❖ ❡◆❝◆❚◆P
❤♦◗❖❱❝❘✐❲❞
2 ✮✖✒✬ ✓✕✖ ✓✖✗✓ ✒✤✒✚✣✧ ✯✚✣✬ ✖✗✒✰✱✛✖✘ ✦✜ ✲ 3 ①✩✚✓✖ ✒ ✘✕✦✩✓ ✓✖✗✓ ✒②✦✫✓ ✒✣ ✚✣✥✖✣✓✚✦✣ ✦✩ ✬✚✘✔✦✥✖✩✪
1 the second conditional: things would be very ✓✕✒✓ ✪✦✫ ✓✕✚✣③ ✚✘ ✩✖✒✛✛✪ ✚✰✱✦✩✓✒✣✓ ④⑤⑥⑥⑦⑤⑧⑥ ✙✦✩✬✘⑨✧
different, • ⑩❍✵✵✾✽ ❶❍✸✺ ✺✵ ❶✹✻✺✽ ✸❷✵❸✺ ❹ ✶✸■❷✽ ✵❏✽ ✵❺ ✺❍✽
✵✺❍✽✹ ✺❍✻❏❑✾ ✻❏ ❻❼✽✹✴✻✾✽ ❽❾ ❿✹ ✺❍✽ ✶✵❷✻➀✽ ✷❍✵❏✽❾
➁❍✽ ✴✵✶✷❸✺✽✹❾ ➁❍✽ ✴✸✶✽✹✸❾
• What can you can say about how life used to be
2 used to: people didn’t use to have it,
❷✽❺✵✹✽ ❶✽ ❍✸➂ ✺❍✻✾ ✺❍✻❏❑❾
• What can you say about what life would be like if we
✾✺✻➀➀ ➂✻➂❏➃✺ ❍✸✼✽ ✻✺❾
✳ ✴✵✶✷✸✹✸✺✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃ ❄❅❆❇❈❉❊❋● • What comparisons can you make?
77
UNIT 8
LISTENING
1 4.22 ✂ ✁✄☎✆ ✄✝ ✄✞✝ ✟✝✆✠☎✡✁☛✄ ✝✆✁☞ ✌☛✄✟✍ ✄✍☎✎ ✞ ✄✍ ✄✍☎ ✟✝✡✡☎✟✄ ✏ ✟✄✑✡☎☞
A B C D
Conversation 1
✕ ✖✗✘✙✚ ✛✜✙✚ ✢✣✢ ✤✗✚ ✥✣✦✧★✙ ✩✦✘✤✗✚✦ ✩✦✚✜✪✫ He broke his friend’s mother’s vase.
✬ ✖✗✘ ✢✣✢ ✗✚✦ ✩✦✘✤✗✚✦ ✤✚✧✧ ✜✩✘✭✤ ✤✗✚ ✩✦✘✪✚✮ ✛✜✙✚✫
Conversation 2
✵ ✖✗✰ ✣✙ ✤✗✚ ✥✣✦✧ ✙✘ ✗✜✳✳✰✫
DIALOGUE
❯❱❲❳❨ ❯❩
✜✮✰ ✴✘✦✚✿
✾ ❈✘ ✗✚ ✢✘✚✙✮★✤ ✱✘✦✪ ✤✗✚✦✚ ✜✮✰ ✴✘✦✚✫
✳✦✚✙✚✮✤✜✤✣✘✮ ✜✩✘✭✤ ✚❋✳✚✦✣✴✚✮✤✙ ✘✮ ✜✮✣✴✜✧✙✿ ✹ ✣✤ ✧✚✤✙ ✳✚✘✳✧✚ ✤✦✜✛✚✧ ✜✧✧ ✘✛✚✦ ✤✗✚ ✱✘✦✧✢✿
✢✜✢✺ ✤✗✚✮✿
78
1 ❑▲▲▼ ◆P P◗❘ ❙❚❯❱ P▲ ❳❘❘ ❨◗◆P ❯❩❬▲❚❭◆P❯▲❩ ❯❳ ❭❯❳❳❯❩❙❪ ❫❴◆❩ P◗❘ P❘❵P ❬▲❚ P◗❘ ❭❯❳❳❯❩❙ ❯❩❬▲❚❭◆P❯▲❩ ◆❩❱ ❴▲❭❛❜❘P❘
P◗❘ ❙❚❯❱❪
JAMES WATT:
Year of birth: 0 1736 ✁✂✄☎ ✆✝ ✞✟✠✡☛☞ 1
❲❤❡♥ ✛✜♠❡s ❲✜tt ✢✜s ✣♦r♥ ✤♥ ✥✼✸✻ ✤♥ ✦r❡❡♥♦❝❦✱ ❖♥ ✜ ✮✧♥❞✜② ✜❢t❡r♥♦♦♥ ✤♥ ✥✼✻✺✱ ✢❤✤❧❡ t❤❡ ✤♥✈❡♥t♦r
❊♥❣❧✜♥❞✱ s✤♠♣❧❡ st❡✜♠ ❡♥❣✤♥❡s ✢❡r❡ ✜❧r❡✜❞② ✧s❡❞ t♦ ✢✜s ❣♦✤♥❣ ❢♦r ✜ ✢✜❧❦✱ ❤❡ ❤✜❞ ✜♥ ✤❞❡✜✳ ✪❡ t❤♦✧❣❤t t❤✜t
♣✧♠♣ ✢✜t❡r ♦✧t ♦❢ ❝♦✜❧ ♠✤♥❡s✳ ★❤❡s❡ ♣✧♠♣s ✢❡r❡♥➆t ❤❡ ❝♦✧❧❞ ♠✜❦❡ t❤❡ st❡✜♠ ❡♥❣✤♥❡ ♠✧❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ♣♦✢❡r❢✧❧
✤♥✈❡♥t❡❞ ✣② ❲✜tt✱ ♦❢ ❝♦✧rs❡✱ ✜♥❞ ♥♦✣♦❞② ❦♥♦✢s ✢❤♦ ✤❢ ❤❡ ♠✜❞❡ ✜ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♥t✜✤♥❡r ✢❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♦❧✤♥❣ ❝♦✧❧❞
✩rst ♠✜❞❡ t❤❡♠✳ ✪♦✢❡✈❡r✱ ❲✜tt ✤s ✧s✧✜❧❧② ❝✜❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ t✜❦❡ ♣❧✜❝❡ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ st❡✜♠ ❝♦✧❧❞ ✣❡ ❝♦♥❞❡♥s❡❞✱ ✢❤✤❧❡ t❤❡
✤♥✈❡♥t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✫♠♦❞❡r♥➆ st❡✜♠ ❡♥❣✤♥❡✳ ❝②❧✤♥❞❡r ✢✜s ❦❡♣t ✜t t❤❡ s✜♠❡ t❡♠♣❡r✜t✧r❡ ✜❧❧ t❤❡ t✤♠❡✳
★❤❡ st♦r② ✣❡❣✤♥s ✢✤t❤ ②♦✧♥❣ ❲✜tt✱ s✤tt✤♥❣ ✣② t❤❡ ★❤❡ ♥❡①t ♠♦r♥✤♥❣✱ ❤❡ ✣✧✤❧t ✜ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ✜♥❞ ✢✜s
✩r❡♣❧✜❝❡ ✤♥ t❤❡ ❧✤tt❧❡ ❝♦tt✜❣❡ ❤❡ ❣r❡✢ ✧♣ ✤♥✳ ✪❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✈❡r② ❤✜♣♣② ✢❤❡♥ ❤❡ s✜✢ t❤✜t ✤t ✢♦r❦❡❞✳ ❲✜tt ❤✜❞
✢✜t❝❤✤♥❣ t❤❡ st❡✜♠ r✤s✤♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❤✤s ♣✜r❡♥ts➆ ✣♦✤❧✤♥❣ t❡✜ ✤♥✈❡♥t❡❞ ✜ ♠✧❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ❡❢✩❝✤❡♥t st❡✜♠ ❡♥❣✤♥❡✳
❦❡tt❧❡ ✤♥ t❤❡✤r ❝♦tt✜❣❡✱ ✜♥❞ t❤✤s ✢✜s t❤❡ ✣❡❣✤♥♥✤♥❣ ♦❢ ✜ ✮❤♦rt❧② ✜❢t❡r✢✜r❞s✱ ✛✜♠❡s ❲✜tt ✜♥❞ ✯✜tt❤❡✢
❧✤❢❡❧♦♥❣ ❢✜s❝✤♥✜t✤♦♥ ✢✤t❤ st❡✜♠✳ ❇♦✧❧t♦♥ st✜rt❡❞ ✜ ✣✧s✤♥❡ss t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✜♥❞ ✣❡❣✜♥ s❡❧❧✤♥❣
■♥ ✥✼✻✸✱ s♦♠❡✣♦❞② ✣r♦✧❣❤t ❤✤♠ ✜ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲✜tt st❡✜♠ ❡♥❣✤♥❡ ✤♥ ✥✼✼✺✳ ❲✜tt➆s ❡♥❣✤♥❡s ✢❡r❡
★❤♦♠✜s ✬❡✢❝♦♠❡♥➆s st❡✜♠✲♣✧♠♣✤♥❣ ❡♥❣✤♥❡ t❤✜t ✢✜s ✧s❡❞ ✤♥ t❤❡ ❝♦✜❧ ♠✤♥❡s✱ ✣✧t t❤❡② ✢❡r❡ ♠✧❝❤ ✣❡tt❡r t❤✜♥
✣r♦❦❡♥ ✜♥❞ ❞✤❞♥➆t ✢♦r❦ ✜♥② ♠♦r❡✳ ✪❡ ✜s❦❡❞ ❲✜tt ✤❢ ❤❡ t❤❡ ♦♥❡s ✧s❡❞ ✢❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✢✜s ✜ ✣♦②✳ ✪✤s ❡♥❣✤♥❡s ✢❡r❡
❝♦✧❧❞ tr② ✜♥❞ r❡♣✜✤r t❤❡ ♠✜❝❤✤♥❡✳ ✜❧s♦ ✧s❡❞ ❢♦r tr✜♥s♣♦rt✜t✤♦♥ ✜♥❞ ✤♥ t❤❡ t❡①t✤❧❡ ✤♥❞✧str②✳
❲✜tt ✢✜s ❡①❝✤t❡❞✱ ✜♥❞ ✤t ❞✤❞♥➆t t✜❦❡ ❤✤♠ ❧♦♥❣ t♦ ❲✜tt ✢✜s ✈❡r② s✧❝❝❡ss❢✧❧ ✜s ✜ ✣✧s✤♥❡ss♠✜♥✱ ✜♥❞
❣❡t t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❣♦✤♥❣✳ ✪❡ ✢✜s ❢✜s❝✤♥✜t❡❞ ✣② ✤t✱ ✣✧t ✢❤❡♥ ❤❡ r❡t✤r❡❞ ✤♥ ✥✽✵✵✱ ❤❡➆❞ ✣❡❝♦♠❡ ✜ ✢❡✜❧t❤② ♠✜♥✳
s♦♦♥ ♥♦t✤❝❡❞ t❤✜t ✤t ✢✜st❡❞ ✜ ❧♦t ♦❢ ❡♥❡r❣② ✣❡❝✜✧s❡ t❤❡ ✪❡ ❞✤❡❞ ✤♥ ✰✧❣✧st ✥✽✥✾✳
❝②❧✤♥❞❡r ✢✜s ✧s❡❞ ✣♦t❤ ❢♦r ❤❡✜t✤♥❣ ✜♥❞ ❢♦r ❝♦♦❧✤♥❣✳ ✭♦r
✢❡❡❦s✱ ❤❡ ❝✜rr✤❡❞ ♦✧t ❧♦ts ♦❢ ❡①♣❡r✤♠❡♥ts✳
79
A B C
❈❋❈✬✷✾✮✹ ✦✧✿✫❊✷✭✫❊✷✱✫✰P❈✬✷✾✮✹ ✶✾✰✧✱✫✬
✼ ✸✦✷✱✫✺
B C
❏ ❲✽✩✫✱★✩❱✽✪✦✧✿✫❋✷✾✱✹✽✾✭✫✪❋✷✭❊✧✱✰❋✧★✧✮✹✩✪✫✧✪✫✪✺
❳ ❈✦✷✸✫❈✽✷✾✮✹ ✲✷✷✾★★✷✱✩✲✦★✶✾★❈✦✧✿✫★✷✪★✾✹✰✺
✏✔❄✙❅✕❆☞✍❃✖✡☛☞✌✍✎✕❀✕☛✎✖❁✕✔✘✌✑✍☞✍✎✌✍✎✒✍☞✗✙✌✔❂✍❃ ❬
S
2
❭
4.23
❇ ❈★❉✪ ✪✾❊❊✫✭✺
✣ ✵✦✫✶✷✰✬✷✾✮✹ ✮✩✯✫★✷✪★✷✸✬✩✱★✫✭✦✧✸✸✫✱✩✱✲✺
F 7 8
✴ ✵✦✫✶✷✰✮✩✯✫✪★✷✦✫✧✭✶✩✭✹✪✪✩✱✲✩✱✲✺ ❪
✵✦✫✶✷✰★✦✩✱✯✪★✦✫✰✽✷✾✮✹ ✦✧✿✫✧✸✧✭★✰✧★
✼ ★✦✫✫✱✹✷❋★✦✫❊✷✱★✦✺
● ❍✷✾✽✧✱✲✫★★✬✫✱★✰✸✫✷✸✮✫ ✩✱★✷★✦✫■✧★✺ 10
GRAMMAR
✪✽✧✭✫✹✺ ✪ ✶✩✲ ✹✷✲✺❈★✬✧✪✭✾✱✱✩✱✲❫❊✫✺❈✬✧✪✪✷
✼ ❈✪✧✬★✦✩
✢✏❑▲❆✍✌✍✌✑✍☞✍✎✌✍✎✒✍☞✖▼☞✍✏✎✍◆✏✔❖✖ ● ❈❉✮ ✽✷❊✫✧✱✹✪✫✫✰✷✾★✦✫❫✧❋★✫✭★✷❊✷✭✭✷✬✺
❇ ❋✭✩❈✲✷✭✾✱✱✩ ✱ ✲✫✿✫✭✰❊✷✭✱✩ ✱ ✲P✧✱✹✪✷ ❳ ✻✫❉✪ ✧✮✩★★✮✫ ✮✧★✫P✶✾★✦✫❉✮ ✶✫✦✫✭✫❫★✷✷✮✷✱✲✺
3
✫✱✹◗✷✱✩✽✧✺
does
❴ ✥✫❉✭✫✲✷✩✱✲★✷❫✧❵❛❋✷✭★✦✫✸✧✭★✰✺
my
✣ ❈✬✩✪✦✰✷✾ ✦✫✭✫❘✶✾★✰✷✾✧✭✫✱❉★❙
✴ ✥✦✫✱❈✬✧✪✰✷✾✱✲✫✭P❈ ✣ ❈★❉✪ ✧❫✸✧✭★✰❘✩★❉✪ ✧✮✮ ✧✶✷✾★✪✸✷✭★✺
Across
✹✷❈❙ ❜ ❲✦✫❉
● ❍✷✾✽✧✱❉★ ✽✷❊✫✳✵✦✧★❉
✺ ✪ ✧✪✦✧❊✫✺❈✭✫✧✮✮✰ ✬✩✪✦✰✷✾ ❋✷✭✶✾✩✪ ✧✪✽✩
✮✹✩✱✫✲✺✱★✩✪★❘✪✦✫✹✷✫✪❫✩✱★✷✱✫✬❊✧★✫✭✩✧✮✪
B
❝ ❞✾✭✸✧✭★✰✩✪ ✷✱★✦✫✣❴★✦P★✬✷✬✫✫✯✪❋✭✷❊❫✺
✣❇ ✷❋✸✫✷✸✮
❈❉❊ ✬✭✩★✩✱✫✲✧❫✮
❙ ✩ ✪ ★❋✷ ✭★✦✫✸✧✭★✰❘❈❉ ❊ ✩ ✱✿✩ ★ ✩ ✱ ✲✮ ✷ ★✪
80
✁✂✄☎ 7&8
DIALOGUE
6 ✆✝✞✟✠
☛☞✡✠✓✑☛✔✡☛✡☛☞✡✌✝✍✎✡✏✑✒☛✓✝✍✔✕✑✡☛☞✡✟☞✏✒✑✡✑✓✍
✖✗✘✙✗✚✚✛✜✢✣✗✤✚
✘✗✤✜✩✢✜✩✘✗✤✜✩ ✥✥✦✜✚✧✢✜✯✙✗✗✩✜✛✪✪
✗✚✧✛✘★✗✘✩✪✫ ✥ ✥✬✧✢✚✭✰✤✱✯✲✲✗✤
✪ ✢✪✧✢✮✛
✳✧✢✚✩✗✲✗✤✘✛✱✯✗✜ ✥ ✚✧✛✘✛✭✪ ✜✗✚✧✴✜✙★✘✗✜✙★✴✚✧
✵✶✷ ✸✹✺✻✼✶✽✾✿❀✷❁❂✹❀✾✾❃✽✹❄✽❃❅❅❄❆❃❅❄✿✽✾✿❅❇✹❄✻
❁❇✶❇❀❈✾ ❉✿✹❀✾❃❊✿✾✹❀❊❅❄✻❁❈❉ ✽❃❅❅❄❁✽✹✶❇ ✾❋❃✽✿
HAYLEY
✾❋✶❀❊✽✻
●❋✷✾❋✹✾❈✽ ●❍✷✵✹❄■✿❄✻❁❈❏✿ forgotten about ➀➁➂➃➄➅➁➆➇➁➈➄➁➉➄➉➊➋➋➁➉➉➁➉➁➌➁➇➍ ➀ ➉➋➍➁➀➋➁➎➋➄➍➂➀
✹■❅✿✹❇❄✻
MAX 0 it
➃➅➈➉➆➂➀➁➂➊➄➍
➁➈➄➊➇➁➉➈➉➙➈➋➁➉➅➍ ➙ ➦➄➅➁➧➄➈➇➉➅➍ ➉ ➁➦➄➅➈➄
MAX
❊✿✾✾✶❀❊ ➄➍➍➀➩➄➅➁➩➂➌➍
➁➡➍➄ ➛➈➉➙➇➂➠➈➠➭
➁ ➝ ➄➅➁➠➁➉➄➉➋➍
➉➡➈➀➜➄➅➁➉➁➇➍ ➁ ➁➀➋➁➎➋➄➍➂➀➂➀➏➐➂➇
➉➛➈➉➇➁➩➈➇➵➈➠➭ ➁➜➁➜➠➁➋➈➊➉➁
✹❀❊❅❄✻❁❉✿✹❀✷✶✾ ❋✹❙❙✿❀✽✾❃✿❏✿❅❄❃❀✿✻❯❑✾
Well, you know,
➩➁➩➠➁➇➉➂➃➄➅➁➋➇➁➛➂➃➄➅➁➨➀➄➁➇➙➇➍ ➉ ➁➍ ➀ ➋➭➊
MAX
●❋▲❩❃❄❃❑❃❆✾✿❀❊✿✾✹❀❊❅❄▲ ➋➈➙➄➈➍
➄➅➁➂➇➍➀➆➍➂➃➄➅➁➨➀➄➁➇➙➇➍
➀➈➭❐➈➙➄➈➍➀ ❒➍➇➉➵➡➯❮➳↕ ➁➦➈✃➊➍➄➁➜➍➺➁➇➁➀➄➎➆➊➇➁➃➇➂➩
❱✿✹❋✷❁❊✿✾✹❀❊❅❄✹■ ❃✾✷✹❀❇❁❊✿✾❖✹❇✾❋❃❑❊❋✾✽✾❋✹✾
HAYLEY
MAX
Ù➋➅➈➇➈➋➄➁➇➉➵➀➂➛➁➌➁➇➝➁➙➍
➀ →➾➣Ú➘Û Ú➓➹Û→➾➣➴➔Ü➡➃➂➇➁➫➈➩➙➭ ➉➂➜➁➠➝➅➁➈➇➄↕➁➡➉➂➩➁➂➃➄➅➁
READING
➸➀➜➍ ➄➼➉ ➈➭➉➂➍➀➂➄➁➇➁➉➄➍
➄➅➈➄➛➁➇➁➎➋➄➍ ➀➆➄➂➂➠➉➁➇➌➁➄➅➈➄➉➂➩➁➄➅➍
➀➯Ý➳➈➇➁➀➂➄➎➋➄➍ ➂ ➀➈➀➝➩➂➇➁↕Þ➂➠➍ ➀➆➉➭➁
7
☛☞✡✑✟✒✌✡✑❜❝❞✔✌✠✡✔❴✒☛✌☞☛☞✡✞✓✑✑✓✍❵✑✡✍☛✡✍✌✡✑❛✓☛☞
❪✡✒❫☛☞✡✒✏☛✓ ➙➅➂➀➁➉➈➀➜➉➭
➍➂➃➂➊➇➁➌➁➇➝➜➈➝➭
➀➋➇➁➜➍➠➭➁ ➍➀ ➄➅➁➁➈➇➭ ➍➜➍➀➆➜➂➂➇➉➡➃
➝ ➁➙➍ ➉ ➂➇➁➫➈➩➙➭➁➡➉➁➁➩➁➜
➂➜➁➉➡➠➊➄➀➂➛➄➅➁➝➈➇➁➙➈➇➄
❡❢❣❤✐❤❥❦
0 and meet to speak it D
➍➌➁➉↕
❧ ✴✜ ✚✧✛♠♥♦♣✪✢✜✩♠♥q♣✪
1 when included them
r ✚✧✛✩✛✛s✛✪✚s✢✘✚✪✗✖✗✤✚✛✘✪s✢✱✛ WRITING
t s✰✢✲✛✩✣✲✳✴✰ ✴✢✮✉✧✢✚✜✛✘ ✈✏✓ ☛✡✒✑☞✝✏☛☛✡✇☛① ✒②✝③☛④⑤⑥❝④⑦⑥❛✝✏❫✑⑧✒②✝③☛
8
✒✑✌✓ ✡
❹✝③✏✡✒✠✍✌✡⑨✌☛✓
✠ ❹ ✠ ✓⑩ ✝ ✍②✝✝⑩❶⑨✠
✡✝✏✏✡✒✠ ✠ ❹ ✞✑✠✓⑩✝✏❷❸✟✏✝❵✏✒✞✞✡☛☞✒☛
❫✓ ✡✔❺✍✌✠③❫✡☛☞✡❻✝✠✠✝❛✓✍❵
✓✍❻✝✏✞✒☛✓✝✍❼
• ★✧✢✚✚✧✛✣✗✗✯❽❾✰✮ ❽✬❿s✘✗✙✘✢✮✮✛✴✪ ✱✢✰✰✛✩
• what it is about
• what you like / dislike about it
81