INTRODUCTION

 Modern architecture began at the turn of the 20th century with advancement and the
modernization of efforts to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid
technological society.

 When compared to that which preceded it, modernism in architecture is broadly

characterized by simplification of form and subtraction of ornament from the structure and
theme of the building
 The development of modern architecture was driven not only by new aesthetic principles.
The easy availability of materials such as concrete, iron, steel and glass freed architecture from
the restrictions of building in stone, wood and masonry The new sense of space aimed at
meeting the needs of life in the 20th century.
 Modern Architecture is considered progressive (forward looking) rather than regressive
(backwards looking).
 It is the Architecture of simple forms(rectangles) enclosed with flat opaque (solid) or
transparent (glass) walls
 Modern Architecture expresses volume, balance and elimination of ornaments
 Modern styles and concepts, by contrast, took root more quickly in commercial,
industrial, and residential Architecture.

HISTORY

 The modern movement was not short-lived, and it encompasses several sub-styles that
span nearly 60 years. In this way, it can be difficult to pinpoint an exact starting point. To some,
the style includes more transitional architecture like the Art Deco and Arts and Crafts
movements. To others, those earlier styles served as inspiration for more "pure," mid-century
modern architects.

 The birth of modern design came with the thought that form should follow function. This
idea started with architect Louis Sullivan who designed buildings for the 1893 Chicago World
Fair. That mantra became the foundation for modern architects.

 Other popular pioneers of modern architecture include Frank Lloyd Wright, Staatliches
Bauhaus, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier. 

 The modern design aesthetic was in full swing in the 1930s and became known
as International Modernism or International Style. This design aesthetic came after an
architecture exhibit by Philip Johnson in 1932.

 In general, the most well-known examples of modern architecture end around the mid
20th century, but the design style still influences buildings well into the late 20th century. 
 ORIGIN

Modern architecture emerged at the end of the 19th century from revolutions in technology,
engineering, and building materials, and from a desire to break away from historical
architectural styles and to invent something that was purely functional and new.
The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, drywall plate glass,
and reinforced concrete, to build structures that were stronger, lighter, and taller. The cast plate
glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The
Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron
and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal curtain wall. These
developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance
Building in Chicago, built in 1884 by William Le Baron Jenney.The iron frame construction of
the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of
visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition.
French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, that is,
concrete strengthened with iron bars, as a technique for constructing buildings. In 1853 Coignet
built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four-story house in the suburbs of Paris. A
further important step forward was the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha Otis, first
demonstrated at the New York Crystal Palace exposition in 1854, which made tall office and
apartment buildings practical. Another important technology for the new architecture was
electric light, which greatly reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th
century.

VARIATIONS

 1920s: Expressionism and Neo-expressionism

Built in 1920, the Einstein Tower or Einsteinturm in Potsdam, Germany is an Expressionist

work by architect Erich Mendelsohn.

Expressionism: Many fanciful works under were rendered on paper but never built. Key
features of Expressionism include the use of distorted shapes, fragmented lines, organic or
biomorphic forms, massive sculpted shapes, extensive use of concrete and brick, and lack of
symmetry.

In Neo-expressionism sculptural forms suggested rocks and mountains. Organic and Brutalist
architecture is sometimes described as Neo-expressionist.
Expressionist and Neo-expressionist architects include Gunther Domenig, Hans Scharoun,
Rudolf Steiner, Bruno Taut, Erich Mendelsohn, the early works of Walter Gropius, and Eero
Saarinen.

 1920s: Constructivism

During the 1920s and early 1930s, a group of avant-garde architects in Russia launched a
movement to design buildings for the new socialist regime. Calling themselves constructivists,
they believed that design began with construction. Their buildings emphasized abstract
geometric shapes and functional machine parts.

Soaring 400 meters (about 1,300 feet), Tatlin's Tower would have been taller than the Eiffel
Tower in Paris. The cost to erect such a building would have been enormous. But, even though
the design was not built, the plan helped launch the Constructivist movement.

The most famous (and perhaps the first) work of constructivist architecture was never actually
built. In 1920, Russian architect Vladimir Tatlin proposed a futuristic monument to the Third
International (the Communist International) in the city of St. Petersburg. The unbuilt project,
called Tatlin's Tower, used spiral forms to symbolize revolution and human interaction. Inside
the spirals, three glass-walled building units — a cube, a pyramid, and a cylinder — would
rotate at different speeds.

By the late 1920s, Constructivism had spread outside the USSR. Many European architects
called themselves constructivists, including Vladimir Tatlin, Konstantin Melnikov, Nikolai
Milyutin, Aleksandr Vesnin, Leonid Vesnin, Viktor Vesnin, El Lissitzky, Vladimir Krinsky,
and Iakov Chernikhov. Within a few years, Constructivism faded from popularity and was
eclipsed by the Bauhaus movement in Germany.

 1920s: Bauhaus

Architect Walter Gropius was appointed to head a new institution that would help rebuild the
country and form a new social order. Called the Bauhaus, the Institution called for a new
"rational" social housing for the workers. Bauhaus architects rejected "bourgeois" details such
as cornices, eaves, and decorative details. They wanted to use principles of Classical
architecture in their most pure form: functional, without ornamentation of any kind.

The Bauhaus school originated in Weimar, Germany (1919), moved to Dessau, Germany
(1925), and disbanded when the Nazis rose to power. Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, Ludwig
Mies van der Rohe, and other Bauhaus leaders migrated to the United States. At times the term
International Modernism was applied to the American form of Bauhaus architecture.

Architect Walter Gropius used Bauhaus ideas when he built his own monochrome home in
1938 near where he taught at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. The historic Gropius
House in Lincoln, Massachusetts is open for the public to experience genuine Bauhaus
architecture.
 1920s: De Stijl

The Rietveld Schröder House in The Netherlands is a prime example of architecture from the
De Stijl movement. Architects like Gerrit Thomas Rietveld made bold, minimalist geometric
statements in 20th century Europe. In 1924 Rietveld built this house in Utrecht for Mrs. Truus
Schröder-Schräder, who embraced a flexible home designed with no interior walls.

 1930s: Functionalism

When American architect Louis Sullivan coined the phrase "form follows function" in 1896, he
described what later became a dominant trend in Modernist architecture. Louis Sullivan and
other architects were striving for "honest" approaches to building design that focused on
functional efficiency. Functionalist architects believed that the ways buildings are used and the
types of materials available should determine the design.

Of course, Louis Sullivan lavished his buildings with ornamental details that did not serve any
functional purpose. The philosophy of functionalism was followed more closely by Bauhaus
and International Style architects.

Architect Louis I. Kahn sought honest approaches to design when he designed the
Functionalist Yale Center for British Art in New Haven, Connecticut, which looks much
different than the functional Norwegian Rådhuset in Oslo. The 1950 City Hall in Oslo has been
cited as an example of Functionalism in architecture. If form follows function, functionalist
architecture will take many forms.

 1940s: Minimalism

The Mexico City home of the Pritzker Prize-winning architect Luis Barragán is Minimalist in
its emphasis on lines, planes, and open spaces. Other architects known for Minimalist designs
include Tadao Ando, Shigeru Ban, Yoshio Taniguchi, and Richard Gluckman.

Modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe paved the way for Minimalism when he said,
"Less is more." Minimalist architects drew much of their inspiration from the elegant simplicity
of traditional Japanese architecture. Minimalists were also inspired by an early 20th century
Dutch movement known as De Stijl. Valuing simplicity and abstraction, De Stijl artists used
only straight lines and rectangular shapes.

 1950s: International

One of the most famous examples of the International Style is the United Nations Secretariat
building, originally designed by an international team of architects including Le
Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, and Wallace Harrison. It was completed in 1952 and meticulously
renovated in 2012. The smooth glass-sided slab, one of the first uses of curtain-wall glass
cladding on a tall building, dominates New York City's skyline along the East River. 

Skyscraper office buildings near the U.N. that also are International in design include the 1958
Seagram Building by Mies van der Rohe and the MetLife Building, built as the PanAm building
in 1963 and designed by Emery Roth, Walter Gropius, and Pietro Belluschi..

The name came from the book The International Style by historian and critic Henry-Russell
Hitchcock and architect Philip Johnson. The book was published in 1932 in conjunction with an
exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The term is again used in a later
book, International Architecture by Walter Gropius, founder of Bauhaus.

While German Bauhaus architecture had been concerned with the social aspects of design,
America's International Style became a symbolism of Capitalism. The International Style is the
favored architecture for office buildings and is also found in upscale homes built for the rich.

By the mid-20th century, many variations of the International Style had evolved. In Southern
California and the American Southwest, architects adapted the International Style to the warm
climate and arid terrain, creating an elegant yet informal style known as Desert Modernism,
after the climate, or Midcentury Modernism, after the era.

 1950s: Desert or Midcentury Modern

With expansive glass and streamlined styling, Desert Modernism was a regional approach to
International Style architecture. Rocks, trees, and other landscape features were often
incorporated into the design.

Architects adapted ideas from the European Bauhaus movement to the warm climate and arid
terrain. Architects associated with Desert Modernism include William F. Cody, Albert Frey,
John Lautner, Richard Neutra, E. Stewart Williams, and Donald Wexler. This style of
architecture evolved throughout the U.S. to become the more affordable Midcentury Modern.

Examples of Desert Modernism may be found throughout Southern California and parts of the
American Southwest, but the largest and best-preserved examples of the style are concentrated
in Palm Springs, California. It was an architecture of the very rich — the Kaufmann's 1946
home designed by Richard Neutra in Palm Springs was built after Frank Lloyd Wright built the
Kaufmann's Pennsylvania home known as Fallingwater. Neither home was the Kaufmann's
primary residence.

 1960s: Structuralism

Structuralist architecture will have a great deal of complexity within a highly structured
framework. For example, a Structuralist design may consist of cell-like honeycomb shapes,
intersecting planes, cubed grids, or densely clustered spaces with connecting courtyards.
Architect Peter Eisenman is said to have brought a Structuralist approach to his works.
Officially called the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, the 2005 Berlin Holocaust
Memorial in Germany is one of Eisenman's controversial works, with an order within disorder
that some find too intellectual.

 1960s: Metabolism

With cell-like apartments, Kisho Kurokawa's 1972 Nakagin Capsule Tower in Tokyo, Japan is a
lasting impression of the 1960s Metabolism Movement.

The 1972 Nakagin Capsule Tower is a residential building built as a series of pods or capsules.
The design was to "install the capsule units into a concrete core with only 4 high-tension bolts,
as well as making the units detachable and replaceable," according to Kisho Kurokawa
Architect & Associates. The idea was to have individual or connected units, with prefabricated
interiors lifted into the units and attached to the core. "The Nakagin Capsule Tower realizes the
ideas of metabolism, exchangeability, recycleablity as the prototype of sustainable
architecture," describes the firm.

 1970s: High-Tech

The 1977 Centre Pompidou in Paris, France is a High-tech building by Richard Rogers, Renzo
Piano, and Gianfranco Franchini. It appears to be turned inside out, revealing its inner workings
on the exterior facade. Norman Foster and I.M. Pei are other well-known architects who have
designed this way.

 1970s: Brutalism

The Bauhaus architect Le Corbusier used the French phrase béton brut, or crude concrete, to
describe the construction of his own rough, concrete buildings. When concrete is cast, the
surface will take on imperfections and designs of the form itself, like the wood grain of wooden
forms. The form's roughness can make the concrete (béton) look "unfinished" or raw. This
aesthetic is often a characteristic of what became known as brutalist architecture.

These heavy, angular, Brutalist style buildings can be constructed quickly and economically,
and, therefore, they are often seen on a campus of government office buildings. The Hubert H.
Humphrey Building in Washington, D.C. is a good example. Designed by architect Marcel
Breuer, this 1977 building is headquarters of the Department of Health & Human Services.

The Pritzker Prize-winning architect Paulo Mendes da Rocha is often called a "Brazilian

Brutalist" because his buildings are constructed of prefabricated and mass-produced concrete
components. The Bauhaus architect Marcel Breuer also turned to Brutalism when he designed
the original 1966 Whitney Museum in New York City and the Central Library in Atlanta,
Georgia.
 1970s: Organic

Designed by Jorn Utzon, the 1973 Sydney Opera House in Australia is an example of modern
Organic architecture. Borrowing shell-like forms, the architecture seems to soar from the harbor
as if it had always been there.

Frank Lloyd Wright said that all architecture is organic, and the Art Nouveau architects of the
early 20th century incorporated curving, plant-like shapes into their designs.

Before using computers to design, Frank Lloyd Wright used shell-like spiral forms when he
designed the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City. The Finnish-American
architect Eero Saarinen (1910-1961) is known for designing grand bird-like buildings such as
the TWA terminal at New York's Kennedy Airport and the Dulles Airport terminal near
Washington D.C. — two organic forms in Saarinen's portfolio of works, designed before
desktop computers made things so much easier.

 1970s: Postmodernism

Postmodern architects include Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, Michael Graves, Robert

A.M. Stern, and Philip Johnson. All are playful in their own ways. Look at the top of Johnson's
AT&T Building — where else in New York City could you find a skyscraper that looks like a
giant Chippendale-like piece of furniture?

 1980s: Deconstructivism

Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the French philosopher Jacques Derrida. The Seattle
Public Library by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas and his team including Joshua Prince-Ramus
is an example of Deconstructivist architecture. Another example in Seattle, Washington is the
Museum of Pop Culture, which architect Frank Gehry has said is designed as a smashed guitar.
Other architects known for this architectural style include the early works of Peter
Eisenman, Daniel Libeskind, and Zaha Hadid. Although some of their architecture is classified
as Postmodern, deconstructivist architects reject Postmodernist ways for an approach more akin
to Russian Constructivism.

In the summer of 1988, architect Philip Johnson was instrumental in organizing a Museum of

Modern Art (MoMA) exhibit called "Deconstructivist Architecture." Johnson gathered works
from seven architects (Eisenman, Gehry, Hadid, Koolhaas, Libeskind, Bernard Tschumi, and
Coop Himmelblau) who "intentionally violate the cubes and right angles of modernism."

 1990s and 21st Century Parametricism

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) moves to Computer-Driven Design in the 21st Century. When
architects began using high-powered software created for the aerospace industry, some
buildings started to look like they could fly away. Others looked like big, immobile blobs of
architecture.

The Heydar Aliyev Centre, a cultural center built in 2012 in Baku, the capital of the Republic of
Azerbaijan is a design by ZHA — Zaha Hadid and Patrik Schumacher with Saffet Kaya
Bekiroglu. The design concept was to create a fluid, continuous skin that would appear to fold
onto its surrounding plaza, and the interior would be column-free to create a continuously open
and fluid space. "Advanced computing allowed for the continuous control and communication
of these complexities among the numerous project participants," describes the firm.

Some say that today's software is designing tomorrow's buildings. Others say that the software
allows exploration and the real possibility of new, organic forms. Patrik Schumacher, a partner
at Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA), is credited with using the word parametricism to describe
these algorithmic designs.

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE INDIVIDUALS GENERALLY CONSIDERED THE

BEST MODERN ARCHITECTS IN HISTORY

Architects have been creating astounding works of art from building designs for thousands of
years ever since the Great Pyramids of Egypt to the Lighthouse of Alexandria and more modern
structure such as the Eiffel Tower.

However, the modern age of architects generally begins in the 20th century with contributions
by some remarkable talents. The following are the individuals generally considered the best
modern architects in history. 

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

Not only the most recognizable name, but one that is arguably the best in the modern history of
architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright was also one of the oldest architects whose work was mostly
in the 20th century. Born in 1867, the influence of Wright’s work was far more organic in
nature and created a number of prairie-style buildings in the process. His attention to detail and
humble outlook combined to create arguably the best body of work in the modern era.
His most notable works include The Guggenheim Museum in NYC, The Gammage Auditorium
& Taliesin West in Scottsdale, Arizona and the Falling water Residence in Mill Run,
Pennsylvania.

FRANK GEHRY

If there is a rival to Wright, it is Gehry who has created some of the most distinctive and
imaginative buildings of the 20th century. Born in 1929, Gehry’s creations are a marvel of
engineering complete with his unique view of special relations and manipulating surfaces that
resulted in some of the most recognizable and stunning buildings ever constructed. For many,
his most notable work inspires wonder and imagination and even mystery as to how such a
creation could possibly exist.

His most notable works include The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Marques de Riscal
Vineyard Hotel in Elciego and the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles.

I. M. PEI

Certainly not far down from Wright and Gehry is another of the most recognizable names in
modern architecture, I.M. Pei. Ieoh Ming Pei was born in 1917 and came from China to study
architecture in the US. The Chinese influence in his work is certainly there along with his use of
geometric forms as well. Over the years, Pei has designed a number of remarkable works that
have showered him with much deserved acclaim.

His works include the National Center for Atmosphere Research in Colorado, the John F.
Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston and the Le Grand Louvre in Paris, France.

PHILIP JOHNSON

Not only heralded for his creative mind, but also in founding the Department of Architecture
and Design at the Museum of Modern Art in NYC, Philip Johnson has created some of the most
memorable works in the modern era, including the famous “Glass House” in Connecticut which
offers proper space, minimal interiors and large vistas present from many points of view. His
use of glass and steel are unparalleled in the world of architecture as seen is his most crowning
achievement, the Crystal Cathedral in California.

His works also include the Seagram Building in NYC and The Museum of Television and
Radio.

 ZAHA HADID

The most famous female architect is certainly more than worthy to be on the list with the best.
Zaha is the first woman to ever win the Pritzker Architecture prize. Her work is futuristic,
daring and unconventional to say the least, but the buildings she creates are certainly beautiful
and very stylish. This is especially true for the mobile museum she designed for Chanel with
Karl Lagerfield.

Her works also include the MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts the Bridge
Pavilion in Zaragoza and the Phaeno Science Center and Opera House in Guangzhou.

LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE

Known as “Mies”, this German-American architect is certainly one of the pioneers of the
modern style. Known for his minimalist approach and use of structural steel and plate glass,
Mies was well noted for his use of interior spaces and remarkable floor plans which still
influence architects to this day.

His works include the Barcelona Pavilion, Crown Hall in Chicago and creating the Barcelona
chair which is a remarkable work of furniture design.

RENZO PIANO
Named as one of the 100 most influential people of 2008, Renzo Piano is an Italian-born
architect who has helped change the skylines in many different cities. The Shard for example is
Europe’s tallest skyscraper whose modern appearance has certainly provided London with an
upgrade for its quaint appearance.

His other works include The New York Times Building in NYC and Kansai International
Airport in Osaka, Japan.

TOM WRIGHT

The youngest on the list as he was born in 1957, Tom Wright has only designed one notable
building so far, however that one building is what puts him on the list of the best modern
architects. The Burj Al Arab in Dubai is arguably the most beautiful hotel in the world. A
remarkable vision that represents a giant sail in the wind set along the Dubai shoreline and
complete with a helicopter pad and rooftop tennis court, Tom Wright has created an
unforgettable work of art.

MOSHE SAFDIE

Fresh from the Louis Kahn’s apprenticeship that helped garner him his architecture career,
Moshe is famous for his 1967 International & Universal Exposition or Expo ’67 which helped
him achieve a remarkable amount of fame. Originally from Haifa, Isreal and born in 1938,

Moshe has also created the National Gallery of Canada and the Khalsa Heritage Memorial in
Punjab, India.

JEAN NOUVEL

This French architect has won a number of awards over the years, including the famed Prtizker
Prize. His fame stems in large part from winning the Arab World Institute in Paris design
competition. His use of mechanical lenses is reminders of Arab latticework which controls the
amount of light let into the structure. His innovative style and use of cross-cultural techniques
have made him one of the greats in modern architecture.

His other works include the Denstu Building in Tokyo and Les Grandes Tables of Seguin Island
in Paris.

These are arguably the top 10 modern architects who lead the way in innovative design and
breathtaking results from their work

10 iconic modern buildings

The Fallingwater House by Frank Lloyd Wright, Mill Run, 1935)
This house’s design was infl uenced by Japanese architecture which is famous for using cantilevers.
The house is located in Pennsylvania in the United States. It was owned by the Kaufmann family
which used it as a weekend getaway. The house, however, started deteriorating soon after
construction. In 2002, after extensive repairs, it was made into a museum.

Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut, USA

This house was constructed in 1949 by Phillip Johnson. He constructed it as his own home. It was
minimal in design and used the refl ective features of glass. Johnson experimented on geometric
shapes of various dimensions which made it iconic in modern architecture. The landmarks in the
area also contributed to making the house a sensational piece of modern architecture.

It was a weekend home that was mainly made of steel and glass. Like Fallingwater, this house also
suff ered defects like leaking roofs. Johnson described it jokingly as a ‘four-bucket house.’

Villa Savoye (1931), Paris, France

This house was constructed for the Savoyes, a family house for a retreat. It was located in the
outskirts of Paris. It had distinct features that manifested the ‘five points’ endorsed by Le
Corbusier. The house included an open plan, reinforced concrete column grids, a roof garden, an
independent facade, and horizontal windows.
David S. Ingalls Skating Rink located in New Haven, Connecticut,
USA
This building was known as Yale Whale, a name infl uenced by Yale University which Eero Saarinen
graduated from. Compared to other buildings of that time, this one had a distinct architectural
characteristic signature by Saarinen; the use of catenary arches. The hockey arena had a cantilever
roof which was supported by a reinforced concrete arch that was 90m in height.

Isokon Building, Wells Coates, London, United Kingdom, 1934

This is a residential building which is in use up-to-date. It has 32 apartments; 24 of them are studio
apartments while 8 are one bedroom apartments. The Isokon building also has staff quarters and a
huge garage.

The building was refurbished by Avanti Architects in 2003. After refurbishment, the building got a
communal gallery in the garage which was used to sell the history of this building. This block was
listed as a ‘Grade I-building’ and is among the major architectural landmarks in Britain.

Guggenheim Museum by Frank Lloyd Wright, situated in New

York, USA- 1959
In the design of this building, Frank Lloyd marketed the idea of ‘organic architecture’, a concept
which envisioned humanity being intimately related to the environment.

This museum was spirally designed and holds many key galleries and art collections. It is designed
to take you on a never-ending journey dissolving all obstacles between its spaces. The geometric
shapes that dominated modern architecture were described by Frank as geometric forms that
suggested human ideas, sentiments, and moods. The circle showed infi nity, triangle-unity, square-
integrity, and spiral- organic progress. He saw this building as a ‘temple of the spirit.’

The Cité Radieuse by Le Corbusier located in Marseille, France-

1952
This project was minimal in design and it was among the most important works of Le Corbusier. He
was inspired by the Bauhaus movement which made him use yellow, red and blue as his pallet of
colors. The housing project had 337 fl ats (of 27 diff erent types), a pool and a playground.

This building was made of rough-cast concrete, Le Corbusier intended to include steel frames, but
unfortunately, World war II made this material hard to fi nd.

Since 2016, the large structure has been used as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Barcelona Pavilion by Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe- Barcelona,
Spain, 1929)
This building was originally known as the German Pavilion. It was constructed in 1929 to be used
for hosting German exhibitions. The building’s design was infl uenced by the Bauhaus movement
and it featured cantilever roofs and transparent walls.

Villa Dirickz by Marcel Leborgne located in Brussels, Belgium-

1933
This building features attractive blocky features, white concrete and glass works surrounded by
greenery. The villa also features lavish interiors and facilities like wine cellars and a cinema. Dirickz
had a huge interest in art and he tailored this building artistically. However, the building was
neglected for quite a while until Alexander Cambron purchased and renovated it in 2007.

Neue National Galerie by Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe, situated in

Berlin, Germany- 1968
This museum is dedicated to modern art and it dates back to the early 20th century. It also includes
a great amount of glass, fl at exteriors, and a cantilever roof. The landscape around it is well
sculptured and it was inspired by Mies Van der Rohe. It was closed in 2015 for renovations.