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Mathematics
Quarter 2 - Module 9:
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Math Module – Grade 8 Name of Learner: ___________________________

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Grade & Section: ___________________________
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Math Module – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 9: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

First Edition, 2020

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 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

What I Need to Know

Objective: At the end of this module, you should be able to use inductive or deductive
reasoning in an argument. (M8-GE-IIh-1)

What’s In

Activity 1: READ THEN DECIDE!

Description : Many statements that we encounter are logically constructed but

NOT valid or acceptable. This activity deals with determining which
statement is valid or not.

Direction : Tell whether the second statement is a valid consequence of the first
statement.

1. Students who are good in oral communication are smart.

Enchong is smart, then he is good in oral communication.

2. Young celebrities, are health conscious.

Maymay is a young celebrity then she is a health conscious.

3. It it rains, then the sports fest will be canceled.

It rains therefore the sports fest is canceled.

4. If the lines are parallel, they do not intersect

Line a and line b do not intersect; therefore, they are parallel.

5. If two angles are right angles, then they are congruent.

< A and <B are congruent , then they are right angles.

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 What’s New
Activity 2 : WHY OH WHY?

Direction: Look carefully each item, what is next?

1) Study the pattern . Draw the next figure .

● ● ● ●
● ●

2) Fill in the next box in the pattern

ABCD BCDE CDEF DEFG

3) 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 49. The next number is ________.

4) What is the next term in the sequence?

1, 6, 11, 16, 21, ____

5) How many dots are there in the 15th figure?

●●●● ●●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

Questions: How did you arrive at your answer?

Did you find any pattern from the given set of data, as bases of your answer?
Based on the activity, what is inductive reasoning?

What is it
Inductive reasoning is the process making generalizations or conjectures based on
observed patterns in a set of data. This means that in inductive reasoning, you need to observe and
recognize patterns in a given set of data before making generalizations.

Specific statements

General statements
Illustrative examples:
1. What are the next two terms in the sequence?

A. 0, -1.5, -3, -4.5, …

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Solution: Observe the data and recognize the pattern.
The numbers in the sequence have an interval of -1.5
Generalization: The next two numbers in the sequence should be -6 and -7.5
respectively.

B. 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, …

Solution: The numbers in the sequence have an interval of 10.
Generalization: The next two numbers in the sequence are 55 and 65
respectively.

2. What is the next shape in the sequence?

Solution: The figure in the sequence is a rectangle divided horizontally to form

two rectangles then vertically to form four rectangles.
Generalization: The next figure in the sequence is

To deduce means “to reason from known facts.” Hence, deductive reasoning is the process of
showing that certain statements follow logically from agreed upon assumptions or proven facts.

General statements

Specific statements

To better understand deductive reasoning, syllogism can be used. A simple syllogism is an

argument composed of three statements: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. The
major premise is a general statement, whereas the minor premise is a particular or specific statement.
From two statements, the conclusion is deduced.

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Illustrative examples:

1. What can be concluded from the argument?

Right angles are congruent.

Angles A and B are right angles.

Solution: Right angles are congruent. the general statement

Angles A and B are right angles. particular statement

Conclusion: Angles A and B are congruent.

2. What can be deduced from the following premises?

Major premise: Anyone who plays basketball is sporty.

Minor premise: Marco plays basketball.

Conclusion: Marco is sporty.

Activity 3 : WHAT’S NEXT?

Direction: Answer each number.

1. 1 x 100 = 100
2 x100 = 200
3 x 100 = 300
40 x 100 = 4000
215 x 100 = _______

2. My grade 6 mathematics teacher was very kind.

My last year mathematics teacher was kind too.
My present mathematics teacher is also kind
Therefore , __________________________.

For numbers 3 to 5. What are the next two terms in the following sequence?

3. 1, 2, 6, 24, 120 , … _____, _______

4. 1,600, 400, 100, 25, … ______, ______

5. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, … _______, _______

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 What’s More
Activity 4 : CUBRA CUBE
Example :
Statement Conclusion
All students who passed Algebra are
enrolled in Geometry class. Donnie is enrolled in Geometry class.
Donnie passed Algebra.

All men are mortal.

Marc Tracy is a man. Marc Tracy is mortal.

Complete the table below.

Statements Conclusion
1. 1. Filipinos are hospitable.
Bonifacio is a Filipino.

2.If points are collinear, then they lie

on the same plane.
Points R,M,and N are collinear.

2. 3. A quadrilateral is a polygon with four

3. sides.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.

4. 4. Smoking can cause cancer.

5. Tomas smokes.

5. An angle is acute if its measure is

between 0⁰ and 90⁰.
Angle B is acute.

In activities 3 and 4, you have just respectively experienced inductive and deductive
reasoning. Can you give the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?

What I Have Learned

Activity 5 : MOVE UP
Identify whether the conclusion was a result of induction or deduction.

__________1. A quadrilateral has four sides.

A rectangle has four sides.
A rectangle is a quadrilateral.
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__________2. If an angle is obtuse , then it cannot be acute.
<M is obtuse
<M cannot be acute.

__________3. If 3, 6, 9 and 12 are the first four terms, then 15 is the

fifth term.

__________4. Ray is to an angle as side is to a triangle.

__________5. Trees can be found in a forest.

Birds live on trees.
Therefore, birds can be found in a forest.

__________6. If 3:6, 6:18 and 12:54, then 24:162

__________7. All animals are mortal.

All humans are animals.
Therefore, all humans are mortal.

__________8. If a polygon has five sides, then it is a pentagon.

__________9. All trees are plants.

All acacia are trees.
Thus, all acacia are plants.

__________10. If a number is divisible by 2, then it is even.

What I can Do

Activity 6: LETS CONCLUDE

Direction: Draw a conclusion from each given situation and identify the kind
of reasoning used.

1. 5, 10, 15, 20. The next number is ___________________________________.

2. Coplanar points are points on the same plane. X, Y, Z are coplanar.

Therefore, __________________________________.

3. A regular polygon is equilateral. BELEN is a regular pentagon.

_________________________________________________

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 4. A child’s teacher in pre-school was a female . In his grades 1 and 2, his teachers were both
female. The child may say that _____________________.

5. Filipinos are a peace-loving people. Julia is a Filipino. Therefore,

_______________________________________________________.

Assessment:
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer:

1. Which of the following best described deductive reasoning?

A. Using logic to draw conclusion based on accepted statements
B. Accepting the meaning of a term without definition
C. Defining mathematical terms in relation to physical objects
D. Inferring a general truth by examining a number of specific examples.
2. Study the pattern . Draw which of the following is the next figure.
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●

●
● ● ●
● ●
A. ● ● ● B. ● ● C. ● ● ● D. ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●

3. 15, 30, 45, 60 the next number is _________________.

a) 65 b) 75 c) 85 d) 90

4. conclusion can you draw out of the given statements below.

Filipinos are hospitable
Crisan is a Filipino
A. Therefore , Crisan is hospitable.
B. Therefore, Filipinos are Crisan.
C. Therefore, hospitable is a Filipino.
D. Crisan is a Filipino.
5. All teenagers like to go swimming.
Zita is a senior citizen.
What can you conclude about Zita?
A. Therefore, Zita is a senior citizen.
B. Therefore, Zita is 60 years old.
C. Therefore, Zita is not a teenager.
D. Therefore, Zita does not like to go swimming.

For numbers 6-10. Determine whether inductive or deductive reasoning is applied in

each case.
_________6) If today is Sunday , then tomorrow will be Monday.
_________7) Since it rained on Christmas for the 3 years , so it will rain on
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 Christmas again.
_________8) If the perimeter of a square is 56cm, then each sides is 14cm long.
_________9) Right angle are congruent . Angle A and angle B are right angles.
Angle A and angle B are congruent.
_________10) Cheenee randomly picked ten green marbles and she concludes
that all marbles must be green.

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References:
Emmanuel P. Abuzo, Merden L. Bryant, Jem Boy b. Cabrella, Belen P. Caldez, Melvin M.
Callanta, Anastacia Proserfina I. Castro, Alicia R. Halabaso, Sonia P. Javier, Roger T. Nocom,
and Concepcion S. Ternida, Mathematics- Grade 8 Learner’s Module First edition, 2013. pp 329-331,
August 2020.

Maria Maitas M. Marasigan, Angelo D. Uy, Lorelei B. Ladao-Saren, Next Generation Math II
Textbook, Diwa Learning INC., Philippine Copyright 2011, pp 5-6, August 2020.

Fernando B. Orines , Zenaida B. Diaz, Maharlika P. Mojica, Catalina B. Manalo, Josephine

L. Suzara, Jesus P. Mercado, Mirla S. Esparrago, Nestor V. Reyae Jr., Copyright 2013.
Next Century Mathematics 8, Phoenix Publishing House, Copyright 2013 INC pp 404-408,
August 2020.
Answer key:

Activity 1: Read Then Decide

1. Valid 2. valid 3. valid 4. not valid 5. not valid

Activity 2:

1. ● ● 2. EFGH 3. 64 4. 26 5. 32 dots
● ●
Activity 3:
1. 21500
2. All my mathematics teachers are kind.
3. 720

Activity 4:
1) Bonifacio is hospitable.
2) Points R,M and N lie on the same plane.
3) A parallelogram is a polygon with 4 sides.
4) Tomas is prone to cancer.
5) Angle B measures between 0⁰ and 90⁰.

Activity 5:
1. D 2. D 3. I 4. I 5. I 6. I 7. D 8. I 9. D 10. D

Activity 6:

1) 25 , inductive.
2) X,Y,Z are points on the same plane, deductive.
3) BELEN is equilateral , Deductive
4) her teachers are all female, inductive
5) is a peace loving people , deductive

Assessment:
1. D 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. d 6. I 7. I 8. D 9. D 10. I

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