Compiled By: BSMLS 2-F: Segmented Adult Worms "Ribbon-Like" Appearance
Compiled By: BSMLS 2-F: Segmented Adult Worms "Ribbon-Like" Appearance
Compiled By: BSMLS 2-F: Segmented Adult Worms "Ribbon-Like" Appearance
(Compiled by: BSMLS 2-F) of Pseudophyllidean worms; true suckers; suckers of Pseudophyllidean
Terminology Bothridia – muscular projections form the scolex and may have leaf-like margins; fake suckers
Acetabulum – cup-shaped sucking disk with muscular wall
Cestodes – otherwise known as tapeworms; constitutes a class of Plathyhelminths; Definitive host – harbors sexual stage of parasite where parasites complete their
Segmented adult worms; “ribbon-like” appearance; sub-classified based development
on their eggs; inhabit the Small Intestine; D.H: man; some of the cestodes Intermediate host – harbors sexual or larval stage
are “armed” (when we say armed some of the tapeworms has “hooklets”
but some has no hooklets) Side Notes:
3 morphological classification of worm: Adult worm – Egg stage– Larva
2 Major Classification: Pseudophyllidean – only one known genus and
species of medical
importance belongs here.
Cyclophyllidean – most of the species of Cestode
belongs here; has 4 suckers
3 basic parts of Adult worm: Acetabulum/
Head/Scolex – where the suckers (Acetabulum) found (cup-like
shape)
Neck – band, mature, and form segment
REMEMBER: as long as the head/scolex and neck are remain
attached to the intestine, the infection will still persist.
Strobila–body of parasite; subdivided into
segments/proglottids:
Immature segment – reproductive organ of male and
female are inconspicuous
Mature segment – both male and female are already
visible (usually the male reproductive organ will
developed first)
Bothria - Sucturial
Gravid segment – fertilized eggs groove slit (spatula
Head/Scolex – an anterior organ of attachment shape)
Strobila – body composed of segments also known as proglottids
Rostellum – elongated and protrusible structure situated in the center of the scolex;
either have hooklets; some of its suckers are found in Cyclophyllidean species
Neck – the organ of growth; body region
Properties Cestodes Trematodes Nematodes Muscle cells of Cestodes
Shape Tape-like Leaf-like and Elongated, Are characteristically slow contracting
segmented unsegmented cylindrical and Non-striated muscles and lacks T-tubule
unsegmented Contains myocytons
Head end Suckers present, Suckers present No sucker, no
some have No hooklets hooklets, some
Calcerous corpuscles
attached hooklets have well
Secretions found in the parenchyma of cestodes
developed buccal
Measures 12-32 m in diameter
capsule
Alimentary canal Absent Present but Complete from Contains inorganic components:
incomplete mouth to anus Calcium
Body cavity Absent Absent Present Magnesium carbohydrate
Sexes Monoecious Monoecious Diecious Calcium phosphate
(except
Schistosoma) Side Notes:
Life cycle Requires two Requires three Requires one host Parenchyma – tissues that fill in the body of cestodes; has nutrients
hosts (except hosts (except (except filarial Corpuscles – cells that are not suspended; free-floating usually in blood vessels
Hymenolepis and Schistosoma) worms and
Diphyllobothrium) Dracunculus) Function of Calcerous corpuscles
Larva forms Cysticercus, Cercaria, Rhabditiform have been hypothesized as being buffer against organic acids produced during
hydatid cyst metacercaria, larva, filariform
metabolism
coenurus, redia, miracidium larva and
as depots for CO2 and ion or they may be even excretory products
cysticercoid, and sporocyst microfilaria
coracidium,
plerocercoid and Adult tapeworms maybe differentiated the following features:
procercoid Taxonomic features:
o Scolex
Teguments and Parenchyma of Cestodes o Hooks
Teguments – a living tissue (syncytial membrane) which serves as a protective and o Rostellum
digestive organ; (How will the Strobila absorb nutrients? – by teguments) o Internal morphology for proglottids
Microtriches – a minute microvilli which covers the tegument of cestodes contains
glycocalyx; supports the absorption and secretion of nutrients; protects the organism Side notes:
from enzyme from the host Smallest tapeworm in medical importance – Echinococcus granulosus
A layer of carbohydrates containing macromolecules Smallest tapeworm infecting man – Hymenolepis nana (direct; no I.H)
Inhibits host chymotrypsin, pancreatic lipase, trypsin and absorb bile salts Larva encysted form – reside in tissue/muscles
Adult worm – reside in the Small intestine
Classification Based on the Habitat of the Cestodes adult tapeworms are found in the small intestine of definitive host and larval
Intestinal Cestodes (Adult worm residing in human intestine) stage the encysted from.
Diphyllobothrium species
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata causing intestinal taeniasis Pseudophyllidean Cyclophyllidean cestodes
Hymenolepis species cestodes
Dipylidium species Scolex Bears two grooves Bears four suckers (some
(bothria) species bear rostellum
with hooklets)
Somatic/Tissue Cestodes (larvae in human muscles/organs)
Uterus Convoluted (rosette Branched and closed as a
Taenia solium causing cysticercosis
shaped), un-branched, blind sac, no uterine pole
Taenia multiceps opens at the uterine pole
Echinococcus species Genital pore Situated ventrally in the Situated laterally
Spirometra species midline
Vitelline gland Scattered throughout the Single mass behind ovary
Side Notes: segment
Diphyllobothrium latum (Pseudophyllidean) - 2 intermediate host and 1 definitive Eggs Covered one layer – egg Covered by two layer-egg
host shell shell and embryophore
Hymenolepis nana - 1 intermediate host and 1 definitive host Freshly passed eggs in Embryonated from the
feces are unembryonated beginning
Sub-class Cestode Eggs are operculated and Eggs are not operculated
the embryo is ciliated and the embryo is not
Order: Pseudophyllidean
cliated
Scolex: with bothria, with or without hooks
Larval form Solid Contains bladder like sac
Neck: Present or absent
Strobila: Variable
Side Notes:
Proglottids: anapolytic
Hexacanth embryo – Cyclophyllidean ; 3 pairs (hooklet)
Genital pore: lateral or dorsal
Testes: numerous
Ovary: posterior, vitellaria follicular, lateral or cortical and encircling other organ
Uterine pore: present
Order: Cyclophyllidean
Scolex:
General Characteristics
does not have digestive tract
LIFE CYCLE
(Based on clinical manifestation) Cattle’s Life Cycle (I.H: Asexual reproduction)
Released
T. saginata (can cause intestinal taeniasis) beef tapeworm (D.H: man; I.H:
Oncosphere
cattle/cows)
Man’s Life Cycle (D.H: sexual reproduction)
Male &
female adult
worms
Embryonted egg
(Passed to feces) Cross-fertilization/ self-
Initiates cattle’s life fertilization
cycle
T. solium – has hooklets; can cause Cysticersosis and I.T; autoinfection is common T. solium Cysticercosis (DH & IH: Man)
Man’s Life Cycle/Cysticercosis
Man’s (DH) Life Cycle/Intestinal taeiniasis
MOT: ingestion of Small Released Attach and
MOT: ingestion of raw/undercooked Attachment/ embryonted egg intestine Oncosphere penetrate:
pork contaminated w/encysted Small
penetration intestinal
larvae/metacestode/CYSTICERCUS intestine
mucosa
CELLULOSAE
Mature (S.I)
External autoinfection
Blood
(fecal oral route;
(mesentery/ly
unhygienic) Adult male &
mphatics)
female worm
Embryonated egg Cross-fertilization/ self-
(Initiates I.H life cycle/ Pig’s fertilization Encysted larvae Subcutaneous
life cycle)
(not calcify) tissue/skeletal
Internal autoinfection (when muscles
peristalsis fails; causes Cysticercosis)
brain
eyes
I.H’s Life Cycle/ Pig’s Life Cycle pericardium
Pathogenesis
Gid/unstable gait or giddiness occurs mainly in sheep (I.H) and other
herbivores affecting CNS
MOT: ingestion of food and water contaminated with dog’s feces containing
egg
Taenia taeniaformis
Common intestinal tapeworms of cats
I.H: rabbits
I.S of I.H: embryonated eggs
I.S of D.H: Strobilocercus larva
D.S: Strobilocercus larva