ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SILCHAR

Assignment No-1
Sub: Electrical Machine-II
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1. A six pole, 60-Hz synchronous machine has a rotor winding with a total of 138 series turns
and a winding factor kr = 0.935. The rotor length is 1.97 m, the rotor radius is 53 cm, and
the air-gap length =3.15 cm.

a. What is the rated operating speed in r/min?

b. Calculate the rotor winding current required to achieve a peak fundamental air-gap flux
density of 1.23 T.
c. Calculate the corresponding flux per pole.

2. Assume that a phase winding of the synchronous machine of Problem 1 consist of one full
pitch, 11-turn coil per pole pair, with coils connected in series to form the phase winding.
If machine is operating at rated speed and under the operating conditions of Problem 1,
calculate the rms generated voltage per phase.

3. The synchronous machine of Problem 1 has a three phase winding with 45 series turns per
phase and a winding factor kw=0.928. For the flux condition and rated speed of Problem 1,
calculate the rms-generated voltage per phase.

4. The three-phase synchronous machine of Problem 1 is to be moved to an application which

requires that its operating frequency be reduced from 60 to 50 Hz. This application requires
that, for the operating condition considered in Problem 1, the rms generated voltage equal
to 13.0 kV line-to-line. As a result, the machine armature must be rewound with a different
 number of turns. Assuming a winding factor of kw = 0.928, calculate the required number
of series turns per phase.

5. Figure 1 shows a two-pole rotor revolving inside a smooth stator which carries a coil of
110 turns. The rotor produces a sinusoidal space distribution of flux at the surface: the peak
value of the flux-density wave being 0.85 T when the current in the rotor is 15 A. The
magnetic circuit is linear. The inside diameter of the stator is 11 cm, and its axial length is
0.17 m. The rotor is driven at a speed of 50 r/sec.

Figure 1 Elementary cylindrical-rotor, two-phase synchronous machine.

a. The rotor is excited by a current of 15 A. Taking zero times as the instant when the axis of
the rotor is vertical, find the expression for the instantaneous voltage generated in the open-
circuited stator coil.
b. The rotor is now excited by a 50 Hz sinusoidal alternating current whose peak value is 15
A. Consequently, the rotor current reverses every half revolution: it is timed to be at its
maximum just as the axis of the rotor is vertical (i.e., just as it becomes aligned with that
of the stator coil). Taking zero times as the instant when the axis of the rotor is vertical,
find the expression for the instantaneous voltage generated in the open-circuit stator coil.
This scheme is sometimes suggested as a dc generator without a commutator: the thought
being that if alternative half cycles of the alternating voltage generated in part (a) are
 reversed by reversal of the polarity of the field (rotor) winding, then a pulsating direct
voltage will be generated in the stator. Discuss whether or not this scheme will work.

6. A three-phase two-pole winding is excited by balanced three-phase 60 Hz currents as

described by
ia  I m cos e t
ib  I m cos(e t  120)
ic  I m cos(e t  120)

Although the winding distribution has been designed to minimize harmonics, there remains
some third and fifth spatial harmonics. Thus the phase-a mmf can be written as

Fa  ia ( A1 cos a  A3 cos3a  A5 cos5a )

Similar expressions can be written for phase b (replace  a by  a  120o ) and phase c (replace
 a by  a  120o ). Calculate the total three-phase mmf. What is the angular velocity and

rotational direction of each component of the mmf?

7. A two-pole, 60-Hz, three-phase, laboratory-size synchronous generator has a rotor radius

of 5.71 cm, a rotor length of 18.0 cm, and an air-gap length of 0.25 mm. The rotor field
winding consists of 264 turns with a winding factor of kr=0.95. The Y-connected armature
winding consists of 45 turns per phase with a winding factor kw=0.93.
a. Calculate the flux per pole and peak fundamental air-gap flux density which will
result in an open circuit, 60 Hz armature voltage of 120 V rms/phase (line-to-
neutral).
b. Calculate the dc field current required to achieve the operating condition of part (a).
c. Calculate the peak value of the field-winding to armature-phase-winding mutual
inductance.
8. Write a MATLAB script which calculates the required total series field and armature
winding turns for a three phase Y- connected synchronous motor given the following
information.

Rotor radius, R (meters) Rotor length, l (meters)

 Air gap length, g (meters) Number of poles, poles

Electrical frequency, fe Peak fundamental air-gap flux density, Bpeak

Field-winding factor, Kf Armature winding factor, Kw

Rated rms open-circuit line to line terminal voltage, Vrated

Field –current at rated –open-circuit terminal voltage, If

9. A four pole, 60-Hz synchronous generator has a rotor length of 5.2 m, diameter of 1.24 m
and air-gap length of 5.9 cm. The rotor winding consists of a series connection of 63 turns
per pole with a winding factor of Kr= 0.91. The peak value of the fundamental air-gap flux
density is limited to 1.1 T and the rotor winding current to 2700 A. Calculate the maximum
torque (N-m) and power output (MW) which can be supplied by this machine.
10. Thermal consideration limit the field-current of the laboratory-size synchronous generator
of Problem 7 to a maximum of 1.3 T, calculate the maximum torque (N-m) and power
(kW) which can be produced by this generator.

11. Figure 2 shows in cross section a machine having rotor winding f and two identical stator
windings a and b whose axes are in quadrature. The self-inductance of each stator winding
is Laa and of the rotor is Lff. The air gap is uniform. The mutual inductance between a stator
winding depends on the angular position of the rotor and may be assumed to be of the form

M af  M cos  0 M bf  M sin  0

Where M is the maximum value of the mutual inductance. The resistance of each winding
is Ra.

a. Derive a general expression for the torque T in terms of the angle  0 , the inductance
parameters and the instantaneous currents ia, Ib and if. Does this expression apply at
standstill? When the rotor is revolving?
b. Suppose the rotor is stationary and constant direct currents Ia = I0, Ib = I0, and If = 2I0
are supplied to the windings in the directions indicated by the dots and crosses or
will it tend to come rest? If the latter, at what value of  0 ?
 Figure 2 Elementary cylindrical-rotor, two-phase synchronous machine.

c. The rotor winding is now excited by a constant direct current If while the stator
windings carry balanced two-phase current

ia  2I a cos t ib  2I a sin t

The rotor is revolving at synchronous speed so that its instantaneous angular position
is given by 0  t   where  is a phase angle describing the position of the rotor
at t=0. The machine is an elementary two-phase synchronous machine. Derive an
expression for the torque under these conditions.

d. Under the conditions of part (c), derive an expression for the instantaneous terminal
voltages of stator phases a and b.
12. Consider the two-phase synchronous machine of Problem 11. Derive an expression for the
torque acting on the rotor if the rotor is rotating at constant angular velocity, such that
0  t   , and the phase currents become unbalanced such that

ia  2I a cos t ib  2( I a  I ' )sin t

What are the instantaneous and time-averaged torque under this condition?
13. Figure 3 shows in schematic cross section a salient-pole synchronous machine having two
identical stator windings a and b on a laminated steel core. The salient-pole rotor is made
of steel and carries a field winding f connected to slip rings.

Because of the non-uniform air gap, the self and mutual inductances are functions of the
angular position  0 of rotor. Their variation with  0 can be approximated as:

Laa  L0  L2 cos 20 Lbb  L0  L2 cos 20 M ab  L2 sin 20

Figure 3 Schematic two-phase salient-pole synchronous machine

Where L0 and L2 are positive constants. The mutual inductance between the rotor and stator
windings are function of  0

M af  M cos  0 M bf  M sin  0

Where M is also a positive constant. The self-inductance of the field winding, Lff, is
constant, independent of  0 .

Consider the operating condition in which the field winding is excited by direct current If
and stator windings are connected to a balanced two-phase voltage source of frequency  .
With the rotor revolving at synchronous speed, its angular position will be given by 0  t
.
 Under this operating condition, the stator currents will be of the form

ia  2I a cos(t   ) ib  2I a sin(t   )

a. Derive an expression for the electromagnetic torque acting on the rotor.

b. Can the machine be operated as a motor and/or a generator? Explain.
c. Will the machine continue to run if the field current If is reduced to zero?

Support your answer with an expression for the torque and an explanation as to why such
operation is or is not possible.

14. A three phase star connected alternator has a rating of 810 KVA at 2.5 kV and has 12 poles. Rated

speed is 500 rpm. There are three slots/pole/phase and number of conductor per slot is 5. For a full-

pitched winding, compute the flux per pole to give rated terminal voltage at no load. [Ans: 0.07522

Wb]

15. (i) For a 3 phase winding having 3-slots per pole per phase, calculate the breadth factor in case

phase spread is a) 600 b) 1200. (ii) An alternator has 3 slots per pole per phase. For a coil span of 8

slots, find the winding factor. [Ans: 0.9598, 0.8312, 0.9452.]

16. A 3 phase 50 Hz, 8 pole star connected alternator has 120 stator slots and each slots has 10

conductors. The coil span is 12 slots. If the flux per pole is 0.12 Wb, calculate the induced emf

between lines. Which of the emf harmonics is eliminated. [Ans: 8400.3 V, 5th harmonics].

17. A 3 phase, 4 pole, 50 Hz, star connected turbo generator has distributed field winding of 140 turns

and winding factor is 0.96. Its other data is as under: Armature series turns per phase=42, armature

radius=0.4 m, armature length = 4 m, Gap length=2 cm. winding factor for armature winding

=0.955. For no load armature emf of 11 kV, find the value of field current required. [Ans : 165.74

A]

18. A 3 phase, 8 pole, narrow spread double layer winding of the armature of an alternator is

accommodated in 72 slots with 2 coil sides per slot. Select a coil span to reduce 5th harmonics emf
 as much as possible and calculate the winding factor for fundamental and 5th harmonics emfs.

What slot harmonics do you expect in emf wave? What would be their winding factors? [Ans: Coil

span=1400, kw1=0.9024, kw5= 0.037786; 17 and 19; 0.9024].

19. A 50 Hz, 8 pole, pole 3 phase synchronous generator has 48 slots. Calculate the % reduction

in the fundamental, third and fifth harmonic strengths on account of distributed windings

[9%, 66.7%, and 75.5%].

20. A synchronous generator has 12 poles and 3 phase winding placed in 144 slots; the coil

span is 10 slots. Determine the distribution factor, pitch factor and winding factor. [0.866,

0.958, 0.83].

21. A synchronous generator of 50 Hz with 6 poles has a flux/pole of 0.15 Wb. Each stator coil

has two turns and a coil pitch of 1500 elect. Calculate the coil voltage in rms [57.7 volt].

22. A 50 Hz, 4 pole synchronous generator, with two layer winding. Each full-pitch coil has

10 turns. The sinusoidal distributed flux per pole is 0.02 wb calculate the induced e. m. f

between the lines if the coils are connected to form (a) a two -phase winding (b) a three

phase windings. [Ans: 686.65 V, 594.693 V].

23. Calculate the short-pitching angle to eliminate the fifth harmonic in the induced emf of a

synchronous generator. What is the corresponding reduction in the fundamental and the

thirteenth harmonics?

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