Raw Milk: Product Category Classification: Un CPC 022

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PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES

DATE 2019-09-06

RAW MILK
PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

2013:16
VERSION 2.11 2019-09-06

VALID UNTIL: 2020-12-08


PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
DATE 2019-09-06

RAW MILK
PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

2 General information ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Administrative information ................................................................................................................................................. 4


2.2 Scope of PCR.................................................................................................................................................................... 5

3 PCR review and background information ..................................................................................................................................... 6

3.1 PCR review ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6


3.2 Open consultation ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
3.3 Existing PCRs for the product category ............................................................................................................................. 6
3.4 Reasoning for development of PCR................................................................................................................................... 6
3.5 Underlying studies ............................................................................................................................................................. 7

4 Goal and scope, life cycle inventory and life cycle impact assessment ........................................................................................ 8

4.1 Declared unit ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8


4.2 Reference service life (RSL) .............................................................................................................................................. 8
4.3 System boundary .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
4.4 System diagram .............................................................................................................................................................. 10
4.5 Cut-off rules..................................................................................................................................................................... 10
4.6 Allocation rules ................................................................................................................................................................ 10
4.7 Data quality requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 11
4.8 Recommended databases for generic data ..................................................................................................................... 12
4.9 Impact categories and impact assessment ...................................................................................................................... 12
4.10 Other calculation rules and scenarios .............................................................................................................................. 12

5 Content and format of EPD........................................................................................................................................................ 15

5.1 EPD languages ............................................................................................................................................................... 15


5.2 Units and quantities ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.3 Use of images in EPD ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.4 EPD reporting format ....................................................................................................................................................... 16

6 Glossary .................................................................................................................................................................................... 23

7 References ................................................................................................................................................................................ 24

8 Version history of PCR .............................................................................................................................................................. 25

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PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
DATE 2019-09-06

RAW MILK
PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

1 INTRODUCTION
This document constitutes Product Category Rules (PCR) developed in the framework of the International EPD® System: a
programme for type III environmental declarations1 according to ISO 14025:2006. Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) are
voluntary documents for a company or organisation to present transparent information about the life cycle environmental impact for
their goods or services.

The rules for the overall administration and operation of the programme are the General Programme Instructions, publicly available at
www.environdec.com. A PCR complements the General Programme Instructions and the standards by providing specific rules,
requirements and guidelines for developing an EPD for one or more specific product categories (see Figure 1). A PCR should enable
different practitioners using the PCR to generate consistent results when assessing products of the same product category.

Product Category Rules


(EN 15804 / ISO 21930)
General Programme Instructions
ISO 14025
ISO 14040/14044
ISO 9001/ISO 14001

Figure 1 Illustration PCR in relation to the hierarchy of standards and other documents.

Within the present PCR, the following terminology is adopted:

▪ The term “shall” is used to indicate what is obligatory.

▪ The term “should” is used to indicate a recommendation, rather than a requirement.

▪ The term “may” or “can” is used to indicate an option that is permissible

For the definition of terms used in the document, see the normative standards.

A PCR is valid for a pre-determined period of time to ensure that it is updated at regular intervals. The latest version of the PCR is
available via www.environdec.com. Stakeholder feedback on PCRs is very much encouraged. Any comments on this PCR document
may be given via the PCR Forum at www.environdec.com or sent directly to the PCR moderator during its development or during the
period of validity.

Any references to this document should include the PCR registration number, name and version.

The programme operator maintains the copyright of the document to ensure that it is possible to publish, update when necessary, and
available to all organisations to develop and register EPDs. Stakeholders participating in PCR development should be acknowledged
in the final document and on the website.

1
Type III environmental declarations in the International EPD® System are referred to as EPD, Environmental Product Declarations.

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PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
DATE 2019-09-06

RAW MILK
PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

2 GENERAL INFORMATION

2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION


Name: Raw milk

Registration number and version: 2013:16, version 2.11

Programme:

The International EPD® System

Programme operator: EPD International AB, Box 210 60, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden.

Website: www.environdec.com
E-mail: [email protected]

PCR moderator: Filippo Sessa, Life Cycle Engineering ([email protected])

PCR Committee: ▪ Granarolo s.p.a.(www.granarolo.it)


▪ Life Cycle Engineering ( www.lcengineering.eu)
▪ ENEA (www.enea.it)
▪ Distretto Latte Lombardo
▪ Politecnico di Milano
▪ Università degli studi di Milano - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali
Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia.
▪ Caseificio dell’Amiata (http://www.alival.it/amiata.htm)
▪ ICS (http://www.ics.fi.it/)
▪ Latteria Montello (www.latteriamontello.com)

Date of publication and last revision: 2019-09-06 (Version 2.11)

Version 1.0 was published 2013-0-17. A version history is available in Section 7

Valid until: 2020-12-08

Schedule for renewal: A PCR is valid for a pre-determined period of time to ensure that it is updated at regular
intervals. When the PCR is about to expire the PCR moderator shall initiate a discussion with
the Secretariat how to proceed with updating the document and renewing its validity.

A PCR document may be revised during its period of validity provided significant and well-
justified proposals for changes or amendments are presented. See www.environdec.com for
up-to-date information and the latest version.

Standards conformance: ▪ General Programme Instructions of the International EPD® System, version 3.0, based
on ISO 14025 and ISO 14040/14044

▪ PCR Basic Module, CPC Division 02: Live animals and animal products (excl. meat),
version 3.01, dated 2018-11-06

PCR language(s): This PCR was developed and is available in English. In case of translated versions the English
version takes precedence in case of any discrepancies.

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PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
DATE 2019-09-06

RAW MILK
PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

2.2 SCOPE OF PCR

2.2.1 PRODUCT CATEGORY DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION


This document provides Product Category Rules (PCR) for the assessment of the environmental performance of Raw milk and the
declaration of this performance by an EPD. The product category corresponds to UN CPC 022.

Raw milk is defined as the secretion of the mammary glands of mammals destined to human consumption. It is defined as Group 022
and underlying classes in the UN CPC classification (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcs.asp?Cl=25&Lg=1&Co=022):

▪ Division: 02 - Live animals and animal products (excluding meat)

- Group: 022 - Raw milk

○ Class 0221 - Raw milk from bovine animals

○ Class 0229 - Other raw milk

Please note that this PCR does not cover processed liquid milk (UN CPC 221) or other dairy products ready for consumption. See
www.environdec.com for available PCRs for other product groups.

2.2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL REGION


This PCR is applicable to be used globally.

2.2.3 EPD VALIDITY


An EPD based on this PCR shall be valid from its registration and publication at www.environdec.com and for a five year period
starting from the date of the verification report (“approval date”), or until the EPD has been de-registered from the International EPD®
System.

An EPD shall be updated and re-verified during its validity if changes in technology or other circumstances have led to:

▪ an increase of 10% or more of any of the indicators listed in Section 5.4.5.1,

▪ errors in the declared information, or

▪ significant changes to the declared product information, content declaration, or additional environmental information.

If such changes have occurred, but the EPD is not updated, the EPD owner shall contact the Secretariat to de-register the EPD.

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PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
DATE 2019-09-06

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PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

3 PCR REVIEW AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION


This PCR was developed in accordance with the process described in the General Programme Instructions of the International EPD®
System, including PCR review and open consultation.

3.1 PCR REVIEW

3.1.1 VERSION 1.0


Review of version 1.0 was carried out by the Technical Committee of the International EPD® System.

3.1.2 VERSION 2.0

PCR review panel: The Technical Committee of the International EPD® System. A full list of members available on
www.environdec.com. The review panel may be contacted via [email protected].

Members of the Technical Committee were requested to state any potential conflict of interest with the
PCR moderator or PCR committee, and were excused from the review.

Chair of the PCR review: Adriana Del Borghi

Review dates: 2016-09-27 until 2016-12-01

3.2 OPEN CONSULTATION

3.2.1 VERSION 1.0


Version 1.0 of this PCR was available for open consultation at www.environdec.com from 2013-03-15 until 2013-04-29.

3.2.2 VERSION 2.0


This PCR was available for open consultation from 2016-05-26 until 2016-07-26, during which any stakeholder was able to provide
comments by posting on the PCR forum on www.environdec.com or by contacting the PCR moderator.

A total of 246 stakeholders were invited via e-mail or other means to take part in the open consultation, and were encouraged to
forward the invitation to other relevant stakeholders.:

3.3 EXISTING PCRS FOR THE PRODUCT CATEGORY


As part of the development of this PCR, existing PCRs were considered in order to avoid overlaps in scope. The existence of such
documents was checked in the public PCR listings of the following programmes based on ISO 14025 or similar:

▪ International EPD® System. www.environdec.com.

No existing PCRs with overlapping scope were identified.

3.4 REASONING FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PCR


This PCR was developed in order to enable publication of Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) for this product category (Raw
milk) based on ISO 14025, ISO 14040/14044 and other relevant standards to be used in different applications and target audiences.

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PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
DATE 2019-09-06

RAW MILK
PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

3.5 UNDERLYING STUDIES


The methodological choices made during the development of this PCR (functional unit/declared unit, system boundary, allocation
methods, impact categories, data quality rules, etc.) in this PCR were primarily based on the following underlying studies:

▪ International Dairy Federation (IDF, 2015). A common carbon footprint approach for dairy. The IDF guide to standard lifecycle
and assessment methodology for the dairy sector.

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PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
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RAW MILK
PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

4 GOAL AND SCOPE, LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY AND LIFE


CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
The goal of this section is to provide specific rules, requirements and guidelines for developing an EPD for the product category as
defined in Section 2.2.1.

4.1 DECLARED UNIT


The declared unit is 1 litre of liquid raw milk, excluding packaging, entering the processing plant or being dispensed at a raw milk
distributor.

The declared unit shall be stated in the EPD. The environmental impact shall be given per declared unit. A description of the function
of the product should be included in the EPD®, if relevant.

4.2 REFERENCE SERVICE LIFE (RSL)


Not applicable for this product category.

4.3 SYSTEM BOUNDARY


The International EPD® System uses an approach where all attributional processes from “cradle to grave” should be included using
the principle of “limited loss of information at the final product”. This is especially important in the case of business-to-consumer
communication.

The scope of this PCR and EPDs based on it is cradle-to-grave.

4.3.1 LIFE CYCLE STAGES


For the purpose of different data quality rules and for the presentation of results, the life cycle of products is divided into three different
life cycle stages:

▪ Upstream processes (from cradle-to-gate);

▪ Core processes (from gate-to-gate)

▪ Downstream processes (from gate-to-grave)

In the EPD, the environmental performance associated with each of the three life-cycle stages above shall be reported separately.
The processes included in the scope of the PCR and belonging to each life cycle stage are described in Sections 4.3.1.1–4.3.1.3.

4.3.1.1. Upstream processes

The following attributional processes are part of the product system and classified as upstream processes:

▪ Feed production, e.g. cultivation, harvest and refining

▪ Impacts due to the production of electricity and fuels used in the upstream module

▪ Production of auxiliary products used such as detergents for cleaning, etc.

▪ Manufacturing of primary, secondary and tertiary packaging

Upstream processes not listed may also be included. All elementary flows at resource extraction shall be included, except for the
flows that fall under the general cut-off rule in Section 4.5.

4.3.1.2. Core processes

The following attributional processes are part of the product system and classified as core processes:

▪ External transportation to the core processes

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PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
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PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

▪ Animal husbandry and operation of the farm (i.e. production of feed, production and consumption of energy, water and
materials used at farm, emissions from enteric fermentations and manure management)

▪ Maintenance (e.g. of the machines)

▪ Waste treatment of waste generated at farm;

▪ Impacts due to the production of electricity and fuels used in the core module

Manufacturing processes not listed may also be included. The production of the raw materials used for production of all product parts
shall be included. A minimum of 99% of the total weight of the declared product including packaging shall be included.

The technical system shall not include:

▪ Manufacturing of production equipment, buildings and other capital goods.

▪ Business travel of personnel.

▪ Travel to and from work by personnel.

▪ Research and development activities.

4.3.1.3. Downstream processes

The following attributional processes are part of the product system and classified as downstream processes:

▪ Transportation to an average customer or consumer,

▪ Customer or consumer use of the product (i.e. storage in domestic refrigerators)

▪ End-of-life processes of any wasted part of the product

▪ End-of-life processes of packaging waste

4.3.2 OTHER BOUNDARY SETTING

4.3.2.1. Boundary towards nature

Boundaries to nature are defined as flows of material and energy resources from nature into the system. Emissions to air, water and
soil cross the system boundary when they are emitted from or leaving the product system.

4.3.2.2. Boundaries in the life cycle

See Section 4.3.1. The EPD may present the information divided into additional sub-divisions.

4.3.2.3. Boundaries towards other technical systems

See Section 4.6.2.

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PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
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RAW MILK
PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

4.4 SYSTEM DIAGRAM

UPSTREAM CORE DOWNSTREAM

•Feed production •External •Transportation to an


•Impacts due to the transportation to the average customer or
production of core processes consumer,
electricity and fuels •Animal husbandry •Storage in domestic
used in the and operation of the refridgerators
upstream module farm •End-of-life processes
•Production of •Production of the of any wasted part
auxiliary products product of the product
used such as •Maintenance (e.g. of •End-of-life processes
detergents for the machines) of packaging waste
cleaning, etc. •Waste treatment of
•Manufacturing of waste generated
primary and during
secondary packaging manufacturing;
•Impacts due to the
production of
electricity and fuels
used in the core
module

Figure 2 System diagram illustrating the processes that are included in the product system, divided into upstream, core and
downstream processes. It should be indicated if any omissions of life cycle stages are made in order to make the EPD ® cover the full
cradle-to-grave perspective.

4.5 CUT-OFF RULES


Data for elementary flows to and from the product system contributing to a minimum of 99% of the declared environmental impacts
shall be included (not including processes that are explicitly outside the system boundary as described in Section 4.3).

The check for cut-off rules in a satisfactory way is through the combination of expert judgment based on experience of similar product
systems and a sensitivity analysis in which it is possible to understand how the un-investigated input or output could affect the final
results.

4.6 ALLOCATION RULES

4.6.1 CO-PRODUCT ALLOCATION


The following step-wise procedure shall be applied for multifunctional products and multiproduct processes:

1. Allocation shall be avoided, if possible, by dividing the unit process into two or more sub-processes and collecting the
environmental data related to these sub-processes.

2. If not possible, allocation of the environmental burden shall be done following the instructions reported in Table 1.

3. For processes not listed the most suitable allocation procedure shall be used and documented.

PROCESS MAIN PRODUCT AND CO-PRODUCTS ALLOCATION INSTRUCTION

Dairy farming Milk, meat For the dairy farm system where the main focus is on
production of milk, the meat generated from surplus calves
and cull dairy cows is an important co-product. It is therefore
necessary to determine total emissions and to allocate them
between milk and meat.

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RAW MILK
PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

The biophysical allocation method proposed by the


International Dairy Federation shall be used.

The allocation factor for milk shall be calculated as follows:

AF = 1 − 6.04 x BMR

Where BMR=Mmeat/milk, Mmeat is the mass of live weight of all


animals sold including bull calves and culled mature animals
per year, and Mmilk is the mass of fat and protein corrected
milk (FPCM) sold per year (corrected to 4% at and 3,3%
protein), calculated with the following g equation:

FPCM (kg/yr) = Production (kg/yr) X [0.1226 x fat% + 0.0776


x protein% + 0.2534]

Table 1 Allocation procedure for key processes in the product system, if steps 1 and 2 are not possible.

4.6.2 REUSE, RECYCLING, AND RECOVERY


In the framework of the International EPD® System, the methodological choices for allocation for reuse, recycling and recovery have
been set according to the polluter pays principle (PPP). This means that the generator of the waste shall carry the full environmental
impact until the point in the product’s life cycle at which the waste is transported to a scrapyard or the gate of a waste processing
plant (collection site). The subsequent user of the waste shall carry the environmental impact from the processing and refinement of
the waste but not the environmental impact caused in the “earlier” life cycles. See General Programme Instruction for further
information and examples.

4.7 DATA QUALITY REQUIREMENTS


An LCA calculation requires two different kinds of information:

▪ data related to the environmental aspects of the considered system (such materials or energy flows that enter the production
system). These data usually come from the company that is performing the LCA calculation.

▪ data related to the life cycle impacts of the material or energy flows that enter the production system. These data usually
come from databases.

Data on environmental aspects shall be as specific as possible and shall be representative of the studied process.

Data on the life cycle of materials or energy inputs are classified into three categories – specific data, selected generic data, and
proxy data, defined as follows:

▪ specific data (also referred to as “primary data” or “site-specific data”) – data gathered from the actual manufacturing plant
where product-specific processes are carried out, and data from other parts of the life cycle traced to the specific product
system under study, e.g. materials or electricity provided by a contracted supplier that is able to provide data for the actual
delivered services, transportation that takes place based on actual fuel consumption, and related emissions, etc.,

▪ generic data (sometimes referred to as “secondary data”), divided into:

- selected generic data – data from commonly available data sources (e.g. commercial databases and free databases)
that fulfil prescribed data quality characteristics for precision, completeness, and,

- proxy data – data from commonly available data sources (e.g. commercial databases and free databases) that do not
fulfil all of the data quality characteristics of “selected generic data”.

As a general rule, specific data shall always be used, if available, after performing a data quality assessment. It is mandatory to use
specific data for the core processes as defined above. For the upstream processes, downstream processes, and infrastructure,
generic data may also be used if specific data are not available.

Any data used should preferably represent average values for a specific reference year. However, the way these data are generated
could vary, e.g. over time, and in such cases they should have the form of a representative annual average value for a specified
reference period. Such deviations should be declared.

If several farms are involved in the production chain sampling is permitted, but documentation concerning data representativeness is
required in the EPD document.

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PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

4.7.1 RULES FOR USING GENERIC DATA


The attributional LCA approach in the International EPD® System forms the basic prerequisites for selecting generic data. To allow
the classification of generic data as “selected generic data”, they shall fulfil selected prescribed characteristics for precision,
completeness, and representativeness (temporal, geographical, and technological), such as:

▪ the reference year must be as current as possible and preferably assessed to be representative for at least the validity period
of the EPD,

▪ the cut-off criteria to be met on the level of the modelled product system are the qualitative coverage of at least 99% of energy,
mass, and overall environmental relevance of the flows,

▪ completeness in which the inventory data set should, in principle, cover all elementary flows that contribute to a relevant degree
of the impact categories, and

▪ the representativeness of the resulting inventory in the given temporal, technological, and geographical reference should, as a
general principle, be better than ±5% of the environmental impact of fully representative data.

If selected generic data that meets the requirements of the International EPD® System are not available as the necessary input data,
proxy data may be used and documented. The environmental impacts associated with proxy data shall not exceed 10% of the overall
environmental impact from the product system.

The EPD may include a data quality declaration to demonstrate the share of specific data, selected generic data and proxy data for
the environmental impacts.

4.8 RECOMMENDED DATABASES FOR GENERIC DATA


No specific databases are recommended for generic data.

4.9 IMPACT CATEGORIES AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT


The EPD shall declare the default impact categories as described in the General Programme Instructions. The characterisation
models and factors to use for the default impact categories are available on www.environdec.com and shall be updated on a regular
basis based on the latest developments in LCA methodology and ensuring the market stability of EPDs. The source and version of
the characterisation models and the factors used shall be reported in the EPD. Alternative regional life cycle impact assessment
methods and characterisation factors are allowed to be calculated and displayed in addition to the default list. If so, the EPD shall
contain an explanation of the difference between the different sets of indicators, as they may appear to the reader to display duplicate
information.

4.10 OTHER CALCULATION RULES AND SCENARIOS

4.10.1 UPSTREAM PROCESSES


The following requirements apply to the upstream processes:

▪ Data referring to processes and activities upstream in a supply chain over which an organisation has direct management
control shall be specific and collected on site.

▪ Data referring to contractors that supply main parts, packaging, or main auxiliaries should be requested from the contractor as
specific data, as well as infrastructure, where relevant.

▪ The transport of main parts and components along the supply chain to a distribution point (e.g. a stockroom or warehouse)
where the final delivery to the manufacturer can take place based on the actual transportation mode, distance from the
supplier, and vehicle load.

▪ In case specific data is lacking, selected generic data may be used. If this is also lacking, proxy data may be used.

▪ For the electricity used in the upstream processes, electricity production impacts shall be accounted for in this priority when
specific data are used in the upstream processes:

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1. Specific electricity mix as generated, or purchased, from an electricity supplier, demonstrated by a Guarantee of Origin
(or similar, where reliability, traceability, and the avoidance of double-counting are ensured) as provided by the electricity
supplier. If no specific mix is purchased, the residual electricity mix from the electricity supplier shall be used.2

2. National residual electricity mix or residual electricity mix on the market

3. National electricity production mix or electricity mix on the market.

The mix of electricity used in upstream processes shall be documented in the EPD, where relevant.

For the modelling of feed production refer to the PCRS 2013:05 Arable crops, 2013:04 Grain mill products and 2016:03 Preparations
used in animal feeding for food-producing animals of the International EPD® System, if applicable.

4.10.2 CORE PROCESSES


The following requirements apply to the core processes:

▪ Specific data shall be used for the assembly of the product and for the manufacture of main parts as well as for on-site
generation of steam, heat, electricity, etc., where relevant.

▪ For the electricity used in the core processes, electricity production impacts shall be accounted for in this priority:

1. Specific electricity mix as generated, or purchased, from an electricity supplier, demonstrated by a Guarantee of Origin
(or similar, where reliability, traceability, and the avoidance of double-counting are ensured) as provided by the electricity
supplier. If no specific mix is purchased, the residual electricity mix from the electricity supplier shall be used. 3

2. National residual electricity mix or residual electricity mix on the market

3. National electricity production mix or electricity mix on the market.

The mix of electricity used in the core processes shall be documented in the EPD, where relevant.

▪ Transport from the final delivery point of raw materials, chemicals, main parts, and components (see above regarding upstream
processes) to the manufacturing plant/place of service provision should be based on the actual transportation mode, distance
from the supplier, and vehicle load, if available.

▪ Waste treatment processes of manufacturing waste should be based on specific data, if available.

▪ Emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management shall be assessed with the factors reported in the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories - Volume 4 (available at http://www.ipcc-
nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html)

4.10.3 DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES


The following requirements apply to the downstream processes:

▪ Use phase:

- Data on the pollutant emissions from the use stage should be based on documented tests, verified studies in conjunction
with average or typical product use, or recommendations concerning suitable product use. Whenever applicable, test
methods shall be internationally recognised.

- The use of electricity in the region/country where the product is used (as specified in the geographical scope of the EPD)
shall be accounted for in the following priority:

1. National residual electricity mix or residual mix on the market

2. National electricity production mix or electricity mix on the market

The mix of electricity used in the downstream processes shall be documented in the EPD, where relevant.

2
The residual electricity mix is the mix when all contract-specific electricity that has been sold to other customers has been subtracted
from the total production mix of the electricity supplier.
3
The residual electricity mix is the mix when all contract-specific electricity that has been sold to other customers has been subtracted
from the total production mix of the electricity supplier.

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PRODUCT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: UN CPC 022

- For the estimation of energy consumption of the product conservation in the domestic refrigerator of the final user the
following hypothesis shall be used:

○ Annual energy consumption of the refrigerator (A class3): 300 kWh

○ Average mass of products stored in refrigerator: 10 kg

○ Estimated consumption of energy per kg of product according to the described hypothesis: =300 kWh * (365
days)-1 * (10 kg) -1 = 0,082 kWh*day-1 * kg-1

○ Average permanence of the product in the refrigerator: half of the declared shelf life.

▪ The transport of the product to the customer shall be described in the reference PCR, which should reflect the actual situation
to the best extent possible. The following priority should be used:

1. Actual transportation distances and types.

2. Calculated as the average distance of a product of that product type transported by different means of transport modes.

3. Calculated as a fixed long transport, such as 1 000 km transport by lorry or 10 000 km by airplane, according to product
type.

▪ Scenarios for the end-of-life stage shall be technically and economically practicable and compliant with current regulations in
the relevant geographical region based on the geographical scope of the EPD. Key assumptions regarding the end-of-life stage
scenario shall be documented.

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5 CONTENT AND FORMAT OF EPD


EPDs based on this PCR shall contain the information described in this section. Flexibility is allowed in the formatting and layout
provided that the EPD still includes the prescribed information. A generic template for EPDs is available via www.environdec.com

As a general rule the EPD content:

▪ shall be in line with the requirements and guidelines in ISO 14020 (Environmental labels and declarations - General principles),

▪ shall be verifiable, accurate, relevant and not misleading, and

▪ shall not include rating, judgements or direct comparison with other products.

An EPD should be made with a reasonable number of pages for the intended audience and use.

5.1 EPD LANGUAGES


EPDs should be published in English, but may also be published in additional languages. If the EPD is not available in English, it shall
contain an executive summary in English including the main content of the EPD. This summary is part of the EPD and thus subject to
the same verification procedure.

5.2 UNITS AND QUANTITIES


The following requirements apply for units and quantities:

▪ The International System of Units (SI units) shall be used, e.g., kilograms (kg), Joules (J) and metres (m). Reasonable
multiples of SI units may be decided in the PCR to improve readability, e.g., grams (g) or megajoules (MJ). The following
exceptions apply:

- Resources used for energy input (primary energy) should be expressed as kilowatt-hours (kWh) or megajoules (MJ),
including renewable energy sources, e.g., hydropower, wind power and geothermal power.

- Water use should be expressed in cubic metres (m 3)

- Temperature should be expressed in degrees Celsius (°C),

- Time should be expressed in the units most practical, e.g., seconds, minutes, hours, days or years.

▪ Three significant figures4 should be adopted for all results, The number of significant digits shall be appropriate and consistent.

▪ The thousand separator and decimal mark in the EPD shall follow one of the following styles (a number with six significant
figures shown for illustration):

- SI style (French version): 1 234,56

- SI style (English version): 1 234.56

In case of potential confusion or intended use of the EPD in markets where different symbols are used, the EPD shall state
what symbols are used for thousand separator and decimal mark.

▪ Dates and times presented in the EPD should follow the format in ISO 8601. For years, the prescribed format is YYYY-MM-DD,
e.g., 2017-03-26 for March 26th, 2017.

▪ The result tables shall:

- Only contain values or the letters “INA” (Indicator Not Assessed). It is not possible to specify INA for mandatory
indicators. INA shall only be used for voluntary parameters that are not quantified because no data is available. 5

- Contain no blank cells, hyphens, less than or greater than signs or letters (except “INA”).

4
Significant figures are those digits that carry meaning contributing to its precision. For example with two significant digits, the result
of 123.45 shall be displayed as 120, and 0.12345 shall be displayed as 0.12. In scientific notation, these two examples would be
displayed as 1.2*102 and 1.2*10-2.
5
This requirement does not intend to give guidance on what indicators are mandated (“shall”) or voluntary.

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- Use the value 0 only for parameters that have been calculated to be zero.

- Footnotes shall be used to explain any limitation to the result value.

5.3 USE OF IMAGES IN EPD


Images used in the EPD, especially pictures featured on the cover page, may in themselves be interpreted as an environmental
claim. Images such as trees, mountains, wildlife that are not related to the declared product should therefore be used with caution and
in compliance with national legislation and best available practices in the markets in which the EPD is intended to be used.

5.4 EPD REPORTING FORMAT


The reporting format of the EPD shall include the following sections:

▪ Cover page (see Section 5.4.1)

▪ Programme information (see Section 5.4.2)

▪ Product information (see Section 5.4.3)

▪ Content declaration (see Section 5.4.4)

▪ Environmental performance (see Section 5.4.5)

▪ References (see Section 5.4.8)

The following information shall be included, when applicable:

▪ Information related to Sector EPDs (see Section 5.4.6)

▪ Differences versus previous versions (see Section 5.4.7)

▪ Executive summary in English (see Section 5.4.9)

5.4.1 COVER PAGE


The cover page shall include:

▪ Product name and image,

▪ Name and logotype of EPD owner,

▪ The text “Environmental Product Declaration” and/or “EPD”

▪ Programme: The International EPD® System, www.environdec.com,

▪ Programme operator: EPD International AB

▪ Logotype of the International EPD® System,

▪ EPD registration number as issued by the programme operator6,

▪ Date of publication (issue): 20XX-YY-ZZ,

▪ Date of revision: 20XX-YY-ZZ, when applicable,

▪ Date of validity; 20XX-YY-ZZ

▪ A note that “An EPD should provide current information, and may be updated if conditions change. The stated validity is
therefore subject to the continued registration and publication at www.environdec.com.”

▪ A statement of conformity with ISO 14025,

6
The EPD shall not include a “registration number” if such is provided by the certification body, as this may be confused with the
registration number issued by the programme operator.

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5.4.2 PROGRAMME INFORMATION


The programme information section of the EPD shall include:

▪ Address of programme operator: EPD International AB, Box 210 60, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden, E-mail:
[email protected]

▪ The following mandatory statement from ISO 14025: “EPDs within the same product category but from different programmes
may not be comparable.”

▪ A statement that the EPD owner has the sole ownership, liability and responsibility of the EPD

▪ Information about verification7 and reference PCR in a table with the following format and contents:

Product category rules (PCR): PCR 2013:16 Raw milk, version 2.1, UN CPC 022.

PCR review was conducted by: The Technical Committee of the International EPD® System. Review chair: Adriana Del Borghi
Contact via [email protected].

Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006:

 EPD process certification  EPD verification

Third party verifier: <name, organisation and signature of the third party verifier>

In case of certification bodies:


Accredited by: <name of the accreditation body and accreditation number, if applicable>.

In case of individual verifiers:


Approved by: The International EPD® System Technical Committee, supported by the Secretariat

Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier:

 Yes  No

5.4.3 PRODUCT INFORMATION


The product information section of the EPD shall include:

▪ Address and contact information to EPD owner,

▪ Description of the organisation. This may include information on products- or management system-related certifications (e.g.
ISO 14024 Type I environmental labels, ISO 9001- and 14001-certificates and EMAS-registrations) and other relevant work the
organisation wants to communicate (e.g. SA 8000, supply-chain management and social responsibility),

▪ Name and location of production site,

▪ Product identification by name, and an unambiguous identification of the product by standards, concessions or other means,

▪ Identification of the product according to the UN CPC scheme system. Other relevant codes for product classification may also
be included, e.g.

- Common Procurement Vocabulary (CPV),

- United Nations Standard Products and Services Code® (UNSPSC),

- Classification of Products by Activity (NACE/CPA) or

- Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC),

7
If the EPD has been verified by an approved individual verifier who has received contractual assistance from a certification body that
is not accredited, this certification body shall not be included in this table.

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▪ Description of the product, its application/intended use and technical functions, e.g. expected service life time,

▪ Geographical scope of the EPD, i.e., for which geographical location(s) of use and end-of-life the product’s performance has
been calculated,

▪ Functional unit or declared unit,

▪ Reference service life (RSL), if applicable,

▪ Declaration of the year(s) covered by the data used for the LCA calculation and other relevant reference years,

▪ Reference to the main database(s) for generic data and LCA software used, if relevant,

▪ System diagram of the processes included in the LCA, divided into the life cycle stages,

▪ Description if the EPD system boundary is “cradle-to-gate”, “cradle-to-gate with options” or “cradle-to-grave”,

▪ Information on which life cycle stages are not considered (if any), with a justification of the omission,

▪ Relevant websites for more information or explanatory materials.

▪ Production system (i.e. conventional or organic), if relevant

▪ Nutritional value.

This section may also include:

▪ Name and contact information of organisation carrying out the underlying LCA study,

▪ Additional information about the underlying LCA-based information, such as assumptions, cut-off rules, data quality and
allocation.

5.4.4 CONTENT DECLARATION


The content declaration shall have the form of a list of materials and chemical substances including information on their
environmental and hazardous properties. The gross weight of material shall be declared in the EPD at a minimum of 99 % of one unit
of product.

Information on the hazardous properties of materials and chemical substances should follow the requirements given in the latest
revision of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)8, issued by United Nations or national
or regional applications of the GHS.

As an example, the following regulations should be used for EPDs intended to be used in the European Union:

▪ Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European parliament and of the council of 18 December 2006 concerning the
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)

▪ Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling
and packaging of substances and mixtures

5.4.4.1. Information about recycled materials

Not relevant for this product category.

5.4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

5.4.5.1. Environmental impacts

The indicators related to potential environmental impact listed in Table 2 shall be declared per functional unit or declared unit, and per
life cycle stage.

8
The GHS document is available on www.unece.org.

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PARAMETER UNIT UPSTREAM CORE DOWNSTREAM TOTAL

Fossil kg CO2 eq.


Global Biogenic kg CO2 eq.
warming
potential Land use and land
kg CO2 eq.
(GWP) transformation

TOTAL kg CO2 eq.

Acidification potential (AP) kg SO2 eq.

Eutrophication potential (EP) kg PO43- eq.

Formation potential of tropospheric ozone


kg C2H4 eq.
(POCP)

Abiotic depletion potential – Elements kg Sb eq.

MJ, net calorific


Abiotic depletion potential – Fossil fuels
value

Water scarcity potential m3 eq.

Table 2 Indicators describing potential environmental impacts9.

Notes:

▪ Abiotic depletion potential is calculated and displayed as two separate indicators. ADP-fossil fuels include all fossil resources,
while ADP-elements include all non-renewable material resources.

5.4.5.2. Use of resources

The indicators for resource use based on the life cycle inventory (LCI) listed in Table 3 shall be declared per functional unit or
declared unit, and per life cycle stage.

PARAMETER UNIT UPSTREAM CORE DOWNSTREAM TOTAL

Use as energy MJ, net calorific


carrier value

Primary energy resources – Used as raw MJ, net calorific


Renewable materials value

MJ, net calorific


TOTAL
value

Use as energy MJ, net calorific


carrier value

Primary energy resources – Used as raw MJ, net calorific


Non-renewable materials value

MJ, net calorific


TOTAL
value

Secondary material kg

MJ, net calorific


Renewable secondary fuels
value

9
Please check www.environdec.com for the latest list of default impact categories, units and characterisation factors as they may
have been updated compared to this table.

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MJ, net calorific


Non-renewable secondary fuels
value

Net use of fresh water m3

Table 3 Indicators describing use of primary and secondary resources.

Notes:

▪ In order to identify the primary energy used as an energy carrier (and not used as raw materials), the parameter may be
calculated as the difference between the total input of primary energy and the input of energy resources used as raw materials.

▪ Energy content of biomass used for feed or food purposes shall not be considered.

▪ The net use of fresh water does not constitute a “water footprint” as potential environmental impacts due to the water use in
different geographical locations is not captured. For this indicator:

- Evaporation, transpiration, product integration, release into different drainage basins or the sea, displacement of water
from one water resource type to another water resource type within a drainage basin (e.g. from groundwater to surface
water) is included.

- In-stream water use is not included.

- For water used in closed loop processes (such as cooling system) and in power generation only the net water
consumption (such as reintegration of water losses) should be considered.

- Seawater shall not be included

- Tap water or treated water (e.g. from a water treatment plant), or wastewater that is not directly released in the
environment (e.g. sent to a wastewater treatment plant) are not elementary water flows, but intermediate flows from a
process within the technosphere.

- Additional transparency in terms of geographical location, type of water resource (e.g. groundwater, surface water),
water quality and temporal aspects may be included as additional information.

5.4.5.3. Waste production and output flows

Waste generated along the whole life cycle production chains shall be treated following the technical specifications described in the
General Programme Instructions. When the amount of waste or the output flows is from the life cycle inventory (LCI) are declared, the
indicators in Table 4 and Table 5 shall be reported per functional unit or declared unit, and per life cycle stage.

PARAMETER UNIT UPSTREAM CORE DOWNSTREAM TOTAL

Hazardous waste disposed kg

Non-hazardous waste disposed kg

Radioactive waste disposed kg

Table 4 Indicators describing waste production.

PARAMETER UNIT UPSTREAM CORE DOWNSTREAM TOTAL

Components for reuse kg

Material for recycling kg

Materials for energy recovery kg

Exported energy, electricity MJ

Exported energy, thermal MJ

Table 5 Indicators describing output flows.

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Notes:

▪ The parameters are calculated on the gross amounts leaving the system boundary of the product system in the LCI. If e.g.
there is no gross amount of “exported energy, electricity” leaving the system boundary, this indicator is set to zero,

▪ The parameter “Materials for energy recovery” does not include materials for waste incineration. Waste incineration is a method
of waste processing, when R1<60% (European Guideline on R1 energy interpretation), and is allocated within the system
boundary.

▪ In case there are never any flows of these types leaving the system boundary for a product category, the indicators may be
removed by the PCR.

5.4.5.4. Other environmental indicators

The following potential environmental impacts may be calculated to better characterise the environmental performance of raw milk
and to cover relevant aspects in the agri-food chains.

LAND USE

This indicator represents the land that is used per declared unit during a certain period of time and could be expressed in total square
meter * year. Land use gives a rough indication about the impact on ecosystem and biodiversity and may include: agricultural land,
grazing land, forestry land, built environment land, etc.

A recommended method is available on http://www.epa.gov/ncea/roe/

LAND USE AND LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY [LULUCF]

The indicator expressed in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (kg of CO2 eq.) represents an estimate of the absorption and
emission of carbon resulting from the:
▪ Land use
▪ Change of land use
▪ Forest management activities
Further information about the calculation is available on http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/

MARINE WATER EUTROPHICATION

This indicator is measured in g N-eq. and represents the impact related to eutrophication due to nitrogen and phosphorus emissions.

The method suggested for the indicator calculation is ReCiPe310.

AQUATIC ECOTOXICITY

This indicator is measured in Comparative Toxic Unit (CTU) and refers to the impact of toxic substances (chemical and physical
agents) on aquatic ecosystems.

The method suggested for the calculation of the indicator is USEtox411 (http://www.usetox.org/).

5.4.6 INFORMATION RELATED TO SECTOR EPDS


For sector EPDs, the following information shall also be included:

▪ a list of the contributing manufacturers that the Sector EPD covers,

▪ a description of how the selection of the sites/products has been done and how the average has been determined, and

▪ a statement that the document covers average values for an entire or partial product category (specifying the percentage of
representativeness) and, hence, the declared product is an average that is not available for purchase on the market.

10
ReCiPe main Report: Goedkoop M.,Heijungs R., Huijbregts M., De Schryver A., Struijs J., Van Zel R., ”ReCiPe 2008 A life cycle
impact assessment method wich comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and endpoint level – Report I:
Characterisation”, Ruimte en Miliieu Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer, July 2012.
11
User manual: Huijbregts M., Hauschild M., Jolliet O., Margni M., McKone T., Rosenbaum R.K., Van de Meent D., “USEtoxTM User
manual”; February 2010.

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5.4.7 DIFFERENCES VERSUS PREVIOUS VERSIONS


For EPDs that have been updated, the following information shall also be included:

▪ a description of the differences versus previously published versions, e.g. a description of the percentage change in results and
the main reason for the change;

▪ a revision date on the cover page

5.4.8 REFERENCES
This section shall include a list of references, including the General Programme Instructions (including version number), standards
and PCR (registration number, name and version). The source and version of the characterisation models and the factors used shall
be reported in the EPD.

▪ The underlying LCA

▪ The name, CPC code and version number of the PCR used

▪ Other documents that verify and complement the EPD®

▪ Instruction for recycling, if relevant

▪ The General Programme instructions of the International EPD® System

5.4.9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN ENGLISH


For EPDs published in another language than English, an executive summary in English shall be included.

The executive summary should contain relevant summarised information related to the programme, product, environmental
performance, additional information, information related to sector EPDs, references and differences versus previous versions.

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6 GLOSSARY
CO2 Carbon dioxide

CPC Central product classification

EPD Environmental product declaration

ISO International Organization for Standardization

kg kilogram

LCA Life cycle assessment

PCR Product Category Rules

SI The International System of Units

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

UN United Nations

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7 REFERENCES
CEN (2013), EN 15804:2012+A1:2013, Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the
product category of construction products.

EPD International (2017) General Programme Instructions for the International EPD® System. Version 3.0, dated 2017-12-11.
www.environdec.com

IDF, 2015. A common carbon footprint approach for dairy. The IDF guide to standard lifecycle and assessment methodology for the
dairy sector.

ISO (2000), ISO 14020:2000, Environmental labels and declarations – General principles

ISO (2004), ISO 8601:2004 Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times

ISO (2006a), ISO 14025:2006, Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations – Principles and
procedures

ISO (2006b), ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework

ISO (2006c), ISO 14044: 2006, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines

ISO (2013), ISO/TS 14067:2013, Greenhouse gases – Carbon footprint of products – Requirements and guidelines for quantification
and communication

ISO (2014), ISO 14046:2014, Environmental management – Water footprint – Principles, requirements and guidelines

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8 VERSION HISTORY OF PCR

VERSION 1.0, 2013-12-02


Original version. The PCR was developed and published together with PCR for processed liquid milk and cream and PCR for yoghurt,
butter and cheese

VERSION 1.01, 2014-02-27


▪ Minor changes by the Secretariat without any impact on the technical aspects or methodological guidance:

▪ Information added to cover page

▪ Information added to General Information

▪ General introduction changed to latest version

▪ Minor editorial changes

VERSION 2.0, 2016-12-08


▪ Use of version 2.5 of the Basic Module

▪ Allocation at dairy farm modified (from economic to biophysical allocation)

▪ Ecological and water footprint removed (use of aggregated indicators could be misleading)

VERSION 2.01, 2016-12-14


▪ Corrected information about PCR registration number on the cover page

VERSION 2.02, 2017-05-29


▪ A typo in the allocation formula in section 4.4 was corrected.

VERSION 2.1, 2019-01-08


▪ Updated in accordance with GPI 3.0 and new PCR basic module.

VERSION 2.11, 2019-09-06


▪ Clarified terms of use

▪ Editorial changes

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© 2019 EPD INTERNATIONAL AB

YOUR USE OF THIS MATERIAL IS SUBJECT TO THE GENERAL TERMS OF USE PUBLISHED ON BY
EPD INTERNATIONAL AB:S HOMEPAGE AT HTTPS://WWW.ENVIRONDEC.COM/CONTACT/GENERAL-
TERMS-OF-USE/. IF YOU HAVE NOT REGISTERED AND ACCEPTED EPD INTERNATIONAL AB:S THE
GENERAL TERMS OF USE, YOU ARE NOT AUTHORIZED TO EXPLOIT THIS WORK IN ANY MANNER.

COVER IMAGE © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM / ZVOZDOCHKA

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