Digital Signal Lab

Digital Signal Processing Contents
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

For Academic Session Fall 2018
Digital Signal Processing (EE-394)

For
TE Electrical
Name:
Roll Number: Year:

Section:
Batch:
Department of Electrical Engineering

N.E.D. University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
Contents
CONTENTS
Lab.
List of Experiments Page No. Remarks
No.
1 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
2 Analog to Digital Conversion
Analog to Digital Conversion

3
Open Ended Lab 1

4
10
Contents
11
Contents
Contents
Laboratory Session No. 01
Objective:
To get introduced with fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing
Post Lab Exercises:
Question 1:
What do you mean by the term digital. Explain it briefly.
Answer:
The term Digital describes electronic technology that generates, stores, and processes data
in form of two states: positive (High, 1) and non-positive (Low, 0). The data that is
transmitted and stored through digital technology is present in form of strings of 0’s and
1’s. Also the term digital refers to discrete values.
Question 2:
Write some (at least three) applications of DSP related to electrical (power) engineering.
Answer:
The Applications of Digital Signal Processing related to Electrical Engineering include:

1. Digital Filters.
As the name suggest it blocks the unrequired signals.
2. Digital Measuring Instruments.
These Instruments detects the input as analog signal then convert it to a digital
signal and measures the parameters. For example Voltmeter.
3. Differentiate between signals.
It helps in differentiating the signals on the basis of their harmonics to solve
different problems because from two signals of same nature one can be useful while
the other can cause damage. Such as the difference between inrush current and
short current in case of transformer.
Contents
Objective:
An Introduction to Analog to Digital Conversion (Sampling and Aliasing).
Post Lab Exercises:
Question 1:
What do you mean by the term “Sampling”? Discuss it briefly with the help of figure.
Answer:
Sampling is one of the step involved in conversion of analog signal to a digital signal.
Analog signal has continuous time which is discretized through sampling. After this step a
CTCV (Continuous Time Continuous Value) signal is converted to a DTCV (Discrete
Time Continuous Value) signal. Sampling has a certain frequency which we set according
to the sampling theorem.
Question 2:
What is sampling theorem? What do you mean by the term Aliasing?
Contents
Answer:
The Sampling theorem ( Nyquist Criteria ) says that when converting analog signal to
digital signal the sampling frequency must be greater than or equal to the twice of
maximum frequency that the analog signal has. If this criteria is not fulfilled then when
the signal is again converted to analog form it's frequency would be changed from the
original value. This process causing change in frequency is called Aliasing. It follows the
formula :
F alias = F max - nF sampling
Question 3:
Human audible frequency ranges from _20_ to _20000_Hz. Human voice frequency ranges
from_300_ to _3000_ Hz.
Question 4:
Record audio for 10sec and complete the following table. Show and verify the output file
size through mathematical calculations.
(Hint: Check the Microphone ADC bits and use sampling frequency and the audio record
time to evaluate the file size)
Answer:
S No Sampling File Size Quality

Frequency(Hz) (MB) Comment
1 44100 1.764 Excellent
2 22050 0.882 Excellent
3 10000 0.400 Excellent
4 6000 0.240 Good
5 4000 0.160 Good
6 2000 0.080 Poor
7 1000 0.040 Poor
(Sample Rate x Sample Resolution x Time x channel / 8 ) bytes

1. 44100 x 16 x 10 / 8 = 1762000 bytes
2. 22050 x 16 x 10 / 8 = 882000 bytes
3. 10000 x 16 x 10 / 8 = 400000 bytes
4. 6000 x 16 x 10 / 8 = 240000 bytes
5. 4000 x 16 x 10 / 8 = 160000 bytes
6. 2000 x 16 x 10 / 8 = 80000 bytes
7. 1000 x 16 x 10 / 8 = 40000 bytes
Contents
Question 5:
If an ADC has sampling frequency =1000 Hz and receive analog signals of the following
frequencies what will be the frequency of a signal which is converted back to analog by a
DAC converter?
Answer:
S No Frequency (Hz) Frequency of

output Analog
signal (Hz)
1 100 100
2 750 -250
3 1250 250
4 1900 -100
5 2000 0
6 2500 500
F alias = F max - nF sampling

1. 100 Hz (100<1000/2)
2. F alias = 750 - 1000 = -250 Hz
3. F alias = 1250 - 1000 = 250 Hz
4. F alias = 1900 - (2)1000 = -100 Hz
5. F alias = 2000 - (2)1000 = 0 Hz
6. F alias = 2500 - (2)1000 = 500 Hz

Contents
Objective:
An Introduction to Analog to Digital Conversion (Quantization and
Coding).
Post Lab Exercises:
Question 1:
Why Quantization is needed in Digital Signal Processing?
Answer:
In digital signal processing Quantization is needed to make the number of samples

limited. If the signal is continuous valued the precision of that value of sample would be
very high and it can have infinite number is samples that would need more memory but due
to Quantization there would be specific values of specific precision which will need less
memory as compare to continuous valued function.
Question 2:
What is Anti-Aliasing Filter? Discuss it with some example.
Answer:
An Anti-Aliasing filter is the one which stops waves which are out of its range or it does
not allow them to pass while in Aliasing the wave with frequency greater then fmax would
pass but would be displayed as a wave of changed frequency. The Anti-Aliasing filter is a
low pass filter which cutoff the wave which out of its range .For example in analog
systems high pass and low pass filters are formed using capacitors in them the circuit does
not allows the waves of low and high frequency to pass respectively.
Question 3:
Discuss the specifications of Arduino Uno ADC like number of bits, number of
quantization levels, etc. Also, calculate the default Arduino Uno ADC resolution. Link:
https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-uno-rev3
Answer:
Arduino Uno board has 6 ADC channels. The ADC aur Arduino is of 10 bits and has 1024
quantization levels. The Arduino Uno ADC is of 10-bits resolution (analog values of range
0 - 1023); it can represent voltages of 0 - 5V range.
Contents
Question 4:
A 12-bit ADC has input values in the range of 0 – 1 V. Calculate the resolution of ADC.
Answer:
No. of levels = 2^ (no. of bits)
= 2^¹²
= 4096 levels
Resolution = (Xmax - Xmin) / levels-1

= (1 - 0) / (4096-1)
= 0.244m
(Open Ended Lab 01)
Objective:
Contents
To convert an analog (voltage) signals into digital signal using ADC (audio
card) and display it on MATLAB Simulink environment.
Required Components:
1. Audio Card
2. Transformer (220V/12V)
3. Resistors (for VDR)
4. Veroboard
5. Audio jack
6. PC with MATLAB environment
Procedure:
➢ Using Transformer convert 220VAC from mains into 12VAC.

➢ Using VDR convert 12VAC to a voltage compatible to audio card (show all the
calculations of resistances with their power ratings).
➢ Set the sampling frequency of the audio card ADC in MATLAB Simulink
environment with proper justification
➢ Plot the acquired voltage waveform to Simulink scope.
➢ Mention the safe operating range of your equipment.
Calculations:
ADC Specifications
Number of bits = 16 bits
Sampling Frequency = 44100 Hz
Number of channels = 1
Operating Voltage = 45mV
Vin = 13.7 V
We supposed the value of one resistor as
R1 = 100k ohm
Contents
VR1 = 13.7 * 100k / (100k+180)
VR1 = 13.675V
VR1 = Vin - VR1
= 13.7 - 13.675
VR1 = 24.616mV
VR2 = Vin * R2 / (R1+R2)
24.616m = 13.7 * R2 / (R1+R2)
R2 = 180 ohm
I=V/R
= 13.7 / (100k+180)
= 13.6mA
P (total) = IV
=13.6m*13.7
= 0.186 W
PR2 = R2*I^²
= 180*13.6m^2
=33.3mW
Results:
In this open ended lab we have used a sound card of 16 bits as an ADC
inputWe used a transformer so as to step down the voltage to 13.7V. To
Contents
further divide the voltage we used a VDR circuit. On breadboard we

connected two resistors that formed the VDR. The input voltage supply
in the lab was 237V. The values of resistor (mentioned above) are to be
adjusted such that we get a voltage less than cutoff voltage as output of
VDR and in out case that voltage was 24.61 mV on output resistor and we
used this voltage as an input for ADC.
On MATLAB using Simulink ( DSP tool box ) we simulate a design which

receives input from ADC using (from audio device) block and a scope to
display output wave. The output wave observed was a digitalized signal
of a lower voltage (same as that of our output resistor) than we used gain
block in between these two blocks to display our input signal of 237V

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Digital Signal Processing Contents

NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

Digital Signal Processing (EE-394)

Roll Number: Year:

Department of Electrical Engineering

1 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing

2 Analog to Digital Conversion

Analog to Digital Conversion

Open Ended Lab 1

Laboratory Session No. 01

To get introduced with fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing

Post Lab Exercises:

What do you mean by the term digital. Explain it briefly.

The Applications of Digital Signal Processing related to Electrical Engineering include:

Laboratory Session No. 02

S No Sampling File Size Quality

(Sample Rate x Sample Resolution x Time x channel / 8 ) bytes

S No Frequency (Hz) Frequency of

F alias = F max - nF sampling

Laboratory Session No. 03

In digital signal processing Quantization is needed to make the number of samples

Resolution = (Xmax - Xmin) / levels-1

Laboratory Session No. 04

(Open Ended Lab 01)

➢ Using Transformer convert 220VAC from mains into 12VAC.

Number of bits = 16 bits

Sampling Frequency = 44100 Hz

Operating Voltage = 45mV

We supposed the value of one resistor as

VR1 = 13.7 * 100k / (100k+180)

VR1 = Vin - VR1

VR2 = Vin * R2 / (R1+R2)

24.616m = 13.7 * R2 / (R1+R2)

further divide the voltage we used a VDR circuit. On breadboard we

On MATLAB using Simulink ( DSP tool box ) we simulate a design which

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