Ship Hydrodynamics2

Theory of Propeller Action (2)

Dr. Adel Banawan

 Ship Hydrodynamics2

Alexandria University

Assumptions with axial Momentum Theory :

Incompressible

Steady

Inviscid

No flow rotation

Ignore propeller geometrical details

1-D

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Assumptions with axial Momentum Theory including Flow Swirl :

Incompressible

Steady

Inviscid

No flow rotation Flow rotation

Ignore propeller geometrical details
1-D 2-D

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Basic Flow Equations (Tools)

d
Continuity 0  dV   V . A
dt CV CS

Momentum d
F  
dt CV
V dV  V V . A
CS

d
Energy  
Q W   edV   eV . A
dt CV CS

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Simplified forms of Basic Flow Equations

Continuity
  VA  const
m
Momentum Fx  m V4 x  V1x 
Ft  m V4 t  V1t 
Energy
p V2  p V2 
  z    hp    z  
 2 g inlet  2 g exit
 ht  hL
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From Axial Momentum Theory

S

A4 T V1
D

V4 A1
hP

S
Disk Area

4 3 2 1

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Let us divide the disk area into a number of smaller elements

(annular or ring elements)

Disk Area A  R 2

Total Disk Area = Sum of Ring Areas

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Annular or ring elements

Ring Area dA  2rdr

dr
rR

 dA 
r
Disk Area A 
r 0
rR rR
 r2 

 2rdr  2    R 2
r 0  2  r 0

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Now let divide upstream and downstream stations

into a number of ring (annular) area

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Flow through annular control volume

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Axial flow through annular control volume

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Streamline through annular control volume

S/L

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Annular Control Volume at radius r

V2x = V3x V1x

V4x
dA1x
dA4x r

4 3 2 1

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Annular Control Volume showing Streamline with
no Flow Rotation

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Effect of Flow Rotation

Annular Control Volume showing Flow Rotation

(Swirl)

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Define

Tangential velocity far upstream is zero V1t=0

Tangential velocity at the disk is V2t = V3t
Tangential velocity far downstream is V4t

 Vt   V  V1t   V2t 

Hence,     2t  a
'

 r  disk  r   r 

 Vt  V V   V 
    4t 1t    4t   b'
 r  slipstream  r   r 

By analogy b '  2a '

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Axial and tangential velocity factors

Direction Axial Tangential

At the disk a
V2 x  V1x  V  V1t   V2t
a '  2t
V1x r r

Slipstream b
V4 x  V1x  b' 
V4t  V1t   V4t
V1x r r

b=2a b’=2a’

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Velocity Components through Annular Control Volume

V1 x
V1t  0
V2t  a ' r
V1 x 1  a 

V1 x 1  2a  V4t  2a ' r

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Continuity Equation

Elementary mass flow rate through an annular section at the desk

dm  dAV2 x
dm   2rdrV1x 1  a 

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Momentum Equations
Axial momentum equation

dFx  d mV4 x  V1x 

.

dT
dT  d mV1x 1  2a   V1x 
.

.
dT  2aV1x d m

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Momentum Equations
Tangential momentum equation

dFt  d mV4t  V1t 

.

dFt  d m2a 'r  0

.

.
dFt  2a rd m
'

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Momentum Equations
Torque absorbed by the annular control volume

r
dQ  dFt r

dFt  d m2a 'r  0 

.

.
dQ  2a r d m
' 2

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Momentum Equations
Power absorbed by the annular control volume

dW p r
dW p  dQ 
.
dW p  2a  r d m
' 2 2

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Energy Equations

p1  V12x  V1t2  p4  V42x  V42t 

 z1     dhp   z4   
  2g    2 g  Zero
 p4 V42x  V42t   p1 V12x  V1t2 
dhp    z4      z1  
 2g    2g 

Hence  V42x  V42t V12x 

dhp    
 2g 2g 
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Energy Equations (Cont.)

dW p
dhp  
1 2
V4 x  V42t  V12x 
dm g 2 g

dW p 
dm 2
V4 x  V42t  V12x 
2
dW p 
2

dm 2
V1x 1  2a   2a 'r   V12x
2 2


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Energy Equations (Cont.)


dW p 
2

V1x 1  2a   2a r   V12x
dm 2 2 ' 2

dW p  
V1x 1  4a  4a 2   2a 'r   V12x
dm 2
2
2


dW p 
2

V1x 4a  4a   2a r 
dm 2 2 '
 2

 
dW p  2dm V12x a1  a   a '  2 r 2
2

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Power absorbed by the annular control volume

1. From energy equation

dW p  2dm 
 V12x a1  a   a' 2r 2
2
 (1)
2. From momentum equation
.
dW p  2a  r d m
' 2 2
(2)
Equate the two expressions:
V12x a

1  a' 
a r
' 2 2
1  a 
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Annular control volume efficiency

dTV1x

Where dQ
dT  2aV1x dm
 dQ  2a'r 2dm


Substitute 
dTV1x 2aV12x dm
 ' 2
aV12x
 ' 2
1  a' 
dQ 2a r dm a r 1  a 

Hence, 
1 a  '

1  a 
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Example
A propeller annular element has V1=8m/s
a width dr =0.05 m and is
located at r=0.3 m. The dr=0.05 m
propeller is rotating in water at
240 rpm. The water 240 rpm
advance velocity is 8 m/s. If a = r=0.3 m
0.1 and a' = 0.131, complete
the table below

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Annular (ring) area dA  2rdr

Disk angular velocity   2 RPM  / 60
Axial velocity at the disk V2 x  V1 x 1  a 
Axial velocity far V4 x  V1 x 1  2a 
downstream
Tangential velocity at the
disk
V2t  a'r
Tangential velocity far V4t  2a ' r
downstream
Mass flow rate through dm  V1x 1  a 2rdr
the annular element
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Element thrust dT  2aV1 x dm

Element torque
dQ  2a ' r 2 dm
Element thrust power
dTV1 x
Element input power
dQ
Element Efficiency

1  a 
'

1  a 

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Solution
Annular (ring) area dA  2rdr 0.09424 m2
Disk angular velocity   2 RPM  / 60 25.132 rad/s
Axial velocity at the disk V2 x  V1 x 1  a  8.8 m/s
Axial velocity far downstream V4 x  V1 x 1  2a  9.60 m/s
Tangential velocity at the disk V2t  a ' r 0.987 m/s
Tangential velocity far V4t  2a ' r 1.975 m/s
downstream
850.0 kg/s
dm  V1x 1  a 2rdr
Mass flow rate through the
annular element

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Solution

Element thrust 1360 N

dT  2aV1 x dm
Element torque 503.72 Nm
dQ  2a ' r 2 dm
Element thrust power 10.88 kw
dTV1 x
Element input power
dQ 12.659 kw

Element Efficiency dTV1 x 1  a '  0.79


dQ 1  a 

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