Aging and Financial Markets.
Aging and Financial Markets.
Aging and Financial Markets.
This text looks at the nature and size of the financial challenges facing aging
societies today, the potential role of financial markets in addressing these
challenges, and the role of governments as managers of key long-term risks
related to aging, drawing on policy work we have done for the
IMF's Global Financial Stability Report, the Group of Ten, and a Group of
Twenty workshop on demography and financial markets.
As populations age, the relative size of pension fund liabilities grows, but
the total theoretical level potentially dwarfs levels recognized thus far.
On the other hand we have In the United States, a newly developed national
retirement risk index shows that almost 45 percent of working-age
households are at risk of ending up with inadequate retirement income.
Pension fund managers routinely stress that new instruments, and a greater
supply of certain existing securities, are needed to help them better manage
duration, longevity, and inflation risks. The availability of such instruments
would complement the introduction of more market-oriented or risk-based
regulatory frameworks.
The instruments include long-dated (30 years and longer) and inflation-
linked bonds. In many countries, authorities have sought to further develop
the markets for such bonds but they remain small relative to the potential
demand of pension funds and insurance companies.
Given the generally large share of housing assets in household net worth,
the availability of home equity release products, such as reverse mortgages,
may help households realize this form of long-term saving and obtain an
annuity-like income stream.
In countries where capital markets are less developed, the range of saving
and investment instruments available to households and institutional
investors may be limited.
Longevity risk. Annuities provide a longevity risk hedge for consumers, and
longevity bonds could do the same for insurance companies and pension
providers.
Health care coverage and costs. Reinsurance is used to a very limited extent
to manage health care coverage and costs, and there is no capital market
activity for health care–related risks.
It's normal that Private insurers and the government manage these risks
largely by shifting them to households and/or health plan sponsors,
primarily through repricing mechanisms or, in the case of the government,
increases in taxation and/or reductions in benefits.
Overall, regulation, technology, and data quality and availability are very
important influences on market development and innovation. In particular,
market participants and academics emphasize the need for more consistent
supervisory frameworks. For example, the Basel regulations since the late
1980s have encouraged banks to sell credit risk and create more liquid
balance sheets, and technology advances allow banks to better evaluate
credit risks. The forthcoming Solvency II principles regarding insurance
supervision in Europe may similarly be used to promote new risk
management practices in the insurance industry, including greater risk-
transfer activity.
Envejecimiento y mercados financieros
W. Todd Groome, Nicolas Blancher y Parmeshwar Ramlogan
Gobierno como gestor de riesgos