Drying of Natural Gas and Its Desgin: in Partial Fulfilment For The Award of The Degree of

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DRYING OF NATURAL GAS AND ITS DESGIN

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

OMKAR R.SUGATE (1BM18CH029)

RAKSHIT GUPTA (1BM18CH033)

KRISHNA RANJAN (1BM18CH062)

SWAPNIL ANAND (1BM17CH057)

RAVI KUMAR (1BM15CH047)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

MR. SHIVAKUMAR R.
Assistant professor, BMSCE

BMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


(Autonomous Institution under VTU)

BENGALURU-560019
MARCH-2021
Department of Chemical Engineering B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bull Temple Road,
Bengaluru 560019

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SL NO Student Name USN Student’s Signature
1 Omakar R. Sugate 1BM18CH029
2 Rakshit Gupta 1BM18CH033
3 Krishna Ranjan 1BM18CH062
4 Swapnil Anand 1BM17CH057
5 Ravi Kumar 1BM15CH047

This is to certify that the project work-2 report titled, “DRYING OF NATURAL GAS
AND ITS DESGIN” is a bonafide record of the project work done by the following
students in the 6th semester during the academic year 2020-21.

Certified that these candidates are students belong to CHEMICAL ENGINEERING of B.M.S. College
of engineering. They have carried out the project work-2 of titled ………………“DRYING OF
NATURAL GAS AND ITS DESGIN” ………………. as part of their 6th semester project work 2.
It is in partial fulfilment for completing the requirement for the award of B.E. degree by VTU. The
works is original and duly certify the same.
Head of the Department Guide
Signature: Signature:
Name: Dr. C.T. Puttaswamy Name: MR. Shivakumar
R.
Seal: Designation:
Date: 04-09-2021
Date:01-03-2021

Submitted for the University Examination held on 04-09-2021


Internal Examiner External Examiner
Signature: Signature:
Name: Name:
Designation: Designation:
Date: Date:

i
CERTIFICATE FROM GUIDE

Certified that this project work “DRYING OF NATURAL GAS AND ITS
DESGIN” is the true work. This project was carried out under my
supervision. This is to certify that I have gone through complete project
report. The students have incorporated all the corrections and suggestions
made by me.

Guide
Signature:
Name: Mr. Shivakumar R.
Seal:

Date:

HOD
Signature:
Name: Dr. C.T. Puttaswamy
Seal:

Date:

ii
BMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BANGALORE - 560019

CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISOR


Department: Chemical Engineering
Degree Registered for: B.E.

Candidate Details:

Certified that these candidates are students belonging to the Chemical Engineering of
BMS College of Engineering. They have carried out the project work titled “DRYING
OF NATURAL GAS AND ITS DESGIN” as third year (6th semester) dissertation
project. It is in partial fulfilment for completing the requirement for the award of B.E.
degree by VTU. The works is original and duly to certify the same.

Supervisor
Name:
Department:
Signature:
HOD’s Signature : Seal

Date:

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our project guide, Mr. Shivakumar R.,
Assistant professor of the Chemical Engineering Department at B.M.S. College of
Engineering under whose valuable guidance we were able to carry on and complete this
project.

We are very much thankful to our project coordinator Mr. Shivakumar R., Professor, who
also guided us through this project and provided us with the required tools and
encouragement to complete this project.

We would also like to thank all the professors and faculty at the Chemical Engineering
Department at BMSCE for their suggestions that have contributed to this project.

We are also very grateful for the existence of the Third Phase of the Technical Education
Quality Improvement Programme of Government of India (TEQIP-III) for providing us
the means to access the required process simulation tools such as UNISIM.
We would lastly like to thank Dr. B.V. Ravishankar, the Principal of BMSCE for
providing the required facilities.

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ABSTRACT

This project work titled “DRYING OF NATURAL GAS ”, as the title suggests mainly
focuses on understanding the relationship between distribution of drying of natural gas
and plate tectonics .We have focused on developing a simulation for the project using
Modern Simulation Software Tools. The software used here is UNISIM.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL NO. Chapters Page No.

I List of Figures 1
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Method Used 1
2 Literature Survey 2
3 Aim 6
4 Methodology 7
5 Procedure 10
6 Material Balance 11
7 Energy Balance 12
8 Results and Discussions 13
9 Conclusion 13
10 References 14

Figure No. Figure Name


1 Process Flow Diagram on UNISIM
LIST OF FIGURES

v
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General:
Natural gases either from natural production or The theme of natural gas (NG)
dehydration is closely linked with storage of natural gas. There are two basic reasons
why NG storage is important. Firstly, it can reduce dependency on NG supply. With
this in mind, national strategic reserves are created. Secondly, NG storage enables the
maximum capacity of distribution lines to be exploited. NG is stored in summer
periods, when there is lower demand for it, and is withdrawn in the winter periods,
when significant amounts of NG are used for heating. Reserves smooth seasonal peaks
and also short-term peaks of NG consumption.

1.2 Method used:


1. Absorption:
Absorption is the most widely used industrial natural gas dehydration. Absorption is
usually performed by using TEG (triethylene glycol). The process consist of absorption
(of water in gas stream) and regeneration (of TEG). Absorption occurs at low
temperature, while regeneration occurs at high temperature.

2. Condensation:
The third conventional dehydration method rely on condensation which turn water
molecules into the liquid phase by means of cooling, and then removes them from gas
stream. By using this method, natural gas liquids (NGL) and condensed higher
hydrocarbons can also be recovered. Therefor, this method is usually applied for
simultaneous dehydration and recovery of NGL.

3. Adsorption:

Several solids desiccants posses physical characteristics to adsorb water from natural
gas. Those are mole sieve, silica gel, and aluminia.

1
2. LITERATURE SURVEY

Selection of a proper dehydration method and in calculating NG


dehydration

Authors: Michal Netušil and Pavel Ditl(Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of engineering

The following methods are available as options: absorption, adsorption and condensation.
Absorption is used in cases when emphasis is not placed on the watercontent of the output
stream, and when low operating and capital investment are required. Adsorption is used in
cases when bone dry NG is required. Low temperature separation employing the JT effect
is used in cases where a sufficient pressure drop is available between the input and the
output of the dehydration unit. Supersonic nozzles are a promising method that will in
future displace these three conventional methods. We have selected for citation here
articles and procedures that we consider to provide reliable results.

Dehydration of natural gas using molecular sieves

Authors:Hassan A.A.Farag Mustafa MohamedEzzat HodaAmer Adel WilliamNashed


a b b b

The effectiveness of parameter of water adsorption on molecular sieve was investigated to


find optimum operating conditions. The obtained experimental breakthrough curves were
fitted to theoretical models in order to establish the main mechanisms of mass transfer. The
significant dispersion values are also proven by the Peclet number obtained for each
breakthrough curve. Molecules with large polarity can be adsorbed preferentially under
identical conditions. Molecular sieves exhibit intraarticular diffusion, which is specifically
controlled by molecular diffusion.
Water adsorption in zeolites is based on physisorption. The main driving force for
adsorption is the high polar surface within the pores. This unique characteristic
distinguishes zeolites from other commercially available adsorbents, enabling an extremely
high adsorption capacity for water vapor and other polar components even at very low
concentrations. Molecular sieves contain a uniform network of crystalline pores and empty
adsorption cavities. Because of its uniform structure; molecular sieve will not give up
moisture into the package as temperatures rise.
Experimental data for dynamic adsorption of ethyl acetate present in air using 5A and 13X
molecular sieves are generated with variation of inlet adsorbate concentration, inlet
velocity and bed diameter to bed length ratio to study their effect on the adsorber
bed performance. On decreasing inlet velocity, breakthrough occurs late and almost a
proportionate increase in breakthrough time was noted with decrease in inlet velocity
(constant pattern behaviour is achieved).
The primary effect of inlet velocity is on the rate of movement of mass transfer zone
(MTZ). The movement of MTZ is directly related to inlet flow velocity. The similar nature
of the breakthrough curves in case of both the sieves indicates that mass transfer rate is not
sensitive to inlet velocity. The constant pattern breakthrough curves for both the molecular

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sieves (5A and 13X) with change in inlet velocity indicate that mass transfer rate is
controlled by pore diffusion and not by external film.
The insignificant temperature rise in case of 5A may be due to comparatively less
saturation adsorption capacity (poor adsorption characteristic) of the EA-5A molecular
sieve system. Lower saturation adsorption capacity reduces the rate of adsorption to give
lower temperature rise, which becomes further low due the convective transport of heat
with the fluid.
The equilibrium adsorption capacity of Ethyl acetate in 13X is higher and it behaves closer
to ideal behaviour than 5A and mass transfer zone is well contained within the bed due to
higher affinity of the sieves for Ethyl acetate.
For a long bed, the mass transfer zone will be contained within the bed. In such cases the
concentration breakthrough profile will remain unchanged with change in L (constant
pattern behaviour). Mathematical model based on Linear Driving Force approximation is
validated with experimental data and simulated to understand effects of other pertinent
parameters such as overall mass transfer coefficient, saturation capacity and bed to
wall heat transfer coefficient. 13X molecular sieves with higher capacity than 5A shows
closer to ideal adsorption behaviour. Mass transfer rate is controlled by pore diffusion.

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1. AIM
To design a plant of drying of natural gas using UNISIM.

JUSTIFICATION

Key points of Drying of Natural Gas

•If the temperature of pipeline walls or storage tanks decreases below the Tdew of
the water vapours present in the gas, the water starts to condense on those cold
surfaces, and the following problems can appear.

• Natural Gas in combination with liquid water can form methane hydrate. Methane
hydrate is a solid in which a large amount of methane is trapped within the crystal
structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice. The methane hydrate production
from a unit amount of water is higher than the ice formation. The methane
hydrates formed by cooling may plug the valves, the fittings or even pipelines.

• Natural Gas dissolved in condensed water is corrosive, especially when it contains


CO2 or H2S.

•Condensed water in the pipeline causes slug flow and erosion.

• Water vapor increases the volume and decreases the heating value of the gas.

• Natural Gas with the presence of water vapor cannot be operated on cryogenic
plants.

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2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Method Used:
Absorption

• Absorption is the most widely used industrial natural gas dehydration. Absorption
is usually performed by using TEG (triethylene glycol). The process consist of
absorption (of water in gas stream) and regeneration (of TEG). Absorption occurs
at low temperature, while regeneration occurs at high temperature.

• Absorption dehydration unit consists of glycol contactor, in form of tray column or


packed column. In the contactor, wet natural gas and TEG flow counter-currently.
TEG enriched in water flows out the bottom part of contactor, while dry natural gas
flows out to the upper part of contactor. At the top part of contactor, filter is
sometimes installed. The function is to capture remaining TEG in dry gas stream.

• TEG enriched in water flows into flash drum, where the flash gases are released.
Then, the TEG enters to cold side of glycol/glycol heat exchanger. Then, TEG
enters reboiler, where it is heated by heat transfer fluid to regenerate the TEG.
Regenerated TEG is pumped back to hot side of glycol/glycol exchanger and
gas/glycol heat exchanger to the top of contactor. The cycle begins again.

Adsorption

Several solids desiccants posses physical characteristics to adsorb water from natural gas.
Those are mole sieve, silica gel, and alumina.

Natural gas adsorption is usually consists of two towers, where adsorption occurs in one
tower, and regeneration occurs in the other one. Hot gas is used to drive off the absorbed
water from the desiccant. Then, the towers is cooled with unheated gas stream. The towers
are switched before the on-stream tower become water saturated.

Condensation

The third conventional dehydration method rely on condensation which turn water
molecules into the liquid phase by means of cooling, and then removes them from gas
stream. By using this method, natural gas liquids (NGL) and condensed higher
hydrocarbons can also be recovered. Therefor, this method is usually applied for
simultaneous dehydration and recovery of NGL.

Natural gas can be cooled using the Joule-Thompson effect (JT effect). The JT effect
characterized how gas temperature changes with pressure alternation. During gas
expansion, kinetic energy decrease, thus resulting in temperature decrease of natural gas.
When wet natural gas is cooled, methane hydration formation can also occur. This
phenomenon will cause plug flow. To prevent this, methanol or monoethylene glycol
(MEG) hydrate inhibitor is usually injected.
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6
ROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

Feed is thoroughly mixed in a mixture and the mixed stream is separated into vapour
liquid separator from where the light vapour is condensed into a cooler and the cold
stream is sent to separator.

From where the vapour is recycled by recycling unit and sent to cooler again and the
liquid from LTS and VLS is mixed into mixer and the liquid stream is sent into tower
feed from where feed is sent to open unit operator from where pure methanol is
extracted.

The feed of natural gas is introduced to a mixture. And the compositions are:

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3. PROCEDURE:

1. Natural gas is taken as feed and mixed thoroughly in mixture and


sent to vapor-Liquid Separator.
2. The mixture separated as vapor and liquid. The vapor is sent to
cooler and after that to chiller. And the separated liquid to mixture.
3. The mixture from chiller goes again to Vapor-liquid separator. And
both liquid is mixed thoroughly in mixer.
4. Mixed fluid is sent to distillation column for further extraction from
the mixed fluid.
5. Methane gas is more volatile so it comes our as distillate from the
Condenser. And we obtain the pure methane gas.
6. There are two useful final product which we produce through this
process are: - Methane gas, Sales gas.

The final product obtained is methane and the compositions are:

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4. Material Balance of Methane

Method Used
• Accumulation] = [Input] – [Output] + [Internal Production]
• F=B+D
• zF = xDD + xBB

1. Feed 1 + Feed 2 ->Mixed Stream


Molar flow× Mole fraction of Methane
So, LHS=>Feed 1+Feed 2=130.4204×0.6+88.2363×0.6244=133.347
RHS= Mixed Stream
218.656×0.6098=>133.347
LHS=RHS
So material is Balanced.

2. Mixed Stream -> Vapor 1+ Liquid 1


LHS=Mixed Stream
218.656×0.60=>133.347
RHS=Vapor 1+ Liquid 1
53.1833×0.0994+165.4734×0.5168
=>133.349
LHS=RHS

3. Cold Gas->LTS VAP


LHS=>53.1833×0.0997
=>47.8331
RHS
50.211×0.9148+2.9522×0.6359
=>47.83
LHS=RHS
This means material is balanced.

4. LTS Liq + Liquid 1 -> Tower Feed


LHS
2.9522×0.6359+165.4734×0.5168
=87.354
RHS
168.9268×0.5189=87.356
LHS=RHS
Means Material is Balanced.

5. Tower Feed -> Pure Methanol+MSTR


LHS=>Tower Feed =87.396
RHS=>84.2128×0.9879+84.2128×0.049883.1938+4.1938
=87.39
LHS=RHS

Means the Material is fully balanced till the final Product!!

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10
5. Energy Balance

11
Material Balance of Distillation Column

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

 Methane and sales gas is extracted from the natural gas using
distillation column and liquid vapor separator(condenser).
 Process simulation of extraction of products from natural gas is been
successfully simulated on software UNISIM.
 Material balance of methane throughout the whole process is been
shown as balanced.
 Energy balance is been also shown in Cooler (heat exchanger).
 Final Product as Methane and Sales gas are balanced in this design of
plant for Extraction of Natural gas.

CONCLUSIONS:

We can say that methane can be successfully separated by the process of drying of natural
gas and material and energy is properly balanced in throughout the design of the natural
gas extraction plant.

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REFERENCES
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279063450_Natural_Gas_Dehydration

https://www.slideshare.net/ahmedshoman792/natural-gas-dehydration

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279063450_Natural_Gas_Dehydration

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016811000457

https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/1350046

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