STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY

TECHNIQUES :

✈ Drainage and Ventilations

Provisions – used to control Moisture
within the Aeroplane Structure

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 STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUES :
✈ DRAINAGE Provisions – used to control :
• Moisture within the Aeroplane Structure,
✈ DRAINASE – digunakan untuk mengendalikan
/alirkan Cairan dan Kelembaban (moisture);
sedangkan

✈ VENTILATION Provisions – used to control :

 Ventilating Air.
✈ VENTILASI – digunakan untuk mengendalikan
sirkulasi udara.
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Airworthiness Requirements :

Persyaratan
Kelaikudaraan (Kelaikan
Udara) - untuk melindungi :
Struktur Pesawat dan Penumpang
dan Awak Pesawat (crew)

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 Airworthiness Requirements :
 Persyaratan tentang penyediaan Ventilasi dan
Drainase (Ventilation & Drainage provision) –
tercantum dalam regulasi CASR paragraf, a.l :
 PROTECTION OF STRUCTURE
§ 25.609 (b)- Protection of Structure
 VENTILATION and HEATING :
§ 25.831 - Ventilation
§ 25.1455 - Draining of Fluids Subject to Freezing
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 Ventilations and Drainages

§ 25.609 (b) – Protection of Structure – requires the

aircraft have adequate provisions for Ventilation
and Drainage.
§ 25.831 (b) - Crew and passenger compartment air must
be free from harmful or hazardous concentrations of
gases or vapors.
§ 25.1455 - Draining of Fluids Subject to Freezing
• If fluids subject to freezing may be drained overboard
in flight or during ground operation,
• the drains must be designed and located to prevent the
formation of hazardous quantities of ice on the
airplane as a result of the drainage.
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 Airworthiness Requirements - VENTILATION

§ 25.831 - Ventilation
(a) Under Normal Operating conditions and in the event
of any Probable Failure conditions of any system
which would adversely affect the ventilating air, the
ventilation system must be designed to provide a
sufficient amount of uncontaminated air to enable
the crewmembers to perform their duties without
undue discomfort or fatigue and to provide
reasonable passenger comfort.
• For normal operating conditions, the ventilation
system must be designed to provide each occupant
with an airflow containing at least 0.55 pounds of
fresh air per minute (0,55 lb/min.)
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Airworthiness Requirements - VENTILATIONS

 Persyaratan penyediaan Ventilasi adalah

untuk Perlindungan & Keselamatan, y.i :
– Proteksi terhadap Struktur (dado/sidewall
panel); dan
– Proteksi terhadap Pax & Crew:
Keselamatan dan kenyamanan (safety &
comfort) dari penumpang, dan awak
pesawat (menyediakan pertukaran udara
segar, bebas dari gas atau uap berbahaya).
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 Persyaratan Ventilasi
CASR § 25.831 (e) dan (f) – VENTILATION:
• Harus disediakan cara (means) agar Occupants
[penumpang, awak pesawat (pilot &copilot), kru selain
pilot] di-ruangan berikut, dapat mengatur suhu dan
pertukaran udara ke ruangannya, secara terpisah dari
suhu & jumlah supply udara ke ruangan dan daerah lain:
(1) Ruang awak pesawat (flight crew compartment
/cockpit)
(2) Crewmember compartments and areas other
than the flight crew compartment unless the
crewmember compartment or area is ventilated by
air interchange with other compartments or areas
under all operating conditions.
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 DRAINS & DRAINAGE
Regulasi mensyaratkan - pesawat harus dirancang
untuk Menyiapkan/dilengkapi dengan :
• Drainase (drainage) – untuk mengalirkan cairan,
dan kelembaban (moisture) yang terjebak didalam
struktur pesawat maupun sistem pesawat,
misalnya: akibat kondensasi; pembuangan air dari
toilet dan wastafel.
• Lokasi drainase – untuk mencegah terjadinya
pembentukan lapisan es akibat buangan yang
membeku.
 Persyaratan tsb. merupakan proteksi terhadap
struktur.
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Galley & Lavatory Drains

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 Airworthiness Requirements - DRAINAGE

§ 25.1455 - Draining of Fluids Subject to

Freezing.
If fluids subject to freezing may be drained
overboard in flight or during ground
operation, the drains must be designed and
located to prevent the formation of
hazardous quantities of ice on the airplane as
a result of the drainage.

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 DRAINS & DRAINAGE
 THE FUSELAGE – as with other parts of the structure
– will have drain or vent holes (usually underneath /
bottom) to allow any water to drain to the atmosphere.
This helps to prevent corrosion.
• Always ensure they are clear, particularly after a paint
respray and after using de-icing fluid.
• The Manual will usually have an inverted picture of the
aircraft showing the position of all drains/vents.
• Many drain holes have valves – that are pressure
operated closed to prevent air lose in pressurized hulls
(compartments) once pressurization is selected.
Differential pressure – discharges the wastewater in flight,
and gravity does so on the ground.
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 DRAIN MASTS :
 DRAIN MASTS - These are :
 Electrically heated (to prevent them icing up)
and
 Fitted to allow “clean” water (sometimes
called grey water to distinguish it from blue
water that comes fom toilets) – to drain from
galley sinks, toilet sinks, water extractors, etc.
• They are fitted in such a way as to allow the
water to get cleanly away into the airflow, and
• You would not think that they have been the
cause of several disasters – but they have !
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 DRAIN MASTS :
 If not fitted correctly or have been damaged, discharged
water can be sprayed onto the underside of the fuselage.
• At altitude this will freeze into a sheet of ice.
 When removed by the airflow, this sheet of ice can cause
(and has caused) serious damage to tailplane/horizontal
stabilizer, or other parts of the structure and rear
mounted engines.
 The moral to this story – Make sure that :
– The Heaters work, but more importantly
– Make sure the Masts do not Leak, and
– Are Securely Fitted and Correctly Aligned (Rearward).

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DRAIN VALVE

DRAINAGE /
HOLE
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 FUEL TANK DRAINS

Detail A
DRAIN VALVE LOCATION –
OUTER WING TANK 16
 FUEL TANK DRAINS

DRAIN VALVE LOCATION –

CENTER WING TANK 17
 DRAIN VALVE
 Sump Drain Valve (Fig. 22) – are located at
the lowest point of each wing fuel tank.
• Functions include:
– Obtaining fuel sample;
– Draining of water and contaminants from fuel
tanks;
– Draining all the fuel that remains after a de-
fuel procedure;
– Checking for fuel in a surge tank before
opening access door.

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DRAIN VALVE

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 Fuel Tank
Ventilation
 The fuel ventilation
system provides air and
fuel vapor flow in or out
of the fuel tanks.
 This prevents too much
pressure or vacuum in
the fuel tanks.
 The system relieves
pressure when
necessary by discharging
fuel flow overboard via
the fuel ventilation
system vents.
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 Fuel Tank Ventilation
 In flight, the ventilation systems lightly pressurizes
each wing tank.
 The fuel ventilation system is fully automatic.
 In each tank, the system contains a forward and
aft vent duct, a vent plenum, float-operated vent /
relief valves, nonrelieving float vent valves, an
overboard line and a flush vent inlet / outlet (vent
/ ram air inlet).

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Fuel Tank Ventilation

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 Fuel Tank Ventilation
• The overboard vent allows fuel to be
discarded overboard if the plenum is full. The
inlet allows air to enter and exit the tank
through the plenum.

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 VENTILATION (VENTILASI)
Pada Pesawat terbang Penumpang yang
Bertekanan (pressurized, passenger transport
aircraft) – di daerah lantai fuselage (floor area) /
di pinggiran dinding (sidewall area) terdapat
lubang-lubang ventilasi untuk
menyeimbangkan tekanan di-dalam kabin
penumpang dan daerah kargo (cargo bay area).
Persyaratan tersebut dicantumkan di CASR 25
§25.831.

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 VENTILATION (VENTILASI)
On Pressurized, Pax Transport Aircraft – the
floor area/sidewall area will contain pressure
equalization holes /vents to allow pressure to
equalize between passenger area and cargo
bay area.

• This requirement is stated in the CASR 25.831.

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 VENTILATION (VENTILASI)
Persyaratan rancang-bangun untuk Ventilasi tercantum di:

CASR § 25.831 Ventilation.

• Kabin penumpang (pax) dan awak pesawat (crew)
harus dilengkapi ventilasi agar cukup udara segar
(fresh air) > 10. cu.ft/min (cfm) agar dapat
melakukan tugasnya tanpa kelelahan (fatigue) dan ke
tidak-nyamanan.
• Provisi ventilasi tsb. adalah - Untuk memungkinkan
pertukaran udara segar, dan pengeluaran /agar bebas
dari konsentrasi gas (CO, CO2) & uap yang berbahaya
(hazardous) & membahayakan (harmful) dari dalam
kabin penumpang dan crew.
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 Ventilation
• Tipikal Design Loads untuk Lantai Kabin Penumpang (Pax Cabin
Floor) adalah harus mampu menahan, tanpa runtuh, suatu
Pengurangan Tekanan yang tiba-tiba (Sudden Depressurization) .

 A Side-wall Venting System – digunakan sebagai alat

/sarana untuk mengurangi efek dari in-flight depressurization
akibat pembukaan tiba-tiba dari lubang besar di bawah ruang
kargo (cargo compartment ), sesuai dengan persyaratan FAA /
DGCA untuk semua pesawat berbadan lebar (wide-body airplanes).

• Venting system yang serupa telah diterapkan di pesawat

transport berbadan-lebar L-1011, DC-10, B747 dan juga A300 seri.

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 Ventilation
• The invention of vent structure in the cabin
area by Dennis E. Murphy is U.S Patent July 5,
1977.

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Fuselage Sidewall Venting System

Dado
Panels =
Sidewall
Vents

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Fuselage Sidewall Venting System
 Dado Panel (or Pressure Equalization Holes /
Vents) – is a sidewall venting in fuselage pax
cabin.
• Dado panels – are located on the floor area/side
wall area between the pax area and cargo bay
area, on the pressurized aircraft.

• They are spring closed panels in the floor to side

wall junction. They open at 0.5 psid in case of
rapid decompression to minimize floor collapse
and overall structural damage.
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Fuselage Sidewall Venting System
 THE USE OF DADO PANELS in Aircraft :
 To minimize floor collapse and overall
structural damage,
 To allow pressure to equalize between the
passenger area and cargo bay area.

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Fuselage Sidewall Venting System
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGURE 1. – is a cutaway
perspective view of a
portion of the side wall
of an aircraft having
the vent structure of
the invention installed
therein;
FIGURE 1.
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Fuselage Sidewall Venting System
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGURE 2. – is a side coss-
sectional view of the vent
structure of FIG. 1 showing
its position when it is
called upon to vent large
amounts of air from the
lower portion of the
aircraft fuselage to the
upper portion;
FIGURE 2. 33
Fuselage Sidewall Venting System
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGURE 3. – is a view similar to

FIG. 2 where in a differential
pressure of a predetermined
value has been established
across the floor structure of
an aircraft and
• The vent structure is
beginning to open a large
vent area;
FIGURE 3.
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Fuselage Sidewall Venting System
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGURE 4. – is a view similar
to FIGS. 2 and 3 wherein
the vent panel has rotated
out of the way to open a
large vent area between
the upper and lower
portions of an aircraft
fuselage to relieve
pressure in the upper
FIGURE 4. portion thereof.
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 Ventilation
Principal Objectives of Ventilation
Invention – are to provide :
• Means for relieving differential pressures which
may be undesirably applied accross a structural
wall or floor structure.
• Venting means which automatically respond to
predetermined differential pressure to open a
larger-than-normal venting area for relieving a
differential pressure.
• Vent means which are economical to
manufacture, easy to install, temper proof, and
easy to reset after their use.
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 Ventilation
 Another Objects are to Provide :
• Vent means for an aircraft which blend in with
the general decor of the aircraft and therefore do
not unnecessarily alarm passengers.
• A vent structure which, upon application of a
predetermined differential pressure, self actuates
to open a large vent passageway.
• An Emergency Venting Structure – which opens
in response to a sensed differential pressure but
not in response to externally applied force.
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 AC 43.13-1B
 REPLACEMENT OF DRAIN HOLES AND SKIN
STIFFENERS.
 Whenever Repairs are made that require replacing a
portion that includes drain holes, skin stiffeners, or
any other items, the repaired portion must be
provided with similar drain holes, skin stiffeners, or
items of the same dimensions in the same
location.
ADDITIONAL DRAIN HOLES may be required –
If reinforcement under a skin repair interferes with
waterflow to existing drain holes.
Make any additional drain holes the same diameter
as originals, usually 1/4 inch.
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 AC 43.13-2B
1030. VENTILATION.
During the charging process, nickel-cadmium batteries
produce hydrogen and oxygen gases. This occurs near
the end of the charging cycle when the battery reaches
what is called the gassing potential.
To avoid a buildup of these gases, and possible accidental
ignition, ventilation should be provided to evacuate this
gas from the aircraft.
There are two types of nickel-cadmium battery cases, one
with vent nozzles and one with viewports.

• The vent nozzle type utilizes vent hoses to evacuate the

gas overboard by use of forced air or by venturi effect.
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AC 43.13-1B

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 AC 43.13-2B
• NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERY INSTALLATIONS.
1025. GENERAL. Nickel-cadmium batteries fulfill
a need for a power source that will provide
large amounts of current, fast recharge
capability, and a high degree of reliability.
Nickel-cadmium batteries produce a constant
voltage and can operate at lower
temperatures. They are generally more
expensive to purchase.

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 References / Rujukan :
 Aircraft Structure Surfce Cleaning Techniques:

[1] JSGT : “ A & P Technician, General Textbook ”,

JEPPESEN Sanders Maintenance.
Ch.8: A/C H/w: Aircraft Rivets, Bolts, Bonding
[2] FAA – AC 65-9A: " Airframe & Powerplant Mechanics
,General Handbook “, Consolidated Reprint (includes
CHG 1, dated 3/31/99). Ch. 6: A/C H/W: “Aircraft
Cleaning”
*3+ Niu, Michael C.Y.: “Airframe Structural Design.”
[4] EASA: Airbus Aircraft Structures.

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 References / Rujukan :
4. FAA – AC 43.13-1B: “Acceptable Methods,
Techniques, And Practices – Aircraft Inspection
and Repair ”, Change: 1, Dated: 9/8/98.
5. FAA – AC 43.13-2B: “Acceptable Methods,
Techniques, and Practices – Aircraft Alterations”,
dated: 3/3/08.
6. CASR /CFR Part 25: “Airworthiness Standards:
Transport category airplanes”.

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 Definitions, Abbreviations, Translations
• Ventilation: ventilasi; lubang angin; peredaran
udara; pertukaran udara.
• Drainage: pengaliran; drainase; penyaluran air.
• Drainage – is a system of drain.
• Drain – to draw or flow off of liquid by a
gradual process.
• Mast (a post, a pillar) – tiang, tonggak.

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 Definitions & Abbreviations
• Fitting – is a part or terminal used to join one
structural member to another.
• Butt joint—a joint between two members aligned
approximately in the same plane.
• Bond —the adhesion of one surface to another, with
or without the use of an adhesive as a bonding agent.
• Welding — a materials-joining process used in making
welds.
• Welding rod — a form of welding filler metal,
normally packaged in straight lengths.
• Welding torch — the device used in gas welding.

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