Baking Ingredient Substitution Table

Sometimes you may find it necessary to substitute one ingredient for another in a recipe. But using a
different ingredient may change both the taste and texture of your baking, so it is a good idea before
substituting to understand the role that ingredient plays in the recipe. Use this table as a guideline
only.

INGREDIENT AMOUNT SUBSTITUTION

Almond Meal 1 cup (100 grams) To make your own almond meal
place 1 cup (100 grams) sliced
(blanched (skins off) or natural
(skins on)) almonds with 1
tablespoon (14 grams) granulated
white sugar in a blender or food
processor and process until finely
ground. Sugar or flour is added to
the almonds to prevent clumping
as it absorbs the oil exuded from
the almonds. Toasting the
almonds first dries them which also
helps to prevent clumping.
Almond Paste 1 1/3 cups (300 1 3/4 cups (175 grams) ground
grams) blanched almonds plus 1 1/2 cups
(175 grams) powdered
(confectioners or icing) sugar plus
1 large egg white (30 grams) plus 1
teaspoon almond extract plus 1/4
teaspoon salt
Ammonium bicarbonate 3/4 teaspoon 1 teaspoon baking soda
Arrowroot 1 tablespoon (15 1 tablespoon (15 grams)
grams) cornstarch, potato starch or rice
starch
2 tablespoons (25 grams) all
purpose flour

Baking Powder, double-acting 1 teaspoon 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2
teaspoon cream of tartar plus 1/4
(Rule of Thumb: 1 teaspoon for every teaspoon cornstarch
1 cup of flour)
High-Altitude Adjustments:
1 1/2 teaspoons single-action
baking powder
above 3000 ft. - reduce baking powder 1/8
teaspoon for every 1 teaspoon of baking powder in 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2
recipe
cup (120 ml) buttermilk, sour milk
above 5000 ft. - reduce baking powder 1/8-1/4 or yogurt to replace 1/2 cup (120
teaspoon for every 1 teaspoon baking powder in
recipe ml) non-acidic liquid
above 7000 ft. - reduce baking powder 1/4
teaspoon for every 1 teaspoon baking powder in
recipe

Baking Powder, single-acting 1 teaspoon 2/3 teaspoon double-acting baking

 powder
1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2
teaspoon cream of tartar plus 1/4
teaspoon cornstarch

Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate) 1/2 teaspoon 2 teaspoons double-acting baking

powder (must replace the acidic
(Rule of Thumb: 1/4 teaspoon for liquid in recipe with non-acidic
every 1 cup of flour)
liquid)
1/2 teaspoon potassium
bicarbonate
Bread Crumbs, Dry 1 cup (150 grams) 1 cup crushed cracker crumbs

1 cup matzo meal

1 cup crushed cornflakes
1 cup ground oats
1 cup crushed potato chips
Buttermilk (Sour Milk) (see below 1 cup (240 ml)
under MILK, Buttermilk)
Carob Powder 1 tablespoon (7 1 tablespoon (7 grams) cocoa
grams) powder (either natural or Dutch-
processed)
Chocolate, Bittersweet or Semi-sweet 1 ounce (30 1/2 ounce (15 grams) unsweetened
grams) chocolate plus 1 tablespoon (15
grams) granulated white sugar
Chocolate, Milk 1 ounce (30 1 ounce (30 grams) bittersweet or
grams) semi-sweet plus 1 tablespoon (15
grams) granulated white sugar
1 ounce (30 grams) sweet dark
chocolate
1 ounce (30 grams) white
chocolate
Chocolate, Sweet German 1 ounce (30 1 ounce (30 grams) bittersweet or
grams) semi-sweet chocolate plus 1/2
tablespoon (7 grams) granulated
white sugar
1 ounce (30 grams) milk chocolate
Chocolate, Unsweetened 1 ounce (30 3 tablespoons (20 grams) natural
grams) cocoa powder (not Dutch-
processed) plus 1 tablespoon (14
grams) unsalted butter, vegetable
oil or shortening
Chocolate, White 1 ounce (30 1 ounce (30 grams) milk chocolate
grams)
1 ounce (30 grams) sweet dark
chocolate
Cocoa Powder, Dutch-Processed 3 tablespoons (20 3 tablespoons (20 grams) natural
grams) unsweetened cocoa powder plus
 1/8 teaspoon baking soda
1 ounce (30 grams) unsweetened
chocolate plus 1/8 teaspoon baking
soda (reduce fat in recipe by 1
tablespoon)
3 tablespoons (20 grams) carob
powder
Cocoa Powder, Natural Unsweetened 3 tablespoons (20 3 tablespoons (20 grams) Dutch-
grams) processed cocoa plus 1/8 teaspoon
cream of tartar, lemon juice or
white vinegar
1 ounce (30 grams) unsweetened
chocolate (reduce fat in recipe by 1
tablespoon)
3 tablespoons (20 grams) carob
powder
Coconut, fresh 1 cup 1 cup (90 grams) dried flaked
coconut
3/4 cup (75 grams) dried shredded
coconut
Coconut, dry shredded 1 cup (90 grams) 1 1/4 cups freshly grated coconut
1 1/4 cup (110 grams) dried flaked
coconut
Coconut milk, fresh 1 cup (240 ml) 1 cup (240 ml) canned coconut
milk (not low fat)
3 tablespoons canned cream of
coconut plus enough hot water or
milk to equal 1 cup (240 ml)
1/4 cup (60 ml) coconut cream
powder plus 1 cup (240 ml) hot
water or milk
Coconut cream, fresh 1 cup (240 ml) 1 cup (240 ml) canned coconut
cream
1 cup (240 ml) top layer of canned
coconut milk (not low fat) (do not
shake or stir can before skimming)
1 cup (240 ml) heavy whipping
cream (35% butterfat) plus 1/2 cup
coconut cream powder
Coffee, strong brewed 1/4 cup (60 ml) 2 tablespoons (10 grams) instant
espresso powder dissolved in 3
tablespoons hot water
Cookie Crumbs 1 cup (100 grams) Can substitute equally among
chocolate wafers, vanilla wafers,
graham crackers, macaroons, or
gingersnaps
Cornmeal, stone ground 1 cup (180 grams) 1 cup regular milled cornmeal
1 cup corn grits
1 cup polenta
1 cup maize meal
Corn Syrup, Dark 1 cup (240 ml) 3/4 cup (180 ml) light corn syrup
plus 1/4 cup (60 ml) light molasses
Corn Syrup, Light 1 cup (240 ml) 1 cup (240 ml) dark corn syrup
1 cup(240 ml) treacle
1 cup (240 ml) liquid glucose
1 cup (240 ml) honey
1 cup (200 grams) granulated
white sugar (increase the liquid in
the recipe by 1/4 cup (60 ml))
Cornstarch or Corn flour (for 1 tablespoon (15 2 tablespoons (25 grams) all
thickening) grams) purpose flour
1 tablespoon (15 grams) potato
starch or rice starch or flour
1 tablespoon (15 grams) arrowroot
2 tablespoons (25 grams) quick-
cooking (instant) tapioca
Cream of Tartar 1/2 teaspoon 1/2 teaspoon white vinegar or
lemon juice
Cream, Clotted 1 cup (225 grams) 1 cup (225 grams) cr?e
fra?/font>che
1 cup (225 grams) mascarpone
cheese
1 cup (240 ml) heavy whipping
cream (35% butterfat), whipped

Cream, Cr?e fra?/font>che 1 cup (225 grams) 1 cup (225 grams) sour cream
1 cup (240 ml) whipping cream
plus 1 tablespoon buttermilk or
yogurt
1/2 cup (120 ml) whipping cream
plus 1/2 cup (112 grams) sour
cream
1 cup (225 grams) mascarpone
cheese
Cream, Half & Half (10 - 12% 1 cup (240 ml) 7/8 cup (210 ml) whole milk plus 2
Butterfat) tablespoons (25 grams) melted
unsalted butter
1/2 cup (120 ml) light cream (5%
butterfat) plus 1/2 cup (120 ml)
whole milk
 1/2 cup (120 ml) partly skimmed
milk plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) heavy
whipping cream (35%)
Cream, Heavy (35% butterfat) (not for 1 cup (240 ml) 2/3 cup (160 ml) whole milk plus
whipping) 1/3 cup (75 grams) melted
unsalted butter
Cream, Light or Coffee Cream (18% 1 cup (240 ml) 1 cup (240 ml) half & half cream
Butterfat) (12% butterfat)
7/8 cup (210 ml) whole milk plus 3
tablespoons (35 grams) melted
butter
1/2 cup (120 ml) evaporated milk
or heavy cream plus 1/2 cup (120
ml) milk
Cream, Light Whipping (30% 1 cup (240 ml) 3/4 cup (180 ml) whole milk plus
Butterfat) (not for whipping) 1/4 cup (57 grams) melted
unsalted butter
1 cup (240 ml) half & half cream
(12% butterfat)
Cream, Sour 1 cup (225 grams) 1 cup (225 grams) plain yogurt
(8 ounces)
3/4 cup (180 ml) sour milk,
buttermilk or plain yogurt + 1/3
cup (75 grams) melted butter
1 cup (225 grams) cr?e
fra?/font>che
1 tablespoon lemon juice or
vinegar plus enough whole milk to
fill 1 cup (240 ml) (let stand 5-10
minutes)
Currants 1 cup (120 grams) 1 cup (120 grams) raisins
1 cup (120 grams) chopped dates
1 cup (120 grams) other dried fruit
(cranberries, cherries, blueberries)
Eggs, whole 1 large (about 2 2 large egg yolks (36 grams) plus 1
ounces) tablespoon water (in baking)
In Shell (57 grams) 2 large egg yolks (36 grams) (for
Without Shell (50 custards, sauces, puddings and
grams) mousses)
3 1/2 tablespoons frozen whole
egg, thawed
3 1/2 tablespoons egg substitute
2 1/2 tablespoons powdered whole
egg plus 2 1/2 tablespoons water
Eggs, whites 1 large egg white 2 tablespoons frozen egg whites,
(30 grams) thawed
 1 tablespoon powdered egg white
plus 2 tablespoons water
Eggs, yolks 2 large yolks (36 1 large whole egg (In Shell 57
grams) grams) (Without Shell 50 grams)
Eggs, yolks 1 large yolk (18 2 tablespoons powdered egg yolk
grams) plus 2 teaspoons water
3 1/2 teaspoons frozen egg yolks,
thawed
Extract, pure Vanilla 1 teaspoon 1/2 of vanilla bean
1/2 - 1 teaspoon other extract
(almond, orange, lemon, etc.)
Other Extracts (almond, lemon, 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon of other extract
orange, peppermint, etc.) (vanilla, orange, lemon, etc.)
1 to 2 drops of oil of same flavor
Fats, Salted Butter 1/2 cup (113 1/2 cup (113 grams) unsalted
grams) butter plus 1/4 teaspoon salt
1/2 cup (113 grams) margarine
1/2 cup (113 grams) solid
vegetable shortening or lard
Fats, Unsalted Butter 1/2 cup (113 1/2 cup (113 grams) salted butter
grams) (decrease the salt in recipe by 1/4
teaspoon)
1/2 cup (113 grams) margarine
1/2 cup (113 grams) solid
vegetable shortening or lard
Fats, Lard 1/2 cup (113 1/2 cup (113 grams) solid
grams) vegetable shortening
1/2 cup (113 grams) plus 1
tablespoon (14 grams) unsalted
butter
Fats, Margarine 1/2 cup (113 1/2 cup (113 grams) salted or
grams) unsalted butter
1/2 cup (113 grams) solid
vegetable shortening
Fats, Solid Vegetable Shortening 1/2 cup (113 1/2 cup (113 grams) salted or
grams) unsalted butter
1/2 cup(113 grams) lard
1/2 cup (113 grams) margarine

Flour, All Purpose 1 cup (140 grams) 1 cup (110 grams) plus 2
tablespoons (20 grams) sifted
cake flour
 1 cup (140 grams) self-rising flour
(omit baking powder and salt from
recipe)
7/8 cup (130 grams) rice flour
(starch) (do not replace all of the
flour with the rice flour)
1/2 cup (65 grams) white cake flour
plus 1/2 cup (75 grams) whole
wheat flour
FLOUR, Bread 1 cup (160 grams) 1 cup (140 grams) all purpose flour
FLOUR, Cake 1 cup (130 grams) 3/4 cup (105 grams) all purpose
flour plus 2 tablespoons (30 grams)
cornstarch
FLOUR, Pastry 2 cups (270 1 1/3 cup (185 grams) all purpose
grams) flour plus 2/3 cup (85 grams) cake
flour
FLOUR, Rice 1 cup (150 grams) Equal amounts of cake or pastry
flour
FLOUR, Self-Rising 1 cup (140 grams) 1 cup (140 grams) similar grade
(all purpose) flour plus 1 1/2
teaspoons baking powder plus 1/4
teaspoon salt
FLOUR, Whole Wheat 1 cup (150 grams) 7/8 cup (120 grams) all purpose
flour plus 2 tablespoon (6 grams)
wheat germ
1 cup graham flour
GELATIN, Leaf or Sheet 4 leaves (4 x 9 1 (1/4 ounce) envelope (7 grams)
inches) (10 x 23 powdered gelatin
cm)
GELATIN, Powdered (Unflavored) 1 envelope (1/4 4 leaves sheet gelatin
ounce) (1
2 teaspoons agar
tablespoon
granules) (7
grams)
Ghee 1 tablespoon 1 tablespoon clarified butter
1 tablespoon vegetable oil
Ginger Root, freshly grated 1 tablespoon 1 tablespoon candied ginger,
rinsed and finely chopped
1 1/2 teaspoon ground dried ginger
plus 1/2 teaspoon fresh lemon juice
Glucose, liquid 1/2 cup (120 ml) 1/2 cup (120 ml) light corn syrup
Golden Syrup 1 cup (240 ml) 1 cup (240 ml) treacle
1 cup (240 ml) light molasses
1 cup (240 ml) corn syrup
Honey 1 cup (240 ml) 3/4 cup (180 ml) maple syrup plus
1/2 cup (100 grams) granulated
 white sugar
3/4 cup (180 ml) light or dark corn
syrup plus 1/2 cup (100 grams)
granulated white sugar
3/4 cup (180 ml) light molasses
plus 1/2 cup (100 grams)
granulated white sugar
1 1/4 cups (250 grams - 265
grams) granulated white or brown
sugar plus 1/4 cup (60 ml)
additional liquid in recipe plus 1/2
teaspoon cream of tartar
Lemon Juice, freshly squeezed 1 tablespoon 1 tablespoon bottled lemon juice
1 tablespoon fresh lime juice
1/2 tablespoon vinegar (depending
on recipe and do not use for
flavoring)
Lemon, Zest 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon orange or lime zest
1/2 teaspoon lemon extract
Lime Juice, freshly squeezed 1 tablespoon 1 tablespoon lemon or orange juice
Lime, Zest 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon lemon or orange
Maple Sugar, finely grated 1/2 cup (100 1 cup (240 ml) maple syrup
grams) (reduce liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup)
3/4 cup (150 grams) granulated
white sugar plus 1 teaspoon pure
maple extract
Maple Syrup 1 cup (240 ml) 1/2 cup (100 grams) maple sugar
(increase liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup
(60 ml))
1 cup (240 ml) honey
3/4 cup (180 ml) corn syrup plus
1/4 cup (57 grams) butter plus 1/2
teaspoon maple extract (optional)
Marshmallows 8 regular 1 cup miniature
2.5 ounces marshmallow cream

Marzipan 2 1/2 cups (560 2 cups (450 grams) almond paste

grams) plus 1 cup (115 grams) powdered
sugar plus 2 tablespoons light corn
syrup
Mascarpone Cheese 1 cup (8 ounces) 1 cup (225 grams) Cr?e
(225 grams) fra?/font>che
3/4 cup (170 grams) cream cheese
beaten with 1/4 cup (60 ml) heavy
whipping cream (35%)
MILK, Buttermilk (sour milk) 1 cup (240 ml) 1 tablespoon lemon juice or
vinegar (white or cider) plus
enough milk to make 1 cup (240
ml) (let stand 5-10 minutes)
1 cup (225 grams) plain or low fat
yogurt
1 cup (225 grams) sour cream
1 cup (240 ml) water plus 1/4 cup
buttermilk powder
1 cup (240 ml) milk plus 1 1/2 - 1
3/4 teaspoons cream of tartar
MILK, Sweetened Condensed 14 ounce can (396 1 cup instant nonfat dry milk plus
grams) 2/3 cup (135 grams) granulated
white sugar plus 1/2 cup (120 ml)
boiling water plus 3 tablespoons
(35 grams) melted unsalted butter
(process in blender or food
processor until smooth)
MILK, Evaporated Whole 1 cup (240 ml) 1 cup (240 ml) half & half (10-12%
butterfat)
1 cup (240 ml) light or table cream
(20% butterfat)
1 cup (240 ml) light (30% butterfat)
or heavy whipping cream (35%
butterfat)
MILK, Skim (Non fat) 1 cup (240 ml) 1/4 cup powdered skim milk plus
7/8 cup (210 ml) water
1/2 cup (120 ml) evaporated skim
milk plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) water
MILK, Whole (3.5%) 1 cup (240 ml) 1/2 cup (120 ml) evaporated whole
milk plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) water
1/2 cup condensed milk plus 1/2
cup (120 ml) water
1 cup (240 ml) skim milk plus 2
tablespoons (25 grams) melted
butter or margarine
1/4 cup powdered skim milk plus
7/8 cup (210 ml) water plus 1
tablespoon (14 grams) melted
butter or margarine
Molasses 1 cup (240 ml) 1 cup (240 ml) honey
1 cup (240 ml) dark corn syrup
1 cup (240 ml) maple syrup
3/4 cup (180 ml) light or dark
brown sugar heated to dissolve in
 1/4 cup (60 ml) liquid
Nuts, chopped, ground, or whole 1 cup (100 grams) 1 cup (100 grams) of similar nuts
prepared in the same way
Oats, quick-cooking rolled 1 cup (90 grams) 1 cup (90 grams) regular (old
fashioned) rolled oats
Oats, regular (old-fashioned) 1 cup (90 grams) 1 cup (90 grams) quick-cooking
rolled
Orange Juice, freshly squeezed 1 cup (240 ml) 1 cup reconstituted frozen
concentrate
Orange, Zest 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon lemon or lime zest
1 teaspoon finely chopped candied
orange peel
Polenta, dry 1 cup (180 grams) 1 cup cornmeal
1 cup maize meal
1 cup corn grits
Raisins 1 cup (120 grams) 1 cup (120 grams) dried currants
1 cup (120 grams) pitted chopped
dates
1 cup (120 grams) dried fruit, finely
chopped (cherries, cranberries,
blueberries, etc.)
Ricotta Cheese 1 cup (8 ounces) 1 cup (225 grams) dry cottage
(225 grams) cheese
Rose Water 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon any flower-based water
Salt, kosher 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon sea salt or table
Salt, sea salt 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon kosher or table
Salt, table 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon kosher or sea salt
SUGAR, granulated white 1 cup (200 grams) 1 cup (200 grams) caster
(superfine) sugar
1 cup (215 grams) tightly packed
light or dark brown sugar
SUGAR, brown, light or dark 1 cup (215 grams) 1 cup (215 grams) raw sugar
1 cup (200 grams) white
granulated sugar
1 cup (200 grams) white
granulated sugar plus 1/4 cup (60
ml) unsulfured light molasses
For light brown sugar - substitute
1/2 cup (110 grams) dark brown
sugar plus 1/2 cup (100 grams)
white granulated sugar
SUGAR, caster (superfine) 1 cup (200 grams) 1 cup (200 grams) granulated
white sugar, processed in food
processor until very fine
SUGAR, raw 1 cup (215 grams) 1 cup (215 grams) light or dark
brown sugar
Tapioca, instant or quick-cooking 1 tablespoon (12 2 tablespoons (24 grams) pearl
grams) tapioca, soaked
1 1/2 tablespoons (20 grams) flour
Treacle 1 cup (240 ml) 1 cup (240 ml) light or dark corn
syrup
1 cup (240 ml) light molasses
Vanilla Bean 1 bean 2 - 3 teaspoons pure vanilla extract
Vanilla Extract 1 teaspoon 1/2 teaspoon powdered
VINEGAR, apple cider vinegar 1/4 cup (60 ml) 1/4 cup (60 ml) white vinegar
VINEGAR, white 1/4 cup (60 ml) 1/4 cup (60 ml) apple cider vinegar
1/3 cup (80 ml) freshly squeezed
lemon juice
YEAST, active dry 1 envelope (1/4 1 scant (7 grams) tablespoon
ounce) (7 grams) active dry yeast
1 cake (3/5 ounce) fresh
compressed yeast
1 tablespoon (7 grams) fast-rising
active yeast
YEAST, compressed 1 cake (3/5 ounce) 1 (1/4 ounce) envelope (7 grams)
active dry yeast
1 scant tablespoon (7 grams)
active dry yeast
Yogurt, plain (not low fat) 1 cup (225 grams) 1 cup (225 grams) sour cream
1 cup (240 ml) buttermilk
1 cup (225 grams) cr?e fra?he
1 cup (240 ml) heavy whipping
cream (35% butterfat) plus 1
tablespoon freshly squeezed lemon
juice