Journey to the Edge of the Universe

National Geographic introduces the first precise non-stop journey from Earth to the

Galaxy center with a single unbroken image of spectacular CGI technology. ‘Journey to the Edge

of the Universe' is a film on National Geographic and the Discovery Channel, a documentary

broadcast. It represents a simulated voyage from Land to the Universe's edge. Establishing

images captured from the Hubble space telescope Journey to the Universe explores science and

history in the solar system behind faraway celestial bodies (Ananthaswamy 2010). This

spectacular and epic journey through the cosmos leads us to the closest stars, nebulas, and

galaxies, from the Earth, from the night sky and our adjacent planets, and from our solar system

to the far end of the Universe. The documentary uncovers what we would discover if we could

travel across our Universe.

As Neil Armstrong's footsteps were still screened at the moon, the notable rise onto

Mercury via the brightly illuminated Venus, which was almost entirely made of iron, might be

the left remains of a far more giant planet. Mars is an outer planet with tornadoes, volcanoes, and

canyons, as opposed to anything seen in the world, while the always-present Red tempest of

Jupiter is three times the size and lasting centuries. We find Land that closely resembles Earth

when reaching the moon of Saturn Titan, but the rivers, oceans, and lakes of Titan are made of

water but liquid methane (Ananthaswamy 2010). Is life here able to exist? Over 90 trillion

kilometers from Earth, spectators enter into a star system in Epsilon Eridani, where our solar

system's form is similar to forming a spectacular ring of dust and ice 4,5 billion years ago. Gliese

581, around the same era as our Sun, is just the perfect distance to life with a biosphere.

Throughout those wolves, one can see great stars that bring glow and perhaps life to the

Universe, deep in the pillars of creation.

A star is an excessive entity composed of an individually gravitated, luminous plasma

spheroid. The Sun is the closest star in the world. Many other stars appear naked at night;

however, they occur as fixed light points in the sky due to their massive distance from Earth. The

leading stars are clustered into celestial bodies and asterisms, and most of the shining stars have

names of their own. Stars have not always been around, like our own Sun (Reina-Campos et al.,

2019). Stars have come into existence and die for thousands or billions of years. When dust and

gas regions collapse in the Galaxy due to gravity, stars form. Stars would not develop without

such dust and gas. These stars develop from a buildup of gas and powder that crumbles the force

of gravity and becomes stars. The star-building process takes about a million decades from the

beginning of the gas cloud until the principal is built and glows like the Sun.

The material remaining from the beginning of the star is utilized to produce planets and

objects orbiting the central star. It is challenging to observe star formation as the residue is not

translucent to visible light. However, these dim stellar nurseries can be observed on radio waves

because waves of radio travel freely to our radio observatories and ourselves. Measuring

fundamental stellar physical parameters, particularly the mass and radius of our stellar evolution,

is paramount. However, different physical prescriptions currently anticipate different radii and

temperatures in stellar models, such as winds, mass-loss and convective overflow in the same

mass, age, and metallicity of the stars. Similarly, even if they have the same weight and total

metal abundance, stars with different elementary abundance ratios will have substantially
different pathways (Stassun et al., 2017). Thus, it is essential to place specific restrictions on

these parameters to limit the wide variety of possible stellar development models.

The stars' volumes can be obtained by analyzing the binary-star orbit—two stars around a

prominent mass center. Two stars can be observed independently in a telescope in visual

binaries, while only two stars can be observed in the spectroscopic binary ((Stassun et al., 2017).

The stellar masses vary between 1:12 and 100 times as much as the Sun's size (in uncommon

instances, they range 250 times as much as the volume of the Sun Sun-brown dwarfs called

objects with the mass from 1:12 to 1:100. Planets are objects that cannot produce nuclear

reactions. In most cases, the most prominent stars are also luminescent, and this causative link is

called the relationship between mass-luminosity.

Galaxies, Cosmology, Large Scale Structure

How big is the Milky Way in light years?

The Milky Way is around 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 km (around 100,000 light years away or

around 30 kpc) wide.

How massive is the Milky Way in solar masses?

Astronomers reported that in March, in a radius of approximately 129,000 light-years, the Milky

Way galaxy volume amounted to 1.5 billion solar masses, over twice as many as previously

determined, and about 90% of the Galaxy's mass was dark.

What type of Galaxy is the Milky Way?

Spiral galaxy. The Milky Way is an enormous collection of stars, pollution, and gas. It is called

a galaxy of spirals because it would appear like a whirling pinwheel if you can see it from the
edge or the ground. The Sun is situated about 25,000 light-years from the galactic center in one

of the vortex galaxies' arms.

Which spiral arm of the Milky Way is our solar system in?

The Orion Arm. The Orion Arm is a small vortex branch of the Milky Way galaxy with a length

of 3,500 light-years (1,100 pars.) and about 10,000 light-years (3,100 pars.) a galaxy, including

Earth.

How long does it take the Sun to orbit the Milky Way?

225–250 million years approximately.

How far out from the center of our Galaxy is our solar system?

25,000 light-years approximately. Around 25,000 light-years away from galactic and 25,000

light-years far from the border is the Galaxy (and Earth). We would have been the point about

halfway between center and edge if you considered the Andromeda Galaxy as a massive record.

Why can’t we take a picture of our Milky Way galaxy and see its complete spiral shape as

we have done of the Andromeda and other distant galaxies?

We cannot take pictures from the edge "above" the Galaxy because we are inside the Milky Way.

Only the system of the edge-on Milky Way can be seen from within instead.

What is the Local Group (i.e. Local Cluster)?

The Local Group comprises the Milky Way galaxy group. The Andromeda Galaxy and its

antenna systems form one lobe, and the Andromeda and its sates constitute the other. It consists

of two catalogs of galaxies of "dumbbell" shape.

How big is the Local Group in light years?

Five million light-years

How many galaxies are in the Local Group?

What supercluster is the Local Group in?

The Supercluster of Virgo

Describe the Hercules Cluster of galaxies (i.e. distance, number of galaxies, and in which

supercluster is it?)

Hercules' Cluster comprises approximately 200 galaxies in the Hercules constellation, around

500 million light-years away. Rich in spiral galaxies, it has many universes that interact. The

cluster is a component of Hercules' broader supercluster, which itself forms a portion of the

much wider superstructure of the Great Wall.

Describe the Virgo Cluster of galaxies (i.e. distance, number of galaxies, and in which

supercluster is it?)

Virgo Cluster is a vast galaxy cluster centered in the Virgo Constellation with a distance of (16.5

± 0.1 Mpc) 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly. The collection is the core of a large Virgo Supercluster, of whatever

group (including our Milky Way galaxy) the local group, comprising about 1,300 galaxies (and

probably up to 2000).

What is the Virgo Supercluster?

The Virgo Supercluster is a mass of galaxies that contains the Virgo Cluster and the Local

Supercluster group that includes the Milky Way and Supernovae galaxies. At least 100 groups

and groups of galaxies are within 33 megaparsecs of diameter.

How big is the Virgo Supercluster in light years?

Fifty-five million light-years

How many clusters are in the Virgo Supercluster?

One thousand five hundred clusters.

Supercluster of Laniakea

What are voids and what are filaments in the large-scale structure of the Universe?

The most significant known universe structures are galaxy filaments. It is Massive, thread-like,

typically 50 to 80 megaparsecs long (or 200 to 500 million light-years) form borders between

considerable voids in the Universe. Cosmic voids are vast space between filaments, which

contain only a few or no galaxies, the most significant structures in the Universe. Voids are

typically from ten to a hundred megaparsecs in diameter, and enormous voids called super voids,

defined by the absence of rich superclusters.

What is the Big Bang? How many years ago do astronomers believe it happened? also,

Write out this number in scientific notation?

Researchers, astronomers, and cosmologists have agreed to the fact that the Universe, as we

know, it has been formed in a massive explosion that has created not only the majority but also

the physical laws governing our ever-expanding cosmos. That is the Big Bang Theory. The big

bang theory says that all the past and current material in the Universe existed simultaneously

approximately 13.8 billion years ago.

How old do astronomers think the Universe is?

13.8 billion years.

How big is the entire observable Universe?

There is an estimated radius of around 46.5 billion light-years in the observable Universe, with a

diameter of approximately 28.5 gigaparsecs equivalent to 880 yottameters.

Why is the size of the Universe in light years a bigger number than the age of the Universe

in years?
When the world first "stopped" about 13.75 billion years ago, space-time itself started to expand

at velocities faster than light speed. This time, known as inflation, is vital to explain far more

than the size of the Universe.

Ananthaswamy, A. (2010). The Edge of Physics: A Journey to Earth's Extremes to Unlock the

Secrets of the Universe. HMH.

Reina-Campos, M., Kruijssen, J. D., Pfeffer, J. L., Bastian, N., & Crain, R. A. (2019). Formation

histories of stars, clusters, and globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations. Monthly

Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 486(4), 5838-5852.

Stassun, K. G., Corsaro, E., Pepper, J. A., & Gaudi, B. S. (2017). Empirical accurate masses and

radii of single stars with TESS and Gaia. The Astronomical Journal, 155(1), 22.