1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUNDS

This Chapter provides an understanding of what the problem is and its context,

scope of the study as well as its significance.

Introduction

Footwear, like shoes, is a vital part in our lives. There are numerous reasons why

we wear shoes. Shoes protect us from encountering objects which may hurt us. It also

increases the comfort that we have when we’re walking or travelling. Shoes can also be

worn as part of our outfit for fashion. Shoes can denote class status, wealth, and fashion

sense. Without it, we’re prone to blisters and diseases brought by dirty feet. Since

footwear plays an important part in our society, we must find ways to keep it clean,

durable, and presentable.

Our country today is suffering from a crisis. Shoe polish is in demand, though it is

costly. The researchers want to produce a cheaper and efficient shoe polish to use.

Various substances have been used as shoe polish for hundreds of years, starting with

substances such as wax and tallow. Modern polish formulate were introduced early in the

20th century. Today, shoe polish is typically made from a mix of natural and synthetic

materials, including naptha, turpentine, dyes, and gum. Shoe polish can be toxic, and, if

misused, can stain or harm the skin.

The use of shoe polish is important in our lives from students to professionals, the

demand of these items are increasing. However, the inorganic materials such as harmful
 2

chemicals found inside synthetic shoe polish that are difficult to be decomposed can

severely damage our land, our surroundings, and can become an issue in our society.

Due to high usage and high demands in the Philippines, households often dispose

the container of these polishes carelessly and research shows that the chemicals contained

inside these products can harm our environment and can harm people if misused.

Banana is a staple starch in many tropical regions. Bananas are an excellent

source of Vitamin B6, and contain moderate amounts of Vitamin C, manganese, and

dietary fiber. Moreover, bananas also contain potassium, which is useful even after the

bananas are past the edible stage—in fact, it's a key ingredient in shoe polish. Thus, you

can use the inner part of the banana peel to polish your shoes.

Waste is also an issue that our country is currently facing. The amount of waste

present, especially in urban areas, are dangerous for the people living in the society. So,

instead of throwing the banana peels, the researchers decided to put it into good use.

Since banana contains the necessary components for shoe polish, it will serve as the main

component in the alternative shoe polish.

The reasons stated prompted the researchers to make an alternative shoe polish to

those of the commercial shoe polish being sold in the market. There are wide varieties of

shoe polish being used. The commonly used shoe polish is quite unaffordable to the poor

and can cause some damage. The proponents will use banana peel as an eco-friendly

ingredient in making the shoe polish. It is often discarded as trash or waste by most

people, but on the contrary, it can help in finding new ways to save money and be eco-

friendly as well.
 3

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of banana peel as shoe polish as an

alternative to those of commercial shoe polish.

Specifically, the researchers intend to provide answers to the following questions:

1. How effective is the banana peel as shoe polish compared to commercial shoe

polish in terms of:

1.1 Water Resistance,

1.2 Dirt/dust Resistance; and

2. How effective is the product in terms of:

2.1 Efficiency; and

2.2 Affordability

Significance of the Study

The aim of the study is to show the benefit of our organic shoe polish to people

because of its environmental friendly components. This study could be helpful for the

following:

Students - They can benefit in this study because they are one of the consumers of shoe

polishes, using banana peels as the main component of shoe polish can lessen the use of

chemicals in commercial products.

Teachers - They can be start on the recognition of the product because of the use of their

proper uniform shoe polishes are very important to professional teachers. It can also
 4

encourage professionals to use these kind of products given that it can also be beneficial

to them.

Community - It can motivate people to think out of the box while also helping our

environment and make them more knowledgeable about the current state of our society.

Department of Trade and Industries - They can start recognizing our product and

improve it.

Department Environmental and Natural Resources - They can assist by making

programs that can increase the productivity of the product.

Department of Agriculture - They can make this a program where they can make mass

production for unemployed/underemployed people.

Consumers - This could serve as an eye-opener for the use of almost non-useful things

like the banana peel.

Farmers - They can start planting banana trees as another source of income.

Household - They can have alternative source of shoe polish that is reliable and

affordable.

Environment - Increasing the number of banana trees and lessening the use of chemicals

in shoe polishes can help the environment.

Future Researchers - This study can inspire future researchers to discover and create

new alternatives that can be successfully introduced in the future.

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Scope and Limitations of the Study

The focus of this study is to determine the effectiveness of banana peel as the main

component in making shoe polish and as an alternative for those of commercial shoe

polish sold to the market. To make the product, the study will only use ingredients such

as banana peel, natural dye, and beeswax/candlewax.

Definition of Terms

Aroma – It is the Shoe polish’s scent.

Banana peel - The outer covering of the banana fruit.

Natural dye – Colorants derived from plants that will be used in our product.

Footwear – Garments worn to protect the feet.

Viscosity – It is how thick the Shoe polish’s texture.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter covers the foreign and local related literatures and studies that

provides justification, and background information needed to discuss the result of the

study.

Related Literature

According to McGill (2007), boot polish, or as we know it as shoe polish, is

usually a waxy paste or a cream. For hundreds of years, there have been various

substances used as shoe polish starting with natural substances like wax and tallow. Early

in the 20th century, modern polish formulae were introduced including Kiwi-- which is

still popular worldwide. Shoe polish is usually made from a mix of natural and synthetic

materials, including naphtha, turpentine, dyes, and gum Arabic. It is applied to the shoe

using a rag, cloth, or brush. In contrast to what most of the people know, shoe polish is

not a cleaning product. It is only used to shine the shoes, therefore the footwear should be

both clean and dry before application. Vigorously rubbing the polish evenly on the boot

and furtherly buffing it with a clean dry cloth or brush, will provide a good result.

Another technique, known as spit-polishing or sweating, involves gently rubbing the

polish into the leather with a cloth and a drop of water or spit. This achieves the mirror-

like, high-gloss finish known as a spit shine which is especially valued in military

organizations. Polishes that contain carnauba wax serves as a protective coating,

extending the life and look of a leather shoe. A less time-consuming method of achieving

a high gloss finish is to buff the shoe with a nylon legging. Shoe polish may also be
 7

purchased pre-soaked into a hard sponge, which can be used to buff leather even without

applying any additional polish to either the leather or the sponge. This is usually known

as an applicator. A number of companies that manufacture shoe care products also sell

liquid shoe polish in a squeezable plastic bottle, with a small sponge applicator at the end.

To decrease its viscosity, bottled polish usually has a very low wax content.

There are many products closely related to shoe polish, but not strictly considered

as such. Other chemical products may be used to clean and shine shoes — in particular

whiteners for white shoes, and a variety of sprays and aerosols for cleaning and

waterproofing suede shoes.

Although shoe polish is primarily intended for leather shoes, some brands specify

that they may also be used on non-porous materials, such as vinyl. The polish is generally

the same color as the shoes it will be used upon, or it may be neutral, lacking any intrinsic

color. Because of its viscosity, shoe polish can also be used as a makeshift lubricant.

History of Shoe Polish

According to Mcgill (2007), from medieval times, dubbin, a waxy product, was

used to soften and waterproof leather; however, it did not impart shine. It was made from

natural wax, oil and tallow. Ever since leather with a high natural veneer became popular

in the 18th century, a high glossy finish became important, particularly on shoes and

boots. In most cases, a variety of homemade polishes were used to provide this finish,

often with lanolin or beeswax as a base.

In the 19th century, many forms of shoe polish became available, yet were rarely

referred to as shoe polish or boot polish. Instead, they were often

 8

called blacking (especially when mixed with lampblack), or simply continued to be

referred to as dubbin. Tallow, an animal by-product, was used to manufacture a simple

form of shoe polish at this time. Chicago, Illionis, where 82% of the meat consumed in

the United States was processed, became a major shoe polish producing area for this

reason.

During 1906, shoe polish was not yet well known as a purchasable product, nor

was it particularly sophisticated. While sales were not especially high, a few brands,

like Nugget, were available in England during the 1800s. The practice of shining people’s

shoes gradually caught on and soon many shoeshine boys in the city streets were offering

shoe shines using a basic form of shoe polish along with a polishing cloth.

Usual Ingredients of Shoe Polish

Justo (2019), stated that naphtha is a catchall term for any petroleum distillate that

boils at 122 to 400 degrees Fahrenheit. It dissolves wax, spreads it into a thin layer, and

then evaporates. Naphtha is highly combustible. And oozing from the leaves of the

Brazilian tree (Copernicia Prunifera) is a Carnauba wax. Because it is organic and

edible, the wax is omnipresent in consumer goods like in the texture of a chewing gum,

the slick coating on dental floss and even the shine on store-bought apples. On shoes, it

provides a waterproof coating, and it can be buffed to a dapper sheen. Stoddard Solvent is

a mix of long-chain petroleum distillates that was developed in 1924 by an Atlanta dry

cleaner named William Joseph Stoddard. It's very similar to naphtha and plays an

identical role in the polish. The chemicals are so strong that inhaling them produces

roughly the same effects (dizziness, giddiness) as huffing gasoline.

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Composition & Toxicology

According to Justo (2019), shoe polish consists of a waxy colloidal emulsion, a

substance composed of a number of partially immiscible liquids and solids mixed

together. It is usually made from ingredients including some or all of naphtha, lanolin,

turpentine, wax (often Carnauba wax), Gum Arabic, ethylene glycol, and if required, a

colorant, such as carbon black or an azo dye. It typically has a specific gravity of 0.8, is

negligibly soluble in water, and is made of between 65 and 77% volatiles — usually

naphtha. The high amount of volatile substances means that the shoe polish will dry out

and harden after application, while retaining its shine.

Lanolin, a hydrophilic grease from wool-bearing animals such as sheep or goats,

acts as both a waterproofing wax and a bonding agent, giving the shoe polish its greasy

feel and texture. It also prevents the naphtha from evaporating until the polish has been

spread and buffed into a thin film on the leather surface. An essential ingredient in shoe

polish is a thickener; without this, the polish would be too runny, making it difficult to

use. Gum Arabic, a substance from two sub-Saharan species of the acacia tree, is

commonly used to increase the viscosity of the product.

Shoe polish contains chemicals which can be absorbed through the skin, or

inhaled. When handling shoe polish, one should ideally wear gloves, and stay in a well-

ventilated area. Shoe polish should also be kept out of reach of children and animals. It

can stain the skin for a protracted period of time, and will cause irritation to the eye if

there is direct contact.

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Banana peel as an alternative to Shoe Shine

Shoe polish is a widely used material nowadays, though it is very costly. The

inside of a banana peel contains potassium which is important an ingredient in shoe

polishes. Using banana peels as an alternative is much cheaper and more efficient. Thus,

it also helps promote an environment-friendly way to recycle biodegradable wastes.

Advantages of Shoe Polish

According to Jain (2015), the shoe polish restores the natural appearance of the

leather, gives it a waterproof finish and adds shine to the leather. Shining the shoes with

shoe polish is a simple and effective way of extending their life and preserving their

natural appearance. Wax shoe polish provides a heavier shine and waterproofs the shoes,

but liquid shoe polish tends to be easier to apply.

He said that according to Bhawna – a university professor, polishing shoes daily

is necessary both for care and as a part of overall grooming. He stated that if a person

puts in an effort on his shoes, it shows that he cares to that level of detail.

Disadvantages of Shoe Polish

According to Chowdary (2017), although shoe polish is helpful to almost all of

us, consuming shoe polish is still harmful. It contains petroleum products, benzenes,

carbon based dyes etc. These substances have severe ill effects on the body and are

known carcinogens. Contact to these substances over a period of time can trigger
 11

carcinogenesis. Be it inhalation or ingestion. These substances can actually react with the

DNA leading to mutations which eventually can lead to uncontrolled cellular growth.

Banana, Its Properties and Characteristics

According to Durr (2018), the banana fruit comes from a tropical herbaceous

plant. About 10 to 15 months after a new plant emerges, a stalk will grow from the center

of the plant. On this stalk will be a terminal inflorescence which bears the fruit.

Different varieties come with different characteristics. Unripe bananas are green

or deep green, and as they mature, they can turn yellow, red or green-and-white striped. It

varies in size and shape, depending on the variety. One example is the Pisang lilin

variety, which has a small bunch of S-shaped fruits. Immature bananas will not

necessarily have the typical rounded shape and may be angular. Bananas can range in

size from 2 ½ inches to 12 inches in length and ¾ inch to 2 inches in width.

Banana fruits typically grow in bunches. However, bunches may hang down,

sideways, in a single row or point upward. The flesh of some bananas is not edible

primarily due to the presence of seeds. These banana plants are considered to be

ornamental. The flesh of edible bananas may vary in sweetness and texture. It is can be

white, yellow or salmon-yellow colored. Cultivated types are generally seedless. There

are two types of edible bananas: dessert and cooking. Dessert bananas are eaten fresh,

fried or baked and are used in salads, compotes, desserts, ice creams and puddings.

Cooking bananas are starchier. Uncooked cooking bananas are not very good to eat.

Cooking bananas are generally fried or baked. Bananas, according to the Wellness
 12

Encyclopedia of Food and Nutrition, are good sources of fiber, potassium and vitamin C.

Bananas contain no fat, cholesterol or sodium and are low in calories.

Bananas are a well-known source of potassium, an essential nutrient that helps to

maintain proper fluid balance in the body. Potassium and sodium work hand in hand.

Sodium helps the body to retain water, and potassium helps to eliminate excess fluid.

Potassium is needed for the proper function of all living cells, and few foods have more

of this nutrient than bananas. Bananas are a great source of the super-protective

compounds kaempferol and quercetin. These compounds have been extensively studied,

and are known to protect cells, reduce inflammation, fight numerous types of tumors,

protect nerves, enhance blood circulation, and reduce the risk of a number of diseases.

Bananas also contain high amounts of Rutin, a compound that complements the

activity of vitamin C, and helps to maintain strong, flexible blood vessels. Rutin also

possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties.

They are excellent sources of the two important brain compounds dopamine and

serotonin. Dopamine helps to protect against some kinds of neuro-degeneration,

including Parkinson’s disease. Dopamine demonstrates numerous benefits for the brain,

helps to strengthen the heart, and enhances circulation.

Serotonin is absolutely essential for mood, and is the target of numerous

antidepressant drugs. Some of these drugs work to increase serotonin production, while

others help to maintain serotonin in the brain for longer periods of time. Of all its many

known functions, serotonin is powerfully antidepressant.

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Olive Oil

According to Nordqvist (2017), olive oil is a liquid fat obtained from olives, a

traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. The oil is produced by pressing whole

olives. It is commonly used in cooking, whether for frying or as a salad dressing. It is also

used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soaps, and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps, and

has additional uses in some religions. There is limited evidence of its possible health

benefits. The olive is one of three core food plants in Mediterranean cuisine. Olive trees

have been grown around the Mediterranean since the 8th millennium BC. Spain is the

largest producer of olive oil, followed by Italy and Greece. However, per capita national

consumption is highest in Greece, followed by Spain, Italy, and Morocco. Consumption

in South Asia, North America and northern Europe is far less, but rising steadily.

The composition of olive oil varies with the cultivar, altitude, time of harvest and

extraction process. It consists mainly of oleic acidly, with smaller amounts of other fatty

acids including linoleic acid and palmitic acid. There are many olive cultivars, each with

a particular flavor, texture, and shelf life that make them more or less suitable for

different applications, such as direct human consumption on bread or in salads, indirect

consumption in domestic cooking or catering, or industrial uses such as animal feed or

engineering applications. During the stages of maturity, olive fruit changes color from

green to violet, and then black. Olive oil taste characteristics depend on which stage of

ripeness olive fruits are collected.

 14

Candle Wax

According to Shelton (2016), the most common type of candles are made from

paraffin wax which is a flammable, whitish, translucent, waxy solid consisting of a

mixture of saturated hydrocarbons, obtained by distillation from petroleum or shale and

used in candles, cosmetics, polishes, and sealing and waterproofing compounds. I do not

recommend because they are toxic. Soy candles tend to burn the longest, like Ana said

because they burn at a lower temperature. Soy candles are candles made from soy wax,

which is a processed form of soybean oil. They are usually container candles, because

soy wax typically has a lower melting point than traditional waxes, but can also be made

into pillar candles if certain additives are mixed into the soy wax. Soy candles are not

toxic like paraffin wax candles and thus I highly recommend soy candles.

Other Related Studies

According to Dela Cruz (2013), shoe polish is used to shine, to maintain the

appearance and to sustain the quality of the shoes. Based on the information in the written

articles, banana peels can be used to shine shoes so the researcher decided to come up

with the study of making a shoe polish using a banana peel as an ingredient. The study

aimed to produce a cheaper but an effective shoe polish. The researchers made a test by

comparing the shoe polish out of banana to the commercial shoe polish. Data analysis

revealed that 0.20 -12.706. Thus the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative

hypothesis was accepted in which banana peels are effective alternative shoe polish.

Researchers confirmed that banana peel can be made into a shoe polish but the

commercial shoe polish has a slight difference from the banana (Musa Paradisiaca) peel

shoe polish. Therefore, it can only serve as an alternative shoe polish.

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Singh (2013) evaluated the antibacterial activity of three different color banana,

such as red, green, and yellow against 10 clinical pathogens. The red banana showed a

maximum zone of inhibition of 27 mm against Planococcus Citri and 18 mm against S.

Aureus. The green banana peel showed inhibition zone of 19 mm against Salmonella

Hydrophila and Aeromonas Hydrophila. The yellow banana peel exhibited 20 mm

against A. Hydrophila followed by 13 mm against S. Aureus. This study enlightens a new

approach for further study of different types of banana peels against different periodontal

pathogens.

Pineda (2015) evaluated banana as a main ingredient in making flour. Flour is a

powder made by grinding cereal grains, beans, and other seeds or roots. It is the main

ingredient in baking a bread, which is a staple food for many countries, making the

supply of flour a major and political issue throughout history. In this study, banana

peelings were used to make flour. Bananas are abundant in the Philippines. Hence, the

wastes from banana peels are also quite common. Because this study uses banana

peelings as its main ingredients, the researchers can help the environment by reducing the

amount of wasted banana peelings.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This Chapter presents the description of the research process. It provides

information concerning the method that was used in undertaking this research as well as

a justification for the use of this method. The Chapter also describes the various stages

of the research, which includes the selection of participants, the data collection process

and the process of data analysis. The Chapter also discusses the role of the researcher in

qualitative research in relation to reflexivity. The Chapter ends with a discussion of

validity and reliability in qualitative research and discusses the way in which these two

requirements were met in the current study.

Justification

Shoe polish now a days are made out of different materials like waxes , liquid

materials , and other materials that can be used for the enhancement of the appearance of

the shoes; materials such as chemicals and toxins are present in the production of the

shoe polishes. The usage of organic or natural materials not only help us lessen the usage

of chemicals which is a threat with our environment but it can also help us open up with

other improvised materials.

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Preparation of the product

Materials for making Shoe Polish using Banana Peels

Table 1

Materials
Description Quantity Unit Price(Php)
Banana 1 stack 12 pcs 00.00
Cooking Oil 1 Bottle 1 Liter 50.00
Candle wax 1 pack 4 large pcs 70.00
Artificial Dye (Black) 1 pocket 20g 0.00
Fabric Softener 2 Sachets 240 ml 15.00

The materials needed are: one (9-12) stack pieces of banana, one (1 liter) bottle of

cooking oil. One (4 pieces) pack of Large Candle, one (1 piece) pocket of black dye, and

two (120 ml) sachets of Fabric Softener.

The First part of the preparation of making our product, shoe polish, we retrieve the

materials needed to produce it. These materials are composed of Banana peel, Candle
 18

wax, Cooking oil , salt and equipment needed to make our process our product. After

that we started making the product by following the step by step process of producing

it .

Figure 1.1 (Preparation of Ingredients)

First, we removed the needed and the essential part of the banana peel of our

research is the flesh under the skin (the inside part of the banana peel). The flesh of the
 19

banana peel is the main ingredient in our research we will collect 20-30 grams of it for

our research)

Figure 1.2 (Extraction of Banana peel insides)

Then, we prepared a pot to put all the ingredients we need to make our product.

Then we heated up the ware and put the Candle wax until it melted and then we added the

cooking oil.
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Figure 1.3 (Heat up and mixing of Ingredients)

And after that, we put the removed part of the banana peel in the mixture and added

the salt and mix well. Lastly,we let it cooled off the mixture until it is hard cool enough to

be stored in a separate container.

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Figure 1.4 (Cooling off of Poduct)

Characterization of our Product

We prepared a contraption made from a piece of cloth and wood as the

contraption’s frame(shown in figure 2.1); we stretched the cloth and fixed it within a

quadrilateral frame made from wood.

Figure 2.1 ( Water repellency Test Contraption)

Cloth
Woo
d

We spread our product across the cloth and made sure that it is spread thoroughly to

make sure our experiment will work properly(shown in figure 2.2).

Figure 2.2 (Application of Product in Test Contraption’s Fabric)

Shoepoli
sh
 22

After that, we put the contraption in a diagonal position and put a cylinder on the

bottom part of the contraption that which is a key component for our experiment(Shown

in figure 2.3).

Figure 2.3 (Setting up Water Repellency Test)

Wooden
Contraption

Cylinde
r

Then, we poured a certain amount of water on the upper part of the contraption

and let the water flow through the cloth until it reached the cylinder waiting on the

bottom part of the contraption(Shown in figure 2.4)

Figure 2.4 (Pouring Water in the Contraption)

Cylinder with
water

Cylinder
 23

Lastly, we recorded and evaluated the data we got which is the remaining water left that

reached the cylinder at the bottom part of the contraption and analyzed whether it met the

expectation of 90%-100% of the original amount of water that was poured on the

contraption.
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CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Introduction

This chapter presents and analyses the gathered data by the researchers from

obtaining the required information through descriptive results. It also aims to provide

clear understanding on the questions stated in Chapter 1.

The following are characterizations which are various tests that simulate practical

use of the product in comparison to the commercial shoe polish products out in the

market in order to show its effectivity as a competing product.

Fading Resistance

Fading Resistance Remarks

Groups
0-4 hour(s) 5-8 hours 9-18 hours 19-24 hours
Control Group x x X x
Sample 1 x x X x
Sample 2 x x X x
The polished leather samples were tested for fading resistance by exposing them in the

sun for a given amount of time. Shoe polishes are expected to at the very least to last 8

hours which is the entire day of daily activity. Changes in hue and gloss are used to

assess the parameters.

Table 2.1: Fading Resistance Result

 25

Figure 3.1.1 (12:00 mn-Start of the Test)

 26

Figure 3.1.2 (12:00mn-Start of the Test)

 27

Figure 3.1.3 (7:00am-Seven hours Later)

 28

Figure 3.1.4 (7:00 am-Seven hours Later)

Figure 3.1.5 (9
am-Nine Hours Later)
 29

Figure 3.1.6 (9 am-Nine Hours Later)

 30

Figure 3.1.7 (12:00 nm-Twelve hours later)

Figure 3.1.8 (12:00-Twelve hours later)

Figure

3.1.9 (3:00 pm-Fifteen hours later)

 31

Figure 3.1.10 (3:00 pm-Fifteen hours later)

Figure 3.1.1 to Figure 3.1.8 shows the first twelve hours of our Fading resistance test

(Ranging from 12 mn-12nn) and in Figure 3.1.9 and Figure 3.1.10 (3:00 pm) our product

started to fade at a duration of fifteen (15) hours from the starting hour which proves that

our product passed our Fading test.

The conversion of Used Water Sachets to Shoe Polish was investigated. Used

water sachets were pyrolyzed at various temperatures to obtain polyethylene (sachet)

wax. Polyethylene wax with good melting point, yield was produced between 100 -

200˚C, used to produce the shoe polish. Three different formulated shoe polishes were

prepared from polyethylene wax and the properties of the three samples were compared

with the standard polish (Kiwi). The density, melting point, physical testing of shoe

polish, and viscosity of the polish formulated using different percentage of used

polyethylene wax, compared favorably with standard commercial polish. The effects of
 32

temperature and pyrolysis time on the properties of polyethylene wax produced from

used water sachets were investigated. Used water sachets were pyrolysed at temperatures

between 100 -200 ℃ for 30-60 min. The effect of temperature and pyrolysis time is

significant on the yield and melting point of sachet wax produced. The sachet wax

obtained had the melting point of 76 ℃ while the yield of sachet wax was 35.4 %.Waste

sachets pyrolysed at 100 °C for 45 minutes produced sachet wax from used water sachets

with yield of 35.4 %, good melting point & viscosity. Keywords: Used Water Sachets,

Polyethylene Wax, Pyrolysis, Shoe Polish

Water Resistance

Shoe Polish is a consumer product used to shine, waterproof, and restore the

appearance of leather shoes or boots, thereby extending the footwear's life.

Since medieval times, dubbin, a waxy product, was used (Gabrielle Balanon, 2014).

Moreover, today these formulations combine natural waxes and oils with petroleum based

ingredients and synthetic polymers (Secchi., et al, 2005). Shoe polish products are low-

value items that are infrequently purchased, as a single can be last several months for

even the most frequent user. Consumer demand is inelastic and largely insensitive to

price change, while sales volumes are generally low. to soften and waterproof leather;

however, it did not impart shine. It was made from natural wax, oil, soda ash and tallow.

As leather with a high natural veneer became popular in the eighteenth century, a high

glossy finish became important, particularly on shoes and boots. In most cases, a variety of
 33

homemade polishes were used to provide this finish, often with lanolin or beeswax as a

base.
 34

Figure 3.2.1 (Application of product in the Water Repellency Contraption)

Figure 3.2.2 (The Water Repellency Contraption Coated with our Shoe polish)
 35

Figure 3.2.3 (Pouring of Water in the Water Repellency Contraption)

 36

Figure 3.4
 37

As shown in Figures 3.1 and 3.2 the product spreads in the cloth like how it is

supposed to, and in Figures 3.3 and 3.4 the water freely glided over the cloth without

penetrating the protected cloth and the water collected measured an outstanding 95%

(476 mL) out of 500 mL. Therefore, our product successfully passed our water repellency

test that showed that our product can protect shoes from water dripples, and in addition, it

was easy to use like how it is designed to.

Dirt/Dust Resistance

The polished leather samples were exposed to an open environment where dust or

dirt can get easy access to the samples for 8 hours. The levels of dust absorption is to be

examined.

Table 2.2: Dirt/Dust Resistance Test Results

Dirt/Dust Resistance Remarks

Groups
0-2 3-4 5-6
7-8 hours
hour(s) hours hours

Control
x x x X
Group

Sample 1 x x x X

Sample 2 x x x X
38
 39

Figure 3.3.1 (Dirt/Dust Exposure Area)

Figure 3.3.2 (Exposure of Sample in Exposure Area)

 40

Figure 3.3.3 (Build up of Dirt/Dust noticed after Twelve hours of exposure)

Figure 3.3.1 shows the location of our next test Dirt/Dust test.It should be in an

area present with elements such as dirt/dust and it should be in an open area so that we

can have access to the wind which is known to carry materials such as dirt,dust,

etc.Figure 3.3.2 and Figure 3.3.3 shows that our sample is being exposed in the Dirt and

Dust Test area and Twelve hours of exposure showed signs of dirt/dust build up,3 hours

more than the ideal time needed which is Nine Hours, which proves that our product

passed our Dirt/Dust resistance Test.

Discoloration over time is a common cause for dissatisfaction of exterior

architectural (décor) paints in much of the world. As such, it is an area of active research
 41

interest for producers of these paints and their raw material suppliers. The rate of

discoloration of any particular paint depends on the interplay between certain physical

properties of that paint and the environmental exposure conditions. Such an interplay can

be established by exposing a series of paints to a variety of real-world environmental

conditions. In this paper, we report the dirt pickup resistance results for 26 commercial

exterior paints exposed at four different locations and the results of a subsequent study of

ten commercial paints at two exposure locations. Repeatability and reproducibility of

these tests were determined by exposing the same two paints, with replicates, at different

exposure sites and at different dates. We believe this is the first time such information has

been reported. Within-series repeatability was good, but series-to-series reproducibility

was poor, stressing the need to compare performance only among paints exposed at the

same time and location. In addition to testing dirt pickup, we investigated the degree to

which microbial growth can contribute to discoloration and found a strong correlation

between mildew infestation and decrease in L* under conditions that favor mildew

growth. Finally, we investigated the extent to which panel orientation affects the decrease

in film brightness over time and found that change in L* was partially dependent on

orientation, and that early results at 45° south-facing were accurate predictors of long-

term results for vertical orientations for the paints tested.

 42

Wrinkle and Crease Resistance

The polished leather samples were bent and wrinkled to see if the polish would

peel off the medium. This is to simulate how the polish would perform when the shoe is

bent when walking, tip toeing and other rigorous activities.

Table 2.3:Wrinkle and Crease Resistance Test Results

Wrinkle and Crease Resistance

Group Samples
Remarks

Sample 1 x
Experimental

Group Sample 2 X

Control Group X
 43

Figure 3.4.1 (Application of Shoe polish in Leather Skinned materials)

 44

Figure 3.4.2 (Exposure to Heat to Start test whether it Affects the Leather or not)
 45

Figure 3.4.3 (The Leather Skin unchanged after 5 hours exposure to heat)

Figure 3.4.1 shows the Application of our product to another Leather Skinned

material and Shown in Figure 3.4.2, we exposed our Leather Skinned material to Sunlight

to test our product’s resistance to Wrinkle ad Crease or any signs of damaging to our

Samples.Figure 3.4.3 shows that our Sample ,exposed for more than 5 hours, didn’t

contain any damage or changes from our product that proves our product passed our

Wrinkle and Crease Resistance test.

Rub Resistance
 46

The polished leather samples were rubbed with white clean cotton for about 40

times. The change in hue and level of staining were examined. This test was to simulate

the environment where the shoe is grazed by objects.

Table 2.4:Rub Resistance Test Results

Rub Resistance Remarks

Groups
0-5 6-10 11-15 16-40

cycle(s) cycles cycles cycles

Control No No No No

Group Changes Changes Changes Changes

No No No No
Sample 1
Changes Changes Changes Changes
No No No No
Sample 2
Changes Changes Changes Changes
 47

Figure 3.5.1 (Application of Shoe polish to the Sample)

 48

Figure 3.5.2(Using of Cotton Buds to Start the Rub Resistance Test)

Figure 3.5.3
 49

Figure 3.5.4 (Uncoated after Rubbing surface with Cotton)

Figure 3.5.1 and Figure 3.5.2 shows the preparation with our Rub resistance test

by coating our sample with our product and preparing the material to rubbed with it

which is the Cotton Buds. To start our test we rubbed the Cotton Buds to a certain area in

the samples surface continuously until the surface becomes coated free from our product

(shown in Figure 3.5.3). And lastly, Figure 3.5.4 shows the completely Uncoated surface

of the sample resulted from our Rub resistance test after 27 continuous rubbing of Cotton

in that particular area which proves out product passed our Rub resistance test.

Abrasion resistance can be defined as the ability of a surface to resist being worn

away by rubbing or friction (Scott and Safiuddin, 2015). It is very important in

construction of floors, roads, or pavements. Abrasion resistance is particularly dependent

on good curing but also relies upon other factors including materials and surface

finishing, aggregate hardness, mix proportions, aggregate/paste bond, and placing and

compaction. SCMs can have effects on abrasion resistance of concrete. There are limited
 50

number of studies on the abrasion resistance of GGBFS included concretes in the

literature. It is possible to increase the abrasion resistance of concrete by changing void

content and the porosity with addition of some of the SCMs such as GGBFS, FA, SF, and

super plasticizers (Haque and Kayali, 1998; Shannag, 2000).

Efficiency and Affordability

The primary function of shoe polish is to make the finished leather becomes

smooth and glossy by gentle rubbing and also enhancing its performance and durability.

(Turner, 1993). Shoe polish is applied on leather products to repel other solvents or dust

from the film surface and impart elasticity and gloss to the film without destroying the

hardness (Guthrie, 1994). This should make the polish remains as discrete solid particles

held mechanically within the leather.

Table 3.1: Physical Properties of Polished Samples.

Physical Property Control Group Sample 1 Sample 2

Luster/Gloss V. Good V. Good Good
Rub resistance V. Good V. Good Good
Fading resistance V.Good Good Good
Crease/Wrinkle V. Good V. Good Good

resistance
 51

Water Resistance V. Good V. Good V. Good

AVERAGE V. Good V. Good Good
Control Group: Shoe polish depicts the standard properties of an ideal product

since it is the commercially available or the control group.

Table 3.1 reveals corresponding traits of the samples (Where Control Group is the

commercial product to be used as basis for our analyzation of our own Product Samples 1

and 2). It shows that the commercial product has Averaged “V. Good” by acing the given

properties such as Luster/Gloss, Rub resistance, Fade resistance, Crease/Wrinkle

resistance and Water Resistance. This was used as a model to determine whether our

products can compete against the ideal product. We had two products that have different

ratios with the amount of materials mixed to make it.

Our first successful product (Sample 1) having a 3 (Cooking oil):1 (Candle): 2

(Banana peel) ratio, had “V. Good rating” in all properties except Fading resistance

where I t had “Good only” . Giving it an average of “V. Good” for our first product

Our second product (Sample 2) having a 5 (Cooking oil):2 (Candle):3 (Banana

peel) ratio, had “Good” in all the properties except water resistance which has a “V.

Good” rating, giving it an average of “Good” overall. Therefore, the ratio of materials

mixed to make the product affects its properties. That will be a large factor whether our

products meet the quality of a daily commercial product.

In recent years, the demand for shoe polish products has either been static or

declined; one reason is the gradual replacement of formal footwear with sneakers for

everyday use. There are numerous branded products available, as well as generic store
 52

brands. There are two chief areas of shoe polish sales: to the general public, and to

specialists and trade, such as shoe repairers, and cobblers (Ademiluyi F. Taiwo, 2013).

Bananas is one of the most dependable products here in the Philippines. A lot of

people eat, produce, and manufacture bananas or banana related products. Study shows

that the abundance of bananas here in our society means there will be also an abundance

of banana peels which is mere waste to a normal person and no one would even make use

of this so they use it only for making manure.In the other hand, a lot of researchers are

now acknowledging the “mere waste” a lot of people are calling because of the things it

contains such as materials like potassium which is useful with the production of

shoepolish and its ability to filter water using it properly. Banana peels are useful beyond

our stereotyping and we must use it to its fullest potential

The potassium in the peel nourishes the leather, and after rubbing your shoes with

the inside of the peel, and buffing them with a clean rag they really will shine (Belsey,

2012). Banana or banana peel to be more specific is high in potassium that is commonly

used ingredient in shoe polish and another, banana peel is known for its slippery effect

that when both idea is combined, we can make an alternative wax. Potassium can also be

found as an ingredient to commercial shoe polishes.

Table 3.2: Cost of Ingredients and Total expenses

Materials Price(Php)
Banana Peel 0.00
Candle(5 pieces medium size) 20.00
Cooking oil (1 liter) 85.00
TOTAL 105.00
 53

1.1 liters of Shoe polish was made using all of the ingredients in our finished

product (Sample 2) that can be divided to eleven (11) 100 mL containers. It only costed

105.00 Php, therefore we can sell them for 10.00 Php each. Therefore, because of the low

cost of our product’s production we can sell it for a small amount and even get money to

fund our product for further development.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Introduction

This chapter presents the summary of the important features of present study, the

resulted outcome of experimentation and observation as well as the conclusion deduced

by the researchers from the previous chapter, and the recommendation needed based on

findings and conclusion in order to fully enhance the research study itself.

Summary and Findings

This study’s focus is to test the Banana peel as an ingredient for shoe polish in

terms of (1) Effectiveness in terms of a) Fade Resistance, b) Water Resistance, c)

Crease/Wrinkle Resistance, and d) Rub Resistance and (2) Affordability.

 54

Effectiveness

Sample 1 had “V. Good” rating in all properties except Fading resistance where it

had “Good” only. Giving it an average of “V. Good” for our first product.

Sample 2 had “Good” in all the properties giving it an average of “Good”

overall.

The ratio of materials used to make the product affects its properties. Different

variations of these ratios will produce entirely different products which perform

significantly different with each variations. That will be a large factor whether our

products meet the quality of a daily commercial product.

Affordability

With the availability of free banana peels and the cheap cost of the cooking oil

and candle we can mass produce our product and sell it in a small price and we can fund

our products development.

Reliability

The shoe polish met the conditions given with the commercial shoe polish by

means of its properties that shows that our shoe polish can be used as if it is a competing

product throughout the market.

Conclusion

Based on the computed data, the researchers therefore conclude that:

 55

1. The Banana peel is a viable to be used as an ingredient to make shoe polish. The

Banana peel shoe polish can be considered as a competing product because of how low it

costs to make and considering how much it has potential to improve in the future.

2. With the given Results showing our product passed various tests proves that our

product can compete with the market regarding with its properties that met the ideals with

other commercial shoe polishes and with low costing ingredients and its preparation

being very easy, we are sure that the consumers expect buying out product in a very low

price

Recommendations:

a) Further analysis to the ratio of the ingredients to make the most out of the

materials while producing the most effective performance of the product.

b) Exploring other alternative ingredients that could possibly produce a better

product that could outperform existing commercial products in the market.

c) Introduction of accessory ingredients to make the product more aesthetically

appealing to the consumers while maintaining to be cost-efficient.

56
 57

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Journal Articles https://www.scribd.com/document/211343595/fabbbbbbbb-1

https://www.english-online.at/biology/bananas/bananas.html

Whitson Gordon
https://lifehacker-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/lifehacker.com/polish-your-
shoes-with-a-banana-5402450/amp?
amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCCAE%3D#referrer=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From
%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com
%2Fpolish-your-shoes-with-a-banana-5402450

Prem Kumar
https://www.quora.com/How-does-salt-act-as-a-food-preservative

S. Ren
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/182/1/012037/pdf
 58

Abstract as Juliana Lima -Jéssica Santa Rosa Gomes E.N. -Danilo Eduardo Rozane
original source -Sílvia Helena Modenese Gorla da Silva
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306086829_Characteristics_of_
banana_fruits_Musa_spp_AAA_cv_Nanica_treated_with_cytokinin_and_
gibberellin

J. Jind, J. Sack, E.T. Everett

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298600288_Fade_resistance_of_lith
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Electronic version Aguas, Nicole V. Cabral, Hanz Aeron D.P. Clemente, Chelsea Nicole G.
of printed book: Jo, Bianca Isabela F.
https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/s/Shoe_polish.htm
Journal article, http://candles.org/elements-of-a-candle/wax
advance online
publication: SMITHERS
https://www.smithers.com/industries/materials/print/print-quality-
durability/abrasion-rub-and-scuff-resistance

Rolniak WA, Kardinal CG, Wallin JD, Rice W, L K Anderson Search articles by 'L K
Anderson' Anderson LK
https://europepmc.org/article/med/116147
In-press article https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/shoe-polish-2162-6359-
posted in a 1000241.php?aid=52364
preprint archive:

Electronic only BEST LECTURES

book: https://epwijnants-lectures.com/free-articles/banana-peeling-as-an-
alternative-shoe-polish-essay-5000
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Appendices

Documentation