What Is This Module About?

This module is the second of two modules on equations. It will give you additional
knowledge on the basic concept of balance or equality which is mathematically represented by
equations. It will teach you more about the concepts of equations and how these can help you
solve problems that happen in your everyday life.
This module is made up of three lessons:
Lesson 1—Systems of Linear Equations
Lesson 2—Applications of Linear Equations
Lesson 3—Quadratic Equations

Wait!
Before you start studying this module, make sure you have already read its first part entitled,
Equations (Part 1). Doing so can help you understand the concepts discussed in this module.

1
 What Will You Learn From This Module?

After studying this module, you should be able to:

♦ solve systems of linear equations;
♦ use linear equations in solving word problems; and
♦ solve for the values of x in given quadratic equations.

Let’s See What You Already Know

Before you start studying this module, take this simple test first to find out how much you
already know about the topics to be discussed.
Encircle the letter of the correct answer to each of the following.
1. __________ equations are two equations that represent two conditions imposed at
the same time on given variables.
a. Simultaneous
b. Literal
c. Binary
d. Dual
2. The ___________ method is another way of solving systems of linear equations aside
from graphing.
a. addition
b. substitution
c. simultaneous
d. multiplication
3. The process of __________ aims to eliminate one of the variables in simultaneous
equations in order to get their solution set.
a. substitution
b. graphing
c. elimination
d. addition

2
 4. A __________ equation is one in which the highest exponent is 2.
a. linear
b. literal
c. simultaneous
d. quadratic
5. ___________ is the easiest way of solving quadratic equations.
a. Factoring
b. Completing the square
c. Graphing
d. Solving
6. Which of the following is not a way of solving a quadratic equation?
a. factoring
b. graphing
c. completing the square
d. using the quadratic formula
7. If the sum of three consecutive numbers is 63, what is the largest number?
a. 20
b. 21
c. 22
d. 23
8. What is the width of a rectangle if its perimeter is 50 cm and its length is 5x cm?
a. 50 – 4x
b. 50 – 2x
c. 25 – 2x
d. 25 – 5x
Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those in the
Answer Key on page 45 to find out.
If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already know much about
the topics in this module. You may still study the module to review what you already know. Who
knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This means that this module is for you. It will help you
understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If you study this module
carefully, you will learn the answers to all the items in the test and a lot more! Are you ready?
You may go now to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

3
 LESSON 1

Systems of Linear Equations

Let’s Learn

In the previous module, you learned how to graph a linear equation in two variables by using
the x-intercept and the y-intercept or by making a table of values. In this lesson, we will again
discuss linear equations in two variables. But this time, we will solve two linear equations with two
unknowns not only graphically but also algebraically.
2 unknowns
2 equations
x + y = 12 a 2 × 2 system

x–y = 4
Systems of equations similar to the set given above are called simultaneous equations
because two equations represent two conditions imposed at the same time on the variables. The
values of the variables which satisfy both equations are said to be the solutions of the system of
equations. Graphically, each solution corresponds to a point of intersection of the graphs of the
two equations.
EXAMPLE 1

Solve the following graphically then check.

x+y = 3
2x – y = 0
We can graph a linear equation by making a table of ordered pairs or by using the x- and
the y-intercepts. Let us use the intercepts.
For x+y=3
when x = 0, 0 + y =3
y=3
Thus (0, 3) is a solution.
When y = 0, x+0=3
x=3
Thus (3, 0) is also a solution.

4
 For 2x – y = 0
when x = 0, 2(0) – y = 0
0 – y =0
y =0
Thus (0,0) is a solution.
When y = 0, 2x – 0 = 0
2x = 0
x =0
We get the same solution.
Using an arbitrary value x = 1
when x = 1, 2(1) – y = 0
2 – y =0
2 =y
y =2
Thus (1, 2) is another solution.
Graphing the solutions for each equation, we will have

2x – y = 0
(0, 3) •
• (1, 2)
(3, 0)
• •
(0, 0)

x+y=3

From the graph, we can see that the point (1, 2) is a possible solution too. We can check by
substituting these to the original equations.
For x+y=3
?
1 + 2= 3
3= 3
For 2x – y = 0
?
2(1) – 2 = 0
?
2 – 2= 0
0= 0
Therefore, the solution for the given system is (1, 2).

5
EXAMPLE 2

Solve this system by graphing: 3x – y = 5

3x – y = 0
For 3x – y = 5
when x = 0, 3(0) – y =5
0– y =5
–y =5
y = –5
Thus (0, –5) is a solution.

When y = 0, 3x − 0 = 5
3x = 5
5
x=
3

5 
Thus  , 0  is another solution.
3 

For 3x – y = 0
when x = 0, 3(0) – y = 0
0 – y =0
y =0
Thus (0, 0) is a solution.
When y = 0, 3x – 0 = 0
3x = 0
x =0
We get the same solution.
Let x = 1.
When x = 1, 3(1) – y = 0
3 – y =0
3 =y
y =3
Thus (1, 3) is another solution.

6
 Graph the two equations.

(3, 1)
•

• •
(0, 0) 5 
 , 0
3 

• (0, –5)
3x – y = 0 3x – y = 5

The lines appear to be parallel. They have no point in common. To check if they are parallel,
you can check whether their slopes are equal.

For 3x − y = 5
− y = 5 − 3x
− y 5 − 3x
=
−1 −1
y = 5 + 3x
y = 3x + 5

Therefore, m = 3 and b = –5 where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept which
is an arbitrary constant.

For 3x − y = 0
− y = −3 x
− y 3x
=
−1 −1
y = 3x

Therefore, m = 3 and b = 0.
Since the two equations have the same slope, that is, m = 3, then there is no solution for the
system. The solution set is { } or a null set.

7
EXAMPLE 3

Solve the following by graphing: x+ y =2

3x + 3 y = 6

For x+y=2
when x = 0, 0+y =2
y=2
Thus (0, 2) is a solution.
When y = 0, x+0=2
x =2
Thus (2, 0) is another solution.
For 3x + 3y = 6
when x = 0, 3(0) + 3y = 2
0 + 3y = 2
3y = 2
2
y=
3
Thus (0, 2) is a solution.
When y = 0, 3x + 3(0) = 6
3x + 0 = 6
3x = 6
x =2
Thus (2, 0) is another solution.
Graphing the solutions for each equation, we will get

x+y=2

(0, 2) •

•
(2, 0)

3x + 3y = 6

The graphs of the two equations are the same or they coincide. The solutions of the system
are the ordered pairs that are solutions to either equation.

8
 We can show that the two equations coincide by showing that they have the same slope and
y-intercept.
x +y =2
y =2 – x
y = –x + 2
Therefore, m = –1 and b = 2.
3x + 3y = 6
3y = 6 – 3x
3y = 6 – 3x
3 3
y= –x + 2
Therefore, m = –1 and b = 2.
Since the two equations have the same slope and y-intercept. They are said to be equivalent
equations.
The solution set is an infinite set which may be written as

{( x,y ) | x + y = 2}
read as “the solution set is the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that x + y = 2.”
To solve a system of linear equations in two variables graphically, first, graph the equations
on the same coordinate plane. Then consider the following:
1. If the graphs are parallel, the system has no solution.
2. If the graphs coincide, the system has an infinite set of solutions.
3. If the graphs intersect, the coordinates of the point of intersection form the solution of
the system.

Let’s Try This

Answer the following:

1. Determine whether the given ordered pair is a solution of the system of linear equations
or not.

(3, 2): 2 x + 3 y = 12
x − 4 y = −5

9
 2. Find the solution set of the system: x − 2 y = 1
x − y = 2 graphically.

3. Find the solution set of the system: x= y

x + y = 3 by graphing. Use fractions if necessary.

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 46 and 47. How well did
you do?

Let’s Learn

Solving systems of linear equations by graphing is often not accurate especially if the
solutions are not integers. There are several methods for solving systems of linear equations other
than graphing. One of these is the substitution method.
If a variable in one equation of a system is isolated on one side, you can substitute the value
you got for that variable in the other equation.
EXAMPLE 4

Solve the following using the substitution method.

5x – 2y = 3 Equation (1)
y = 2x Equation (2)
In the system above, the second equation neatly specifies the value of y in terms of x. If we
substitute this value in Equation (1), we will have an equation in one variable. Thus, we can solve
for x.
5x – 2y = 3
5x – 2(2x) = 3
5x – 4x = 3
x= 3

10
 Then substitute 3 for x in either of the original equations.
y = 2x
y = 2(3)
y=6
We check x = 3 and y = 6 in both equations.
Check: 5x – 2y = 3 y = 2x
? ?
5(3) – 2(6) = 3 6 = 2(3)
15 – 12 =? 3 6=6
3=3
Therefore, the solution of the system is (3, 6).
Sometimes neither equation has only one variable on one side of the equation. We can solve
for one of the variables in one equation and substitute this value in the other equation.
EXAMPLE 5

Solve the following using the substitution method.

x – 3y = 5 Equation (1)
3x – 2y = 1 Equation (2)
Look at the first equation. The coefficient of x is 1, therefore it is easy to solve this equation
for x in terms of y.
x – 3y = 5
x = 5 + 3y
Then substitute the solution for x to Equation (2) and solve for y.

3x − 2 y = 1
3(5 + 3 y ) − 2 y = 1
15 + 9 y − 2 y = 1
15 + 7 y = 1
7 y = 1 − 15
7 y = −14
7 y − 14
=
7 7
y = −2

Substitute –2 for y in either of the original equations. Then it will be easier to solve for x in
Equation (1).

x – 3y = 5
x – 3(–2) = 5
x+6=5
x =5–6
x = –1

11
 Then let us check the answers we got by substituting them in both equations.

Check: x − 3y = 5 3x − 2 y = 1
? ?
(−1) − 3(−2) = 5 3(−1) − 2(−2) = 1
? ?
−1 + 6 = 5 −3+ 4 =1
5=5 1=1

The solution of the system therefore is (–1, –2).

To solve a system of linear equations in two variables using the substitution method, follow
these steps:
1. Use either of the equations to solve for one variable in terms of the second variable.
(Always select the equation wherein the variable is easier to work with.)
2. Substitute the expression obtained in Step 1 to the other equation.
3. Solve the resulting equation to find the value of the variable.
4. Substitute the value of this variable to the simpler equation to find the value of the other
variable.
5. The resulting number pair is the solution set.
6. Check the answers you got by substituting them in the original equations.

Let’s Try This

Answer the following:

1. Solve the system: a – 2b = 2
a + b = 8 by the substitution method.

2. Solve by substitution: 4x + 7y = 9
6x + 5y = –3. Check your solutions.

12
 3. Solve for x and y in the system: 2 x − y = a
x − 2 y = d.

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 47 and 48. How well did you
do?

Let’s Learn

Another method used in solving systems of linear equations is the elimination method. The
objective of this method is to eliminate one of the variables. In this method, we add two equations
or subtract one from another.

Adding Two Equations

Perhaps elimination is most easily done by adding one equation to another.
EXAMPLE 6

Solve the following system: x + y = 3 Equation (1)

x− y =5 Equation (2)

Add the corresponding sides of the two equations to eliminate y.

3+ y = 3
+
x− y =5

2x + 0 = 8
2x = 8
2x 8
=
2 2
x=4
Substitute 4 for x in the first (or second) equation and find the value of y.

x+ y =3
4+ y = 3
y = 3− 4
y = −1

13
 Check whether the values satisfy both the given equations.

Check: x+ y =3 x− y =5
? ?
4 + ( −1) = 3 4 − (−1) = 5
3=3 5=5

The solution set is therefore (4, –1).

Subtracting Two Equations

Many systems can be solved by subtracting one equation from another.
EXAMPLE 7

Solve: 3 x − 2 y = 5 Equation (1)

3 x + 5 y = −2 Equation (2)

Subtract the corresponding sides of the equations to eliminate x.

3x − 2 y = 5
–
3 x + 5 y = −2
0−7y = 7
−7y = 7
−7y 7
=
−7 −7
y = −1

Substitute y = –1 in the second equation and solve for x.

3x − 2 y = 5
3 x + 5(−1) = −2
3 x − 5 = −2
3 x = −2 + 5
3x = 3
3x 3
=
3 3
x =1

Check: 3x − 2 y = 5 3 x + 5 y = −2
?
?
3(1) − 2(−1) = 5 3(1) + 5(−1) = −2
?
?
3+ 2 = 5 3 + (−5) = −2
?
5=5 3 − 5 = −2
− 2 = −2
Therefore, the solution set is x = 1 and y = –1 or (1, –1).

14
Multiplying by a Constant
Sometimes we need to multiply one or both equations by a suitable number to find its
solution set.
EXAMPLE 8

Solve the system: 3 x − 4 y = 8 Equation (1)

x + 2 y = −4 Equation (2)

If we multiply Equation (2) by 3 [i.e., each term on both sides of Equation (2) is multiplied
by 3 and subtract the result from Equation (1), the x-term can then be eliminated.
Multiply Equation (2) by 3.

3( x + 2 y = −4)
3 x + 6 y = −12

Subtract this equation from Equation (1).

3x − 4 y = 8
–
3 x + 6 y = −12
− 10 y = 20
− 10 y 20
=
− 10 − 10
y = −2

Substitute –2 for y in Equation (1).

3x − 4 y = 8
3 x − 4( − 2) = 8
3x + 8 = 8
3x = 8 − 8
3x = 0
3x 0
=
3 3
x=0

Check: 3x − 4 y = 8 x + 2 y = −4
? ?
3(0) − 4(−2) = 8 0 + 2(−2) = −4
?
0+8 =8 − 4 = −4
8=8

The solution set is therefore x = 0 and y = –2 or (0, –2).

15
 To solve a system of linear equations in two variables by elimination, follow these steps:
1. Arrange the two given equations in standard form, that is, ax + by = c, where a, b and
c are constants.
2. Reduce the two equations in two variables to a single equation in one variable.
a. If both equations have a variable with the same numerical coefficient, eliminate it
by:
(1) adding the two equations if their coefficients have opposite signs; or
(2) subtracting the two equations if their coefficients have the same sign.
b. When neither variable has the same numerical coefficient, multiply one or both of
the given equations by numbers which will make the numerical coefficients of one
of the variables the same in both equations and proceed as in Step a.
3. Solve for the value of the remaining variable.
4. Substitute this value to any of the given equations to find the value of the remaining
variable.
5. The resulting number pair is the solution set.
6. Check the values by substituting them to the given equations.
Equations in some systems may contain fractions or grouping symbols. To help solve them
you should first simplify or transform them into the standard form, ax + by = c. Then you can
solve the system by simple addition or subtraction.
EXAMPLE 9

Solve: 5x y
=7− Equation (1)
6 4
y 2x
4+ = +1 Equation (2)
8 3

The first step suggests that the equations should be cleared of fractions first.
Simplify Equation (1).

5x y
= 7−
6 4
Multiply both sides of the equation by their LCD.

 5x   y
12  = 12 7 − 
 6   4
2(5 x) = 84 − 3 y
10 x = 84 − 3 y

16
In the standard form, ax + by = c.

10 x + 2 y = 84 Equation (3)

Simplify Equation (2).

y 2x
4+ = +1
8 3
Multiply both sides of the equation by their LCD.

 y  2x 
24 4 +  = 24 + 1
 8  3 
96 + 3 y = 16 x + 24
3 y = 16 x + 24 − 96
3 y = 16 x − 72

In the standard form, ax + by = c.

− 16 x + 3 y = −72 Equation (4)

Subtracting Equation (4) from Equation (3), we will have

10x + 3y = 84 Equation (3)
– –16x + 3y = –72 Equation (4)
26x + 0 = 156
26x = 156
26x = 156
26 26
x=6
Substituting x = 6 in Equation (3) we have

10 x + 3 y = 84
10(6) + 3 y = 84
60 + 3 y = 84
3 y = 84 − 60
3 y = 24
3 y 24
=
3 3
y =8

The solution set is therefore (6, 8).

17
 Let’s Try This

A. Solve the following using the addition or subtraction method.

1. x+ y =5
x− y =3

2. 2 x + y = −1
x + y = −2

B. Solve the following system of equations.

1 1
+ =3
x y
1 1
− =1
x y

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 49 and 50. How well did you
do?

18
 Let’s See What You Have Learned

Solve the following systems of linear equations.

1. Solve this using the graphical method.

5 x + 3 y = 17
x + 3y = 1

2. Solve the following using any method discussed in this lesson.

5 x + 3 y = 19
a.
x + 3 y = 11

5 x − 3 y = 19
b.
2 x − 4 y = 16

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 50 to 53. How well did you
do?

Let’s Remember

♦ Systems of equations wherein two equations represent two conditions imposed at the
same time on the variables are called simultaneous equations.
♦ There are several methods used in solving linear equations. These include the graphing
method, the substitution method and the elimination method.

19
 LESSON 2

Applications of Linear Equations

Let’s Learn
Knowing how to solve linear equations may be used in the following: number problems,
geometric problems, work problems, uniform motion problems, investment problems and mixture
problems which can be useful in our everyday lives. Let us discuss each kind of word problem in
detail.
Number Problems
In the first lesson, you were able to translate ordinary phrases and sentences into
mathematical ones. You can now use that knowledge to solve number problems. Look at the
following examples.
EXAMPLE 1

The denominator of a fraction exceeds its numerator by 6. If 2 is added to the numerator

7
and 2 is subtracted from the denominator, the resulting fraction is equal to . Find the original
9
fraction.

Let x = the numerator

x + 6 = the denominator
x
= the original fraction
x+6
x+2
= the new fraction
x+6−2
x+2 7
=
x+6−2 9
x+2 7
= by simplification
x+4 9

To find the value of x, follow the steps given in the previous lesson. You will then have

x+2 7
=
x+4 9

20
 To get rid of the denominators on both sides of the equation, multiply both of its sides by the
LCD, that is, 9( x + 4) , so we will have

 x+2 7
9( x + 4 )  = 9( x + 4 ) 
 x+4 9
9( x + 2 ) = ( x + 4 )(7)
9 x + 18 = 7 x + 28
9 x − 7 x = 28 − 18
2 x = 10
2 x 10
=
2 2
x=5

We can then compute for the value of the original fraction by substituting 5 to the variable x.
x 5 5
= =
x + 6 5 + 6 11

5
The original fraction, therefore, is .
11

Let’s Review

Solve the following word problem.

1
Forty pesos less than =
of Tim’s weekly salary is P800. How much does Tim earn each
2
week?

Compare your answer with the one in the Answer Key on page 53. How well did you do?

21
 Let’s Learn

Geometric Problems

Now, examine a problem involving geometric figures.

EXAMPLE 2

The length of a rectangle is 25 cm more than its width. If its perimeter is 98 cm, determine
its dimensions.
x + 25
Let x = the width
x x
x + 25 = the length
98 = perimeter x + 25

Now, recall the formula for the perimeter of a rectangle

P = 2L + 2W
where: P = perimeter
L = length
W = width
Therefore, 2(x + 25) + 2x = 98.
Solving for x, we will have

2( x + 25) + 2 x = 98
2 x + 50 + 2 x = 98
4 x + 50 = 98
4 x = 98 − 50
4 x = 48
4 x 48
=
4 4
x = 12

So the width of the rectangle is 12 cm while its length is x + 25 = 12 + 25 = 37 cm.

22
 Let’s Review

Solve the following word problem.

The first side of a triangle is 5 cm less than its second side, the third side is 3 cm more than
the first and the perimeter of the triangle is 17 cm long. How long is each side?

Compare your answer with the one in the Answer Key on page 54. How well did you do?

Let’s Learn

Work Problems

1
In solving work problems, note that if a man can do a job in 5 days, he completes 5
of the
x
work in one day, 2 in 2 days and in x days. A diagram helps show this relationship.
5 5

Complete job

1
5
of the job can be done in one day

In general, if it takes b days to complete a job, the part of the job that can be done in a days
a
is represented by the fraction .
b

EXAMPLE 3

If Andrew can do a job in 8 hours and Bobby can do the same job in 12 hours, how long
would it take them to do the job together?
x = the number of hours it will take the two men to complete the job together
x
= the part of the job that Andrew can do in x hours
8
x
= the part of the job that Bobby can do in x hours
12

23
 The relationship used in setting up the equation is
Part of job done + Part of job done = Complete job
by Andrew by Bobby

That is x x
+ =1
8 12
x x 
24 +  = 24(1)
 8 12 
3x + 2 x = 24
5 x = 24
5 x 24
=
5 5
4
x=4
5

4
Thus, by working together, Andrew and Bobby can do the job in 4 hours or 4 hours and
5
48 minutes.

Let’s Review

Solve the following word problem.

A swimming club manager needs to fill the pool in 8 hours and she knows that the built-in
water line will take 12 hours to fill the pool. How many hours would it then take both the built-in
water line and auxiliary hose to fill the pool with water.

Compare your answer with the one in the Answer Key on pages 54 and 55. How well did
you do?

24
 Let’s Learn

Uniform Motion Problems

Problems that involve distance, d, time, t, and uniform rate, r, are called uniform motion
problems.
These problems are often clarified by making a sketch of the relationships involved.
EXAMPLE 4

Two airplanes start from the same place and fly in opposite directions. One airplane travels
100 kilometers per hour faster than the other. Two hours later, they are 2260 kilometers apart.
Find the rate of each.
slower plane faster plane

starting point
r r + 100
dslower dfaster
2260 km

Let r = the rate of the slower plane in kilometers per hour

r + 100 = the rate of the faster plane
Make a table of the given facts.

Rate Time Distance

Slower airplane r 2 2r
Faster airplane r + 100 2 2(r + 100)

d slower + d faster = 2260

2r + 2(r + 100) = 2260
2r + 2r + 200 = 2260
4r = 2260 − 200
4r = 2060
4r = 2060
r = 515
r + 100 = 515 + 100 = 615
Thus, the rate for the slower airplane is 515 kph and the rate of the faster one is 615 kph.

25
 Let’s Review

Solve the following word problem.

A policeman on a motorcycle is pursuing a car the speed of which is 115 kilometers per
hour. The policeman is 6 km behind the car and is moving with a speed of 130 kilometers per
hour. How long will it take the policeman to overtake the car?

Compare your answer with the one in the Answer Key on page 55. How well did you do?

Let’s Learn

Investment Problems

Some investment problems make use of the interest formula I = PRT. In this formula, I
represents the interest, P, the principal or amount invested, R (%), the rate of interest and T, the
time. For purposes of our discussion, we shall assume R to be the annual rate of interest and T to
be given in years.
Most investment problems involve equations with decimal coefficients. Such an equation can
be solved by multiplying both sides of the equation by a power of ten to get an equivalent
equation with whole number coefficients.
EXAMPLE 5

Miss Uy invests part of =P80000 at 9% annual simple interest and the rest at 11% annual
simple interest. Her annual income from these investments is =
P8500. How much did she invest at
each interest rate?
Let x = amount invested at 9%
80000 – x = amount invested at 11%
8500 = sum of amount income from the amounts invested at 9% and 11%

Principal Rate Time Interest

Amount at 9% x 0.09 1 0.09x

Amount at 11% 80000 – x 0.11 1 0.11(80000 – x)

0.09x + 0.11(80000 – x) = 8500

26
 Multiply both sides by 100 to eliminate the decimals.
100[0.09 x + 0.11(80000 − x )] = 100(8500)
9 x + 11(80000 − x ) = 850000
9 x + 880000 − 11x = 850000
− 2 x + 880000 = 850000
− 2 x = 850000 − 880000
− 2 x = −30000
− 2 x − 30000
=
−2 −2
x = 15000
80000 − x = 80000 − 15000 = 65000
Thus, Ms. Uy invested=P15000 at 9% and =P65000 at 11%.

Let’s Review

Solve the following word problem.

A man invests x pesos in bonds and = P8000 more than this in stocks. How much did he
=
invest in stocks if his total investment is P15000?

Compare your answer with the one in the Answer Key on page 56. How well did you do?

Let’s Learn

Mixture Problems

A method of analyzing and solving mixture problems is illustrated in the following example.
EXAMPLE 6

The UN Supermarket sells cashew nuts at =P60 per kilogram and Brazil nuts at = P75 per
kilogram. The manager wants to mix the nuts to get 15 kilograms of the mixture and sell it at =
P65
per kilogram. How many kilograms of each kind of nut does the manager need to complete one
mixture?
Let x = number of kilograms of cashew nuts
15 – x = number of kilograms of Brazil nuts

27
 Number of Price per Total Cost
Kilograms Kilogram
Cashew x 60 60x
Brazil 15 – x 75 75(15 – x)
Mixture 15 65 65(15)

Cost of cashew nuts + Cost of Brazil nuts = Cost of each mixture

60 x + 85(15 − x ) = 65(15)
60 x + 1125 − 75 x = 975
− 15 x = 975 − 1125
− 15 x = −150
− 15 x − 150
=
− 15 − 15
x = 10
15 − x = 15 − 10 = 5

Thus, the manager needs 10 kg of cashew nuts and 5 kg of Brazil nuts to make each
mixture.

Let’s Review

Solve the following word problem.

A chemist has 10 mL of a solution that contains 30% acid. How many mL of pure acid must
be added to it in order to increase its acid content to 50%?

Compare your answer with the one in the Answer Key on page 56. How well did you do?

28
 Let’s Learn

Some problems are solved by using only one variable and one equation. But others are
solved more easily by using two variables and a system of two equations.

Number Problems
EXAMPLE 7

Solution 1

The sum of two numbers is 225 and their difference is 65. Find the two numbers.
x = the larger number
225 – x = the smaller number
x − (225 − x) = 65
x − 225 + x = 65
2 x − 225 = 65
2 x = 65 + 225
2 x = 290
2 x 290
=
2 2
x = 145
225 − x = 225 − 145 = 80
Therefore the two numbers are 145 and 80.
Solution 2

Let x = the larger number

y = the smaller number
x + y = 225 Equation (1)
+
x − y = 65 Equation (2)
2 x + 0 = 290
2 x = 290
2 x 290
=
2 2
x = 145

Substituting the value of x to Equation (1), we will get

145 + y = 225
y = 225 − 145
y = 80

29
 The two numbers are therefore 145 and 80.
We can solve many problems by translating them into systems of equations and using the
following problem-solving guidelines:
1. Understand the problem. Read it carefully and decide which quantities are unknown.
2. Develop a plan. Represent one of the unknown values by one variable and the second
unknown by another variable.
3. Carry out your plan. Study the stated facts until you understand their meanings. Then
translate the related facts into equations in two variables. Solve the system of
equations.
4. Check your answers using the derivations you made and not the given equation itself.
Write a statement to answer the question being asked in the problem.

Age Problem
EXAMPLE 8

Kari is 4 years older than Danny. Eight years ago, Kari was twice as old as Danny. What
are their ages now?
It is often helpful to organize the given information in a table.

Kari Danny Relation

Age now x y x=y+4
Ages 8 years ago x–8 y–8 x – 8 = 2(y – 8)

From the table, we can get a system of two equations in x and y.

x = y+4 Equation (1)

x − 8 = 2( y − 8) Equation (2)

Simplifying Equation (2), we will have

x − 8 = 2( y − 8)
x − 8 = 2 y − 16
x = 2 y − 16 + 8
x = 2y −8 Equation (3)

30
 Substitute y + 4 for x in Equation (3) as in

x = 2y −8
y + 4 = 2y −8
y − 2 y = −8 − 4
− y = −12
− y − 12
=
−1 −1
y = 12

Substitute y = 12 in Equation (1) to find the value of x.

x = y+4
x = 12 + 4
x = 16

Check as usual. Then we can conclude that Kari is 16 years old and Danny is 12 years old.

Digit Problems
EXAMPLE 9

The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 13. The tens digit is 5 less than the units digit.
Find the number.
Let t = the tens digit
u= the units digit
t + u = 13 Equation (1)
t=u–5 Equation (2)
Substituting Equation (2) to Equation (1) we get

(u − 5) + u = 13
u − 5 + u = 13
2u − 5 = 13
2u = 13 + 5
2u = 18
2u 18
=
2 2
u =9

Substituting the value of u to Equation (2), we will get

t = u −5
t = 9−5
t=4
The number is therefore 49.

31
Mixture Problems
EXAMPLE 10

A lab technician has a 40% alcohol solution and a 60% alcohol solution. He needs to make
1000 L of a solution that is 48% alcohol. How much of each available solution should he use?
x = liters of 40% solution
y = liters of 60% solution
Analyzing the problem, we find that two conditions must be met.
Condition 1
liters of + liters of = liters of
40% solution 60% solution 48% solution
x + y = 1000
Condition 2
pure alcohol in + pure alcohol in = pure alcohol in
40% solution 60% solution 48% solution
0.40x + 0.60y = 0.48(1000)
So, the system we must solve is

x + y = 1000 Equation (1)

0.40 x + 0.60 y = 0.48(1000 ) Equation (2)

Simplifying Equation (2), we will get

0.40 x + 0.60 y = 0.48(1000)
0.40 x + 0.60 y = 480
10(0.40 x + 0.60 y ) = 480(10)
4 x + 6 y = 4800 Equation (3)

Multiplying Equation (1) by 4, we will get

4( x + y ) = 4(1000)
4 x + 4 y = 4000 Equation (4)

Subracting Equation (4) from Equation (3), we will get

4 x + 6 y = 4800 Equation (3)

–
4 x + 4 y = 4000 Equation (4)

0 + 2 y = 800
2 y = 800
2 y 800
=
2 2
y = 400

32
 Substituting the value of y to Equation (1), we will get

x + y = 1000
x + 400 = 1000
x = 1000 − 400
x = 600

Therefore, he will need 600 g of the 40% solution and 400 g of the 60% solution.

Money Problems
EXAMPLE 11

The cost of 3 tables and 5 chairs is =

P600; the cost of 1 table and 2 chairs is =P210. Find the
cost of a table and a chair.
x = the cost of a table
y = the cost of a chair
From the question, we can get

3 x + 5 y = 600 Equation (1)

x + 2 y = 210 Equation (2)

Multiplying Equation (2) by 3, we will get

3( x + 2 y = 210)
3 x + 6 y = 630 Equation (3)
Subtracting Equation (1) from Equation (3), we will get
3x + 6y = 630
–
3x + 5y = 600
0 + y = 30
y = 30
Substituting y = 30 to Equation (2), we will have

x + 2 y = 210
x + 2 (30 ) = 210
x + 60 = 210
x = 210 − 60
x = 150

=
Hence, the cost of each table is P150 =
and each chair is P30.

33
Investment Problems
EXAMPLE 12

A man invested =P180000, part of it at 4% and the rest at 6% per year. If he receives an
annual income of =
P8400 from these investments, how much did he invest at each rate?
x = the amount in pesos invested at 4%
y = the amount in pesos invested at 6%
0.04 x = the annual income from the 4% investment
0.06 y = the annual income from the 6% investment
x + y = 180000 Equation (1)
0.04x + 0.06y = 8400 Equation (2)
Multiplying Equation (2) by 100, we will get

100(0.04 x + 0.06 y ) = 100(8400)

4 x + 6 y = 840000 Equation (3)

Multiplying Equation (2) by 4, we will get

4(x + y) = 4(180000)
4x + 4y = 720000 Equation (4)
Subtracting Equation (4) from Equation (3), we will get

4 x + 6 y = 840000 Equation (3)

–
4 x + 4 y = 720000 Equation (4)
0 + 2 y = 120000
2 y = 120000
2 y 120000
=
2 2
y = 60000

Substituting the value to Equation (1), we will get

x + y = 180000
x + 60000 = 180000
x = 180000 − 60000
x = 120000

Therefore, he invested =P120000 at 4% interest per year and =P60000 at 6% interest per
year.

34
Motion Problems
EXAMPLE 13

A motorboat took 4 hours to make a trip downstream with a 10-kph current. The return
trip against the same current took 5 hours. Find the speed of the boat.
Upstream, r – 10
10 kph current, 5 hours, d km

Downstream, r + 10
10 kph current, 4 hours, d km
We first make a drawing. From it, we can see that the distances are the same. Let us call the
distance, d. Let r = the speed of the boat in still water. Then, when the boat is traveling
downstream, its speed is r + 10 (because the current helps it along). When it is traveling
upstream, its speed is r – 10 (because the current holds it back). We can organize the information
in a table. In this case, the distances are the same, so we will use the formula: d = rt.

Distance Rate Time

Downstream d r + 10 4
Upstream d r – 10 5

From each row of the table, we can get an equation

d = 4( r + 10) Equation (1)

d = 5( r − 10) Equation (2)

Since there is only one variable on each side of the equation, we can solve the system using
substitution.
4(r + 10) = 5(r − 10)
4r + 40 = 5r − 50
4r − 5r = −50 − 40
− r = −90
− r − 90
=
−1 −1
r = 90

35
The boat was therefore traveling at a constant speed of 90 kph.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

Solve the following problems.

1. The difference between two numbers is 15 and their sum is 79. Find the two numbers.

2. =
If 4 hamburgers and 3 apple pies cost P194.50 but 2 hamburgers and 5 apple pies
=
cost P158.50, how much does a hamburger cost? an apple pie?

3. Each of the two equal sides of an isosceles triangle is 5 cm less than 3 times the length
of the third side. Find the length of each side of the triangle if its perimeter is 39 cm.

4. A nurse has 1 L of a solution that is 20% alcohol. How much pure alcohol must she
add to bring it to a solution that contains 25% alcohol?

36
 5. An hour after Benjie left on a bicycle trip, his family found that he had forgotten a
package. Debbie, an older sister, started after Benjie on her car. If Benjie was traveling
at the rate of 12 kph and Debbie drove at the rate of 60 kph, how long will it take
Debbie to catch up with Benjie?

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 56 to 59. How well did you
do?

Let’s Remember

♦ Linear equations or systems of linear equations can be used to solve number,

geometric, work, uniform motion, investment and mixture problems.

37
 LESSON 3

Quadratic Equations

After learning about linear equations, you will now be introduced to quadratic equations. Do
you know what quadratic equations are? Read on to find out.

Let’s Learn

A quadratic equation in a single variable is an equation in which a variable’s highest

exponent is 2.

The standard form of a quadratic equation in a single variable x is ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where a,

b and c are constants and a ≠ 0.
The most commonly used ways in solving quadratic equations are the following:
1. Factoring is the easiest way of solving quadratic equations. However, it requires
mastery of the various factoring techniques. Moreover, not all quadratic equations can
be solved by factoring.
To solve a quadratic equation by factoring, follow these steps:
a. Transfer all the terms to the left side of the equation so that the right side becomes
equal to zero.
b. Simplify and factor the quadratic expression which is usually a trinomial.
c. Each of the factors should now be a linear equation. Equate each factor to 0 and
solve each linear equation for the unknown variable.
Let us try solving the following problem.
EXAMPLE 1

Solve for x in the equation 12x2 + 60x + 72 = –3.

Transfer everything to the left.

12 x 2 + 60 x + 72 = −3
12 x 2 + 60 x + 72 + 3 = −3 + 3
12 x 2 + 60 x + 75 = 0

38
 Simplify and factor.

12 x 2 + 60 x + 75 0
=
3 3
4 x + 20 x + 25 = 0
2

(2 x + 5)(2 x + 5) = 0

Solve separately.

2x + 5 = 0 and 2x + 5 = 0
2 x = −5 2 x = −5
2x − 5 2x − 5
= =
2 2 2 2
−5 −5
x= x=
2 2

State your final answer.

There is only one root, namely –5/2 with multiplicity 2, since the factor 2x + 5 is repeated.
2. Completing the square is done by following these steps:
a. Transfer all constant terms to the right side of the equation.
b. Divide or multiply both sides of the equation to make the coefficient of the term
x2 equal to 1.
c. Determine the constant to add to the left side of the equation so that it will
become a perfect trinomial. Add this constant to both sides of the equation.
The constant to be added is the square of half the numerical coefficient of the
linear term.
d. Factor the left side of the equation.
e. Extract the square root of each side of the equation. The square root of the left
side of the equation is now linear and it is equated to the ± square root at the right
side of the equation.
f. Solve each of the linear equations for the roots.
Let us look at the following example.
EXAMPLE 2

Solve for x in the equation 3x2 + 6x – 15 = 0.

Transfer the constant terms.

3 x 2 + 6 x − 15 = 0
3 x 2 + 6 x = 15

39
 Divide both sides of the equation by 3 since all the numerical coefficients are divisible by 3.
3x 2 + 6 x 15
=
3 3
x + 2x = 5
2

Complete the square.

The numerical coefficient of the linear term 2x is 2. Half of 2 is 1 and the square of 1 is 1.
Thus the constant to be added to both sides of the equation is 1.
x2 + 2x +1 = 5 + 1
x2 + 2x +1 = 6
Factor.
( x + 1) 2 = 6
Extract the square roots of both sides of the equation.

( x + 1) 2 = ± 6
x +1 = ± 6
Solve for x.
x +1 = ± 6

x +1 = − 6 and x +1 = 6
x = − 6 −1 x = 6 −1
x = −1 − 6 x = −1 + 6

State your final answer.

The roots of the equation are x = −1− 6 and x = −1+ 6 .

3. The quadratic formula can be used to solve any quadratic equation.

− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
x1 = x
and 2 =
2a 2a
Follow these steps in using the quadratic equation:
a. Transfer all the terms to the left side of the equation so that the right side becomes
equal to zero.
b. Simplify the equation.
c. Use the quadratic formula wherein:
a = the coefficient of the quadratic term;
b = the coefficient of the linear term; and
c = the constant term.

40
 Let us solve the following problem.
EXAMPLE 3

3 2 1 1
Solve for x in the equation   x −   x = .
4 2 3
Equate everything to 0.

3 2 1 1
 x −  x =
4 2 3
3 2 1 1
 x −  x − = 0
4  2 3

Simplify the equation.

 3   1  1
12   x 2 −   x −  = 12(0)
 4   2  3
9x2 − 6x − 4 = 0

Using a = 9, b = –6 and c = –4, apply the quadratic formula.

− b ± b 2 − 4ac − (−6) − (−6 2 ) − 4(9)(−4)

x= x=
2a 2(9)
− (−6) + (−6 2 ) − 4(9)(−4) 6 − 36 + 144
x= x=
2(9) 18
6 + 36 + 144 6 − 180
x= x=
18 18
6 + 180 6 − 36(5)
x= x=
18 18
6 + 36(5) 6−6 5
x= x=
18 18

x=
6+6 5
x=
(
6 1− 5 )
18 18

x=
(
6 1+ 5 ) x=
1− 5
18 3
1+ 5
x=
3
1+ 5 1− 5
The roots of the equation therefore are and .
3 3

41
 Let’s See What You Have Learned

Solve for x in the following quadratic equations.

1. 2x2 + 5x – 12 = 0

2. 6x2 – 17x + 5 = 0

3. x2 – 16x + 11 = 0

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 59 and 60. How well did
you do?

42
 Let’s Remember

♦ A quadratic equation is an equation in which the highest power of any of its variables is
2.

♦ The standard form of a quadratic equation with a single variable, x, is ax 2 + bx + c = 0

where a, b and c are constants and a ≠ 0.
Well, this is the end of the module! Congratulations for finishing it. Did you like it? Did you
learn anything useful from it? A summary of its main points is given below to help you remember
them better.

Let’s Sum Up

This module tells us that:

♦ Systems of equations wherein two equations represent two conditions imposed at the
same time on the variables are called simultaneous equations.
♦ There are several methods for solving linear equations. These include the graphing, the
substitution and the elimination methods.
♦ Linear equations or sytems of linear equations can be used to solve number, geometric,
work, uniform motion, investment and mixture problems.
♦ A quadratic equation is an equation in which the highest power of any of its variables is
2.
♦ The standard form of a quadratic equation with a single variable, x, is ax 2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b and c are constants and a ≠ 0.

What Have You Learned?

Solve the following:

1. On a certain day, a business firm mailed 240 letters. Some required =P2.00 worth of
postage stamps each and the remainder = P3.00. The charge for stamps was =P627.00 in
=
all. How many letters required P3.00-stamps?

43
 2. Gary’s concert at the Metropolitan Theater was attended by 685 people. Some
= each and the rest bought reserved-seat tickets
bought general admission tickets at P50
= each. The total amount of money collected from these tickets was P40000.
at P75 =
How many people bought reserved-seat tickets?

3. Draw a graph of y = x2 – 8x + 12.

4. A rectangle’s length is 7 cm more than twice its width. Find the dimensions of the
rectangle if its perimeter is 80 cm.

5. Two automobiles start at the same place and travel in opposite directions. The first car
averages 32 kph and the second, 36 kph. In how many hours will the cars be 306 km
apart?

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 60 to 63. Did you get a
perfect score? If you did, that’s very good. You may then study a new module. If you didn’t,
review the items you did not understand very well first before studying another module.

44
 Answer Key

A. Let’s See What You Already Know (pages 2–3)

1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (d)
5. (a)
6. (b)
7. (c) x = first number x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) = 63
x +1 = second number
x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 63
x + 2 = third number
3x + 3 = 63
3x = 63 – 3
3x = 60
3 3
x = 20
x + 2 = 20 + 2
x + 2 = 22

8. (d) P = 2L + 2W 50 = 2(5x) + 2w
50 = 10x + 2w
50 – 2w = 10x
–2w = 10x – 50
–2 –2
w = –5x + 25 or 25 – 5x

45
B. Lesson 1
Let’s Try This (pages 9–10)
1. (3, 2)
2x + 3y = 2 x − 4 y = −5
? ?
2(3) + 3(2) = 12 3 − 4(2) = −5
? ?
6 + 6 = 12 3 − 8 = −5
12 = 12 − 5 = −5
Yes, (3, 2) is a solution of the given system of equations.
2. For x – 2y = 1 For x – y = 2
when x = 0, 0 − 2y =1 when x = 0, 0− y = 2
− 2y =1 −y=2
1 y = −2
y=−
2

 1
Thus  0, −  is a solution. Thus (0, –2) is a solution.
 2
when y = 0, x − 2(0) = 1 when y = 0, x−0 = 2
x − 0 =1 x=2
x =1
Thus (1, 0) is another solution. Thus (2, 0) is another solution.
Graphing

(1, 0)
• point of intersection
• • (3, 1)
 1 • (2, 0)
 0, 
 2
x – 2y = 1 • (0, –2)

x–y=2

Check: For x − 2 y = 1 for x − y = 2

? ?
3 − 2(1) = 1 3 −1 = 2
? ?
3− 2 =1 2=2
1=1
Therefore (3, 1) is the solution set.

46
3. For x = y
when x = 0, y=0 x=y
x = 1, y=1 • (0, 3)
point of intersection
for x + y = 3 (3/2, 3/2)
3
/2 •
when x = 0, 0+ y = 3 • (3, 0)
y=3 • •
3
/2
Thus (0, 3) is a solution.
When y = 0, x+0=3
x=3 x+y=3
Thus (3, 0) is another solution.

Check: x= y x+ y =3
3 3 3 3 ?
= + =3
2 2 2 2
6 ?
=3
2
3=3

Let’s Try This (pages 12–13)

1. a – 2b = 2
a+b=8
Transform a – 2b = 2 in terms of a.
a = 2 + 2b
Substitute the value to a in a + b = 8: Solve for a:

a+b =8 a+b =8
(2 + 2b) + b = 8 a+2=8
2 + 2b + b = 8 a =8−2
2 + 3b = 8 a=6
2 + 3b − 2 = 8 − 2
3b = 6
3b 6
=
3 3
b=2
Check:
a − 2b = 2 a+b =8
?
?
6 − 2(2) = 2 6+2 =8
?
6−4 = 2 8=8
2=2

47
 2. 4x + 7 y = 9 4x + 7 y = 9
4x = 9 − 7 y 4 x + 7(3) = 9
9−7y 4 x + 21 = 9
x=
4 4 x = 9 − 21
6 x + 5 y = −3 4 x = −12
 9−7y  4 x − 12
6  + 5 y = −3 =
 4  4 4
 54 − 42 y  x = −3
4 + 5 y  = 4(− 3)
 4 
54 − 42 y + 20 y = −12
− 42 y + 20 y = −12 − 54
− 22 y = −66
− 22 y − 66
=
− 22 − 22
y=3

Check:
4x + 7 y = 9 6 x + 5 y = −3
?
6(−3) + 5(3) = −3
?
4(−3) + 7(3) = 9
? ?
− 12 + 21 = 9 − 18 + 15 = −3
9=9 − 3 = −3

3. 2x – y = a Equation (1)
x – 2y = d Equation (2)
x = d + 2y Equation (3)
Substitute the value for x Substitute the value for y
to Equation (1): to Equation (3):

2(d + 2 y ) − y = a x = d + 2y
2d + 4 y − y = a  a − 2d 
x = d + 2 
2d + 3 y = a  3 
3 y = a − 2d 3d + 2(a − 2d )
x=
3 y a − 2d 3
=
3 3 3d + 2a − 4d
x=
a − 2d 3
y=
3 2a − d
x=
3

 2a − d a − 2 d 
Solution set:  , 
 3 3 

48
Let’s Try This (page 18)
A. 1. x+y=5
x–y=3
x+y=5
+
x–y =3
2x =8
2x =8
2 2
x=4
Substituting the values to the first equation:
x+y=5
4+y=5
4+y–4=5–4
y=1
(4, 1) is the solution set.
2. 2x + y = –1
x + y = –2
2x + y = –1
–
x + y = –2
x =1
Substituting the values to the second equation:
x + y = –2
1 + y = –2
1 + y – 1 = –2 – 1
y = –3
The solution set is (1, –3).
B. 1. Adding the two equations:

1 1
+ =3
x y
+
1 1
− =1
x y
2
=4
x

49
 Multiplying both sides by x:

 2
x  = 4 x
 x
2 = 4x
2 4x
=
4 4
1
x=
2

Substituting the values to the first equation:

1 1
+ =3
1 y
2
1
2+ =3
y
1
= 3−2
y
1
=1
y
y =1
1 
The solution set is  , 1 .
2 

Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 19)

1. 5x + 3y = 17
x + 3y = 1
For 5x + 3y = 17
when x = 0, 5(0) + 3 y = 17
0 + 3 y = 17
3 y = 17
3 y 17
=
3 3
 17  y=
17
Thus  0,  is a solution.
 3 3

When y = 0, 5 x + 3(0) = 17
5 x + 0 = 17
5 x = 17
5 x 17
=
5 5
17
x=
5
50
  17 
Thus  , 0  is another solution.
5 

For x + 3y = 1
when x = 0, 0 + 3y = 1
3y = 1
3y 1
=
3 3
1
 1 y=
Thus  0,  is a solution. 3
 3

When y = 0, x + 3(0) = 1
x + 0 =1
x =1
Thus (1, 0) is another solution.

Graphing the two equations:

 17 
•  0, 
 3

(2, 1)

 1 point of intersection
x + 3y = 1  0,   17 
 3  ,0  (4, –1)
(1, 0) 5 
•
• •

5x + 3y = 17

Check:
5 x + 3 y = 17 x + 3y = 1
? ?
5(4) + 3(1) = 17 4 + 3(−1) = 1
? ?
20 − 3 = 17 4−3 =1
17 = 17 1=1
Therefore (4, –1) is the solution set.

51
2. a. Subract the two equations:
5x + 3y = 19
– x + 3y = 11
4x + 0 = 8
4x = 8
4x = 8
4 4
x= 2
Substitute the values to Equation (2):
x + 3 y = 11
2 + 3 y = 11
3 y = 11 − 2
3y 9
=
3 3
y=3
Checking:
5x + 3 y = 19
?
2 + 3(3) = 19
?
2 + 9 = 19
19 = 19
Therefore (2, 3) is the solution set.
b. 3x – 5y = 19 Equation (1)
2x – 4y = 16 Equation (2)
Multiplying Equation (1) by 2:
2(3x – 5y = 19)
6x – 10y = 38 Equation (3)
Multiplying Equation (2) by 3:
3(2x – 4y = 16)
6x – 12y = 48 Equation (4)
Subtract Equation (4) from Equation (3):
6x – 10y = 38
– 6x – 12y = 48
2y = –10
2 2
y = –5

52
 Substituting the value to Equation (1):
3x − 5 y = 19
3x − 5(−5) = 19
3 x + 25 = 19
3 x = 19 − 25
3 x = −6
3x − 6
=
3 3
x = −2

Check:
3x − 5 y = 19 2 x − 4 y = 16
? ?
3(−2) − 5(−5) = 19 2(−2) − 4(−5) = 16
? ?
− 6 + 25 = 19 − 4 + 20 = 16
19 = 19 16 = 16

Therefore (–2, –5) is the solution set.

C. Lesson 2
Let’s Review (page 21)
Let x = Tim’s weekly salary
1 1
x = of Tim’s weekly salary
2 2
1
x − 40 = 800
2
1
x − 40 + 40 = 800 + 40
2
1
x = 840
2
x
= 840
2
 x
2  = 840(2 )
2
x = 1680

Tim earns =
P1680 each week.

53
Let’s Review (page 23)
Let x = second side of the triangle
x – 5 = first side of the triangle
(x – 5) + 3 = third side of the triangle
P = side 1 + side 2 + side 3 = 17 cm long
17 = (x − 5) + x + [( x − 5) + 3]
17 = (x − 5) + x + (x − 5 + 3)
17 = (x − 5) + x + x − 5 + 3
17 = x − 5 + x + x − 5 + 3
17 = 3x − 7
17 + 7 = 3x
24 = 3x
24 3x
=
3 3
8= x
x = 8 (second side)
x − 5 = 3 (first side)
(x − 5) + 3 = (8 − 5) + 3
= 3+3
(x − 5) + 3 = 6 (third side)
The first side of the triangle is 3 cm, the second, 8 cm, and the third, 6 cm.
Let’s Review (page 24)
Let 12 = number of hours the built-in water line needs to fill the pool
1
= job done by the built-in water line in 1 hour; rate
12
x = number of hours the auxiliary hose needs to fill the pool
1
= job done by the auxiliary hose in 1 hour; rate
x
8 = number of hours the two hoses are to be used

part of of the pool part of the pool

filled by built-in water + filled by auxiliary = 1 whole
line in 8 hours hose in 8 hours

8 8
+ = 1
12 x

54
 8 8
+ =1
12 x
 8 8
12 x +  = (12 x )(1)
 12 x 
8 x + 96 = 12 x
8 x + 96 − 12 x = 12 x − 12 x
− 4 x + 96 − 96 = 0 − 96
− 4 x = −96
− 4 x − 96
=
−4 −4
x = 24 hours
The auxiliary hose needs a minimum rate of 24 hours to fill the pool.
Let’s Review (page 26)

Distance Time Speed (Rate)

Motorcycle x t 130
Car x–6 t 115

Distance traveled by car:

x – 6 = 115t
Isolate x.
x = 115t + 6
Distance traveled by motorcycle.
x = 130t
Equate the two equations.
130t = 115t + 6
130t − 115t = 6
15t = 6
15t 6
=
15 15
6 2
t= =
15 5
2
t = hours
5
t = 24 minutes
The policeman will overtake the car in 24 minutes.

55
Let’s Review (page 27)
Let x = invested in bonds
x + 8000 = investment in stocks
15000 = total investment
x + ( x + 8000) = 15000
x + x + 8000 = 15000
2 x + 8000 = 15000
2 x = 15000 − 8000
2 x = 7000
2 x 7000
=
2 2
x = 3500
x + 8000 = 3500 + 8000 = 11500
He invested =P11500 in stocks.
Let’s Review (page 28)

Solution Concentration Acid Content

10 ml 30% 3 ml
10 + x 50% 3+x

(10 + x )(.5) = 3 + x
10(10 + x )(.5) = 10(3 + x )
(10 + x )(5) = 30 + 10 x
50 + 5 x = 30 + 10 x
5 x − 10 x = 30 − 50
− 5 x = −20
− 5 x − 20
=
−5 −5
x=4
4 ml of pure acid must be added.
Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 36–37)
1. Let x = first number
y = second number
x – y = 15 Equation (1)
x + y = 79 Equation (2)

56
 Add Equations (1) and (2).

x − y = 15
+
x + y = 79
2 x = 94
2 x 94
=
2 2
x = 47
Substituting the value to Equation (2):
47 + y = 79
y = 79 − 47
y = 32
The two numbers are 32 and 47.
2. Let x = cost of a hamburger
y = cost of an apple pie
4x + 3y = 194.50 Equation (1)
2x + 5y = 158.50 Equation (2)
To eliminate the decimal points, multiply both equations by 10.
10(4x + 3y = 194.50) 40x + 30y = 1945 Equation (3)
10(2x + 5y = 158.50) 20x + 30y = 1585 Equation (4)
Multiply Equation (4) by 2.
2(20x + 50y = 1585)
40x + 100y = 3170 Equation (5)
Subract Equation (5) from Equation (3).

40 x + 30 y = 1945
–
40 x + 100 y = 3170
− 70 y = −1225
− 70 y − 1225
=
− 70 − 70
y = 17.5

Substitute the value to Equation (1).

4 x + 3(17.5) = 194.50
4 x + 52.5 = 194.50
4 x = 194.50 − 52.5
4 x = 142
4 x 142
=
4 4
x = 35.5

57
 Therefore, the hamburger costs =
P35.50 each and the apple pie costs
=
P17.50 each.
3. Let x = third side
3x – 5 = length of each of the equal sides
P = 39 cm
(3x − 5) + (3x − 5) + x = 39
3x − 5 + 3x − 5 + x = 39
7 x − 10 = 39
7 x = 39 + 10
7 x = 49
7 x 49
=
7 7
x=7
3x − 5 = 3(7 ) − 5
= 21 − 5
= 16
The two equal sides of the triangle are 16 cm long each and its third side is
7 cm long.
4. Let x = pure alcohol to be added

Solution (Liters) Concentration Alcohol Content

1 20% .20

1 +x 25% .20 + x

.25(1 + x ) = .20 + x
100(.25)(1 + x ) = 100(.20 + x )
25(1 + x ) = 20 + 100 x
25 + 25 x = 20 + 100 x
25 − 20 = 100 x − 25 x
5 = 75 x
5 75 x
=
75 75
5 1
x= =
75 15
1
She must add of a liter of pure alcohol to the solution.
15

58
 5.
Distance Speed Time
Benjie d 12 t +1
Debbie d 60 t

Using d = st for Benjie

d = 12(t + 1) for Debbie
Since they travel the same distance:
12(t + 1) = 60t
12t + 12 = 60t
12t − 60t = −12
− 48t = −12
− 48t − 12
=
− 48 − 48
1
t=
4
1
Debbie will be able to reach her brother in hour or 15 minutes.
4
D. Lesson 3
Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 42)
1. 2x2 + 5x – 12 = 0
Factor out the equation.
(x + 4)(2x – 3) = 0
Thus:
x + 4= 0 2x – 3 = 0
x = –4 2x = 3
2 2
3
x=
2
3
Therefore the roots of the equation are –4 and .
2
2. 6x2 – 7x –5 = 0
Factoring:
(3x – 1)(2x – 5) = 0

59
 Thus:
3x – 1 = 0 2x – 3 = 0
3x = 1 2x = 3
2 2
1 3
x = x=
3 2
1 3
Therefore the roots are and .
3 2
3. x2 – 16x = –11
Since the equation is not factorable, let us complete the square x2 – 16x = –11.
Since 16 ÷ 2 = 8 and 82 = 64, then 64 is the constant we add to both sides of the
equation x2 – 16x + 64 = –11 + 64.

Factoring and simplifying ( x − 8)2 = 53 .

Getting the square root of both sides:

x − 8 = ± 53
x = 8 ± 53
Therefore the roots of the equation are 8 + 53 and 8 − 53 .
E. What Have You Learned? (pages 43–44)
1. Let = postage stamps
x = number of letters requiring P2
= postage stamps
240 – x = number of letters requiring P3
2x + 3(240 – x) = 627
2x + 720 – 3x = 627
720 – x = 627
–x = 627 – 720
–x = –93
–1 –1
x = 93
240 – x = 240 – 93
240 – x = 147
= postage stamps.
Therefore 147 letters required P3

60
2. Let x = number of people who bought reserved-seat tickets
685 – x = number of people who bought general admission tickets
75x + 50(685 – x) = 40000
75x + 34250 – 50x = 40000
25x + 34250 = 40000
25x = 40000 – 34250
25x = 5750
25 25
x = 230
Therefore 230 people bought reserved-seat tickets.
3. y = x2 – 8x + 12
If x = 3, y = 32 – 8(3) + 12
y = 9 – 24 + 12
y = –15 + 12
y = –3
If x = 9, y = 92 – 8(9) + 12
y = 81 – 72 + 12
y = 21
If x = 6, y = 62 – 8(6) + 12
y = 36 – 48 + 12
y=0
If x = 4, y = 42 – 8(4) + 12
y = 16 – 32 + 12
y = –14
If x = 3, y = 32 – 8(3) + 12
y = 9 – 24 + 12
y = –15 + 12
y = –3
If x = 8, y = 82 – 8(8) + 12
y = 64 – 64 + 12
y = 12

61
 x 3 4 6 8 9
y –3 –4 0 12 21

4. Let l = rectangle’s length

w = its width
P = 2l + 2w
l = 2w + 7
P = 80 cm
80 = 2(2w + 7) + 2w
80 = 4w + 14 + 2w
80 – 14 = 6w
66 = 6w
6 6
11 = w
l = 2w + 7
l = 2(11) + 7
l = 22 + 7
l = 29
The rectangle’s length is 29 cm and its width is 11 cm.
5. Distance Rate (Time)
=
Rate Rate
Distance
Time = Rate

Time Distance Rate

Car 1 x y 32
Car 2 x y 36

62
 y 306 − y
x= x=
32 36
32 x = y 306 − 32 x
x=
36
36 x = 306 − 32 x
36 x + 32 x = 306
68 x
= 306
68
x = 4 .5

Therefore, the cars will be 306 km apart after 4.5 hours.

Reference

Sia, Lucy O., et al. 21st Century Mathematics. Manila, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc., 1995.

63