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11 CBSE MATHEMATICS FORMULAE

STUDENT NAME :…………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL NAME :…………………………………………………………………………….

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2021-2022

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Analytical/Co-ordinate Geometry

Distance between two points A( x 1 , y1 ) and B( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2

Collinearity Sum of two distances = third distance

Isosceles Triangle Two sides Equal
Right Angled Triangle Pythagoras Theorem
Equilateral Triangle All sides are Equal
Parallelogram Opposite Sides are Equal
Rhombus All sides are Equal
Square All sides Equal and Diagonals Equal
Rectangle Opposite sides Equal and Diagonals Equal
Circle All points equidistant from Center (Radii)

Section Formula :
Internal Division A(x1 , y1 ) P B(x 2 , y 2 )
 mx 2 + nx 1 my 2 + ny1 
P= , 
 m+n m+n 

External Division A(x1 , y1 ) B(x 2 , y 2 ) P

 mx 2 − nx 1 my 2 − ny1 
P= , 
 m−n m−n 
 x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
Mid-Point :  , 
 2 2 
 x 1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 
Centroid :  , 
 3 3 

Area of Triangle
1
(x 1 ( y 2 − y 3 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y1 ) + x 3 ( y1 − y 2 ))
2

If 3 points are collinear, Area of Triangle=0.

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Analytical Geometry
Locus: The path traced by a point when it moves according to a specified geometrical
condition is called the locus of the point.
Equation of a locus: Any relation in x and y which satisfies every point on the locus is
called the equation of the locus.

Section Formula :
Internal Division A(x1 , y1 ) P B(x 2 , y 2 )
 mx 2 + nx 1 my 2 + ny1 
P= , 
 m+n m+n 

External Division A(x1 , y1 ) B(x 2 , y 2 ) P

 mx 2 − nx 1 my 2 − ny1 
P= , 
 m−n m−n 
 x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
Mid-Point :  , 
 2 2 

Area of Triangle formed by A(x1 , y1 ) , B(x 2 , y 2 ) & C( x 3 , y 3 )

x1 y1 1
1
(x 1 ( y 2 − y 3 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y1 ) + x 3 ( y1 − y 2 )) or x 2
1
y2 1
2 2
x3 y3 1

If 3 points are collinear, Area of Triangle=0.

In-center of triangle ABC with vertices A(x1 , y1 ) , B(x 2 , y 2 ) & C( x 3 , y 3 )
 ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 
 , 
 a+b+c a+b+c 

Slope: The numerical value of the angle made by a straight line with the positive direction of x-axis.
a
Slope of the line whose equation is ax+by+c=0 −
b
y 2 − y1 y − y2
Slope of the line passing through (x1 , y1 ) and (x 2 , y 2 ) or 1
x 2 − x1 x1 − x 2
Slope of the line whose angle of inclination with the x-axis is  : Tan

Line parallel to x-axis 0

Line perpendicular to x-axis 

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Analytical Geometry
Straight Lines:
Equation of x-axis y=0 Equation of line parallel to x-axis y=a
Equation of y-axis x=0 Equation of line parallel to y-axis x=a
Equation of the line passing through (x 1 , y1 ) with slope ‘m’: y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
Equation of the line passing through origin with slope ‘m‘: y = mx
Equation of the line with slope ‘m’ and y-intercept ‘c’: y = mx + c
y − y1 x − x1
Line passing through two points (x1 , y1 ) and (x 2 , y 2 ) =
y 2 − y1 x 2 − x 1
x y
Line whose x and y intercepts are ‘a’ and ‘b’: + =1
a b
Line with the length of the perpendicular from the origin ‘p’ units and ‘’ being the angle between
the perpendicular and the x-axis x cos  + y sin  = p
Equation of a line passing through (x 1 , y1 ) and making an
x − x 1 y − y1
angle  with the x-axis. (Symmetric or Parametric Form) = =r
cos  sin 
Parametric representation of any point on a straight line (x1 + r cos , y1 + r sin )
General Form of a straight line: ax + by + c = 0
c c
The equation ax+by+c=0 has x-intercept − and y-intercept −
a b
The length of the perpendicular from (x 1 , y1 ) to the line ax + by + c = 0
ax + by1 + c
 1
a 2 +b 2
c
The length of the perpendicular from (0,0) to the line ax + by + c = 0 : 
a 2 +b 2
The length of the perpendicular between two lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c 2 = 0
c − c2
 1
a 2 +b 2
Lines passing through the point of intersection of two straight lines
ax + by + c = 0 and a ' x + b ' y + c ' = 0 : (ax + by + c) + (a ' x + b ' y + c ' ) = 0
m1 − m 2
Angle between two straight lines y = m1 x + c1 and y = m 2 x + c 2 :  = Tan −1
1 + m1 m 2
Condition for Parallelism: m1 = m 2 Condition for Perpendicularity: m1 .m 2 = −1

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Analytical Geometry
Circles:
Equation of a circle whose center is (h,k) and radius ‘r’ units:
( x − h) 2 + ( y − k) 2 = r 2
If the center is at the origin and radius ‘a’ units:
x 2 + y2 = a 2
General Form of the equation of a circle:
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 Center: (-g,-f) Radius: g2 + f 2 − c
If g 2 + f 2 − c  0 , the circle is a real circle
If g 2 + f 2 − c = 0 , the circle is a point circle
If g 2 + f 2 − c  0 , there is no real circle

Two or more circles having the same center are called Concentric Circles.

Circles with center (h,k), radius ‘r’ units and …

i) passing through the origin: (x − h) 2 + ( y − k) 2 = h 2 + k 2
ii) touching x-axis: (x − h) 2 + ( y − r) 2 = r 2
iii) touching y-axis: (x − r) 2 + ( y − k) 2 = r 2
iv) touching both the axes: (x − r) 2 + ( y − r) 2 = r 2

Circle passing through the origin and the center on x-axis : (x − r) 2 + ( y − 0) 2 = r 2

Circle passing through the origin and the center on y-axis : (x − 0) 2 + ( y − r) 2 = r 2

Parametric Form of a circle with center as origin:

x = r Cos y = r Sin

Parametric Form of a circle with center as (h,k):

x =h + r Cos y = k + r Sin

The equation of the circle whose diameter is the line joining the points (x1 , y1 ) and (x 2 , y 2 )
(x − x1 )(x − x 2 ) + ( y − y1 )(y − y 2 ) = 0

The length of the tangent from the point (x 1 , y1 ) to the circle

x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is: x 1 + y1 + 2gx 1 + 2fy1 + c
2 2

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Analytical Geometry
Circles:
Position of a point in relation to a circle:
If x 1 + y1 + 2gx 1 + 2fy1 + c  0 , the point (x 1 , y1 ) lies outside the circle
2 2

If x 1 + y1 + 2gx 1 + 2fy1 + c = 0 , the point (x 1 , y1 ) lies on the circle

2 2

If x 1 + y1 + 2gx 1 + 2fy1 + c  0 , the point (x 1 , y1 ) lies inside the circle

2 2

Equation of the tangent at (x 1 , y1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 :

xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
Equation of the tangent at (x 1 , y1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 :
xx1 + yy1 = a 2
The condition of the line y=mx+c to be a tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is:
 − am a 
c 2 = a 2 (1 + m 2 ) The point of contact is  , 

 1+ m 1+ m2 
2

Let C1 , C 2 be the centers of two circles and r1 , r2 be their radii and P the point of contact.
1. Two circles touching externally:
a) The distance between their centers is equal to the sum of their radii.
C1C 2 = r1 + r2
a) The point of contact divides the line of centers internally in the ratio of their radii.
C1 P r1
=
PC 2 r2
2. Two circles touching internally:
a) The distance between their centers is equal to the difference of their
radii.
C1C 2 = r1 − r2
b) The point of contact divides the line of centers externally in the ratio of
their radii.
C1 P r
=− 1
PC 2 r2
Orthogonal Circles:
Two circles are said to cut orthogonally, if the tangents at their point of intersection are at
right Angles. Two such circles are called orthogonal circles.
Condition of two circles to cut orthogonally:
2gg 1 + 2ff1 = c + c1

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Sequences and Series
Arithmetic Progression
Standard form of an AP: a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d………………..a+(n-1)d
nth Term of an AP: t n = a + (n − 1)d
S n = 2a + (n − 1)d  = a + l
n n
Sum to n terms:
2 2
Common Difference: d = t 2 − t1
l−a
Number of Terms: n= +1
d
n (b − a )
Insertion of Arithmetic mean: A n = a +
N +1
Properties:
1. If a constant is added to or subtracted from each term of an A.P, then the resulting sequence is also
an AP with the same common difference.
2. If each term of a given AP is multiplied or divided by a non-zero constant k, then the resulting
sequence is also an AP with common difference kd or d/k.
3. In a finite AP the sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning and end is always same and is
equal to the sum of first and last term i.e.,
a k + a n −( k −1) = a 1 + a n  k=1,2,3,……n-1
4. Three numbers a,b,c are in AP iff 2b=a+c
5. A sequence is an AP iff its nth term is a linear expression in n i.e., a n = An + B , where A,B are
constants, the common difference being A.
6. A sequence is an AP iff the sum of its first n terms is of the form An 2 + Bn , where A,B are
constants independent of n, the common difference being 2A.
7. If the terms of an AP are chosen at regular intervals, then they form an AP.

Geometric Progression
t2
Standard form of an GP: a, ar 2 , ar 3 , ar 4 ......................ar n −1 where Common Ratio: r=
t1
nth Term of an GP: t n = ar n −1
a (r n − 1) a (1 − r n )
Sum to n terms: If r  1 S n = ; If r  1 S n =
r −1 1− r
n / N +1
b
Insertion of Geometric Means: G n = a  
a
Important Property of Geometric Means: If n geometric means are inserted between two quantities, then
the product of n geometric means is the nth power of the single geometric mean between the two
quantities. i.e., G 1G 2 G 3 ...........G n = ( ab ) n

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Sequences and Series
Infinite GP:
a
Sum of an Infinite GP where r  1
1− r
Properties:
1. If all the terms of a GP be multiplied or divided by the same non-zero constant, then it remains
a GP with the same common ratio.
2. The reciprocals of the terms of a GP form a GP.
3. If each term of a GP is raised to the same power, the resulting sequence also forms a GP.
4. In a finite GP the product of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is always
same and is equal to the product of the first and the last term.
i.e., a k .a n −( k −1) = a 1 .a n  k=1,2,3,……n-1
5. Three numbers a,b,c are in GP iff b 2 = ac
6. If the terms of a GP are chosen at regular intervals, then they form a GP.
7. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ,.........., a n ,.... is a GP of non-zero non-negative terms,
then log a 1 , log a 2 , log a 3 ,.........., log a n ,.... is an AP and vice-versa.

Summation of Series:
n (n + 1) n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
1+2+3…………+n = n = ; 12 + 2 2 + 3 2  + n 2 =  n 2 =
2 6
 n (n + 1) 
2

1 + 2 + 3  + n =  n = n = ( n )
2

3 3 3 3 3 3
;
 2 

Arithmetico-Geometric Progression:
Standard form of an AGP: a, (a+d)r, (a+2d) r 2 ,(a+3d) r 3
General Term of an AGP: [a+(n-1)d] r n −1
a 1 − r n −1 [a + (n − 1)d]r n
Sum to n terms S n = + dr −
1− r (1 − r )2 1− r
a dr
Sum of an infinite AGP: s  = + where r  1
1 − r (1 − r )2

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Analytical Geometry
Criteria for a Conic:
1) e<1 h 2  ab Ellipse (Note: e – eccentricity; h is the coefficient of
2) e=1 h 2 = ab Parabola xy and a & b are coefficients of x 2 & y 2
3) e>1 h 2  ab Hyperbola in the general 2nd degree equation in x and y
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 )
Parabola:

Standard Vertex Focus Directrix Axis Latus

Equation Rectum
y 2 = 4ax (0,0) (a,0) x = -a x-axis LL =4a ; L(a,2a) ; L' (a,-2a)
'

y = −4ax (0,0)
2
(-a,0) x= a x-axis LL' =4a ; L(-a,2a) ; L' (-a,-2a)
x 2 = 4ay (0,0) (0,a) y = -a y-axis LL' =4a ; L(2a,a) ; L' (-2a,a)
x = −4ay (0,0)
2
(0,-a) y= a y-axis LL' =4a ; L(2a,-a) ; L' (-2a,-a)

Ellipse:

Standard Vertices Foci Directrices Latus

Equation Rectum
x 2 y2 a a 2b 2  b2 
+ = 1 (a,0) (-a,0) (ae,0) (-ae,0) x = ;x = − LL' = ;   ae, 
a 2 b2 e e a  a 
x 2 y2 a a 2b 2  b 2 
+ = 1 (0,a) (0,-a) (0,ae) (0,-ae) y = ;y = − LL =
'
;   ,ae 
b2 a 2 e e a  a 
For Ellipse: b 2 = a 2 (1 − e 2 )

Hyperbola:
Standard Vertices Foci Directrices Latus
Equation Rectum
x 2 y2 a a 2b 2  b2 
− = 1 (a,0) (-a,0) (ae,0) (-ae,0) x = ;x = − LL' = ;   ae, 
a 2 b2 e e a  a 
For Hyperbola: b 2 = a 2 (e 2 − 1)

Parametric representation of a point on the conic:

Parabola x = at 2 y = 2at Ellipse x = a Cos y = b Sin Hyperbola x = a Sec y = b Tan

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Factorial
n!=1.2.3.4………(n-1).n
n!=n(n-1)!
0!=1
Permutations
n!
nPr = = n (n-1) (n-2) (n-3)……….(n-(r-1))
(n − r )!
The number of permutations of n distinct things, taken all at a time is n!
The number of permutations of n things, taken all at a time, of which p are alike of one kind,
n!
q alike of another kind, r alike of another kind etc., is
p!q!r!
Circular permutations of n distinct objects : (n-1)!
Circular permutations of n identical objects: ½ (n-1)!

Combinations
n!
nC r =
(n − r )!r!
nP
nC r = r
r!
nC r = nC n −r
nC r + nC r −1 = n + 1C r
n
nC r = (n − 1)C r −1
r
nC x = nC y => x = y (or) x + y = n
Binomial Theorem
(x+a) n = nC 0 x n a 0 + nC1 x n −1a 1 + nC 2 x n − 2 a 2 + ............. + nC r x n − r a r + ..........nC n −1 x 1a n −1 + nC n x 0 a n
n
(x+a) n =  nC r x n − r a r
r =0
Properties of Binomial Theorem:
1. In the expansion of (x+a) n , there (n+1) terms
2. The sum of the indices of x and a in each term is n.
3. The coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and end are equal
4. General Term: Tr +1 = nCr x n −r a r
n 
5. Middle Terms: If n is even  + 1 th term is the middle term
2 
 n +1  n +1 
If n is odd   th and  + 1 th terms are the two middle terms.
 2   2 

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In the expansion of (1+x) n the coefficients C0 , C1 , C 2 ,.......C r ,......C n −1 , C n are called Binomial
Coefficients.
Properties of Binomial Coefficients:
1. The coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and end are equal
2. The sum of the binomial coefficients is 2 n
3. The sum of the coefficients of the odd terms is equal to the sum of the coefficients of the
even terms and each is equal to 2 n−1
n n (n − 1)
4. nC r = (n − 1)C r −1 = (n − 2)C r −2 and so on.
r r (r − 1)
5. C 0 − C1 + C 2 − C 3 + C 4 ....... + (−1) n C n = 0

Binomial Theorem (for any index):

n (n − 1) 2 n (n − 1)(n − 2) 3 n (n − 1)(n − 2).....(n − r + 1) r
(1+x) n = 1 + nx + x + x ............. + x + ..........
2! 3! r!
where |x|<1
Three Dimensional Co-ordinate System:
Distance Formula :
The distance between points P( x 1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )
PQ= ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2 + (z 2 − z1 ) 2
 mx 2 + nx 1 my 2 + ny1 mz 2 + nz1 
Section Formula: Internal Division  , , 
 m+n m+n m+n 
 mx 2 − nx 1 my 2 − ny1 mz 2 − nz1 
External Division  , , 
 m−n m−n m−n 
 x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 z 1 + z 2 
Mid-point  , , 
 2 2 2 
Direction Cosines :
If ,, are the angles which a directed line segment OP makes with the positive directions of the
co-ordinate axes OX,OY,OZ respectively, then Cos , Cos , Cos are known as direction cosines of OP
and denoted by the letters l,m,n. (l = Cos ; m = Cos ; n = Cos)
In continuation with the above,
PO makes angles - , - , - with OX,OY,OZ respectively.
Hence the DCs of PO are Cos(-) , Cos(-) , Cos(-)
-Cos , -Cos , -Cos => -l, -m, -n
The DCs of x-axis are 1,0,0 ; y axis 0,1,0 ; z axis 0,0,1
If l,m,n are the DCs of any directed line segment then, l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1
If OP is a directed line segment with DCs l,m,n and OP=r then co-ordinates of P are (lr,mr,nr)

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Direction Ratios:
Direction ratios of a line are numbers proportional to its direction cosines.
DRs of the line segment joining two points P( x 1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are proportional to
(x 2 − x1 , y 2 − y1 , z 2 − z1 )

Angle between two lines: (in terms of DCs)

Then angle  between lines whose DCs are l1 , m1 , n 1 and l 2 , m 2 , n 2 is given by
Cos= l1l 2 + m1m 2 + n1n 2
If the lines are perpendicular then l1l 2 + m1m 2 + n1n 2 =0
l m n
If the lines are parallel then 1 = 1 = 1
l2 m2 n 2

Angle between two lines: (in terms of DRs)

Then angle  between lines whose DCs are a 1 , b1 , c1 and a 2 , b 2 , c 2 is given by
a 1 a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c1 c 2
Cos=
a 12 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b 22 + c 22
If the lines are perpendicular then a 1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2 =0
a b c
If the lines are parallel then 1 = 1 = 1
a 2 b2 c2

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Trigonometry
Sin 2  + Cos 2  = 1 1 + Tan 2  = Sec 2  1 + Cot 2  = Co sec 2 
Sin 2  = 1 − Cos 2  1 + Tan 2  = Sec 1 + Cot 2  = Co sec 
 radians =180 0
Cos  = 1 − Sin 
2 2
Tan  = Sec  − 1
2 2
Cot  = Co sec  − 1
2 2

1 radian = 57 016 '

Sin  = 1 − Cos  2
Tan = Sec  − 12
Cot = Co sec  − 1
2

Cos = 1 − Sin 2  Sec 2  − Tan 2  = 1 Co sec 2  − Cot 2  = 1

Periodic function: A function f(x) is said to be a periodic function if for all values of x, f(x+α)=f(x),
α>0 and α is a constant. The least value of α is called period of the function. All trignometrical
functions are periodic functions. Period of sinx, cosx, cosecx and secx are 2π and tanx and cotx
have period π
Even Function: f(-x)=f(x) Cos(−) = Cos & Sec(−) = Sec
Odd Function: f(-x)=-f(x) Sin (−) = −Sin , Co sec(−) = −Co sec , Tan(−) = −Tan, Cot(−) = −Cot
Sin(A+B)=SinA CosB+CosA SinB Cos(A+B)=CosA CosB – SinA SinB
Sin(A-B)=SinA CosB - CosA SinB Cos(A-B)=CosA CosB + SinA SinB
TanA + TanB TanA − TanB
Tan (A + B) = Tan (A − B) =
1 − TanA.TanB 1 + TanA.TanB
Sin (A + B).Sin (A − B) = Sin A − Sin B Cos(A + B).Cos(A − B) = Cos 2 A − Sin 2 B
2 2

2TanA 1 − Tan 2 A
Sin2A=2SinACosA= Cos2A= Cos A − Sin A = 1 − 2Sin A = 2Cos A − 1 =
2 2 2 2

1 + Tan 2 A 1 + Tan 2 A
2TanA
Tan 2A = 1-Cos2A= 2Sin 2 A 1+Cos2A= 2Cos 2 A
1 − Tan 2 A
3TanA − Tan 3 A
Sin 3A = 3SinA − 4Sin 3 A ; Cos3A = 4Cos 3 A − 3CosA ; Tan 3A =
1 − 3Tan 2 A
5 −1 5 +1
Sin18 0 = Cos72 0 = ; Sin 54 0 = Cos36 0 =
4 4
Sin(A+B)+Sin(A-B) = 2SinACosB
Sin(A+B)-Sin(A-B) = 2CosASinB
Cos(A+B)+Cos(A-B)=2CosACosB
Cos(A+B)-Cos(A-B)= - 2SinASinB (or) Cos(A-B)-Cos(A+B)= 2SinASinB
C+D C−D C+D C−D
SinC + SinD = 2Sin Cos SinC − SinD = 2Cos Sin
2 2 2 2
C+D C−D C+D C−D
CosC + CosD = 2Cos Cos CosC − CosD = −2Sin Sin (or )
2 2 2 2
C+D D−C
CosC − CosD = 2Sin Sin
2 2

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Trigonometric Ratios of Sub-Multiple Angles:
2 tan( A / 2) 2 tan( A / 2)
Sin A = 2sin(A/2)cos(A/2) = ; Tan A= 1+cosA=2 Cos 2 ( A / 2)
1 + Tan ( A / 2)
2
1 − Tan ( A / 2)
2

1 − tan 2 ( A / 2)
Cos A= Cos 2 ( A / 2) - sin 2 ( A / 2) = 2 Cos 2 ( A / 2) -1 = 1-2 sin 2 ( A / 2) = 1-cosA=2 sin 2 ( A / 2)
1 + Tan 2 ( A / 2)
3 tan( A / 3) − tan 3 ( A / 3)
sinA = 3sin(A/3)-4 sin 3 ( A / 2) ; cosA = 4 cos3 ( A / 3) -3 cos(A / 3) ; tanA =
1 − 3Tan 2 ( A / 3)
1 + cos A 1 − cos A 1 − cos A
cosA/2=  sinA/2=  tanA/2= 
2 2 1 + cos A
  
Principal Quadrants: Sin & Tan − ,  I & IV Quadrants ; Cos [0,] I & II Quadrants
 2 2
Solutions: Sin = 0 & Tan = 0 =n Cos = 0 =(2n+1) /2 where nZ
Sin = Sin  = n + (−1)  Cos = Cos
n
 = 2n Tan = Tan  = n+
Inverse Trigonometric Functions :
1 1
1.  = Sin −1 (Sin )  = Cos −1 (Cos) ……… 2. Sin −1 = Co sec −1 x Cos −1 = Sec −1 x …….
x x
−1 −1 −1 −1
3. Sin (−x) = −Sin x - Tan (−x) = −Tan x −1
Cos (−x) =  − Cos −1 x
 x+y x−y
4. Sin −1 x + Cos −1 x = Tan −1 x + Tan −1 y = Tan −1 Tan −1 x − Tan −1 y = Tan −1
2 1 − xy 1 + xy
a b c
Properties of Triangle: Sine Formula = = = 2R ; a=2R SinA; b=2R SinB ; c=2R SinC
SinA SinB SinC
A−B a−b C B−C b−c A C−A c−a B
Nappier’s Formula: Tan = Cot ; Tan = Cot ; Tan = Cot
2 a+b 2 2 b+c 2 2 c+a 2
Cosine Formula: a = b + c − 2bcCosA b = c + a − 2caCosB c = a + b − 2abCosC
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

b2 + c2 − a 2 a 2 + c2 − b2 a 2 + b2 − c2
CosA = CosB = CosC =
2bc 2ac 2ab
A ( s − b)(s − c) B ( s − a)(s − c) C ( s − a)(s − b)
Sub Multiple Angle Formula : Sin = Sin = Sin =
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab
A s( s − a) B s ( s − b) C s ( s − c)
Cos = Cos = Cos =
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab
A ( s − b)(s − c) B ( s − a)(s − c) C ( s − a)(s − b)
Tan = Tan = Tan =
2 s( s − a) 2 s ( s − b) 2 s ( s − c)
Projection Formula: a=bCosC+cCosB ; b=cCosA+aCosC ; c=aCosB+bCosA
1 1 1 abc
Area of  = abSinC = bcSinA = caSinB = = 2R 2 SinA SinB SinC = s ( s − a)( s − b)( s − c)
2 2 2 4R

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Limits, Continuity, Differentiation
x −an n
Sin  Tan 
Lim = na n −1 Lim =1 Lim = 1 ( is in radians)
x − a x−a  −0   −0 

ax − 1 Log(1 + x)
Lim = Log ae Lim =1
x − 0 x x − 0 x
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x=a iff, Lim f ( x) = Lim f ( x) = f (a)
x − a − x − a +

F(x) F(x) F(x) F(x)

xn nx n−1 Sin x Cos x

ex ex Cos x -Sin x

ax a x Log a Tan x Sec 2 x

1
Log ex Cot x Co sec2 x
x

Log ae
Log ax Cosec x -Cosec x Cot x
x

1 1
− Sec x Sec x Tan x
x x2

1 u v du − u dv
x d(uv) = u dv + v du ; d( ) =
2 x v v2

1 1
Sin −1 x Co sec −1 x −
1 − x2 x x2 − 1
1 1
Cos −1 x − Sec −1 x
1− x 2
x x2 − 1
1 1
Tan −1 x Cot −1 x −
1 + x2 1 + x2

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Functions
Function Notation Domain & Range
Constant Function f(x)=k, for all xR (R , k )
Identity Function I(x)=x, for all xR (R , R )
Modulus Function x, when x  0
f(x)=x -x, when x < 0 (R , R + )
Greatest Integer Function f(x)=[x], for all xR (R, Z)
Smallest Integer Function f(x)=x, for all xR (R, Z)
x
, x0 1, x>0
x
Signum Function f(x)= 0 , x = 0 or f(x)= 0, x=0 (R,{−1,0,1})

-1, x<0
Reciprocal Function f(x)= 1/x (R − {0], R − {0})
Logarithmic Function f(x)= Log a x (R + , R )
Exponential Function f(x)= a x (R , R + )
Square Root Function f(x)= x ([0, ) , [0, ))
n −1 n−2
Polynomial Function f(x)= a 0 x + a1 x + a 2 x + ..... + a n −1 x + a n
n 1

Where a 0 , a1 , a 2 ...a n are real nos. a 0  0 and nN (R, R )

Trigonometrical Functions :
f(x) = Sin (x) (R, [-1,1]) f(x) = Cosec(x) (R − n, (−,−1]  [1, ))

f(x) = Cos(x) (R, [-1,1]) f(x) = Sec(x) (R − (2n + 1) , (−,−1]  [1, ))
2

f(x) = Tan(x) (R − (2n + 1) , R ) f(x) = Cot(x) (R − n , R )
2
Inverse Trigonometrical Functions :
Function Domain Range
−1
Sin ( x ) [-1,1] (-π/2 , π/2)
−1
Cos (x) [-1,1] [0, π]
−1
Tan ( x ) R (-π/2 , π/2)
Cot −1 (x) R (0, π)
Co sec −1 (x) R-(-1,1) [-π/2 , π /2] - {0}
Sec −1 ( x ) R-(-1,1) [0, π] –{ π/2}

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Statistics
Mean deviation for ungrouped data

M. D. ( x ) =
 xi − x M. D. (M) =
x i −M
n n

Mean deviation for grouped data

 f i xi − x f xi − M
M. D. ( x ) =
N
M. D. (M) =
i

N
f i =N

Variance and standard deviation for ungrouped data

 =
2  (x i − x) 2
 =
 (x i − x) 2
n n

Variance and standard deviation of a discreet frequency distribution

 =
2  f (x
i i − x) 2
 =
 f (x i i − x) 2
N N

Variance and standard deviation of a continuous frequency distribution

 f (x fx   f i xi
2
− x) 2
2

 =  = − 
2 i i i i

N N  N 
 

Short cut method to find variance and standard deviation

 fd 2  fd   2
   fd 2   fd 
2 2

 =
2
−  h  = −  h
 N  N   N  N 
     
xi − A
Where d=
h


Coefficient of variation (C.V.) = .100 , x0
x

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SETS

Intervals
If a,b are real numbers such that a<b then,
{x : x  R and a≤x≤b} is called closed interval [a,b]
{x : x  R and a<x<b} is called open interval (a,b)
{x : x  R and a≤x<b} is called left closed right open interval [a,b)
{x : x  R and a<x≤b} is called left open right closed interval (a,b]

Total number of subsets of a finite set consisting n elements is 2 n

Difference of two sets A-B={x:x  A and x  B}

The symmetric difference of two sets A and B : A∆B = (A-B)  (B-A)

Laws of Sets

Idempotent : A  A=A and A  A=A

Identity : A  =A and A   = A
Commutative : A  B=B  A and A  B=B  A
Associative : (A  B)  C=A  (B  C) and (A  B)  C=A  (B  C)
Distributive : A  (B  C)=(A  B)  (A  C) and A  (B  C)=(A  B)  (A  C)
De Morgan’s (A  B) | =A |  B | and (A  B) | =A |  B |

Formulae regarding cardinal number of sets

If A,B and C are finite sets and  be the finite universal set, then
n(A  B)=n(A)+n(B)-n(A  B)
n(A  B)=n(A)+n(B) <=> A,B are disjoint non-void sets
n(A-B)=n(A)-n(A  B)
n(A∆B) = n(A-B) + n(B-A)
n(A  B  C)=n(A)+ n(B)+ n(C)-n(A  B)- n(B  C)- n(C  A)+ n(A  B  C)

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Complex Numbers
A number of the form a+ib where a,b are real numbers and i 2 = −1 is called a Complex Number.
If z=a+ib then a is called the real part of z and b is called the imaginary part of z and are denoted by
Re(z) and Im(z) respectively.

If Im(z)=0 then z is purely real; If Re(z)=0 then z is purely imaginary;

Equality: a+ib=c+id, iff a= c and b=d
Addition: (a+ib)±(c+id) = (a±c)+i(b±d)
Multiplication: (a+ib).(c+id)=(ac-bd)+i(ad+bc)
Negative of a Complex Number: z = a+ib is -z = -a+i(-b)
Conjugate of a Complex Number: z = a+ib is z = a − ib
Modulus of a Complex Number: z = a 2 + b 2
Results:
1. z z = a 2 + b 2 = z
2

2. z = z
3. If z is purely real, then z = z , conversely if z = z , then z is purely real
z+z z−z
4. Re z = Im z =
2 2i
5. z1 + z 2 = z 1 + z 2
6. z1 − z 2 = z 1 − z 2
7. z 1 z 2 = z 1 .z 2
z  z1
8.  1  = , if z 2  0
 z2  z2
9. z n = z () n

10. z 1 z 2 = z 1 z 2 ( similarly z1 z 2 .................z n = z1 z 2 .................. z n )

z1 z1
10. = if z 2  0
z2 z2
11. Re z  z ; Im z  z
12. Triangle Inequality: a) z 1 + z 2  z 1 + z 2 b) z1 − z 2  z1 − z 2
13. Commutative Law of Addition: z1 + z 2 = z 2 + z1
14. Associative Law of Addition: z1 + (z 2 + z 3 ) = (z1 + z 2 ) + z 3
15. Commutative Law of Multiplication: z1z 2 = z 2 z1
16. Associative Law of Multiplication: z 1 (z 2 z 3 ) = (z 1 z 2 )z 3

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17. Distributive Law: z1 (z 2 + z 3 ) = z1z 2 + z1z 3
18. Existence of Identity: z1 + 0 = 0 + z1 = z1 (0 is called the Additive identity)
z1 .1 = 1.z1 = z1 (1 is called the multiplicative identity)
19. Existence of Inverse: − z1 is the additive inverse of z1
 a −b 
z −1 =  2 , 2 2 
(Multiplicative Inverse)
a +b a +b 
2

Let z = x + iy then (r,) is called Polar Coordinates of z

x = rCos & y = rSin
z=r(Cos+iSin) is called the Polar Form of a complex number
r = x 2 + y 2 is the modulus of z
y
 = Tan −1   is called the amplitude or argument of z
x
The principal value of arg z is defined to be the value of z that satisfies −   arg z  
For z=0 the argument is indeterminate
For any two complex numbers z 1 and z 2
i) z 1 z 2 = z 1 z 2 ii) Arg( z1 .z 2 ) = Arg z1 + Arg z 2
( Note Arg ( z1 .z 2 ........z n ) = Arg z1 + Arg z 2 ......... + Arg z n )
z1 z1 z 
i) = if z 2  0 ii) Arg  1  = Arg z1 − Arg z 2
z2 z2  z2 
z=a+ib can be represented by points in an xy plane called Argand Plane. In this case x and y axes are
called as the real axis and imaginary axis.
z 1 − z 2 gives the distance between the points representing z 1 and z 2
If z − z1 = z − z 2 then the locus of z is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining 2 points z1 & z 2
The conjugate of a complex number z is the reflection of z in the real axis.
The negative of a complex numbers z is the point symmetrical to z about the origin.
The effect of multiplying a complex number z by another complex number whose argument is  is
the rotation of z counter clockwise about origin through an angle .
The effect of multiplying a complex number by i is to rotate anticlockwise the vector representing z,
through a right angle.
General rule for determining the argument :
y
Let z = x+iy where x,y  R Take  = tan −1
x
i) Both Cos and Sin are +ve z is in I Quadrant =
ii) Sin is +ve and Cos is –ve z is in II Quadrant  = -
iii) Both Cos and Sin are –ve z is in III Quadrant  = -+
iv) Sin is -ve and Cos is +ve z is in IV Quadrant  = -
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