Pineapple Peel Wastes As Possible Source of Antioxidants
Pineapple Peel Wastes As Possible Source of Antioxidants
Pineapple Peel Wastes As Possible Source of Antioxidants
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1. Introduction
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the main agricultural commodities from Subang, West Java,
Indonesia. The city produces over 135.000 tons of pineapple in the year of 2014 [1]. As the impact of
pineapple food industries, pineapple peel wastes (PPW) are the important issue of waste management
of which urgently to be overcame. PPW is therefore converted into highly valuable product, since
contains considerable content of antioxidant property, sugar, phenolic compound, high fiber, and
protein. PPW also provides high potential bromelain enzyme as functional material [2-4].
Generally, PPW has been used for animal feed or land fertilizer [5], as reducing agent or
antioxidant, and substrate for production of bio-ethanol [6-7]. Antioxidant or reducing agent plays an
important role both in health sector and chemical industry. Unfortunately, chemically synthesis
antioxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are not safe
for health. It is found that at high dose both BHA and BHT induced tumor growth [8]. Therefore we
aimed to explore PPW as a potential of natural antioxidant. One of interesting pineapple applications
as reducing agent is in biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles. It is found that biosynthesis of metal
nanoparticles can be carried out by aqueous pineapple extract [9-10]. The work had successfully
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
1st International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 60 (2017) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/60/1/012013
produced silver and cooper nanoparticles. Chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid in aqueous pineapple
extract is considered having an important role as reducing agent or antioxidant [9].
Study of antioxidant activity showed that methanol was the best organic solvent for
pineapple extract [2,11]. However, methanol is a toxic organic solvent which caused several health
problems [12]. Mixtures of ethanol and water are an environmentally preferable solvent [13]. Study on
the pineapple as antioxidant by ethanol was considerable aginst DPPH radical and achieved at
concentrations of 50 and 70% v/v. , and is considerable against DPPH radical [11]. The study aimed to
investigate the effect of water-ethanol at various concentrations for PPW as antioxidant activity.
2. Experimental
2.1. Material
PPW was collected from UKM Alam Sari, Subang, West Java Indonesia. PPW was washed under tap
water and dried in a blower oven at 55°C for 48 hr. The dried PPW was grinded mechanically and
further used for extraction. Meanwhile for fresh material, PPW was cut into small pieces, then directly
macerated in organic solvent. Chemical reagents sulphuric acid, anthrone, methanol, Na2CO3, Follin
Ciocalteu are pro analysis grade from Merck, meanwhile DPPH radical, ascorbic acid, gallic acid are
from SIGMA-ALDRICH, and ethanol is technical grade from Bratachem.
2.2.Method
2.2.1. Extraction
Ten g of fresh and dried PPW were macerated in 100 mL of ethanol:water at various concentration
(0:100, 15:85, 35:65, 55:45, 75:25 and 100:0 for 24 hr at ambient temperature). The filtrates were
evaporated under rotary vacuum evaporator (Heidolph, Germany). The yield of extraction was
determined as percentage of concentrated extract compare to weight of sample before extraction.
% Inhibition = (1)
C is absorbance of DPPH, and S is absorbance of sample. Ascorbic acid was used as positive control.
The procedure was performed triplicate [14].
2
1st International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 60 (2017) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/60/1/012013
standard and total phenolic content was calculated based on gallic acid standard curve. The total of
phenolic content was expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The procedure was performed
triplicate [15]
3
1st International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 60 (2017) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/60/1/012013
1.4
Total Phenolic Content/GAE of extract (%, w/w)
1.2
0.8
Dried PPW
0.6
Fresh PPW
0.4
0.2
0
0 15 35 55 75 95
Ethanol concentration (%)
Figure 1. Total Phenolic content/GAE (%, w/w) of PPW extract at various ethanol concentrations
in water.
From Figure 1 it shows that the highest total phenolic content of fresh PPW was found in water
extract (0% ethanol), whereas for dried PPW was of 75% v/v ethanol extract. The results of total
phenolic content in dried PPW almost the same with selected Malaysian pineapple [18].
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1st International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 60 (2017) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/60/1/012013
The different of total phenolic content from fresh and dried PPW was due to heat processing. Fresh
PPW was not processed and phenolic compound has yet decomposed. Whereas total phenolic content
in water extract is the highest among other. This due to water extract of PPW contain polar compound
of which more soluble in water than in aqueous ethanol,
From Figure 1 shows that PPW extract contained 540 – 1260 mg GAE/100 g PPW, nearly about 10
times higher than previous study was of 34.7-54.7 [18] and 22.7-53.8 mg GAE/100 g fruit [11].
4. Conclusion
PPW from Subang, West Java, has succesfully been converted into a potential source of antioxidant.
Ethanol/Water of 55% (v/v) provided high yield of antioxidant and avoided microbial contamination.
Acknowledgement
Author thanks to Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, for support
this research under Riset Mandiri 2016 and Ms. Rossy Choerun Nissa for her technical help on this
research.
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