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    System Disorder: Renal Calculi

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    Holly Deckelman
    Renal calculi, or kidney stones, form when there is a higher than normal concentration of calcium, oxalate, phosphate, or uric acid in the urine. This allows minerals to crystallize and form stones that can cause pain if they move within or block the urinary tract. Risk factors include a high calcium diet, metabolic disorders, dehydration, a family history of stones, and male gender. Symptoms may include flank pain, fever, urinary issues, and signs of shock from obstruction. Diagnosis involves tests of urine and imaging of the kidneys. Treatment focuses on pain relief, increased fluid intake, and sometimes surgical procedures to remove larger stones.

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    System Disorder: Renal Calculi

    Uploaded by

    Holly Deckelman
    372 views1 page
    Renal calculi, or kidney stones, form when there is a higher than normal concentration of calcium, oxalate, phosphate, or uric acid in the urine. This allows minerals to crystallize and form stones that can cause pain if they move within or block the urinary tract. Risk factors include a high calcium diet, metabolic disorders, dehydration, a family history of stones, and male gender. Symptoms may include flank pain, fever, urinary issues, and signs of shock from obstruction. Diagnosis involves tests of urine and imaging of the kidneys. Treatment focuses on pain relief, increased fluid intake, and sometimes surgical procedures to remove larger stones.

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    Renal calculi, or kidney stones, form when there is a higher than normal concentration of calcium, oxalate, phosphate, or uric acid in the urine. This allows minerals to crystallize and form stones that can cause pain if they move within or block the urinary tract. Risk factors include a high calcium diet, metabolic disorders, dehydration, a family history of stones, and male gender. Symptoms may include flank pain, fever, urinary issues, and signs of shock from obstruction. Diagnosis involves tests of urine and imaging of the kidneys. Treatment focuses on pain relief, increased fluid intake, and sometimes surgical procedures to remove larger stones.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    372 views1 page

    System Disorder: Renal Calculi

    Uploaded by

    Holly Deckelman
    Renal calculi, or kidney stones, form when there is a higher than normal concentration of calcium, oxalate, phosphate, or uric acid in the urine. This allows minerals to crystallize and form stones that can cause pain if they move within or block the urinary tract. Risk factors include a high calcium diet, metabolic disorders, dehydration, a family history of stones, and male gender. Symptoms may include flank pain, fever, urinary issues, and signs of shock from obstruction. Diagnosis involves tests of urine and imaging of the kidneys. Treatment focuses on pain relief, increased fluid intake, and sometimes surgical procedures to remove larger stones.

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    ACTIVE LEARNING TEMPLATE: System Disorder

    STUDENT NAME______________________________________
    renal calculi
    DISORDER/DISEASE PROCESS___________________________________________________________ REVIEW MODULE CHAPTER____________

    Alterations in Pathophysiology Related Health Promotion and


    Health (Diagnosis) to Client Problem Disease Prevention
    stones made of calcium oxalate/phosphate (or other
    substances) formed in the kidneys that pass into/stuck in
    the urinary tract. most pass without invasive intervention,
    depending on size, composition, or location

    ASSESSMENT SAFETY
    CONSIDERATIONS
    Risk Factors Expected Findings
    secondary to
    high calcium diet/metabolic disorder (increased intestinal absorption/renal diaphoresis, pallor
    exretion of Ca, increased intake of purines like red meat, increased oxalate
    intake or production peanuts, spinach, beets)
    fever medication side
    pain (flank pain may indicate presence in kidney, + radiating to
    renal tubular dysfunction/urinary tract lining damage
    results or effects of dehydration, urinary concentration, statis,poor fluid intake,
    scrotum/testes, abdomen, vulva suggests presence in ureter or bladder effects- opiates,
    urinary frequency/dysuria (if in the bladder), oliguria, anuria, hematuria
    retention, immobility
    male gender
    VS remarkable for tachypnea, tachycardia, HTN (related to pain) or NSAIDS
    family hx hypotension related to shock
    calculi formation prior to age 25 risk for falls, risk
    for bleeding

    Laboratory Tests Diagnostic Procedures


    UA- ^wbc, ^rbc, + bact, + crystals (microsope), KUB or IV pyelogram (not indicated if
    ^pH, urine- calcium or struvite stones obstruction)
    dec. pH, urine- uric acid, cystine stones CT/MRI used for detection of cystine or
    altered serum levels of Ca, PO4, uric acid with uric acid (won't show on xray)
    presence of metabolic disorder
    renal US or cystoscopy

    PATIENT-CENTERED CARE Complications


    Nursing Care Medications Client Education urosepsis- occurs
    increased risk for future incidence with struvite,
    report finding to provider, analgesics- dietary modifications (may be based on kind of stone, but
    pre/post op care if necessary, strain urine
    NSAIDS, opioids,
    general information). CaPO4- limit animal protein/NA/CA rich
    foods. CaC2O4- limit rich foods like spinach, chard, beets,
    infection may
    for stones, encourage fluid intake 3L/day/IV
    fluids as ordered, encourage ambulation for spasmolytics for peanuts, tea, cocoa, strawberries, pecans, chocolate, black
    tea. struvite- high PO4 like red meats, dairy, whole grains. spread to
    passing calculi, assess/monitor bladder spasms cystine- animal protein. uric acid- organ meats, fish, poultry,
    red wine bloodstream.
    pain/complications (shock) antibiotics if real lemon juice/orange juice can help break down/prevent

    presence of UTI
    calculi formation
    obstruction,
    LUT meds to hydronephrosis
    promote relaxation (stone inhibits flow
    Therapeutic Procedures of lower urinary tract Interprofessional Care and may distend
    (tamsulosin)
    extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy- use of laser/US/shock if metabolic, may the kidney) which
    wave energy to fracture calculi (req. conscious sedation and urology for involvement of
    ekg) require medications may result in renal
    chemolysis
    to prevent/inhibit urinary tract
    surgical- stent placement damage
    retrograde ureteroscopy- insertion via lower tract for manual
    removal reabsorption/product nutrition for education
    percutaneous ureterlithotomy/nephrolithotomy- through the
    skin into the ureter/kidney to remove
    ion of Ca/PO4/uric regarding dietary
    open surgery- staghorn, large, or impacted unsuccessful
    intervention with previous methods
    acid modifications

    ACTIVE LEARNING TEMPLATES Therapeutic Procedure  A11

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