OUTPUT DEVICES

MOHAMMED RIZA WALJI

TOPICS

 Printers
 Inkjet Printers
 Laser Printers
 3D Printers
 Loudspeakers/Headphones
 2D & 3D Cutters
 LCD & LED monitors
 Light Projectors
 DLP
 LCD
PRINTERS
Printer

 A printer is an external hardware output device that takes the electronic data
stored on a computer or other device and generates a hard copy of it. For example,
if you created a report on your computer, you could print several copies to hand
out at a staff meeting. Printers are one of the most popular computer peripherals
and are commonly used to print text and photos.

 Impact and Non-Impact Printers are two categories of the printer. Impact printers
involve mechanical components for conducting printing. While in Non-Impact
printers, no mechanical moving component is used.
 Printer

Impact Non-Impact
Printer Printer

Dot-Matrix Daisy Wheel Laser Inkjet

Impact Printers

 Produces characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking it is called

impact printer.

 It prints by hammering a set of metal pin or character set.

 Electromechanical devices are used

 Speeds around 250 words per second. CPS(Character Per Second) to understand
speed here.

 Have banging noise of needle on paper

 Dot-matrix printer, Daisy wheel printers, line printer are examples .

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_vXA058EDY

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO312juHBtI
Non-Impact Printers

 A type of printer that produces characters and graphics on a piece of paper

without striking.

 Printing is done by depositing ink in any form.

 No electromechanical device is used.

 Speeds of around 1 page per 30 seconds or more.

 Works silently.
Inkjet Printer

 An inkjet printer is a common type of printer that uses inkjet technology to spray
ink onto paper to create documents, photos, and more. These types of printers can
be connected to a personal computer with a USB cable or wire (think: home
office), as well as connected remotely to a network of printers used with a
network of printers (for example, sharing an inkjet printer with all of your
coworkers in the office) to create printed materials.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yeZSaigBj4
Printhead Assembly
This collection of parts works together, moving back and forth—like a typewriter
carriage—to deliver ink from the cartridge and onto the page. The printhead
assembly is comprised of the following parts:
 Printheads
Printheads are the collection of printer nozzles that spray ink onto the page. Most
inkjet printers have two different printhead sections: one for black ink cartridges
and another for colour ink cartridges. Many printheads also contain a heating
element that warms up the ink in the cartridge. This forms a bubble in the ink. As
that bubble grows, it pushes the ink through the print nozzles and deposits it onto
the page.
 Ink Cartridges
Ink cartridges are usually inserted into the printheads and have metal connectors
on them that line up with corresponding connectors on the printheads.
 Stepper Motor
The stepper motor is what moves the printhead—and the ink!—back and forth
across your paper.
 Printer Belt
A printer belt attaches the assembly to the stepper motor and helps it glide
smoothly across the page.
 Stabilizer Bar
A stabilizer bar keeps the printhead assembly on track, making sure it moves
across your page in a straight line and doesn’t slide up and down the page. This
bar ensures accuracy of ink delivery.
Paper Feed Assembly
As its name suggests, this collection of parts helps to feed crisp sheets of paper
through your printer so that the printer assembly will spray it with ink in the form of
words or images. The paper feed assembly is made up of the following parts:
 The paper tray is where your paper lays flat until it’s time to print. Some paper
trays slide in and out of a printer, concealing your paper. Others leave paper
exposed before it’s fed through your printer.
 Printer rollers are the mechanism that feed the paper from the tray and push it
through your printer as the print head assembly swipes back and forth over the
page, depositing ink.
 Much like the printhead assembly, your printer’s paper feed assembly has its
own stepper motor, too. This separate motor revs up the printer rollers in the
required increments to accurately print text and images.
In addition to these mechanisms, all inkjet printers have their own circuitry
embedded throughout that enables these parts to work together and receive
information from your computer (or in some cases, your smartphone) to translate to
the printed page.

https://www.staples.ca/a/content/printer-buying-guide/inkjet-printer
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMjY-aiG1zo
 Thermal bubble: tiny resistors create localized heat which makes the ink vaporize.
This causes the ink to form a tiny bubble; as the bubble expands, some of the ink
is ejected from the print head onto the paper. When the bubble collapses, a small
vacuum is created which allows fresh ink to be drawn into the print head. This
continues until the printing cycle is completed.
 Thermal bubble - Used by manufacturers such as Canon and Hewlett Packard,
this method is commonly referred to as bubble jet. In a thermal inkjet printer, tiny
resistors create heat, and this heat vaporizes ink to create a bubble. As the bubble
expands, some of the ink is pushed out of a nozzle onto the paper. When the
bubble "pops" (collapses), a vacuum is created. This pulls more ink into the print
head from the cartridge. A typical bubble jet print head has 300 or 600 tiny
nozzles, and all of them can fire a droplet simultaneously.
 Piezoelectric: a crystal is located at the back of the ink reservoir for each nozzle.
The crystal is given a tiny electric charge which makes it vibrate. This vibration
forces ink to be ejected onto the paper; at the same time more ink is drawn in for
further printing.

 Piezoelectric - Patented by Epson, this technology uses piezo crystals. A crystal is

located at the back of the ink reservoir of each nozzle. The crystal receives a tiny
electric charge that causes it to vibrate. When the crystal vibrates inward, it forces
a tiny amount of ink out of the nozzle. When it vibrates out, it pulls some more
ink into the reservoir to replace the ink sprayed out.
 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Micro_Piezo_Comparison.
gif

 https://youtu.be/JIIN_47ScHY
Crystal

 Quartz is a type of crystal used in watches, computers, and other devices to keep
time. The quartz crystal vibrates or ticks an exact 60-seconds per minute when
electricity is applied to it. The picture shows an example of a type of crystal you'll
find in your computer. This example is of a 24.576 MHz crystal found on a
computer sound card.
 Depending on the quality of the quartz crystal and other factors, the quartz crystal
may not properly tick exactly 60 seconds each minute, causing a computer to not
keep the proper time.
Laser Printer

 A laser printer is a popular type of personal computer printer that uses a non-
impact (keys don't strike the paper), photocopier technology. When a document is
sent to the printer, a laser beam "draws" the document on a selenium-coated drum
using electrical charges. After the drum is charged, it is rolled in toner, a dry
powder type of ink. The toner adheres to the charged image on the drum. The
toner is transferred onto a piece of paper and fused to the paper with heat and
pressure. After the document is printed, the electrical charge is removed from the
drum and the excess toner is collected. Most laser printers print only in
monochrome. A color laser printer is up to 10 times more expensive than a
monochrome laser printer.
 LASER PRINTERS differ greatly from inkjet printers in the way they print pages.
They use dry powder ink rather than liquid ink and make use of the properties of
static electricity to produce the text and images. Unlike inkjet printers, laser
printers print the whole page in one go (inkjet printers print the page line by line).
Their advantage is the speed at which they can carry out large print jobs (e.g.
2000 leaflets) and the fact that they don’t run out of ink halfway through.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB0HnXcW8qQ

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwvmNv1leUo

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrlKJHVyc48
Comparison
Inkjet Printers
PROS:
 Great for photos and image-heavy documents. Inkjet printers do a better job of
blending smooth colors than laser printers.
 Inkjet printers have a low start-up cost. Printers are less expensive than laser
printers and inkjet ink cartridges are cheaper than toner cartridges.
 Inkjets can print onto many types of paper, including glossy photo paper, textured
stationery and even some fabrics.
 Almost no warm-up time is needed before printing.
 Inkjet cartridges can be refilled and reused, cutting down on waste and saving
money.
 Inkjet printers tend to be smaller, lighter and easier to maintain than laser printers.
Inkjet Printers
CONS:
 Inkjet ink is more expensive than champagne.
 Inkjet ink is water-based, so prints are susceptible to water damage and fading.
 Ink cartridges need frequent cleaning. Although printers perform this maintenance
automatically, it wastes lots of ink.
 Inkjet printers are getting faster, but are still very slow compared to laser printing.
High volumes are a challenge with inkjets.
 Some inkjet printers will produce gray, fuzzy text if printing on plain office paper.
 Inkjet printers for home use have low-capacity paper trays of around 50-100
sheets. Output trays are nearly nonexistent. This might be a problem if you print a
lot.
Laser Printers
PROS:
 Laser printers can print faster than inkjet printers. It won’t matter much if you
print a few pages at a time, but high volume users will notice a huge difference.
 Laser printers produce perfect sharp black text. If your print jobs are mostly text
with occasional graphics, laser is the way to go. Laser printers also handle small
fonts and fine lines far better than inkjet.
 Laser printers are better prepared to handle high-volume print jobs.
 Price-by-price comparisons favor laser printers over inkjet printers for documents
that aren’t graphically complex. Although they’re more expensive, laser toner
cartridges print more sheets relative to their cost than inkjet cartridges and are less
wasteful.
Laser Printers
CONS:
 Although laser printers work faster, they take time to warm-up.
 Although toner is cheaper in the long run, upfront costs for laser printing are
more.
 Toner leaks are a nightmare.
 Laser printers can’t handle a variety of paper or printing materials like inkjets.
Anything heat-sensitive cannot be run through them.
 Home laser printers can handle simple graphics, but smooth photographs are a
challenge. If you want to print photos, go for inkjet.
 There are some compact laser printers on the market, but in general, laser printers
are bigger and heavier than their inkjet counterparts.
Comparison

 Deciding on inkjet vs. laser printing comes down to what you want to print and
how much of it. Small, image-heavy workloads, like family photos and school
projects, are better suited to lightweight and low-cost inkjet printing. But if you
handle heavy volumes of text-based documents in your home office, a laser
printer is a more economical choice for the long run.

 https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/inkjet-vs-laser-printers-which-is-better-for-ho
me-use-176198
Applications

 The choice of whether to use an inkjet printer or laser printer depends on which
features make it the most appropriate output device for the given application.
INKJET PRINTERS are best for one-off photos or where only a few pages of
good quality, colour printing are needed; the small ink cartridges or small paper
trays would not be an issue with such applications. LASER PRINTERS produce
high quality printouts and are very fast when making multiple copies of a
document; any application that needs high-volume printing (in colour or
monochrome) would choose the laser printer (for example, producing a large
number of high quality flyers or posters for advertising) – they have two
advantages: they have large toner cartridges and large paper trays (often holding
more than a ream of paper).
Homework

 Q1. Write about the different technologies within inkjet printer.

 Q2. Write about the working of inkjet printer.

 Q3. Write about the working of laser printer.

3D Printers

 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional

solid objects from a digital file.
 The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an
additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material
until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced
horizontal cross-section of the eventual object.
 3D printing is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing which is cutting out /
hollowing out a piece of metal or plastic with for instance a milling machine.
 3D printing enables you to produce complex shapes using less material than
traditional manufacturing methods.
 https://3dprinting.com/what-is-3d-printing/
 3D PRINTERS are primarily used in COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD)
applications. They can produce solid objects which actually work. The solid
object is built up layer by layer using materials such as powdered resin, powdered
metal, paper or ceramic powder.
 The following describes some of the features of 3D printing: Various types of 3D
printers exist; they range from the size of a microwave oven up to the size of a
small car. 3D printers use ADDITIVE manufacturing (i.e. the object is built up
layer by layer); this is in sharp contrast to the more traditional method of
SUBTRACTIVE manufacturing (i.e. removal of material to make the object). For
example, making a statue using a 3D printer would involve building it up layer by
layer using powdered stone until the final object was formed. The subtractive
method would involve carving the statue out of solid stone (i.e. removing the
stone not required) until the final item was produced. Similarly, CNC machining
removes metal to form an object; 3D printing would produce the same item by
building up the object from layers of powdered metal.
 https://formlabs.com/blog/additive-manufacturing-vs-subtractive-manufacturing/
 Direct 3D printing uses inkjet technology; a print head can move left to right as in
a normal printer. However, the print head can also move up and down to build up
the layers of an object.

 Binder 3D printing is similar to direct 3D printing. However, this method uses

two passes for each of the layers; the first pass sprays dry powder and then on the
second pass a binder (a type of glue) is sprayed to form a solid layer.

 Newer technologies are using lasers and UV light to harden liquid polymers; this
further increases the diversity of products which can be made.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_QhY1aABsE

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx0Z6LplaMU

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4RGU2jXQiE

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXntl3ff5tc

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-sIcYo8isI

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_muoXfXlEg
 There are a number of steps in the process of producing an object using these 3D
printers. The steps are summarized as follows
 3D printing is regarded as being possibly the next ‘industrial revolution’ since it
will change the manufacturing methods in many industries. The following list is
just a glimpse into what we know can be made using these printers; in the years to
come, this list will probably fill an entire book:
 prosthetic limbs made to exactly fit the recipient
 items to allow precision reconstructive surgery (e.g. facial reconstruction
following an accident); the parts made by this technique are more precise in their
design since they are made from exact scanning of the skull
 in aerospace, manufacturers are looking at making wings and other parts using 3D
technology; the bonus will be lightweight precision parts
 in fashion and art – 3D printing allows new creative ideas to be developed
 making parts for items no longer in production, e.g. suspension parts for a vintage
car.
 These are just a few of the exciting applications which make use of this new
technology.
Applications

 3d Printed Shoes:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MPkOT1HUv8
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_m8q9e9Osc

 3d Printed Glass:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvcpbtpWpGY
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypE_zk28mj4
 3d Printing House:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkg5JJrnpDY
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xktwDfasPGQ
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SObzNdyRTBs

 3d Printed Car:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwvwvjNjQaQ
 3d Printed Food
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoKjoj2XL3c
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_j4FpSB2RI
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKQlys-z7SM
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FajGAeJ840
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWOVvSfSjCM
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oz6D1FXwuvA
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILX-cVy-wq8
 3d Printing in Medical
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgxDixvWbLE

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kBPTgiqNY8
2D AND 3D CUTTERS

 A three-dimensional (3D) laser cutter works in a similar way to a two-dimensional

(2D) cutter. The main difference is that the 3D cutter can recognise an object in
the xy-z direction rather than just x-y.
 3D laser cutters can cut the following materials:
 Glass
 Crystal
 Metal
 Polymer
 Wood
 Very complex designs can be cut since the cutters are controlled by computers and
very sophisticated software.
 A 3D cutter can cut beyond the surface of the material and produce very intricate
designs.
 It is interesting to contrast this method of shaping objects with 3D printers,
although it is true to say that not all the materials which can undergo 3D cutting
can be used in 3D printing methods.
 CNC
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNYEXjRmDtI

 Laser Engraver
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqmDOBtixHU
Homework

 Q1. What are the possible methods to get a solid object? Define Additive and
Subtractive Manufacturing.

 Q2. What are the possible ways to create a solid object using additive
manufacturing?

 Q3. Write about the working of 3D printer.

 Q4. Write some applications of the 3D printers.

ACTUATOR

 An actuator is something that converts energy into motion. It also can be used to
apply a force. An actuator typically is a mechanical device that takes energy —
usually energy that is created by air, electricity or liquid — and converts it into
some kind of motion.

 Actuators are mechanical or electro-mechanical devices that provide controlled

and sometimes limited movements or positioning which are operated electrically,
manually, or by various fluids such as air, hydraulic, etc. Two basic motions are
linear and rotary.
LOUDSPEAKERS/HEADPHONES

 Sound is produced from a computer by passing the digital data through a

DIGITAL TO ANALOGUE CONVERTER (DAC) and then through an
AMPLIFIER; finally the sound emerges from a (loud)SPEAKER.

 The sound is produced by voltage differences vibrating a cone in the speaker

housing at different frequencies and amplitudes:
 The rate at which the DAC can translate the digital output into analogue voltages
is known as the SAMPLING RATE. If the DAC is a 16-bit device, then it can
accept numbers between +32 767 (216 – 1) and –32 768 (216); the digital value
containing all zeros is ignored. The speed at which these values can be converted
is the sampling rate.
 Most textbooks indicate that the standard sampling rate is 44 100 samples per
second. This basically means that the the DAC can convert 44 100 values in the
range +32 767 to –32 768 every second.
 Suppose a CD is being produced to contain a number of music tracks. Each piece
of music is sampled 44 100 times a second. Each sample is 16 bits. Since the
music is in stereo this also needs to be taken into consideration.
 The above information means that 44 100 × 2 × 16 = 1 411 200 bits per second
sampling (the number ‘2’ is used in the calculation to account for the sound being
in stereo).
 Since 1 byte = 8 bits, this equates to 1 411 200/8 bytes per second. This works out
at 176 400 bytes per second.
LCD AND LED MONITORS

Monitor(VDU)

LCD(Liquid LED(Light
CRT(Cathode
Crystal Emitting
Ray Tube)
Display) Diode)
CRT(CATHODE RAY TUBE)

 A CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red, green, and blue phosphor dots that
glow when struck by an electron beam that travels across the screen to create a
visible image. The illustration below shows how this works inside a CRT.
 The terms anode and cathode­are used in electronics as synonyms for positive and
negative terminals. For example, you could refer to the positive terminal of a
battery as the anode and the negative terminal as the cathode.
 In a cathode ray tube, the "cathode" is a heated filament. The heated filament is in
a vacuum created inside a glass "tube." The "ray" is a stream of electrons
generated by an electron gun that naturally pour off a heated cathode into the
vacuum. Electrons are negative. The anode is positive, so it attracts the electrons
pouring off the cathode. This screen is coated with phosphor, an organic material
that glows when struck by the electron beam.
 https://computer.howstuffworks.com/monitor.htm
LCD(LIQUID CRYSTAL DIODE)

 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display which uses liquid
crystals in its primary form of operation. LEDs have a large and varying set of use
cases for consumers and businesses, as they can be commonly found in
smartphones, televisions, computer monitors and instrument panels.
 LCDs were a big leap in terms of the technology they replaced, which include
light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma displays. LCDs allowed displays to be
much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs consume much less
power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of
blocking light rather than emitting it. Where an LED emits light, the liquid
crystals in an LCD produces an image using a backlight.
 As LCDs have replaced older display technologies, LCDs have begun being
replaced by new display technologies such as OLEDs.
 A display is made up of millions of pixels. The quality of a display commonly
refers to the number of pixels; for example, a 4K display is made up of 3840
x2160 or 4096x2160 pixels. A pixel is made up of three subpixels; a red, blue and
green—commonly called RGB. When the subpixels in a pixel change color
combinations, a different color can be produced. With all the pixels on a display
working together, the display can make millions of different colors. When the
pixels are rapidly switched on and off, a picture is created.
 The way a pixel is controlled is different in each type of display; CRT, LED, LCD
and newer types of displays all control pixels differently. In short, LCDs are lit by
a backlight, and pixels are switched on and off electronically while using liquid
crystals to rotate polarized light. A polarizing glass filter is placed in front and
behind all the pixels, the front filter is placed at 90 degrees. In between both filters
are the liquid crystals, which can be electronically switched on and off.
 LCDs are made with either a passive matrix or an active matrix display grid. The
active matrix LCD is also known as a thin film transistor (TFT) display. The
passive matrix LCD has a grid of conductors with pixels located at each
intersection in the grid. A current is sent across two conductors on the grid to
control the light for any pixel. An active matrix has a transistor located at each
pixel intersection, requiring less current to control the luminance of a pixel. For
this reason, the current in an active matrix display can be switched on and off
more frequently, improving the screen refresh time.
 Some passive matrix LCD's have dual scanning, meaning that they scan the grid
twice with current in the same time that it took for one scan in the original
technology. However, active matrix is still a superior technology out of the two.
 https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/LCD-liquid-crystal-display
LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

 A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light

when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with
electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required
for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained
by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the
semiconductor device.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode
 For Further Information https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm
LED Monitor

 Short for light-emitting diode monitor, an LED monitor or LED display is a flat
screen, flat-panel computer monitor or television. It has a very short depth and is
light in terms of weight. The actual difference between this and a typical LCD
monitor is the backlighting. The first LCD monitors used CCFL instead of LEDs
to illuminate the screen.

 https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/led-monitor.htm
(OLED) ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING
DIODE
 OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes) is a flat light emitting technology, made
by placing a series of organic thin films between two conductors. When electrical
current is applied, a bright light is emitted. OLEDs are emissive displays that do
not require a backlight and so are thinner and more efficient than LCD displays
(which do require a white backlight).
 OLED displays are not just thin and efficient - they provide the best image quality
ever and they can also be made transparent, flexible, foldable and even rollable
and stretchable in the future. OLEDs represent the future of display technology!

 https://www.oled-info.com/oled-introduction
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=56&v=ZcTxI4QoGAo&feature=
emb_logo
AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-
emitting diode)
 AMOLED is a display technology and stands for Active Matrix Organic Light
Emitting Diodes. It is a type of OLED display and is used in smartphones.
 Super AMOLED is an AMOLED display that has an integrated touch function:
Instead of having a layer that recognizes touch on the top of the screen, the layer
is integrated into the screen itself.
 Super AMOLED provides an exceptional viewing experience for you. It offers a
wide range of colors with an incredible degree of color clarity which translates
into far greater resolution.
 Given its astounding 100,000:1 contrast ratio, Super AMOLED displays will
automatically adapt to various lighting environments to make it easier on the eyes
while providing great picture quality when playing games or watching your
favorite multimedia.
 https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/amoled/
CRT VS LCD VS LED

 The days of the old cathode-ray monitors are almost gone. Most monitors and
television sets these days are made using LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY/DIODE
(LCD) technology.
 This means that the front layer of the monitor is made up liquid crystal diodes;
these tiny diodes are grouped together in threes or fours which are known as
pixels (picture elements). The three colours which are grouped together use red,
green and blue diodes. Those systems that use groups of four include a yellow
diode – this is said to make the colours more vivid.
 Modern LCD monitors are back lit using LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
technology. This gives the image better contrast and brightness. Before the use of
LEDs, LCD monitors used a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) as the
backlighting method.
 Essentially, CCFL uses two fluorescent tubes behind the LCD screen which
supplies the light source. When LEDs are used, a matrix of tiny LEDs is used
behind the LCD screen. Because LCD doesn’t emit any light, some form of back-
lit technology needs to be used.
 LEDs have become increasingly more popular because of a number of advantages
over older CCFL technology:
 LEDs reach their maximum brightness almost immediately (there is no need to ‘warm
up’ before reaching full efficiency)
 LEDs give a whiter light which sharpens the image and make the colours appear more
vivid; CCFL had a slightly yellowish tint
 LEDs produce a brighter light which improves the colour definition
 monitors using LED technology are much thinner than monitors using CCFL
technology
 LEDs last almost indefinitely; this makes the technology more reliable and means a
more consistent product
 LEDs consume very little power which means they produce less heat as well as using
less energy.
 Future LED technology is making use of ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING
DIODES(OLEDS). These use organic materials (made up of carbon compounds)
to create semi-conductors which are very flexible. Organic films are sandwiched
between two charged electrodes (one is a metallic CATHODE and the other a
glass ANODE). When an electric field is applied to the electrodes they give off
light. This means that no form of backlighting is required. This allows for very
thin screens.
 It also means that there is no longer a need to use LCD technology, since OLED is
a self-contained system.
 But the important aspect of the technology is how thin this makes the screen. It is
now possible, using OLED technology, to bend screens to any shape. If this is
adopted by mobile phone manufacturers, it will be possible to develop phones
which can wrap around your wrist – much like a watch strap.
 Imagine screens so thin that they can be folded up and placed in your pocket until
they are needed. Or how about using folding OLED displays attached to fabrics
creating ‘smart’ clothing (this could be used on outdoor survival clothing where
an integrated circuit, mobile phone, GPS receiver and OLED display could all be
sewn into the clothing)?
 Advantages of using OLED compared with existing LEDs and LCDs include:
 the plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the
crystal structures used in LEDs or LCDs
 the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter; OLED layers can be made from
plastic rather than the glass used in LED and LCD screens
 OLEDs give a brighter light than LEDs
 OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCD screens – OLEDs generate their own
light
 since OLEDs require no backlighting, they use much less power than LCD screens
(most of the LCD power is used to do the backlighting); this is very important in
battery-operated devices such as mobile phones
 since OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets (this
means they could be used on large advertising boards in airports, subways, and so on)
 OLEDs have a very large field of view, about 170 degrees, which makes them ideal for
use in television sets and for advertising screens.
 LCD/LED screens are used on many hand-held devices with touchscreens, such
as mobile phones, tablets and game consoles.

 Modern LCD screens are very thin and very lightweight and are very responsive
to touch. Obviously, the new technologies described above will change the way
we use these hand-held devices in the very near future.
Common Terms Used
 QLED A QLED TV is just an LCD TV with quantum dots. Details
https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-qled-vs-lg-oled-how-the-two-best-tv-techno
logies-compare-in-2020/

 UHD Ultra High Definition. Hetter then high definition normally 4K resolution is
referred as UHD

 4K or 8K Details
https://www.droidviews.com/screen-resolution-sizes-hd-fhd-qhd-uhd-4k-5k-8k/

 Refresh rate The refresh rate is the number of times in a second that a display
hardware updates its buffer. Details https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refresh_rate
 LCD, LED, Plasma, OLED TVs as Fast As Possible
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BJU2drrtCM

 How a TV Works in Slow Motion - The Slow Mo Guys

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8ykjdA9g9w
Homework

 Q1. Explain the working of CRT, LCD and LED in your own words.

 Q2. What is the major difference between CRT and LED?

 Q3. What are the advantages of using LED as compared to CCFL?

 Q4. What is OLED and AMOLED? Write about them in your own words.

 Q5. Mention the advantages of OLED over LED.

LIGHT PROJECTORS

 Projectors are used to project computer output onto larger screens or even onto
interactive whiteboards. They are often used in presentations and in multimedia
applications.

 There are two common types of light projector:

 digital light projectors (DLP)
 LCD projectors.
Digital Light Projectors (DLP)

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOsibeDX8jM
 The use of millions of micro mirrors on a small DIGITAL LIGHT PROJECTOR
(DLP) chip is key to how these devices work.
 The number of micro mirrors and the way they are arranged on the DLP chip
determines the resolution of the digital image. When the micro mirrors tilt
towards the light source, they are ON. When the micro mirrors tilt away from the
light source, they are OFF.
 This creates a light or dark pixel on the projection screen. The micro mirrors can
switch on or off several thousand times a second creating various grey shades –
typically 1024 grey shades can be produced (for example, if the mirrors switches
on more often than it switches off, it will produce a lighter shade of grey). This is
known as the grey scale image.
 A bright white light source (e.g. from a xenon bulb) passes through a colour filter
on its way to the DLP chip. The white light is split into the primary colours: red,
green and blue – the DLP projector can create over 16 million different colours.
The ON and OFF states of each micro mirror are linked with colours from the
filter to produce the coloured image.
 The whole concept is a little like reverse black and white photography. With DLP
technology, the grey scales are interpreted as colours rather than grey representing
colours as used in photography.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CrStm_mQ1L4
LCD PROJECTORS

 https://youtu.be/qOsibeDX8jM?t=85
 These are older technology than DLP. Essentially a high-intensity beam of light
passes through an LCD display and then onto a screen. How this works in
principle is described below.
 A powerful beam of white light is generated from a bulb or LED inside the projector
body.
 This beam of light is then sent to a group of chromatic-coated mirrors; these reflect the
light back at different wavelengths.
 When the white light hits these mirrors, the reflected light has wavelengths
corresponding to red, green and blue light components.
 These three different coloured light components pass through three LCD screens; these
screens show the image to be projected as millions of pixels in a grey scale.
 When the coloured light passes through the LCD screens, a red, green and blue version
of the grey image emerges.
 These images are then combined using a special prism to produce a full colour image –
this final image consists of millions of colours (each shade of grey in the original
image produces a different shade in each of the colour images).
 Finally the image passes through the projector lens onto a screen.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CrStm_mQ1L4
Homework

 Q1. Explain the working of DLP projectors in your own words.

 Q2. Explain the working of LCD projectors in your own words.