Colligative Properties of Solution

Colligative Properties – These are properties of solution which depend on the amount of
particles of the solute particles (mole – refers to the number of particles which has
something to do with atoms or ions) and not on the nature of the solution or the solvent.

A. Vapor Pressure Reduction / Vapor Pressure Lowering

Vapor Pressure – Force exerted of liquid on the surface.

Vapor Pressure Lowering – Vapor pressure of liquid lowers down which is caused by the
delaying or blocking of the solute particles in the solution.

Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure is associated because the Boiling Point waits for the Vapor
Pressure. Boiling Point is the temperature at which the Vapor Pressure is in equilibrium with the
outside pressure. Without Vapor Pressure, there is no Boiling Point. Boiling Point is definite in
certain liquids as each liquid has its own Boiling Point.

This has something to do with the Intermolecular Forces of Attraction. The Intermolecular
Forces of Attraction and Vapor Pressure is related because when Vapor Pressure is high, there
is weak IFA. Weak IFA on liquids means that those liquids will easily vaporize.

Volatile Liquids are liquids that will easily vaporize because their IFA are weak and their Vapor
Pressure is high. Only uses Non-Volatile Substances (Don’t easily vaporize, and IFA is strong)
because lowering will not be seen. When a solute is volatile, it will vaporize faster than the
solvent. Thus, non-volatile substances are used for Vapor Pressure Lowering.

Liquids – Proximity of liquids has definite distance.

Solids – Closed or impact particles.

Vapor Pressure Lowering – This is the lowering of vapor pressure. Vapor Pressure of a certain
liquid or solvent follows a certain temperature. Water is either warm or cold so it has different
temperatures, so it also has different vapor pressures. Temperature of solvent affects the vapor
pressure.

Example: Water has pressure of 322 torr at 21 degrees Celsius. This will vaporize at 322
torr, but because of a certain solute (like salt or sugar), the vapor pressure will change into a
lower vapor pressure resulting for water to not easily vaporize, which is caused by the delaying
or blocking of the solute particles between the spaces of the solvent particles. Those
blockings will inhibit the vaporization.
Vapor Pressure Lowering uses Raoult’s Law

Formulas:

1. X1 = Mole of Solvent / Sum of Mole of Solvent and Solute

Wherein: X1 = Mole fraction of Solvent

2. P1 = X1P10

Wherein: P1 = Vapor Pressure of Solvent over the Solution

X1 = Mole fraction of SOLVENT (GALINGAN MO!)
P10 = Vapor Pressure of the Pure Solvent (WATER! ALWAYS GIVEN YAWANIM KA) at
certain temperature
3. ∆P = P10 - P1

Wherein: ∆P = Vapor Pressure Reduction / Vapor Pressure Lowering

P10 = Vapor Pressure of Pure Solvent
P1 = Vapor Pressure of Solvent over the Solution

Other Formulas:

1. ∆P = X2P10

Wherein: ∆P = Change in P, Vapor Pressure Reduction, Vapor Pressure of the solution, Change
in Vapor Pressure, Vapor Pressure Lowering
X2 = Mole fraction of SOLUTE
P10 = Vapor Pressure of Pure Solvent

Units used are mm of mercury, torr, atm, psi, pascal, kenopascal, and any units involved in
pressure.
B. Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling Point – Temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is in equilibrium with the
atmospheric pressure. You cannot describe the boiling point of a liquid unless you have the
vapor pressure. Different temperature has different vapor pressure.

Example: Why do Boiling Points elevate? Water boils 100 ºC, meaning the boiling
point can rise up more. But what can be the cause? It is because of the solute particles on the
solvent. This effect (boiling point elevation) happens because of the presence of the solute
particles in the solution. When the vapor pressure lowers, the boiling point will rise up.
When there is slowing in the vaporization, the boiling point of the solvent rises. Vapor Pressure
and Boiling Point has a relationship which has a huge effect to each other. Boiling Point has
something to do with Vapor Pressure and it has also something to do with the Intermolecular
Forces of Attraction or IFA.

Formulas:

1. m = n / kg or m = moles / kg

Wherein: m = Molality
n = Mole of Solute
kg = kg of solvent

2. ∆Tb = mKb

Wherein: ∆Tb = Boiling Point Elevation

m = Molality
Kb = Boiling point constant of the solvent (Ex: Water = 0.51ºC/m -> Constant for water)

3. Tb = Tb0 + ∆Tb

Wherein: Tb = Boiling Point of the Solution

Tb0 = Boiling Point of Pure Solvent (Always given, on the table given by Ma’am -> Boiling
Points of Common Solvents)
∆Tb = Boiling Point Elevation

Units used are mm of mercury, torr, atm, psi, pascal, kenopascal, and any units involved in
pressure.
Boiling Points of Common Solvents

*Name – Chemical Formula – Molar Mass – Boiling Point*

Water (H2O – 18g) – 100 ºC
Acetic Acid (CH3CO (OH) – 60g) – 118 ºC
Ethanol or Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH – 46g) – 78.4 ºC
Benzene (C6H6 – 78g) – 80.1 ºC
Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4 – 152g) – 76.8 ºC
C. Freezing Point Depression

Freezing Point Depression - Has something to do with the concentration of the solution
expressed in Molality (m).

Example: What causes the depression of the freezing point of the solvent? Pure
solvents have their own freezing point. Whatever the value of the Freezing Point is, it is also
the value of the Melting Point (The value of Freezing point is also the melting point. i.e. FP
= 0 ºC, MP is also 0 ºC). There is continuity in the relationship between the Vapor Pressure,
Boiling Point, and Freezing Point because Surface Tension is involved (the top of the solvent).
You’ll notice that whenever you’ll make ice, the first thing to freeze is the top layer or surface of
the water, not the inside which is caused by the Intermolecular Forces of Attraction among the
molecules or particles on the surface of the liquid.

Freezing – Also known as Solidification and Fusion. This is the stopping of the kinetic energy of
molecules of liquids so that they can get the intermolecular model of solid state. Liquid has
limited space, so those spaces will be more affected because of the lowering of the lowering of
the temperature.

Formulas:

1. m = n / kg or m = moles / kg

Wherein: m = Molality
n = Mole of Solute
kg = kg of solvent

2. ∆Tf = mKf

Wherein: ∆Tf = Change in Freezing Point / Freezing Point Lowering / Freezing Point Depression
m = Molality
Kf = Freezing Point Depression Constant of the Solvent (Ex: Water = 1.86 ºC/m -> Constant for
water)

3. Tf = Tf0 - ∆Tf

Wherein: Tf = Freezing Point of Solution

Tf0 = Freezing Point of Pure Solvent (Always given, on the table given by Ma’am -> Freezing
Points of Common Solvents)
∆Tf = Freezing Point Depression
Freezing Points of Common Solvents

Pure Water 0 ºC
Acetic Acid 16.6 ºC
Ethanol - 114.6 ºC
Benzene (C6H6) 5.5 ºC
Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) - 22.3 ºC

Note: The Freezing Point of liquids is also their Melting Point

D. Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis – Movement of the particles and osmotic pressure which is the force exerted by the
solid particles.

Osmotic Pressure – Energy of force from the movement

Example: Dry Leaf with Dove Lotion turned again into Green Leaf. Purpose of lotion
with moisturizer is to make the skin smooth and for whitening. If the skin is dry, we lack in
water. Moisturizers have high water content. The water from the moisturizer will transport to our
skins. “Yung ating balat na kulang sa tubig, ittransport ngayon noong dilute (moisturizer)
papunta sa isang concentrated solution, (kumbaga) isinasalin ni dilute (yung tubig)”. Dilute
means there is more solvent, while concentrated means there is less solvent. In the example, our
skin is concentrated because it lacks in solvent. In other words, when you put lotion with
moisturizer (dilute solution) in your dry skin (concentrated solution) and it prevents the “further”
dryness of the skin, it is what you called Osmosis. The net movement of the particles (the
transport) is also called the Osmosis. The “pushing” of solvent particles into a concentrated
solution (Yung pagtulak ng solvent particles papunta sa isang concentrated solution) is called the
Osmotic Pressure, so that it can transport the solid particles into the concentrated solution,
which is also the reason why Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure are consecutive. Osmosis is the
movement; Osmotic Pressure is the energy or the force from the movement.

Gingivitis – Salt solution = Concentrated

Inflated Gums = Dilute (Because of too much water)
By using salt solution to gargle, the concentration of the salt will begin to lower as it
transports the water from the gum, which is caused by the ions of the salt (you are turning the
gums from dilute to concentrated solution so the gums will slowly shrink or back to being
deflated).

Uses MOLARITY instead of MOLALITY

Formulas:

1. M = n / L or M = Moles / L

Wherein: M = Molarity
n = Moles of Solute
L = Liter of Solution

2. π = MRT

Wherein: π = Osmotic Pressure

M = Molarity
R = Proportionality Gas Constant from Ideal Gas Law (0.082 L Atm / mole K)
T = Temperature (Must be in Kelvin so if in Celsius, use ºC + 273 = K)
Additional Terms in Osmosis

(Associated in Osmotic Pressure)

When a person is heavily sick, they are usually injected with Dextrose (which is an
electrolyte and a sugar). Electrolyte is for a patient with fever while glucose is for a particular
illness. For intravenous solution (search niyo na lang, parang ito yung mga dextrose hahaha),
they are all considered Isotonic. Isotonic Solution is neither dilute, nor concentrated; it has
equal concentration or the same concentration of solution. Gatorade is also Isotonic, a reason
why you need to drink this when you feel weak.

Hypertonic Solutions are concentrated solutions (has less water).

Example: When our blood is hypertonic, our RBC (Red blood cells) is diluted, which
needs to be isotonic. When you ate too many junk foods, it has a lot of salt (and sasama yun sa
dugo), and our blood becomes hypertonic (dilute). When blood becomes hypertonic, you must
drink water so that the concentration of RBC won’t be equal (hindi papantay) with the
concentration of the blood in the body. One must be hypertonic and the other must be hypotonic
(blood) so that when there is osmotic pressure, they must form a isotonic solution (and also for
the movement of RBCs). When RBCs are more hypertonic, it will burst and die; when they are
more hypotonic, it will shrink and will eventually die also. This can cause crenation (shrink in
the number of RBC) caused by the hypotonic solution in the blood. Inflammation of RBC is
called Hemolysis. When a person is hemolytic, their RBC has excessive concentration salt
solution (which might burst, also a reason why they immediately inject intravenous solutions).