QUANTITATIVE METHODS

Module 1

TOPIC Simultaneous Equations and Inequalities

HOURS 3 Hours
LEARNING During the students learning engagement, they will be able to:
OUTCOMES
1. Define simultaneous equations and inequalities.
2. Solve Problems involving simultaneous equations and inequalities.
3. Determine the types of simultaneous equations and inequalities.
4. Graph the common solutions of simultaneous equations
5. Graph the common solutions of a system of inequalities in two variables.
6. Identify the types and properties of inequalities.
7. Determine the appropriate method to be used in solving a given problem
of simultaneous equations and inequalities.
8. Extend the graphical solution of one linear inequality variable to two
1 linear inequalities in two variables. QUANTITATIVE METHODS

RESOURCES 1.Penacilla, I., Dacillo, G., (2016)

Quantitative Business Management Techniques: Operations Research for
College Students in Management Service.
INSTRUCTOR Romeo C. Galit
 INTRODUCTION

A system of equations with the form:

Ax+ By=C
A1 x1 + B1 y 1=C1

Where A , B , C , A1 , B 1 ,∧C1 are constant is called a system of simultaneous

equations.

There are two kinds of simultaneous equations: the inconsistent system and
the consistent or independent system. A system of linear equations with no
solutions is inconsistent. The graphs of equations in this system consist of parallel
lines. On the other hand, a system of linear equations with only one solution is
referred to as consistent or independent. The fraphs of these equations intersect at
exactly one point.

Discussion no. 1.1: Solutions of Simultaneous Equations

The four way or methods of solving simultaneous equations are:

2 QUANTITATIVE METHODS
1. Elimination by addition or subtraction
2. Substitution
3. Combination of elimination and substitution
4. Graphical solution
1.1.1 Solving Simultaneous Equations by elimination
Example 1 Given: x + y=1 (Eq.1)
2 x− y=−4 (Eq.2)
Solve the equation by elimination method.
The variables to be eliminated should have the same numerical coefficient. In
the example above, the variable y in the equations 1 and 2 has the same
coefficient so it can be eliminated by addition.
x + y=1 (Eq.1) 2 x− y=−4 (Eq.2)
3 x=−3
x=−1
The next step is to solve for y, again by elimination. Before eliminating y,
equation 1 must first be multiplied by 2 to make the coefficients of x equal.
Thus, equation 1 becomes:
2 x+2 y=2 (Eq.3)

The variable 2x can then be eliminated by subtraction.

 2 x+2 y=2
2 x− y=−4
3 y=6
y=3
Hence, the solution set is (-1,2).

Example 2 Find the solution set of the simultaneous equation:

5 x+ 4 y =38 (Eq.1) 2 x+3 y =18 (Eq.2)
The equation can be solved through elimination by subtraction. However,
before subtracting, the variable to be eliminated must have the same
coefficients for two equations. Eliminate x by multiplying equation 1 by 2 and
equation 2 by 5.

10 x+ 8 y=76
10 x+15 y =90(By subtraction)
−7 y=−14
y=2
Solve for x through the elimination of y by multiplying equation 1 by 3 and
equation 2 by 4
15 x+12 y=114
3 QUANTITATIVE METHODS
8 x +12 y =72 (By subtraction)
7 x=42
x=6
Thus, the solution of the simultaneous equation is (6,2)

1.1.2 Solving Simultaneous Equations by Substitution

Example 1 Solve the equations in the previous example 1 by substitution.
x + y=1 (Eq.1)
2 x− y=−4 (Eq.2)
Solution Solve for y in equation 1.
y=1−x (Eq.3)
Substituting the value of y in equation 3 for y in equation 2:
2 x−( 1−x )=−4
2 x−1+ x=−4
3 x=−4+1
x=−1
Then substituting the derived value of x for x in equation 3 to find the value of y
 y=1−(−1)
y=2
Hence, the solution set is (-1,2)
Example 2 Find the solution set in the given simultaneous equations below:
Given: 5 x+ 4 y =38 (Eq.1)
2 x+3 y =18 (Eq.2)
Solution Solving for x in equation 1:
5 x=38−4 y
38−4 y
x= (Eq.3)
5
Substituting the value of x in equation 3 for x in equation 2:

2( 38−45 y )+3 y =18

76−8 y
5( +3 y )=( 18 ) 5 (Multiply each member of the equation by 5)
5
76−8 y +15 y=90
7 y=90−76
4 QUANTITATIVE METHODS
7 y=14
y=2
Then substituting the value of y for y in equation 3:
38−4 y
x=
5
38−4 ( 2 )
x=
5
30
x=
5
x=6
Hence, the solution set is (6,2)

1.1.3 Solving Simultaneous Equations by Elimination and

Substitution
Example 1 Find the solution of the given equations below using elimination and
substitution.
x + y=1 (Eq.1)
2 x− y=−4 (Eq.2)
 Solution Eliminate y by addition to solve for x.
x + y=1
2 x− y=−4
3 x=−3
x=−1

Substitute the value of x in equation 1 to solve for y.

−1+ y=1
y=2
Hence, the solution set is (-1,2)

1.1.4 Solving Simultaneous Equations by the Graphical Method

Example 1 Determine the solution of the simultaneous equations below using the
graphical method.
x + y=7 (Eq.1)
x− y =1 (Eq,2)
Solution To graph the equation, the intercept method is used. Let x=0 to solve for y and
let y=0 to solve for x.
5 For equation 1, if x=0, then y=7 (0,7) and if y=0, then x=7 QUANTITATIVE
(7,0). METHODS

Thus, x + y=7 has the coordinates (0,7) and (7,0)

For equation 2, if x=0, then y=−1 (0,-1) and if y=0, then x=1 (1,0)
Thus, x + y=1 has the coordinates (0,-1) and (1,0)
Plotting the points in a coordinate plane, the result is shown below.
 The point of intersection corresponds to the solution set and can also be
found using the methods introduced in the preceding discussions. Thus,
solving for x and y in the given equations using the method of elimination by
addition:
x + y=7 (Eq.1)
x− y =1 (Eq.2)
2 x=8
Hence, x=4. In solving for y, substitute the value of x in equation 1, that is:
4 + y=7
Thus, y=3. The solution satisfying the given equation is (4,3).

Discussion 1.2: Linear Inequalities in Two Variables

While an equation is a statement connected by an equal sign (=), inequalities

are also mathematical statements connected by symbols such as ¿ ,<, ≥ , ≤, which
mean greater than, less than, greater than or equal to, and less than or equal to,
respectively. The following are examples of inequalities.
x +2 y >−3
6 QUANTITATIVE METHODS
2 x−5 y ≥ 10
5 x+ 3 y ≤ 21
x−4< 4 x−1
Inequalities may contain one, two, three or more variables. This section only
concentrates on solving inequalities in two variables. When there are two variables
involved, two inequalities are needed to solve for x and y. The area bounded by these
two inequalities is the solution set of the given linear inequalities in two variables.
Since the solution of inequalities is composed of areas bounded the best way to solve
it is by graphing.

Example 1 Graph the solution set of the system of inequalities below.

x− y ≥−2 (Eq.1)
x+ y≤2 (Eq.2)
Solution Set each inequality into equations.
x− y =−2. The intercepts are (0,2) and (-2,0).
x + y=2. The intercepts are (0,2) and (2,0).
 The solution set consists of the region bounded by the two inequalities
including the set of points lying on the lines of the two inequalities.

Example 2 Show the graphical solution of the system.

x≥0
y ≥0
x+ y≤4

7 Solution Here, x ≥ 0 implies that the graph is the set od all points to the right of yMETHODS
QUANTITATIVE
including those points lying on the x. Likewise, y ≥0 implies that the graph is
the set of all points above x including those points lying on y.
The intercepts of the equation x + y=4 are (0,4) and (4,0). The inequalities are
then plotted into a coordinate plane. The shaded area contains the possible
solution of the inequalities.
 Example 3 Sketch the region defined in the system of inequalities below.
x >4
y <11
x +2 y −6 ≤ 0
Solution Here, the graph of x >4 is the line to the right of the line x=4 parallel to y,
excluding points lying on the line x=4. The graph of y <11 is below the line of
y=11 which is parallel to x. For the inequality x +2 y ≤ 6, the intercepts are (0,3)
and (6,0). The graph is shown below.

8 QUANTITATIVE METHODS

Activity No. 1

Answer the following.

A. Solve the following simultaneous equations by elimination, by substitution, and

by the graphical method. When the system of simultaneous equations has no
solution, indicate if it is inconsistent.

1. x−3 y=4
5 x+ 8 y=49
2. x +3 y=83
2 x+ 8 y =11
 3. 2 x− y=2
x +3 y=36

4. 2 x+3 y =8
4 y−2 x=4

3 3
5. + =2
2x 5 y
1 1
+ =4
3x 2 y

6. 9 x + y=9
2 x− y=3

7. x−3 y=−1
5 x+ y=6

9 QUANTITATIVE METHODS
B. Graph the solution set of each of the following systems of inequalities.

1. x + y ≥ 2
2 x+ y ≤ 3

2. x ≥ 0
y ≥0
x− y ≤5 y
x + y ≤ 10

3. x + y ≥ 5
x≥0
y ≥0
x≥2
y ≤8