Handout 1

Topic : Matrices
Week : 1

1 Objectives
• Students able to explain the concept of special kinds of matrices

• Students able to perform algebraic operation on matrices

• Students able to apply the characteristics and properties of matrices op-

eration and transpose of matrices

2 Summary of Theories
Definition 1 (Matrices)
A rectangular array of numbers is called a matrix .
The numbers in the matrix is called entries

8 8 0
Example 1 is a matrix.
−2 1 −3
 
Legino 15 Blora M
 
 
Example 2  P onirah 16 Solo F  is not a matrix.
 
W agimin 15 Sragen M

Matrix is represented by upper case or capital letter, such as A, B, etc.,

and the array of numbers is usually place between ”( )” or ”[ ]” sign. A matrix
contains rows and columns. The size of a matrix or order of matrix depends
on the number of rows and columns that belong to the matrix. For example,
matrix A2×3 means the matrix A has 2 rows and 3 columns. Matrices which
only have one row are called row matrices, while matrices which only have one
column are called column matrices.

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 Entry in matrix is symbolized by lower case of the matrix’s name and given
indices which indicate the row and column where the entry placed. For example,
a21 means entry of matrix A at row 2 and column 1.
There are special matrices that must be recognized, such as:

1. zero matrices, symbolized by 0, are matrices which all of their entries

are zero.
 
0 0
Example 3  
0 0

 
0 0 0 0
 
 
Example 4  0 0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 0

2. Square matrices are matrices that has equal number of row and column.
In this matrices, we will find a main diagonal which contains entries
whose indices of row and column are equal, such as a11 , a22 , .. , ann
 
−2 7
Example 5  
−1 1

 
−2 −3 0
 
 
Example 6  0 3 4 
 
−5 0 −1

3. Diagonal matrices are square matrices which have entries 0 outside of

their main diagonals.
 
2 0
Example 7  
0 1

 
−2 0 0
 
 
Example 8  0 3 0 
 
0 0 −1

2
 4. Identity matrices are square matrices which have entries 1 in their main
diagonals and 0 elsewhere. We use notation In for identity matrix which
has order of n × n.
 
1 0 0 0
 
 
 0 1 0 0 
Example 9 I4 = 



 0 0 1 0 
 
0 0 0 1

5. Symmetric matrices are square matrices which have properties aij = aji
for all i, j or can be said symmetry to the main diagonal.
 
2 1 −1 4
 
 
 1 1 7 −2 

Example 10  

 −1 7 −3 5 
 
4 −2 5 0

6. Upper triangular matrices are square matrices whose entries below the
main diagonal are 0.
 
1 0 2 0
 
 
 0 0 0 4 
Example 11 



 0 0 4 1 
 
0 0 0 2

With similar point of view, lower triangular matrices can be defined

as square matrices whose entries over the main diagonal are 0.
 
0 0 0
 
 
Example 12  1 3 0 
 
−8 7 −1

Definition 2 (Equality of matrices)

Two matrices are equal if they have equal size and equal corresponding entries.

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    
a−b b+c 8 1
Example 13 Determine a, b, c, and d if  = 
c + 3d 2a − 4d 7 6
We know that the size of the matrices are equal, so by using the equality of
matrices definition, we have four equation for corresponding entries, which are:

a−b=8 (1)

b+c=1 (2)

c + 3d = 7 (3)

2a − 4d = 6 (4)

To solve the problem, we can use these steps:

• By adding equation (1) and (2), we get a + c = 9.

• From equation (3), we have c = 7 − 3d.

• By subtituting c = 7 − 3d to a + c = 9, we get a + (7 − 3d) = 9 which is

equal to a − 3d = 2.

• Then, this result is multiplied by 2 to get 2a − 6d = 4. Then, subtract this

equation with equation (4) to get − 2d = −2. Thus, d = 1.

• Next, subtitute the value into equation (3) and (4) to find that c = 4 and
a = 5.

• Last, subtitute the value a = 5 into equation (1) to get b = −3.

2.1 Algebraic Operation of Matrix

There are some mathematical operation that can be performed to matrices:

matrix addition/subtraction, matrix multiplication, and scalar multiplication.
Different from numbers, these operations must follow some rules and sometimes
cannot be done, unless fulfill some conditions. The rules and conditions are just
like the following.

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1. Matrix addition and subtraction only defined for matrix of equal
order. The addition/subtraction must be done between corresponding
entries. Let A = [aij ], B = [bij ]. Then, A ± B = [aij ± bij ]
   
2 1 3 1 1 −1
Example 14 Given A =   and B =  .
−1 2 0 2 0 6
   
2+1 1+1 3 + (−1) 3 2 2
Then A + B =  = 
−1 + 2 2 + 0 0+6 1 2 6

2. Scalar multiplication is a multiplication between a scalar and a matrix

which is performed by multiplying the scalar with each entries of matrix.
For example, if A = [aij ] and c is a scalar, then cA = [caij ].
   
2 1 3 1 1 −1
Example 15 Let A =   and B= ,
−1 2 0 2 0 6
   
5×2 5×1 5×3 10 5 15
then 5A =  = 
5 × −1 5 × 2 5 × 0 −5 10 0
   
1 1 1 1 1 −1
1 × 1 × −1 ×
and B 12 =  2 2 2 
= 2 2 2 
1 1 1
2× 2 0× 2 6× 2 1 0 3

3. Multiplication of matrices can be performed only for one condition

the first matrix has column as many as the second matrix’s row .
And their product is a matrix with order of the number of first ma-
trix’s row times the number of second matrix’s column.

Example 16
Matrix A2×3 can be multiplied by matrix B3×4 resulting (AB)2×4 , but ma-
trix B3×4 cannot be multiplied by matrix A2×3 .

The product of row i of matrix Am×n and column j of matrix Bn×p will
P
be the entry ij of matrix AB and will follow the formula nk=1 aik bkj .
 
  2 1 6 0
3 −1 2  
   
Example 17 Let A = and B =  0 2 3 4 ,
0 1 4  
−1 0 5 8

5
  
c11 c12 c13 c14
and suppose that matrix A × B, of order 2 × 4, is  .
c21 c22 c23 c24
Then entry c13 , product of row I of matrix A and column III of matrix B,
is  
6
h i 
 
c13 = 3 −1 2  3  = 3 × 6 + (−1) × 3 + 2 × 5 = 25
 
5
and c24 , product of rowI of matrix A and column IV of matrix B, is
0
h i 
 
c24 = 0 1 4  4  = 0 × 0 + 1 × 4 + 4 × 8 = 36
 
8

2.1.1 Properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication

If all the conditions for operation is satisfied, then

1. A + B = B + A

2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

3. 0 + A = A

4. k(A + B) = kA + kB

2.1.2 Properties of matrix multiplication

If all the conditions for operation is satisfied, then

1. IA = A = AI

2. (BC) = (AB)C

3. A(B + C) = AB + AC

4. k(AB) = (kA)B = A(kB)

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2.2 Transpose of Matrix

Definition 3 (Transpose)
Transpose of matrix A, denoted by AT , is a matrix produced by exchanging the
rows and columns of a matrix A respectively. In other words, if Amn = [aij ],
then ATnm = [aji ]
   
1 2 3 1 −1
   
   
Example 18 Let A =  3 4  and B =  1 3 2 ,
   
5 6 −1 2 1
 
  3 1 −1
1 3 5  
 
then AT =   and B T =  1 3 2 
2 4 6  
−1 2 1

2.2.1 Properties of Transpose of Matrix

If the sizes of the matrices are such that the stated operations can be performed,
then

1. (AT )T = A

2. (kA)T = kAT

3. (A + B)T = AT + B T

4. (AB)T = B T AT

5. A simmytric if and only if A = AT .

3 Exercise
1. Suppose that matrices A, B, C, and D have the following sizes, orderly,
3 × 4, 4 × 3, 4 × 1, and 3 × 1. Determine which of the following operations
defined and find the size of matrices resulted by the operation.

(a) BA

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 (b) AC + D

(c) AB + B

(d) (AT + B)D

     
3 0 1 5 2 −3 −1
     
     
2. Let A =  −1 2 , B =  −1 1 0 , C =  2 1 , and D =
     
1 1 −4 1 3 4 3
 
4 −1
 . Find the results of the following operations if possible.
2 0

(a) A + B

(b) A + C

(c) AB

(d) BA

(e) CD

(f) DC

(g) (3A)T

(h) D2 + 2D + I

(i) (B T − A)T
    
a b 3 −5 1 −1
3. Determine a, b, c, d if   = 
c d −1 2 2 0
   
1 0 5 2
4. Find A if 5A −   = 3A −  
2 3 6 1
       
1 2 1 5
5. Let A  =  and A  = .
0 3 0 −2
 
5 4
(a) Find X as quick as possible such that AX =  
−2 6
(b) Find quickly A.

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 6. Find matrixof 2 × 2 order A and B that
  satisfy

1 −2 4 2
2A − 5B =  , −2A + 6B =  .
0 1 6 0
   
3 −2 7 6 −2 4
   
   
7. Let A =  6 5 4  and B =  0 1 3 . By using the row or
   
0 4 9 7 7 5
column needed for operations, determine:

(a) third row of AB.

(b) second column of BA

 
s 2s st
 
 
8. Determine all s and t that makes  t −1 s  a symmetric matrix.
 
t s2 s

9. Find all nonzero 2×2 matrices A and B that satisfy AT = A and B T = −B

10. Prove that if A is a symmetric matrix, then A + AT is also symmetric

matrix.

11. Has been the equation (AB)2 = A2 B 2 always correct? If not, in what
condition the equation will be satisfied.