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 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 1

P.P.1.1 A proton has 1.602 x 10-19 C. Hence, 2 million protons have

+1.602 x 10-19 x 2 x 106 = 3.204 x 10–13 C

P.P.1.2 i = dq/dt = -10(–2)e-2t mA

At t = 0.5 sec, i = 20e-1 = 7.358 mA

1 2 2 1 3 2
∫ idt = ∫ 2dt + ∫
2
P.P.1.3 q= 2t dt = 2t + ( 2 / 3) t
0 1 0 1

= 2 + 14/3 = 6.667 C

P.P.1.4 (a) Vab = w/q = -30/2 = –15 V

The negative sign indicates that point a is at higher potential than point b.

(b) Vab = w/q = -30/-6 = 5 V

P.P.1.5 (a) v = 2 i = 10 cos (60 π t)

p = v i = 50 cos2 (60 π t)

At t = 5 ms, p = 50 cos2 (60 π 5x10-3) = 50 cos2 (0.3 π)

= 17.27 watts

t t 25
(b) v = 10 + 5 ∫ idt = 10 + ∫ 25 cos 60 π t dt = 10+ sin 60 π t
0 0 60π

p = vi = 5 cos (60 πt)[10 + (25/(60 π)) sin (60 π t)]

At t = 5 ms, p = 5 cos (0.3π){10 + (25/(60 π)) sin (0.3 π)}

= 29.7 watts
P.P.1.6 p = v i = 15 x 120 = 1800 watts; w = p x t

therefore, t = w/p = (30x103)/1800 = 16.667 seconds

P.P.1.7 p1 = 5(-8) = –40w

p2 = 2(8) = 16w

p3 = 0.61(3) = 0.6(5)(3) = 9w

p4 = 3(5) = 15w

dn
P.P.1.8 i= = e = -1.6 x 10-19 x 1013 = -1.6 x 10-6 A
dt
p = v0 i = 30 x 103 x (1.6 x 10-6) = 48mW

P.P.1.9 Minimum monthly charge = $12.00

First 100 kWh @ $0.16/kWh = $16.00

Next 200 kWh @ $0.10/kWh = $20.00

Remaining 100 kWh @ $0.06/kWh = $6.00

Total Charge = $54.00

Average cost = $54/[100+200+100] = 13.5 cents/kWh

P.P.1.10 This assigned practice problem is to apply the detailed problem solving
technique to some of the more difficult problems of Chapter 1.
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 2

P.P.2.1 i = V/R = 110/12 = 9.167 A

P.P.2.2 (a) v = iR = 2 mA[10 kohms] = 20 V

(b) G = 1/R = 1/10 kohms = 100 µS

(c) p = vi = 20 volts[2 mA] = 40 mW

P.P.2.3 p = vi which leads to i = p/v = [20 cos2 (t) mW]/[10cos(t) mA]

or i = 2cos(t) mA

R = v/i = 10cos(t)V/2cos(t)mA = 5 kΩ

P.P.2.4 5 branches and 3 nodes. The 1 ohm and 2 ohm resistors are in parallel.
The 4 ohm resistor and the 10 volt source are also in parallel.

P.P.2.5 Applying KVL to the loop we get:

-10 + 4i – 8 + 2i = 0 which leads to i = 3A

v1 = 4i = 12V and v2 = -2i = –6V

P.P.2.6 Applying KVL to the loop we get:

-35 + 10i + 2vx + 5i = 0

But, vx = 10i and v0 = -5i. Hence,

-35 + 10i + 20i + 5i = 0 which leads to i = 1A.

Thus, vx = 10V and v0 = –5V

P.P.2.7 Applying KCL, 6 = i0 + [i0 /4] + [v0 /8], but i0 = v0/2

Which leads to: 6 = (v0/2) + (v0/8) + (v0/8) thus, v0 = 8V and i0 = 4A

P.P.2.8 2Ω i1 i3 4Ω

+ V1 - + V3 -
+ i2
5V -
- + 3V
Loop 1 Loop 2 +
V2 8Ω
-

At the top node, i1 = i 2 + i 3 (1)

For loop 1 -5 + V1 + V2 = 0
or V1 = 5 - V2 (2)

For loop 2 - V2 + V3 -3 = 0
or V3 = V2 + 3 (3)

Using (1) and Ohm’s law, we get

(V1/2) = (V2/8) + (V3/4)

and now using (2) and (3) in the above yields

[(5- V2)/2] = (V2/8) + (V2+3)/4

or V2 = 2 V

V1 = 5- V2 = 3V, V3 = 2+3 = 5V, i1 = (5-2)/2 = 1.5A,

i2 = 250 mA, i3 = 1.25A

P.P.2.9 2Ω 3Ω 4Ω

Req 6Ω 4Ω 5Ω

1Ω 3Ω
Combining the 4 ohm, 5 ohm, and 3ohm resistors in series gives 4+3+5 = 12.

But, 4 in parallel with 12 produces [4x12]/[4+12] = 48/16 = 3ohm.

So that the equivalent circuit is shown below.

2Ω 3Ω

Req 3Ω
6Ω

1Ω

Thus, Req = 1 + 2 + [6x6]/[6+6] = 6 Ω

20 Ω
P.P.2.10

8Ω 5Ω

20 Ω
18 Ω
Req 1Ω
9Ω

2Ω

Combining the 9 ohm resistor and the 18 ohm resistor yields [9x18]/[9+18] = 6 ohms.
Combining the 5 ohm and the 20 ohm resistors in parallel produces [5x20/(5+20)] = 4
ohms We now have the following circuit:

8Ω 4Ω

6Ω 1Ω
20 Ω

2Ω

The 4 ohm and 1 ohm resistors can be combined into a 5 ohm resistor in parallel with a
20 ohm resistor. This will result in [5x20/(5+20)] = 4 ohms and the circuit shown below:

8Ω 4Ω

6Ω

2Ω

The 4 ohm and 2 ohm resistors are in series and can be replaced by a 6 ohm resistor.
This gives a 6 ohm resistor in parallel with a 6 ohm resistor, [6x6/(6+6)] = 3 ohms. We
now have a 3 ohm resistor in series with an 8 ohm resistor or 3 + 8 = 11ohms. Therefore:

Req = 11 ohms

P.P. 2.11
8||4 = 8+4 = 12S
8S 4S
12 S
Geq
Geq
2S
4S 2||4 = 2+4 = 6S 6S

12 S in series with 6 S = {12x6/(12+6)] = 4 or: Geq = 4 S

P.P.2.12 12 Ω

i1 + v1 - i2 + v1 -

6Ω + 4Ω +
15V + 15V +
- 10 Ω 40 Ω v2
- 8Ω v2
- -

6||12 = [6x12/(6+12)] = 4 ohm and 10||40 = [10x40/(10+40)] = 8 ohm.

Using voltage division we get:

v1 = [4/(4+8)] (15) = 5 volts, v2 = [8/12] (15) = 10 volts

i1 = v1/12 = 5/12 = 416.7 mA, i2 = v2/40 = 10/40 = 250 mA

P1 = v1 i1 = 5x5/12 = 2.083 watts, P2 = v2 i2 = 10x0.25 = 2.5 watts

P.P.2.13
1k Ω i1 i2

+ +
4k Ω
v1 10mA 5k Ω 20k Ω v2 4k Ω
3k Ω 10mA
- -

Using current division, i1 = i2 = (10 mA)(4 kohm/(4 kohm + 4 kohm)) = 5mA

(a) v1 = (3 kohm)(5 mA) = 15 volts

v2 = (4 kohm)(5 mA) = 20 volts

(b) For the 3k ohm resistor, P1 = v1 x i1 = 15x5 = 75 mw

For the 20k ohm resistor, P2 = (v2)2 /20k = 20 mw
(c) The total power supplied by the current source is equal to:
P = v2 x 10 mA = 20x10 = 200 mw
P.P.2.14

Ra = [R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1]/ R1 = [10x20 + 20x40 + 40x10]/10 = 140 ohms

Rb = [R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1]/ R2 = 1400/20 = 70 ohms

Rc = [R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1]/ R3 = 1400/40 = 35 ohms

P.P.2.15 We first find the equivalent resistance, R. We convert the delta

sub-network to a wye connected form as shown below:

13 Ω
i
13 Ω a
a
10 Ω
24 Ω
24 Ω 10 Ω
100V 20Ω
a’ b’
+
- 6Ω 10 Ω
30 Ω 50 Ω
n
b 15 Ω
b
c’

Ra’n = 20x30/[20 + 30 + 50] = 6 ohms, Rb’n = 20x50/100 = 10 ohms

Rc’n = 30x50/100 = 15 ohms.

Thus, Rab = 13 + (24 + 6)||(10 + 10) + 15 = 28 + 30x20/(30 + 20) = 40 ohms.

i = 100/ Rab = 100/40 = 2.5 amps

P.P.2.16
For the parallel case, v = v0 = 110volts.
p = vi i = p/v = 40/110 = 364 mA

For the series case, v = v0/N = 110/10 = 11 volts

i = p/v = 40/11 = 3.64 amps

P.P.2.17 We use equation (2.61)

(a) R1 = 50x10-3/ (1-10-3) = 0.05/999 = 50 mΩ (shunt)

(b) R2 = 50x10-3/(100x10-3 – 10-3) = 50/99 = 505 mΩ (shunt)

(c) R3 = 50x10-3/(10x10-3-10-3) = 50/9 = 5.556 Ω (shunt)

 February 5, 2006
CHAPTER 3

P.P.3.1 1A 1 i1 6 Ω i1
2 4A
1A i2 i3
4A
2Ω 7Ω

At node 1,

v1 − v 2 v1 − 0
1 = i1 + i2 1= +
6 2

or 6 = 4v1 - v2 (1)

At node 2,

v1 − v 2 v −0
i1 = 4 + i 3 = 4+ 2
6 7

or 168 = 7v1 - 13v2 (2)

Solving (1) and (2) gives

v1 = –2 V, v2 = –14 V

P.P.3.2 i1 2Ω

4ix
i2 i2 v2
v1 v3
3Ω ix i3
10 A 4Ω 6Ω
At node 1,

v1 − v 3 v1 − v 2
10 = i1 + i2 = +
2 3
or 60 = 5v1 - 2v2 - 3v3 (1)

At node 2,

v1 − v 2 v
i 2 + 4i x = i x +3 2 = 0
3 4

or 4v1 + 5v2 = 0 (2)

At node 3,

v1 − v 3 v 3 − 0 v
i1 = i3 + 4ix = +4 2
2 6 4

or -3v1 + 6v2 + 4v3 = 0 (3)

Solving (1) to (3) gives

v1 = 80 V, v2 = –64 V, v3 = 156 V

P.P.3.3
4Ω 3V
v v1 -+
7V
+ + +
+ 3Ω v 2Ω 6Ω
v v1
- - - -

(a) (b)

At the supernode in Fig. (a),

7 − v v v1 v1
= + +
4 3 2 6

or 21 = 7v + 8v1 (1)

Applying KVL to the loop in Fig. (b),

- v - 3 + v1 = 0 v1 = v + 3 (2)
Solving (1) and (2),

v = – 200 mV

v1
v1 = v + 3 = 2.8, i1 = = 1.4
2

i1 = 1.4 A

P.P.3.4
3V
v1 v2 v3
+- - +
+ + +
v1 v2 v3
- - -

(a) (b)

From Fig. (a),

v1 v 2 v 3
+ + =0 6v1 + 3v2 + 4v3 = 0 (1)
2 4 3

From Fig. (b),

- v1 + 10 + v2 = 0 v1 = v2 + 10 (2)

- v2 - 5i + v3 = 0 v3 = v2 + 5i (3)

Solving (1) to (3), we obtain

v1 = 3.043V, v2 = –6.956 V, v3 = 652.2 mV

P.P.3.5 We apply KVL to the two loops and obtain

- 12 + 18ii - 12i2 = 0 3ii - 2i2 = 2 (1)

8 + 24i2 - 12i1 = 0 - 3i1 + 6i2 = -2 (2)

From (1) and (2) we get

i1 = 666.7 mA, i2 = 0A
P.P.3.6 For mesh 1,

- 20 + 6i1 – 2i2 - 4i3 = 0 3i1 - i2 - 2i3 = 10 (1)

For mesh 2,

10i2 - 2i1 - 8i3 - 10i0 = 0 = -i1 + 5i2 – 9i3 (2)

But i0 = i3,

18i3 - 4i1 - 8i2 = 0 - 2i1 - 4i2 + 9i3 = 0 (3)

From (1) to (3),

⎡ 3 − 1 − 2⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡10⎤
⎢ − 1 5 − 9⎥ ⎢i ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣− 2 − 4 9 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣i 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦

3 −1 − 2
−1 5 − 9
Δ = − 2 − 4 9 = 135 - 8 - 18 - 20 - 108 - 9 = - 28
3 −1 − 2
−1 5 − 9

10 − 1 − 2
0 5 −9
Δ 1 = 0 − 4 9 = 450 − 360 = 90
10 − 1 − 2
0 5 −9

3 10 − 2
−1 0 − 9
Δ 2 = − 2 0 9 = 180 + 90 = 270
3 10 − 2
−1 0 − 9
 3 − 1 10
−1 5 0
Δ 3 = − 2 − 4 0 = 40 + 100 = 140
3 − 1 10
−1 5 0

Δ1 90 Δ 2 270 Δ 140
i1 = = = −3.214, i2 = = = −9.643 , i3 = 3 = = −5A
Δ − 28 Δ − 28 Δ − 28

i0 = i3 = –5A

P.P.3.7

2Ω
i3 2Ω
i3
i1 i1 2Ω 2Ω
6V + 4Ω
-
4Ω
+
3A -
3A i2 8Ω
i2
8Ω
1Ω

i1 0 i2
(a) (b)

For the supermesh,

- 6 + 2i1 - 2i3 + 12i2 - 4i3 = 0 i1 + 6i2 - 3i3 = 3 (1)

For mesh 3,

8i3 - 2i1 - 4i2 = 0 - i1 - 2i2 + 4i3 = 0 (2)

At node 0 in Fig. (a),

i1 = 3 + i2 i1 - i2 = 3

Solving (1) to (3) yields

i1 = 3.474A, i2 = 473.7 mA, i3 = 1.1052A

P.P.3.8 G11 = 1/(1) + 1/(10) + 1/(5) = 1.3, G12 = -1/(5) = -0.2,
G33 = 1/(4) + 1 = 1.25, G44 = 1/(2) + 1/(4) = 0.75,
G12 = -1/(5) = - 0.2, G13 = - 1, G14 = 0,
G21 = -0.2, G23 = 0 = G26,
G31 = -1, G32 = 0, G34 = - 1/4 = - 0.25,
G41 = 0, G42 = 0, G43 = 0.25,
i1 = 0, i2 = 2 - 1 = 1, i3 = - 1, i4 = 3.

Hence,

⎡ 1.3 − 0.2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢− 0.2 0.2 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢v ⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎢ 2⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 0 1.25 − 0.25⎥ ⎢ v3 ⎥ ⎢− 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 − 0.25 0.75 ⎦ ⎣v4 ⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦

P.P.3.9 R11 = 50 + 40 + 80 = 170, R22 = 40 + 30 + 10 = 80,

R33 = 30 + 20 = 50, R44 = 10 + 80 = 90,
R55 = 20 + 60 = 80, R12 = -40, R13 = 0, R14 = -80,
R15 = 0, R21 = -40, R23 = -30, R24 = -10, R25 = 0,
R31 = 0, R32 = -30, R34 = 0, R35 = -20,
R41 = -80, R42 = -10, R43 = 0, R45 = 0,
R51 = 0, R52 = 0, R53 = -20, R54 = 0,
v1 = 24, v2 = 0, v3 = -12, v4 = 10, v5 = -10

Hence the mesh-current equations are

⎡ 170 − 40 0 − 80 0 ⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡ 24 ⎤
⎢− 40 80 − 30 − 10 ⎥ ⎢
0 ⎥ ⎢i 2 ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 − 30 50 0 − 20⎥ ⎢i 3 ⎥ = ⎢− 12⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 80 − 10 0 90 0 ⎥ ⎢i 4 ⎥ ⎢ 10 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 − 20 0 80 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣i 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− 10⎥⎦

P.P.3.10 The schematic is shown below. It is saved and simulated by selecting

Analysis/Simulate. The results are shown on the viewpoints:

v1 = –40 V, v2 = 57.14 V, v3 = 200 V

 -40.0000 57.1430 200.0000

P.P.3.11 The schematic is shown below. After saving it, it is simulated by choosing
Analysis/Simulate. The results are shown on the IPROBES.

i 1 = –428.6 mA, i2 = 2.286 A, i3 = 2 A

-4.286E-01

2.286E+00
2.000E+00
P.P.3.12 For the input loop,

-5 + 10 x 103 IB + VBE + V0 = 0 (1)

For the outer loop,

-V0 - VCE - 500 I0 + 12 = 0 (2)

But V0 = 200 IE (3)

Also IC = βIB = 100 IB, α = β/(1 + β) = 100/(101)

IC = αIE IE = IC/(α) = βIB/(α)

IE = 100 (101/(100)) IR = 101 IB (4)

From (1), (3) and (4),

10,000 IB + 200(101) IR = 5 - VBE

5 − 0.7
IB = = 142.38μA
10,000 + 20,000

V0 = 200 IE = 20,000 IB = 2.876 V

From (2),

VCE = 12 - V0 - 500 IC = 9.124 - 500 x 100 x 142.38 x 10-6

VCE = 1.984 V {often, this is rounded to 2.0 volts}

P.P.3.13 20 kΩ

i1

i0
iC
30 kΩ iB + + 22V
+ 20 kΩ v0 -
+ VBE -
1V -
-
First of all, it should be noted that the circuit in the textbook should have a 22V
source on the right hand side rather than the 10 V source.

1 − 0 .7
iB =
B = 10μA, iC = βiB = 0.8 mA
30k

i1 = iC + i0 (1)

Also, -20ki0 – 20ki1 + 22 = 0 i1 = 1.1 mA – i0 (2)

Equating (1) and (2),

1.1mA – i0 = 0.8 mA + i0 i0 = 150 μA

v0 = 20 ki0 = 20 x 0.15 = 3 V
 February 5, 2006
CHAPTER 4

P.P.4.1
i2 6Ω

i1
+
iS 2Ω vo 4Ω
−

2 1
By current division, i 2 = is = is
2+6+4 6
2
v 0 = 4i 2 = i s
3
2
When is = 15A, v 0 = (15) = 10V
3
2
When is = 30A, v 0 = (30) = 20V
3

P.P.4.2
v1 12 Ω

+
+ 5Ω 8Ω
VS = 10 V vo
−
−

1 1
Let v0 = 1. Then i = and v 1 = (12 + 8) = 2.5
8 8
giving vs = 2.5V.

If vs = 10V, then v0 = 4V
P.P.4.3 Let v0 = v1 + v2, where v1 and v2 are contributions to the 20-V and 8-A
sources respectively.

3Ω i 5Ω

+
v1 2Ω + 20 V
−
−

(a)

3Ω i2 i1 5Ω

+
8A
v2 2Ω
−

(b)

To get v1, consider the curcuit in Fig. (a).

(2 + 3 + 5)i = 20 i = 20/(10) = 2A
v1 = 2i = 4V

To get v2, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

i1 = i2 = 4A, v2 = 2i2 = 8V

Thus,
v = v1 + v2 = 4 + 8 = 12V
P.P.4.4 Let vx = v1 + v2, where v1 and v2 are due to the 10-V and 2-A sources
respectively.

20 Ω v1

+ 4Ω 0.1v1
10 V
−

(a)
20 Ω v2

2A
4Ω 0.1v2

(b)

To obtain v1, consider Fig. (a).

10 − v1 v1
0.1v1 + = v1 = 2.5
20 4

For v2, consider Fig. (b).

0 − v2 v2
2 + 0.1v2 + = v2 = 10
20 4

vx = v1 + v2 = 12.5V
P.P.4.5 Let i = i1 + i2 + i3

where i1, i2, and i3 are contributions due to the 16-V, 4-A, and 12-V sources respectively.

2Ω
6Ω 2Ω 8Ω 6Ω 8Ω
4A
i1
+ i2
16V
−

(a) (b)
6Ω 2Ω 8Ω

i3
+
12V
−

(c)

16
For i1, consider Fig. (a), i1 = = 1A
6+2+8
2
For i2, consider Fig. (b). By current division, i 2 = ( 4 ) = 0 .5
2 + 14

− 12
For i3, consider Fig. (c), i 3 = = −0.75A
16
Thus, i = i1 + i2 + i3 = 1 + 0.5 - 0.75 = 750mA

6x3
P.P.4.6 Combining the 6-Ω and 3-Ω resistors in parallel gives 6 3 = = 2Ω .
9
Adding the 1-Ω and 4-Ω resistors in series gives 1 + 4 = 5Ω. Transforming the left
current source in parallel with the 2-Ω resistor gives the equivalent circuit as shown in
Fig. (a).
 5V
2Ω
− +
io

+ 7Ω 5Ω
10V 3A
−

(a)

io

7.5A 2Ω 7Ω 5Ω 3A

(b)

io

10.5A (10/7) Ω 7Ω

(c)

Adding the 10-V and 5-V voltage sources gives a 15-V voltage source. Transforming the
15-V voltage source in series with the 2-Ω resistor gives the equivalent circuit in Fig. (b).
Combining the two current sources and the 2-Ω and 5-Ω resistors leads to the circuit in
Fig. (c). Using circuit division,

10
i o = 7 (10.5) = 1.78 A
10
+7
7
P.P.4.7 We transform the dependent voltage source as shown in Fig. (a). We combine
the two current sources in Fig. (a) to obtain Fig. (b). By the current division principle,

ix =
5
(4 − 0.4i x ) ix = 1.176A
15

ix

4A 10 Ω 5Ω 0.4ix

(a)

ix

4 – 0.4ix A 10 Ω 5Ω

(b)

P.P.4.8 To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

6Ω 6Ω

4Ω RTh

(a)

6Ω

+
2A 6Ω 2A 4Ω VTh
−

(b)
12 x 4
R Th = (6 + 6) 4 = = 3Ω
18
To find VTh, we use source transformations as shown in Fig. (b) and (c).

6Ω 6Ω

+
4Ω
+ VTh
24 V
−
−

(c)

Using current division in Fig. (c),

4
VTh = (24) = 6V
4 + 12

VTh 6
i= = = 1.5A
R Th + 1 3 + 1

P.P.4.9 To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

5Ω Ix 3Ω a

+
+ i2
6V i1 4Ω VTh
−
1.5Ix −
i1 i2
o
b
(a)

0.5Ix 3Ω Ix a
i

5Ω 1.5Ix 4Ω + 1V
−

b
(b)
Ix = i2
i2 - i1 = 1.5Ix = 1.5i2 i2 = -2i1 (1)

For the supermesh, -6 + 5i1 + 7i2 = 0 (2)

From (1) and (2), i2 = 4/(3)A

VTh = 4i2 = 5.333V

To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). Applying KVL around the outer loop,

5(0.5I x ) − 1 − 3I x = 0 Ix = -2
1
i = − I x = 2.25
4
1 1
R Th = = = 444.4 mΩ
i 2.25

P.P.4.10 Since there are no independent sources, VTh = 0

4vx
10 Ω
+ −
+ +
vx 5Ω 15 Ω vo
io
− −

(a)

4vx
10 Ω 15 Ω
+ −
+ +
vx 5Ω i vo +
– 15io
− −

(b)

To find RTh, consider Fig.(a). Using source transformation, the circuit is transformed to
that in Fig. (b). Applying KVL, ).
But vx = -5i. Hence, 30i - 20i + 15io = 0 10i = -15io
vo = (15i + 15io) = 15(-1.5io + io) = -7.5io
RTh = vo/(io) = –7.5Ω

P.P.4.11

3Ω 3Ω

6Ω RN

(a)

3Ω

5A 3Ω 4A IN

(b)

From Fig. (a), RN = (3 + 3) 6 = 3 Ω

1
From Fig. (b), IN = (5 + 4) = 4.5A
2
P.P.4.12 2vx
i
+ −
+ +
6Ω 2Ω +
vx ix vx 1V
−
− −

(a)

2vx

+ −
+
6Ω 2Ω Isc
10 A vx
−

(b)

To get RN consider the circuit in Fig. (a). Applying KVL, 6 i x − 2 v x − 1 = 0

But vx = 1, 6ix = 3 ix = 0.5
v
i = i x + x = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1
2
1
R N = R Th = = 1Ω
i

To find IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). Because the 2Ω resistor is shorted, vx = 0 and
the dependent source is inactive. Hence, IN = isc = 10A.

P.P.4.13 We first need to find RTh and VTh. To find RTh, we consider the circuit in
Fig. (a).
 − v0 4 Ω 4Ω
vx vx
+ + −
2Ω i 2Ω
1Ω +
1Ω
+ 1V + 9V io VTh
− −
+ + −
− −
3vx 3vx

(a) (b)
Applying KCL at the top node gives

1 − v o 3v x − v o v o
+ =
4 1 2

But vx = -vo. Hence

1 − vo v
− 4v o = o vo = 1/(19)
4 2
1
1−
1 − vo 19 = 9
i= =
4 4 38
RTh = 1/i = 38/(9) = 4.222Ω

To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b),

-9 + 2io + io + 3vx = 0

But vx = 2io. Hence,

9 = 3io + 6io = 9io io = 1A

VTh = 9 - 2io = 7V

RL = RTh = 4.222Ω

2
v Th 49
Pmax = = = 2.901W
4R L 4(4.222)
P.P.4.14 We will use PSpice to find Voc and Isc which then can be used to
find VTh and Rth.

Clearly Isc = 12 A

Clearly VTh = Ioc = 5.333 volts. RTh = Voc/Isc = 5.333/12 = 444.4 m-ohms.
P.P.4.15 The schematic is the same as that in Fig. 4.56 except that the 1-kΩ resistor is
replaced by 2-kΩ resistor. The plot of the power absorbed by RL is shown in the figure
below. From the plot, it is clear that the maximum power occurs when RL = 2kΩ and it is
125μW.

RL
VTh = 9V, R Th = (v oc − VL )
20
P.P.4.16 = (9 − 1) = 2.5Ω
VL 8

2.5 Ω

+
+
9V VL 10 Ω
−
−

10
VL = (9) = 7.2V
10 + 2.5
P.P.4.17 R1 = R3 = 1kΩ, R2 = 3.2kΩ
R
R x = 3 R 2 = R 2 = 3.2kΩ
R1

P.P.4.18 We first find RTh and VTh. To get RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

20 x 30 60 x 40
R Th = 20 30 + 60 40 = +
50 100
= 12 + 24 = 36Ω

20 Ω 30 Ω 20 Ω − 30 Ω
a a +
v2
+
VTh
RTh
+ v
b 1
b −
60 Ω 40 Ω 60 Ω − 40 Ω

10 V
+ −

(a) (b)

To find VTh, we use Fig. (b). Using voltage division,

60 20
v1 = (16) = 9.6, v2 = (16) = 6.4
100 50

But − v 1 + v 2 + v Th = 0 vTh = v1 - v2 = 9.6 - 6.4 = 32V

VTh 3.2
IG = = = 64mA
R Th + R m 3.6 + 1.4
 February 5, 2006
CHAPTER 5

P.P.5.1 The equivalent circuit is shown below:

-
vd 2 MΩ
40 kΩ i0 50 Ω
vs + + 2
- 1
+ + +
5 kΩ v1 20 kΩ v0 Avd
- - -

v s − v1 v1 v − v0 v S + 50v 0
At node 1, 6
= 3
+ 1 v1 = (1)
2x10 5x10 40x10 3 451

Av d − v 0 v1 − v 0 v0
At node 2, + 3
=
50 40x10 20x133

But vd = v1 - vS.

[2 x 105 (v1 - vS) - v0] 4000/(5) + v1 - v0 = 2v0

1600 x 105 (vS - v1) + 803v0 ≅ 0 (2)

Substituting v1 in (1) into (2) gives

1.5914523 x 108 vS - 17737556v0 = 0

v 0 1.5964523x10 8
= = 9.00041
vS 17737556

If vS = 1 V, v0 = 9.00041 V, v1 = 1.0000455

vd = vS - v1 = - 4.545 x 10-5
Av d − v 0
Avd = - 9.0909, i0 = = 657 μA
50
P.P.5.2
20 kΩ

i
V1
-
10 kΩ
+
VS + V2
+
- V0
-

v S − v1 v1 − v 0
At node 1, =
10 20

But v1 = v2 = 0,

vS v v0
=− 0 = –2
10 20 vS

0 − v0 v0
i0 = 3
=−
20x10 20x10 3

4 x10 −3
When vs = 2V, v0 = -4, i0 = = 200 μA
20

R2 − 15
P.P.5.3 v0 = − vi = (40mV) = –120 mV
R1 5

0 − v0
i= = 8 μA
15k

0 − v0 v0
P.P.5.4 (a) iS = = −R
R iS
 iS 0V R1 V1

R2
R3

-
20 kΩ
+
V2
+
V0
-

0 − v1
(b) At node 2, iS = v1 = -iSR1 (1)
R1

0 − v 1 v 1 − 0 v1 − v 0
At node 1, = +
R1 R2 R3

⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ − v0
-v1 ⎜⎜ + + ⎟⎟ =
⎝ 1
R R 2 R 3 ⎠ R3

⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
v0 = -iSR1R3 ⎜⎜ + + ⎟⎟
⎝ 1
R R 2 R 3 ⎠

v0 ⎛ R R ⎞
= −R 1 ⎜⎜1 + 3 + 3 ⎟⎟
iS ⎝ R1 R 2 ⎠

P.P.5.5 By voltage division

8
v1 = (3) = 2V
4+8

where v1 is the voltage at the top end of the 8kΩ resistor. Using the formula for
noninverting amplifier,

⎛ 5⎞
v0 = ⎜1 + ⎟(2) = 7 V
⎝ 2⎠
P.P.5.6 This is a summer.

⎡8 8 8 ⎤
v 0 = − ⎢ (1.5) + (2) + (1.2)⎥ = –3.8 V
⎣ 20 10 6 ⎦

v0 v0 3.8 3.8
i0 = + =− − = –1.425 mA
8 4 8 4

P.P.5.7 If the gain is 4, then

R2
=4 R2 = 4R1
R1

R2 R4
But = R4 = 4R3
R1 R 3

If we select R1 = R3 = 10kΩ, then R2 = R4 = 40kΩ

R2 ⎛ 2R 3 ⎞
P.P.5.8 v0 = ⎜⎜1 + ⎟ (v2 - v1)
R1 ⎝ R 4 ⎟⎠

R3 = 0, R4 = ∞, R2 = 40kΩ, R1 = 20kΩ

40
v0 = (8.01 − 8) = 0.02
20
v 0.02
i0 = 0 = = 2μA
10k 10x10 3

P.P.5.9 Due to the voltage follower

va = 4V

For the noninverting amplifier,

⎛ 6⎞
v0 = ⎜1 + ⎟ va = (1 + 1.5) (4) = 10V
⎝ 4⎠

vb
i0 = mA
4
 - a
+ +
-
+
vS + b v0
- 6 kΩ
4 kΩ -

But vb = va = 4

4
i0 = = 1mA
4

P.P.5.10 As a voltage follower,

va = v1 = 2V

where va is the voltage at the right end of the 20 kΩ resistor.

50
As an inverter, vb = − v 2 = −7 . 5 V
10

Where vb is the voltage at the right end of the 50kΩ resistor. As a summer

⎡ 60 60 ⎤
v0 = − ⎢ v a + vb
⎣ 20 30 ⎥⎦

= [6 - 15] = 9V

P.P.5.11 The schematic is shown below. When it is saved and run, the results are
displayed on 1PROBE and VIEWPOINT as shown. By making vs = 1V, we obtain

v0 = 9.0027V and i0 = 650.2 µA

 6.502E-04

9.0027

Rf R R
P.P.5.12 -V0 = V1 + f V2 + f V3
R1 R2 R3

or V0 = V1 + 0.5V2 + 0.25V3

(a) If [V1V2V3] = [010], V0 = 0.5V

(b) If [V1V2V3] = [110], V0 = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5V
(c) If V0 = 1.25, then V1 = 1, V2 = 0, V3 = 1, i.e.
[V1V2V3] = [101]
(d) V0 = 1.75, then V1 = 1, V2 = 1, V3 = 1, i.e.
[V1V2V3] = [111]

2R 2R
P.P.5.13 Av = 1 + RG =
RG Av −1

2x 25x10 3
RG = = 354.6 Ω
142 −1
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 6

q 120 x10 −6
P.P.6.1 v= = = 40V
C 3x10 −6
1 1
w = Cv 2 = x 3x10 −6 x1600 = 2.4mJ
2 2

dv d
P.P.6.2 i( t ) = C = 10 x10 −6 (50 sin 2000 t )
dt dt
= cos2000t A

1 t 10 −3 t
P.P.6.3 v=
C 0∫ idt =
0.1x10 0− 3 ∫ 50 sin 120πt dt V
500 50
=− cos 120πt 0t = (1 − cos 120πt )V
120π 12π
50
v(t = 1ms) = (1 − cos 0.12π) = 93.14mV
12π
50
v(t = 5ms) = (1 − cos 0.6π) = 1.7361 V
12π

⎡50t , 0 〈 t 〈 2
P.P.6.4 i(t) = ⎢
⎣100, 2 〈 t 〈 6
1 1
v = ∫ idt = −3 ∫ idt ⋅ 10 −3 = ∫ idt
C 10
1
For 0< t <2, v = ∫ 0t 50 t dt = 25t2 x 103
C
1 t
For 2< t <6, v = ∫ 100dt + v(2) = (100 t − 0.2 + 0.1)
C 2
= (100t - 0.1)V
At t = 2ms, v = 100mV
At t = 5ms, v = (500 - 100)mV
= 400 mV
P.P.6.5 Under dc conditions, the capacitors act like open-circuits as shown below:
v2
+ −

1 kΩ 3 kΩ
i
+
+
10V − v1 6 kΩ
−
10
i= = 1mA
1+ 3 + 6

v1 = (3k + 6k )i = 9V
v 2 = (3k )i = 3V
w 1 = C1 v12 = (10 x10 −6 )(9) 2 = 405μJ
1 1
2 2
w 2 = C 2 v 22 = (20 x10 −6 )(3) 2 = 90μJ
1 1
2 2

60 x120
P.P.6.6 Combining 60 and 120μF in series = = 40μF
180
40μF in parallel with 20μF = 40 + 20 = 60μF
50μF in parallel with 70μF = 50 + 70 = 120μF
60 x120
60μF in series with 120μF = = 40μF
180
60 x 30
P.P.6.7 60μF in series with 30μF = = 20μF
90
20μF in parallel with 20μF = 40μF
v2
+ −

40 μF +
+
60V − v1 40 μF
−

60
From the Figure, v1 = v 2 = = 30V
2
Hence v2 = 10V1, v4 = 20V

Note that q3 = q4 = 60 x 10μC. Thus v1 = v2 = 30V, v3 = 10V, v4 = 20V

 di d
P.P.6.8 v = L = 10 −3 (20 cos 100 t ) ⋅ 10 −3
dt dt
= –2 sin 100t mV

w=
1 2 1
2
(
Li = x10 −3 400 cos 2 100 t ⋅ 10 −6
2
)
= 200 cos 100t ηJ
2

1 t 1 t
P.P.6.9 i= ∫
L t0
v( t )dt + i( t 0 ) = ∫ 10(1 − t )dt + 2
2 0
⎛ t ⎞ 2
= 5⎜⎜ t − ⎟⎟ + 2
⎝ 2⎠
At t = 4, i = 5(4 - 8) + 2 = –18A

⎡ 5 ⎤
p = vi = 10(1 - t) ⎢5t − t 2 + 2⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
2 3
= 20 + 30t - 75t + 25t
4
w = ∫ p dt = [20t + 15t2 - 25t3 + 25t 4 4] 4
0
0
= 80 + 15 x 16 - 1600 + 1600
w = 320J

P.P.6.10 Under dc conditions, the circuit is equivalent to that shown below

iL
+

3 kΩ 1 kΩ vC
4A −

3
iL = ( 4) = 3A
1+ 3
vC = 1iC = 3V
1 1⎛1⎞
wL = Li 2L = ⎜ ⎟(3) 2 = 1.125J
2 2⎝4⎠
1 1
wC = Cv C2 = (2)(3) 2 = 9J
2 2
P.P.6.11 40mH in series with 20mH = 40 + 20 = 60mH
60mH in parallel with 30mH = 30 x 60/(90) = 20mH
20mH in series with 100mH = 120mH
120mH in parallel with 40mH = 40 x 120/(160) = 30mH
30mH in series with 20mH = 50mH
50mH in parallel with 50mH = 25mH

Leq = 25mH

P.P.6.12 (a) i2 = i - i1 i2(0) = i(0) – i1(0) = 1.4 - 0.6 = 800 mA

di
(b) v1 = 6 1 = 6(0.6)(−2)e − 2 t = −7.2e − 2 t
dt
1 t 1 (−7.2) − 2 t t
i 2 = ∫ v1dt + i 2 (0) = e 0 + 0.8
3 0 3 (−2)
= -0.4 + 1.2e–2tA
i = i1 + i2 = 0.4 + 1.8e–2tA
(c) From (b),
v1 = –7.2e–2tV
di
v2 = 8 = 8(−2)(1.8)e − 2 t = –28.8e-2tV
dt
v = v1 + v2 = –36e-2tV

P.P.6.13 RC = 25 x 103 x 10 x 10-6 = 0.25

1 t 1 t
vo = −
RC ∫o
v i ( t ) + v o ( 0) = −
0.25 ∫o
10dt mV + 0
= 40t mV

P.P.6.14 RC = 10 x 103 x 2 x 10-6 = 2 x 10-2

dv d
v o = −RC i = −2 x10 − 2 (3t )
dt dt
vo = -60mV

dv o2 dv
P.P.6.15 2
= 4 cos 10t − 3 o − 2 v o
dt dt

Using this we obtain the analog computer as shown below. We may let RC = 1s.
 2V
− + t=0
C
C
R
R
R
− R/2
d2vo/dt2 −
+ −
+
-dvo/dt + d2vo/dt2
vo
R R

R/3
−
+ dvo/dt
R
R
R/4
−
+
+
cos10t − -cos10t
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 7

P.P.7.1 The circuit in Fig. (a) is equivalent to the one shown in Fig. (b).

io 8Ω

+ −
+ vo + +
12 Ω 6Ω vx 1/3 F vc Req v 1/3 F

− − −
(a) (b)

R eq = 8 + 12 || 6 = 12 Ω
τ = R eq C = (12)(1 / 3) = 4 s
v c = v c (0) e - t τ = 30 e - t 4 = 30 e -0.25 t V

4
vx = v = 10 e -0.25t V
4+8 c

vx = vo + vc ⎯
⎯→ v o = v x − v c = -20 e -0.25t V

vo
io = = - 2.5 e -0.25t A
8

P.P.7.2 When t < 0, the switch is closed as shown in Fig. (a).

6Ω

+
+
24 V vc(0) 12 Ω 4Ω
−
−

(a)
3
R eq = 4 || 12 = 3 Ω v c ( 0) = ( 24) = 8 V
3+ 6
 When t > 0, the switch is open as shown in Fig. (b).

6Ω t=0

+
24 V 1/6 F 3Ω
−

(b)

τ = R eq C = (3)(1 / 6) = 1 / 2 s

v( t ) = v c (0) e - t τ = 8 e -2 t V

1 2 1 1
w c ( 0) = Cv c (0) = × × 64 = 5.333J
2 2 6

P.P.7.3 This can be solved in two ways.

Method 1: Find R th at the inductor terminals by inserting a voltage source.

io 3Ω

+ vx −
1Ω
+
vo = 1 V 5Ω
− i1 i2
+
−
2vx

Applying mesh analysis gives

Loop 1: 4i1 − i 2 + 2v x − 1 = 0 , where v x = 3i1
10i1 − i 2 = 1 (1)

Loop 2: 6i 2 − i1 − 2v x = 0
7
i 2 = i1 (2)
6

From (1) and (2),

6
i o = i1 =
53
 v o 53 L 16 1
R th = = , τ= = =
io 6 R 53 6 53

i( t ) = 5e -53t A

Method 2: We can obtain i using mesh analysis.

3Ω

i
+ vx −
1Ω

i1 i2 5Ω
1/6 H
+
− 2vx

Applying KVL to the loops, we obtain

1 di1
Loop 1: + 4i1 − i 2 + 2v x = 0 where v x = 3i1
6 dt
1 di1
+ 10i1 − i 2 = 0 (3)
6 dt

Loop 2: 6i 2 − i1 − 2v x = 0
7
i 2 = i1 (4)
6

Substituting (4) into (3) yields

1 di1 7
+ 10i1 − i1 = 0
6 dt 6
di1
or + 53 i1 = 0
dt
i1 = Ae -53 t

i = - i1 = Be -53 t
i ( 0) = 5 = B

i( t ) = 5e -53t A

Therefore,
i( t ) = 5e -53t A
and v x ( t ) = -3i(t) = - 15e -53t V
P.P.7.4 For t < 0, the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).

i(t) 12 Ω 8Ω
5Ω
5A 12 Ω 8Ω

2H

(a)
(b)
8
i ( 0) = (5) = 2 A
8 + 12

For t > 0, the current source is cut off and the RL circuit is shown in Fig. (b).
L 2
R eq = (12 + 8) || 5 = 20 || 5 = 4 Ω , τ= = = 0.5
R eq 4
i( t ) = i(0) e - t τ = 2 e -2t A, t > 0

P.P.7.5 For t < 0, the switch is closed. The inductor acts like a short so the
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).

3Ω
i

io i 1H
io
6A 4Ω 2Ω
4Ω 2Ω

(a) (b)
4
i= (6) = 4 A , io = 2 A , v o = 2i = 8 V
4+2

For t > 0, the current source is cut off so that the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. (b).
The Thevenin equivalent resistance at the inductor terminals is
L 1
R th = (4 + 2) || 3 = 2 Ω , τ= =
R th 2
3 (-i) - 1 - 4 -2t 8
io = = i= e and v o = -2i o = e -2t
6+3 3 3 3
Thus,
⎧ 4A t<0 ⎧ 2A t<0 ⎧ 8V t<0
i = ⎨ - 2t io = ⎨ - 2t vo = ⎨ -2t
⎩4 e A t>0 ⎩- (4 3 ) e A t > 0 ⎩ (8 3) e V t > 0

⎧ 0 t<0
⎪
P.P.7.6 i( t ) = ⎨ 10 0 < t < 2
⎪- 10 2 < t < 4
⎩

i( t ) = 10 [u ( t ) − u ( t − 2)] − 10 [u ( t − 2) − u ( t − 4)]
i( t ) = 10 [ u(t ) − 2 u(t − 2) + u(t − 4)] A

Let I = ∫-∞ i dt .
t

For t < 0, I = 0.
For 0 < t < 2, I = ∫0 10 dt = 10 t
t

For 2 < t < 4, I = ∫010 dt − 10 ∫2 dt = 20 − 10 t

2 t
t
2 = 40 − 10 t
For t > 4, I = 20 − 10 t 4
2 =0

Thus,
⎧ 0 t<0
⎪⎪ 10 t 0<t<2
I=⎨
⎪ 40 − 10 t 2 < t < 4
⎪⎩ 0 t>4

or I = 10 [ r(t ) − 2r(t − 2) + r(t − 4)] A

which is sketched below
∫ i dt

20

0 2 4 t

⎧ 2 − 2t 0 < t < 2
⎪
P.P.7.7 i( t ) = ⎨- 6 + 2t 2 < t < 3
⎪ 0
⎩ otherwise
 i( t ) = (2 − 2t ) [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 2)] + (-6 + 2t) [ u(t - 2) - u(t - 3)]
i( t ) = 2 u ( t ) − 2 t u ( t ) + 4( t − 2) u ( t − 2) − 2( t − 3) u ( t − 3)
i ( t ) = 2 u( t ) − 2 r ( t ) + 4 r ( t − 2 ) − 2 r ( t − 3 ) A

P.P.7.8 h ( t ) = 4 [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 2)] + (6 − t ) [ u ( t − 2) − u ( t − 3)]

h ( t ) = 4 u ( t ) − ( t − 2) u ( t − 2) + r ( t − 6)
h ( t ) = 4 u( t ) − r ( t − 2 ) + r ( t − 6 )

∫ (t + 5t 2 + 10 ) δ( t + 3) dt = t 3 + 5t 2 + 10
∞
3
P.P.7.9 (a) -∞ t = -3

= -27 + 45 + 10 = 28

∫
10
(b) 0
δ( t − π ) cos(3t ) dt = cos(3π ) = - 1

P.P.7.10 For t < 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit.

v(0 ) = v(0 + ) = v(0) = 10
−

6 2
For t > 0, v(∞) = (10) − (50) = -5
2+6 6+ 2
3 3 1 1
R th = 2 || 6 = Ω , τ = R th C = × =
2 2 3 2

v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ

v( t ) = -5 + (10 + 5) e -2t
v( t ) = - 5 + 15 e -2t V

At t = 0.5, v(0.5) = -5 + 15 e -1 = 518.2 mV

P.P.7.11 For t < 0, only the left portion of the circuit is operational at steady state.
v(0 ) = v(0 + ) = v(0) = 20 ,
−
i ( 0) = 0

For t > 0, 20 u (-t) = 0 so that the voltage source is replaced by a short circuit.
Transforming the current source leads to the circuit below.

10 Ω i 10 Ω

+
0.2 F + 30 V
v
−
−
 5
v(∞) = (30) = 10
15
10 10 2
R th = 5 || 10 = Ω, τ = R th C = × 0.2 =
3 3 3

v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ

v( t ) = 10 + (20 − 10) e -3t 2
v( t ) = 10 ( 1 + e -1.5 t )

= -2 ( 1 + e -1.5 t )
- v( t )
i( t ) =
5
⎧ 0 t<0 ⎧ 20 V t<0
i( t ) = ⎨ v( t ) = ⎨
⎩- 2 ( 1 + e ) A t > 0
-1.5t
⎩10 ( 1 + e ) V t > 0
- 1.5t

P.P.7.12 Applying source transformation, the circuit is equivalent to the one below.

i 1.5 H 10 Ω

t=0 +
5Ω 30 V
−

At t < 0, the switch is closed so that the 5 ohm resistor is short circuited.
30
i ( 0 − ) = i ( 0) = =3A
10

For t > 0, the switch is open.

L 1 .5
R th = 10 + 5 = 15 , τ= = = 0 .1
R th 15

30
i(∞) = =2A
10 + 5

i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e - t τ

i( t ) = 2 + (3 − 2) e -10t
i( t ) = ( 2 + e-10t ) A, t > 0
P.P.7.13 For 0 < t < 2, the given circuit is equivalent to that shown below.
10 Ω 20 Ω

i(t)

6A 15 Ω 5H

Since switch S1 is open at t = 0 − , i(0 − ) = 0 . Also, since i cannot jump, i(0) = i(0 − ) = 0 .
90
i(∞) = =2A
15 + 10 + 20
L 5 1
R th = 45 Ω , τ = = =
R th 45 9
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e - t τ
i( t ) = 2 + (0 − 2) e -9 t
i( t ) = 2 (1 − e -9 t ) A

When switch S 2 is closed, the 20 ohm resistor is short-circuited.

i(2 + ) = i(2 − ) = 2 (1 − e -18 ) ≅ 2

This will be the initial current

90
i(∞) = = 3 .6 A
15 + 10
5 1
R th = 25 Ω , τ = =
25 5
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(2 + ) − i(∞)] e -( t − 2 ) τ
i( t ) = 3.6 + (2 − 3.6) e -5( t − 2 )
i( t ) = 3.6 − 1.6 e -5( t − 2 )

⎧ 0 t<0
⎪
Thus, i( t ) = ⎨ 2 (1 − e -9t ) A 0<t<2
⎪ 3.6 − 1.6 e -5( t − 2 ) A t>2
⎩

At t = 1 , i(1) = 2 (1 − e -9 ) = 1.9997 A
At t = 3 , i(3) = 3.6 − 1.6 e -5 = 3.589 A
P.P.7.14 The op amp circuit is shown below.
C

+ v −

Rf
1
−
+ +
2
R1 vo
−

Since nodes 1 and 2 must be at the same potential, there is no potential difference across
R 1 . Hence, no current flows through R 1 . Applying KCL at node 1,
v dv dv v
+C =0 ⎯ ⎯→ + =0
Rf dt dt CR f
which is similar to Eq. (7.4).

Hence,
v( t ) = v o e - t τ , τ = R f C
v(0) = v o = 4 , τ = (50 × 10 3 )(10 × 10 -6 ) = 0.5
v( t ) = 4 e -2 t V, t > 0

Alternatively, since no current flows through R 1 , the feedback loop forms a first order
RC circuit with v(0) = 4 and τ = R f C = 0.5 . Hence,
v( t ) = 4 e -2 t V, t > 0

To get to v o from v, we notice that v is the potential difference between node 1 and the
output terminal, i.e.
0 − vo = v ⎯ ⎯→ v o = -v
v o = - 4 e -2t V , t > 0

P.P.7.15 Let v1 be the potential at the inverting terminal.

v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ
where τ = RC = 100 × 10 3 × 10 -6 = 0.1 , v ( 0) = 0

v1 = 0 for all t
v1 − v o = v (1)
For t > 0, the switch is closed and the op amp circuit is an inverting amplifier with
- 100
v o (∞) = ( 4 mV) = -40 mV
10

From (1),
v(∞) = 0 − v o (∞) = 40 mV

Thus, v( t ) = 40 ( 1 − e -10 t ) mV

v o = v1 − v = -v
v o = 40 ( e -10t − 1 ) mV

P.P.7.16 This is a noninverting amplifier so that the output of the op amp is

⎛ Rf ⎞
v a = ⎜1 + ⎟ vi
⎝ R1 ⎠

⎛ Rf ⎞ ⎛ 40 ⎞
v th = v a = ⎜1 + ⎟ v i = ⎜1 + ⎟ 2 u ( t ) = 6 u ( t )
⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠

To get R th , consider the circuit shown in Fig. (a), where R o is the output resistance of
the op amp. For an ideal op amp, R o = 0 so that
R th = R 3 = 10 kΩ

R3 Rth

Rth +
Ro R2 Vth C
−

(a) (b)

1
τ = R th C = 10 × 10 3 × 2 × 10 -6 =
50

The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (b), which is a first order circuit.

Hence,
v o (t) = 6 ( 1 − e -t τ ) u(t)
v o ( t ) = 6 ( 1 − e -50 t ) u(t ) V
P.P.7.17 The schematic is shown in Fig. (a). Construct and save the schematic.
Select Analysis/Setup/Transient to change the Final Time to 5 s. Set the Print Step
slightly greater than 0 (20 ns is default). The circuit is simulated by selecting Analysis/
Simulate. In the Probe menu, select Trace/Add and display V(R2:2) as shown in Fig. (b).

(a)

(b)
P.P.7.18 The schematic is shown in Fig. (a). While constructing the circuit, rotate
L1 counterclockwise through 270° so that current i(t) enters pin 1 of L1 and set IC = 10
for L1. After saving the schematic, select Analysis/Setup/Transient to change the Final
Time to 1 s. Set the Print Step slightly greater than 0 (20 ns is default). The circuit is
simulated by selecting Analysis/ Simulate. After simulating the circuit, select Trace/Add
in the Probe menu and display I(L1) as shown in Fig. (b).

(a)

(b)
P.P.7.19 v(0) = 0 . When the switch is closed, we have the circuit shown below.

10 kΩ a R

+
9V 80 μF 4 kΩ
−

We find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b.

10 ( R + 4)
R th = (R + 4) || 10 =
R + 14

R+4
v th = v(∞) = (9)
R + 14

v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ , τ = R th C

v( t ) = v(∞) ( 1 − e -t τ
)
Since v(0) = 0 ,

i( t ) =
v( t )
=
9
( 1 − e -t τ ) mA
R+4 R+4

Assuming R is in kΩ,
120 × 10 -6 =
9
( 1 − e -t 0 τ ) × 10 -3
R + 14
R + 14
(0.12) = 1 − e -t 0 τ
9
0.12R + 1.68 7.32 − 0.12R
or e -t 0 τ = 1 − =
9 9

⎛ 9 ⎞
t 0 = τ ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7.32 − 0.12R ⎠
10 (R + 4) ⎛ 9 ⎞
t0 = × 80 × 10 -6 × ln ⎜ ⎟
R + 14 ⎝ 7.32 − 0.12R ⎠

When R = 0,
40 × 80 × 10 -6 ⎛ 9 ⎞
t0 = × ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.04723 s
14 ⎝ 7.32 ⎠
When R = 6 kΩ,
100 ⎛ 9 ⎞
t0 = × 80 × 10 - 6 × ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.124 s
20 ⎝ 6 .6 ⎠

The time delay is between 47.23 ms and 124 ms.

P.P.7.20 (a) q = CV = (2 × 10 -3 )(80) = 0.16 C

1 1
(b) W= CV 2 = ( 2 × 10 -3 )(6400) = 6.4 J
2 2
Δq 0.16
(c) ΔI= = = 200 A
Δ t 0.8 × 10 -3
Δw 6 .4
(d) p= = = 8 kW
Δ t 0.8 × 10 -3
Δq 0.16
(e) Δt = = = 32 s
Δ I 5 × 10 -3

L 500 × 10 -3
P.P.7.21 τ= = = 2.5 ms
R 200
110
i ( 0) = 0 , i(∞) = = 550 mA
200
i( t ) = 550 ( 1 − e - t τ ) mA

350 mA = i( t 0 ) = 550 ( 1 − e - t 0 τ ) mA
35 20
= 1 − e -t 0 τ ⎯⎯→ e - t 0 τ =
55 55

55
e t0 τ =
20

⎛ 55 ⎞ ⎛ 55 ⎞
t 0 = τ ln ⎜ ⎟ = 2.5 ln ⎜ ⎟ ms
⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠
t 0 = 2.529 ms

5L 5 × 20 × 10 -3
P.P.7.22 (a) t = 5τ = = = 20 ms
R 5
⎛12 ⎞
2

(b)
1 2 1
( -3 )
W = LI = 20 × 10 ⎜ ⎟ = 57.6 mJ
2 2 ⎝5⎠
di ⎛ 12 5 ⎞
(c) V = L = 20 × 10 -3 ⎜ ⎟ = 24 kV
dt ⎝ 2 × 10 -6 ⎠
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 8

P.P.8.1

(a) At t = 0-, we have the equivalent circuit shown in Figure (a).

10 Ω i a vL
+
+ + i
+ +
2Ω v 24V −
2Ω vC 50mF
− 24V
− −

(a) (b)

i(0-) = 24/(2 + 10) = 2 A, v(0-) = 2i(0-) = 4 V

hence, v(0+) = v(0-) = 4V.

(b) At t = 0+, the switch is closed.

L(di/dt) = vL, leads to (di/dt) = vL/L

But, vC(0+) + vL(0+) = 24 = 4 + vL(0+), or vL(0+) = 20

(di(0+)/dt) = 20/0.4 = 50 A/s

C(dv/dt) = iC leading to (dv/dt) = iC/C

But at node a, KCL gives i(0+) = iC(0+) + v(0+)/2 = 2 = iC(0+) + 4/2

or iC(0+) = 0, hence (dv(0+)/dt) = 0 V/s

(c) As t approaches infinity, the capacitor is replaced by an open circuit and the
inductor is replaced by a short circuit.

v(∞) = 24 V, and i(∞) = 12 A.

P.P.8.2

(a) At t = 0-, we have the equivalent circuit shown in (a).

5Ω a 5Ω b
2A + −
iR iL + vR +
vC 10 μF vL
3A 2H
− − 3A
(a) (b)

iL(0-) = -3A, vL(0-) = 0, vR(0-) = 0

At t = 0+, we have the equivalent circuit in Figure (b). At node b,

iR(0+) = iL(0+) + 3, since iL(0+) = iL(0-) = -3A, iR(0+) = 0,

and vR(0+) = 5iR(0+) = 0. Thus, iL(0) = –3 A, vC(0) = 0, and vR(0+) = 0.

(b) dvC(0+)/dt = iC(0+)/C = 2/0.2 = 10 V/s.

To get (dvR/dt), we apply KCL to node b, iR = iL + 3, thus diR/dt = diL/dt.

Since vR = 5iR, dvR/dt = 5diR/dt = 5diL/dt. But LdiL/dt = vL, diL/dt = vL/L.

Hence, dvR(0+)/dt = 5vL(0+)/L.

Applying KVL to the middle mesh in Figure (b),

-vC(0+) + vR(0+) + vL(0+) = 0 = 0 + 0 + vR(0+), or vR(0+) = 0

Hence, dvR(0+)/dt = 0 = diL(0+)/dt;

diL(0+)/dt = 0, dvC(0+)/dt = 10 V/s, dvR(0+)/dt = 0.

(c) As t approaches infinity, we have the equivalent circuit shown below.

5Ω
2A iL
3A

2 = 3 + iL(∞) leads to iL(∞) = -1A

vC(∞) = vR(∞) = 2x5 = 10V

Thus, iL(∞) = –1 A, vC(∞) = vR(∞) = 10 V

P.P.8.3

(a) α = R/(2L) = 10/(2x5) = 1, ωo = 1 LC = 1 5x 2 x10 −2 = 10

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ωo2 = −1 ± 1 − 100 = -1 ± j9.95.

(b) Since α < ωo, we clearly have an underdamped response.

P.P.8.4 For t < 0, the inductor is connected to the voltage source although it acts
like a short circuit.

i(0-) = 50/10 = 5 = i(0+) = i(0)

The voltage across the capacitor is 0 = v(0-) = v(0+) = v(0).

For t > 0, we have a source-free RLC circuit.

1
ωo = 1 LC = 1 1x = 3
9

α = R/(2L) = 5/(2x1) = 2.5

Since α < ωo, we have an underdamped case.

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ωo2 = −2.5 ± 6.25 − 9 = -2.5 ± j1.6583

i(t) = e-2.5t[A1cos1.6583t + A2sin1.6583t]

We now determine A1 and A2.

i(0) = 5 = A1

di/dt = -2.5{e-2.5t[A1cos1.6583t + A2sin1.6583t]}

+ 1.6583e-2.5t[-A1sin1.6583t + A2cos1.6583t]

di(0)/dt = -(1/L)[Ri(0) + v(0)] = -2.5A1 + 1.6583A2

= -1[25] = -2.5(5) + 1.6583A2

A2 = -7.5378

Thus, i(t) = e-2.5t[5cos1.6583t – 7.538sin1.6583t] A

P.P.8.5 α = 1/(2RC) = 1/(2x2x25x10-3) = 10

ω0 = 1 LC = 1 0.4 x 25x10 −3 = 10

since α = ωo, we have a critically damped response. Therefore,

v(t) = [(A1 + A2t)e-10t]

v(0) = 0 = A1 + A2x0 = A1, which leads to v(t) = [A2te-10t].

dv(0)/dt = -(v(0) + Ri(0))/(RC) = -2x3/(2x25x10-3) = -120

dv/dt = [(A2 - 10A2t)e-10t]

At t = 0, -120 = A2 therefore, v(t) = (–120t)e–10t volts

P.P.8.6 For t < 0, the switch is closed. The inductor acts like a short circuit while
the capacitor acts like an open circuit. Hence,

i(0) = 2 and v(0) = 0.

α = 1/(2RC) = 1/(2x20x4x10-3) = 6.25

ωo = 1 LC = 1 10 x 4 x10 −3 = 5

Since α > ωo, this is an overdamped response.

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ωo = −6.25 ± (6.25) 2 − 25 = -2.5 and –10

Thus, v(t) = A1e-2.5t + A2e-10t

v(0) = 0 = A1 + A2, which leads to A2 = -A1

dv(0)/dt = -(v(0) + Ri(0))/(RC) = -12.5(2x20) = -500

But, dv/dt = -2.5A1e-2.5t -10A2e-10t

At t = 0, -500 = -2.5A1 -10A2 = 7.5A1 since A1 = -A2

A1 = -66.67, A2 = 66.67

Thus, v(t) = 66.67(e–10t – e–2.5t) V

P.P.8.7 The initial capacitor voltage is obtained when the switch is in position a.

v(0) = [2/(2 + 1)]12 = 8V

The initial inductor current is i(0) = 0.

When the switch is in position b, we have the RLC circuit with the voltage source.

α = R/(2L) = 10/(2x2.5) = 2

ωo = 1 LC = 1 (5 / 2) x (1 / 40) = 4
Since α < ωo, we have an underdamped case.

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ωo = −2 ± (2) 2 − 16 = -2 ± j 3.464

Thus, v(t) = vf + [(A1cos3.464t + A2sin3.464t)e-2t]

where vf = v(∞) = 10, the final capacitor voltage. We now impose the initial
conditions to get A1 and A2.

v(0) = 8 = 10 + A1 leads to A1 = -2

The initial capacitor current is the same as the initial inductor current.

i(0) = C(dv(0)/dt) = 0 therefore, dv(0)/dt = 0

But, dv/dt = 3.464[(-A1sin3.464t + A2cos3.464t)e-2t]

-2[(A1cos3.464t + A2sin3.464t)e-2t]

dv(0)/dt = 0 – 2A1 + 3.464A2, which leads to A2 = -4/3.464 = -1.1547

Thus, v(t) = {10 + [(–2cos3.464t – 1.1547sin3.464t)e-2t]} V

i = C(dv/dt), vR = Ri = RC(dv/dt) = (1/4)dv/dt

= (1/4)[(4 – 4)cos3.464t + (2x1.1547 + 2x3.464)sin3.464t]e-2t

vR(t) = {[2.31sin3.464t]e-2t} V

P.P.8.8 When t < 0, v(0) = 0, i(0) = 0; for t > 0,

α = 0, ωo = 1 LC = 1 0.2x5 = 1

i(t) = is + A1cost + A2sint = 20 + A1cost + A2sint

i(0) = 0 = 20 + A1, therefore A1 = -20

Ldi(0)/dt = v(0) = 0
 But di/dt = -A1sint + A2cost

At t = 0, di(0)/dt = 0 = 0 + A2 leading to i(t) = 20(1 – cost) A

v(t) = Ldi/dt = 5x20sint = 100sint V

P.P.8.9 At t = 0, the switch is open so that v(0) = 0, i(0-) = 0 (1)

For t > 0, the switch is closed. We have the equivalent circuit as in Figure (a).

iC i iC i

10 Ω 4Ω 10 Ω 4Ω

2A + 2A
(1/20)F v
2H
−
(a) (b)

v(0+) = 0, i(0+) = 0 (2)

-2 + iC + i = 0 (3)

From (3), i(0+) = 0 means that iC(0+) = 2, but iC(0+) = Cdv(0+)/dt

which leads to dv(0+)/dt = iC(0+)/C = 2/(1/20) = 40 V/s

As t approaches infinity, we have the equivalent circuit in (b).

i(∞) = 2 A, v(∞) = 4i(∞) = 8V (5)

Next we find the network response by turning off the current source as shown in
Figure (c).
 iC i

10 Ω 4Ω
i
+
(1/20)F
v 2H
−
(c)

Applying KVL gives -v – 10iC + 4i + 2di/dt = 0 (6)

Applying KCL to the top node, i – iC = 0

Namely, i = iC = -Cdv/dt = -(1/20)dv/dt (7)

Combining (6) and (7), -v – (10/20)dv/dt – (4/20)dv/dt – (2/20)d2v/dt2 = 0.

or (d2v/dt2) + 7(dv/dt) + 10 = 0

The characteristic equation is s2 + 7s + 10 = 0 = (s + 2)(s + 5)

This means that vn = (Ae-2t + Be-5t) and vf = v(∞) = 8.

Thus, v = vf + vn v = 8 + (Ae-2t + Be-5t) (8)

v(0) = 0 = 8 + A +B, or A + B = -8 (9)

dv/dt = (-2Ae-2t -5Be-5t)

dv(0)/dt = 40 = -2A – 5B

2A + 5B = -40 (10)

From (9) and (10), A = 0 and B = -8.

Thus, v(t) = 8(1 – e-5t) V for all t > 0.

But, from (3), i = 2 – iC = 2 –(1/20)dv/dt = 2 –(1/20)(40)e-5t

i(t) = 2(1 – e-5t) A for all t > 0.

P.P.8.10 For t <0, 5u(t) = 0 so that v1(0-) = v2(0-) = 0 (1)

For t > 0, the circuit is as shown in Figure (a).

1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω
v1 v2
+ +
+ 0.5F (1/3)F 5V +
5V − − v1 v2
− −

(a) (b)

i1 = C1dv1/dt, or dv1/dt = i1/C1; likewise dv2/dt = i2/C2

i2(0+) = (v1(0+) – v2(0+))/1 = (0 – 0)/1 = 0

(5 – v1(0+))/1 = i1(0+) + i2(0+), or 5 = i1(0+)

Hence, dv1(0+)/dt = 5/(1/2) = 10 V/s (2a)

dv2(0+)/dt = 0 (2b)

As t approaches infinity, the capacitors can be replaced by open circuits as shown in

Figure (b). Thus,

v1(∞) = v2(∞) = 5V (3)

Next we obtain the network response by considering the circuit in Figure (c).

1Ω 1Ω
v1 v2

0.5F (1/3)F

(c)
Applying KCL at node 1 gives (v1/1) + (1/2)(dv1/dt) + (v1 – v2)/1 = 0

or v2 = 2v1 + (1/2)dv1/dt (4)

Applying KCL at node 2 gives (v1 – v2)/1 = (1/3)dv2/dt

or v1 = v2 + (1/3)dv2/dt (5)

Substituting (5) into (4) yields,

v2 = 2v2 +(2/3)(dv2/dt) + (1/2)(dv2/dt) + (1/6)d2v2/dt2

or, (d2v2/dt2) + (7dv2/dt) + 6v2 = 0

Now we have, s2 + 7s + 6 = 0 = (s + 1)(s + 6)

Thus, v2n = (Ae-t + Be-6t) and v2f = v2(∞) = 5V.

v2 = v2n + v2f = 5 + (Ae-t + Be-6t)

v2(0) = 0 which implies that A + B = -5 (6)

dv2/dt = (-Ae-t - 6Be-6t)

dv2(0) = 0 = -A – 6B (7)

From (6) and (7), A = -6 and B = 1.

Thus, v2(t) = (5 – 6e-t + e-6t) V

From (5), v1 = v2 + (1/3)dv2/dt

Thus, v1(t) = (5 – 4e-t – e-6t) V

Now we can find, vo = v1 – v2 = (2e–t – 2e–6t)V, t > 0

P.P.8.11 Let v1 equal the voltage at non-inverting terminal of the op amp.

Then vo is equal to the output of the op amp.

At the non-inverting terminal, (vs – vo)/R1 = C1dv1/dt (1)

At the output terminal of the op amp, (v1 – vo)/R2 = C2dvo/dt (2)

We now eliminate v1 from (2), v1 = vo + R2C2dvo/dt (3)

From (1) vs = v1 + R1C1dv1/dt (4)

Substituting (3) into (4) gives

vs = vo + R2C2dvo/dt + R1C1dvo/dt + R1C1R2C2d2vo/dt2

or d2vo/dt2 + [(1/(R1C1)) + (1/(R2C2))]dvo/dt + vo/(R1R2C1C2) = vs/(R1R2C1C2)

With the given parameters,

(R1R2C1C2) = 104x104x20x10-6x100x10-6 = 2x10-2

1/(R1R2C1C2) = 5

[(1/(R1C1)) + (1/(R2C2))] = 10-4[(1/20x10-6) + (1/200x10-6)] = 6

Hence, we now have s2 + 6s + 5 = 0 = (s +1)(s + 5)

Therefore von = Ae-t + Be-5t, and vof = 4V

Thus, vo = 4 + Ae-t + Be-5t (5)

For t < 0, vs = 0, v1(0-) = 0 = vo(0-)

For t > 0, vs = 4, but

v1(0+) - vo(0+) =0 (6)

From (2), dvo(0+)/dt = [v1(0+) – vo(0+)]/R2C2 = 0 (7)

Imposing these conditions on vo(t),

0 = 4+A+B (8)

0 = -A – 5B or A = -5B (9)

From (8) and (9), A = -5 and B = 1

vo(t) = (4 – 5e-t + e-5t) V, t > 0

P.P.8.12 We follow the same procedure as in Example 8.12. The schematic
is shown in Figure (a). The current marker is inserted to display the inductor current.
After simulating the circuit, the required inductor current is plotted in Figure (b).
P.P.8.13 When the switch is at position a, the schematic is as shown in
Figure (a). We carry out dc analysis on this to obtain initial conditions. It is evident that
vC(0) = 8 volts.

(a)

With the switch in position b, the schematic is as shown in Figure (b). A voltage marker
is inserted to display the capacitor voltage. When the schematic is saved and run, the
output is as shown in Figure (c).

(b)
P.P.8.14 The dual circuit is obtained from the original circuit as shown in
Figure (a). It is redrawn as shown in Figure (b).

3H

3F
50mA
4H

10 Ω
+ 0.1 Ω 4 μF
50mV −

(a)
 3H

0.1 Ω
+ 4F
50mV −

(b)

P.P.8.15 The dual circuit is obtained in Figure (a) and redrawn in Figure (b).

5Ω

0.2F 4H
0.2 Ω
4F
0.2 H
2A +
1/3 Ω 3Ω − 20 V

+ 20A
2V −

(a)
 1/3 Ω

0.2 H 4F

+ 0.2 Ω 20A
2V −

(b)

P.P.8.16 Since 12 = 4i + vL + vC or vC = 12 – 4i - vL

-(vC – 12) = 4i + vL = e-250t(12cosωdt + 0.2684sinωdt – 268sinωdt)

vC(t) = [12 – 12e-250tcos11.18t + 267.7e-250tsin11.18t] V

P.P.8.17 We follow the same procedure as in Example 8.17. The schematic
is as shown in Figure (a) with two voltage markers to display both input and output
voltages. When the schematic is saved and run, the result is as displayed in Figure (b).

(a)

(a)

(b)
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 9

P.P.9.1 amplitude = 5
phase = -60°
angular frequency (ω) = 4π = 12.57 rad/s
2π
period (T) = = 0.5 s
ω
1
frequency (f) = = 2 Hz
T

P.P.9.2 i1 = -4 sin(ωt + 25°) = 4 cos(ωt + 25° + 90°)

i1 = 4 cos(ωt + 115°) , ω = 377 rad/s
Compare this with
i 2 = 5 cos(ωt − 40°)
indicates that the phase angle between i1 and i 2 is
115° + 40° = 155°
Thus, i1 leads i2 by 155°

P.P.9.3 (a) (5 + j2)(-1 + j4) = -5 + j20 – j2 – 8 = -13 + j18

5∠60° = 2.5 + j4.33
(5 + j2)(-1 + j4) – 5∠60° = -15.5 + j13.67
[ (5 + j2)(-1 + j4) – 5∠60 ]* = -15.5 – j13.67 = 20.67∠221.41°

(b) 3∠40° = 2.298 + j1.928

10 + j5 + 3∠40° = 12.298 + j6.928 = 14.115∠29.39°
-3 + j4 = 5∠126.87°
10 + j5 + 3∠40° 14.115∠29.39°
= = 2.823∠ - 97.48°
- 3 + j4 5∠126.87°
2.823∠-97.48° = -0.3675 – j2.8
10∠30° = 8.66 + j5
10 + j5 + 3∠40°
+ 10∠30° = 8.293 + j2.2
- 3 + j4

P.P.9.4 (a) -cos(A) = cos(A – 180°) = cos(A + 180°)

Hence,
v = -7 cos(2t + 40°) = 7 cos(2t + 40° + 180°)
v = 7 cos(2t + 220°)
The phasor form is
V = 7∠220° V
(b) Since sin(A) = cos(A – 90°),
 i = 4 sin(10t + 10°) = 4 cos(10t+10° – 90°)
i = 4 cos(10t – 80°)
The phasor form is
I = 4∠-80° A

P.P.9.5 (a) Since -1 = 1∠-180° = 1∠180°

V = -10∠30° = 10∠(30°+180°) = 10∠210°
The sinusoid is
v(t) = 10 cos(ωt + 210°) V

(b) I = j (5 – j12) = 12 + j5 = 13∠22.62°

The sinusoid is
i(t) = 13 cos(ωt + 22.62°) A

P.P.9.6 Let V = -10 sin( ωt + 30°) + 20 cos( ωt − 45°)

Then, V = 10 cos(ωt + 30° + 90°) + 20 cos(ωt − 45°)
Taking the phasor of each term
V = 10∠120° + 20∠-45°
V = -5 + j8.66 + 14.14 – j14.14
V = 9.14 – j5.48 = 10.66∠-30.95°
Converting V to the time domain
v(t) = 10.66 cos(ωt – 30.95°)V

P.P.9.7 Given that

2 + 5v + 10 ∫ v dt = 20 cos(5t − 30°)
dv
dt
we take the phasor of each term to get
10
2jω V +5 V + V = 20∠-30°, ω = 5
jω
V [j10 + 5 – j(10/5)] = V (5 + j8) = 20∠-30°
20 ∠ - 30° 20 ∠ - 30°
V = =
5 + j8 9.434 ∠58°
V = 2.12∠-88°
Converting V to the time domain
v(t) = 2.12 cos(5t – 88°)V

P.P.9.8 For the capacitor,

V = I / (jωC),where V = 6∠-30°, ω = 100
I = jωC V = (j100)(50x10-6)(6∠-30°)
I = 30∠60° mA
i(t) = 30 cos(100t + 60°) mA

P.P.9.9 Vs = 5∠0°, ω = 10
 Z = 4 + jωL = 4 + j2

5∠0° 5 (4 − j2)
I = Vs / Z = = = 1 – j0.5 = 1.118∠-26.57°
4 + j2 16 + 4
V = jωL I = j2 I = (2∠90°)(1.118∠-26.57°) = 2.236∠63.43°

Therefore, v(t) = 2.236 sin(10t + 63.43°) V

i(t) = 1.118 sin(10t – 26.57°) A

P.P.9.10
Let Z1 = impedance of the 2-mF capacitor in series with the 20-Ω resistor
Z2 = impedance of the 4-mF capacitor
Z3 = impedance of the 2-H inductor in series with the 50-Ω resistor

1 1
Z1 = 20 + = 20 + = 20 − j50
jωC j (10)(2 × 10 -3 )
1 1
Z2 = = = -j25
jωC j (10)(4 × 10 -3 )
Z3 = 50 + jωL = 50 + j (10)( 2) = 50 + j 20

Zin = Z1 + Z2 || Z3 = Z1 + Z2 Z3 / (Z2 + Z3)

- j25x (50 + j20)
Zin = 20 − j50 +
- j25 + 50 + j20
Zin = 20 – j50 + 12.38 – j23.76
Zin = 32.38 – j73.76 Ω

P.P.9.11 In the frequency domain,

the voltage source is Vs = 10∠75°
the 0.5-H inductor is jωL = j (10)(0.5) = j5
1 1 1
the -F capacitor is = = - j2
20 jωC j (10)(1 20)

Let Z1 = impedance of the 0.5-H inductor in parallel with the 10-Ω resistor
and Z2 = impedance of the (1/20)-F capacitor

(10)( j5)
Z1 = 10 || j5 = = 2 + j4 and Z2 = -j2
10 + j5
Vo = Z2 / (Z1 + Z2) Vs
− j2 − j (10 ∠75°) 10 ∠(75° − 90°)
Vo = (10 ∠75°) = =
2 + j4 − j2 1+ j 2 ∠45°
Vo = 7.071∠-60°
vo(t) = 7.071 cos(10t – 60°) V
P.P.9.12 We need to find the equivalent impedance via a delta-to-wye
transformation as shown below.
c

Zcn

n
Zan Zbn
+
30∠0° V
−
a b

5Ω
10 Ω
-j2 Ω

j4 (8 + j5) 4 (-5 + j8)

Zan = = = 0.32 + j3.76
j4 + 8 + j5 − j3 8 + j6
- j3 (8 + j5) 3 (5 − j8)(8 − j6)
Zbn = = = -0.24 – j2.82
8 + j6 100
j4 (- j3) 12 (8 − j6)
Zcn = = = 0.96 – j0.72
8 + j6 100

The total impedance from the source terminals is

Z = Zcn + (Zan + 5 – j2) || (Zbn + 10)
Z = Zcn + (5.32 + j1.76) || (9.76 – j2.82)
(5.32 + j1.76) (9.76 − j2.82)
Z = Zcn +
(5.32 + j1.76) + (9.76 − j2.82)
Z = 0.96 – j0.72 + 3.744 + j0.4074
Z = 4.704 – j0.3126 = 4.714∠-3.802°

Therefore,
30 ∠0°
I = V/Z =
4.714 ∠ − 3.802°
I = 6.364∠3.802° A

Let us now check this using PSpice. The solution produces the magnitude of I =
6.364E+00, and the phase angle = 3.803E+00, which agrees with the above answer.
P.P.9.13 To show that the circuit in Fig. (a) meets the requirement, consider the
equivalent circuit in Fig. (b).

- j10 (10 − j10) - j (10 − j10)

Z = -j10 || (10 – j10) = = = 2 – j6 Ω
10 − j20 1 − j2

10 Ω V1 10 Ω 10 Ω

+ + +
+
Vi -j10 Ω -j10 Ω Vo Vi = 10 V V1 Z = 2−j6 Ω
−
− − −

(a) (b)
 2 − j6 10
V1 = (10) = (1 − j)
10 + 2 − j6 3
- j10 ⎛ - j ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ 10
Vo = V1 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ (1 − j) = - j
10 − j10 ⎝1 − j ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
10
Vo = ∠ - 90°
3
This implies that the RC circuit provides a 90° lagging phase shift.
10
The output voltage is = 3.333 V
3

P.P.9.14
the 1-mH inductor is jωL = j (2π)(5 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -3 ) = j31.42
the 2-mH inductor is jωL = j (2π)(5 × 10 3 )(2 × 10 -3 ) = j62.83

Consider the circuit shown below.

j31.42 Ω V1 j62.83 Ω

+ +
Vi 10 Ω 50 Ω Vo
− −

(10)(50 + j62.83)
Z = 10 || (50 + j62.83) =
60 + j62.83
Z = 9.205 + j0.833 = 9.243∠5.17°

9.243∠5.17°
V1 = Z / (Z + j31.42) Vi = (1) = 0.276∠-68.9°
9.205 + j32.253
50 50 (0.276 ∠ - 68.9°)
Vo = V1 = = 0.172∠-120.4°
50 + j62.83 80.297 ∠51.49°

Therefore,
magnitude = 0.172
phase = 120.4°
phase shift is lagging
P.P.9.15 Zx = (Z3 / Z1) Z2

Z3 = 12 kΩ
Z1 = 4.8 kΩ
Z2 = 10 + jωL = 10 + j (2π )(6 × 10 6 ) (0.25 × 10 -6 ) = 10 + j9.425
12k
Zx = (10 + j9.425) = 25+ j23.5625 Ω
4 .8 k

Rx = 25, Xx = 23.5625 = ωLx

Xx 23.5625
Lx = = = 0.625 μH
2πf 2π (6 × 10 6 )
i.e. a 25-Ω resistor in series with a 0.625-μH inductor.
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 10

P.P.10.1 10 sin( 2 t ) ⎯
⎯→ 10 ∠0°, ω = 2
2H ⎯
⎯→ jωL = j4
1
0.2 F ⎯ ⎯→ = - j2.5
jωC
Hence, the circuit in the frequency domain is as shown below.
-j2.5 Ω 4Ω
V1 V2

+
+
10∠0° A 2Ω Vx j4 Ω −
3Vx
−

V1 V1 − V2
At node 1, 10 = +
2 - j2.5
100 = (5 + j4) V1 − j4V2 (1)

V2 V1 − V2 3Vx − V2
At node 2, = + where Vx = V1
j4 - j2.5 4
- j2.5V2 = j4 (V1 − V2 ) + 2.5 (3V1 − V2 )
0 = - (7.5 + j4) V1 + (2.5 + j1.5) V2 (2)

Put (1) and (2) in matrix form.

⎡ 5 + j4 - j4 ⎤⎡ V1 ⎤ ⎡100 ⎤
⎢ - (7.5 + j4) 2.5 + j1.5⎥⎢ V ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
where Δ = (5 + j4)( 2.5 + j.15) − (-j4)(-(7.5 + j4)) = 22.5 − j12.5 = 25.74 ∠ - 29.05 °

⎡2.5 + j1.5 j4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎡ V1 ⎤ ⎣ 7.5 + j4 5 + j4⎦ ⎡100⎤
⎢V ⎥ = 22.5 − j12.5 ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2.5 + j1.5 2.915∠30.96°
V1 = (100) = (100) = 11.32 ∠60.01°
22.5 − j12.5 25.74 ∠ - 29.05°
7.5 + j4 8.5∠28.07°
V2 = (100) = (100) = 33.02 ∠57.12°
22.5 − j12.5 25.74 ∠ - 29.05°
In the time domain,
v1 ( t ) = 11.32 sin(2t + 60.01°) V
v 2 ( t ) = 33.02 sin(2t + 57.12°) V

P.P.10.2 The only non-reference node is a supernode.

15 − V1 V1 V2 V2
= + +
4 j4 - j 2
15 − V1 = - j V1 + j4V2 + 2V2
15 = (1 − j) V1 + (2 + j4) V2 (1)

The supernode gives the constraint of

V1 = V2 + 20∠60° (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

15 = (1 − j)(20∠60°) + (3 + j3) V2
15 − (1 − j)(20 ∠60°) 14.327 ∠210.72°
V2 = = = 3.376 ∠165.7°
3 + j3 4.243∠45°
V1 = V2 + 20∠60° = (-3.272 + j0.8327) + (10 + j17.32)
V1 = 6.728 + j18.154

Therefore, V1 = 19.36∠69.67° V, V2 = 3.376∠165.7° V

P.P.10.3 Consider the circuit below.

2∠0° A

I3

-j2 Ω 6Ω

+
8Ω I1 j4 Ω I2 10∠30° V
−

For mesh 1, (8 − j2 + j4) I1 − j4 I 2 = 0

(8 + j2) I1 = j4 I 2 (1)
For mesh 2, (6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I 1 − 6 I 3 + 10∠30° = 0

For mesh 3, I 3 = -2

Thus, the equation for mesh 2 becomes

(6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I1 = -12 − 10∠30° (2)

8 + j2
From (1), I2 = I = (0.5 − j2) I 1 (3)
j4 1

Substituting (3) into (2),

(6 + j4) (0.5 − j2) I 1 − j4 I1 = -12 − 10∠30°
(11 − j14) I 1 = -(20.66 + j5)
- (20.66 + j5)
I1 =
11 − j14

20.66 + j5 21.256 ∠13.6°

Hence, I o = - I1 = =
11 − j14 17.8∠ - 51.84°
I o = 1.194∠65.44° A

P.P.10.4 Meshes 2 and 3 form a supermesh as shown in the circuit below.

10 Ω

-j4 Ω j8 Ω

I2
+ I1
50∠0° V
−
I3
-j6 Ω
5Ω

For mesh 1, − 50 + (15 − j4) I 1 − (− j4) I 2 − 5 I 3 = 0

(15 − j4) I 1 + j4 I 2 − 5 I 3 = 50 (1)

For the supermesh, ( j8 − j4) I 2 + (5 − j6) I 3 − (5 − j4) I 1 = 0 (2)

Also, I3 = I2 + 2 (3)
Eliminating I 3 from (1) and (2)
(15 − j4) I 1 + (-5 + j4) I 2 = 60 (4)
(-5 + j4) I1 + (5 − j2) I 2 = -10 + j12 (5)

From (4) and (5),

⎡15 − j4 - 5 + j4 ⎤⎡ I 1 ⎤ ⎡ 60 ⎤
⎢ - 5 + j4 5 - j2 ⎥⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢ - 10 + j12 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

15 − j4 - 5 + j4
Δ= = 58 − j10 = 58.86 ∠ - 9.78°
- 5 + j4 5 - j2
60 - 5 + j4
Δ1 = = 298 − j20 = 298.67 ∠ - 3.84°
- 10 + j12 5 - j2

Δ1
Thus, I o = I1 = = 5.074∠5.94° A
Δ

P.P.10.5 Let I o = I 'o + I "o , where I 'o and I "o are due to the voltage source and
current source respectively. For I 'o consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j2 Ω 6Ω
Io'

+
8Ω I1 j4 Ω I2 10∠30° V
−

(a)

For mesh 1, (8 + j2) I1 − j4 I 2 = 0

I 2 = (0.5 − j2) I1 (1)

For mesh 2, (6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I 1 − 10∠30° = 0 (2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

(6 + j4)(0.5 − j2) I 1 − j4 I 1 = 10∠30°
10∠30°
I 'o = I 1 = = 0.08 + j0.556
11 − j14
For I "o consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

2∠0° A

-j2 Ω 6Ω
Io"

8Ω j4 Ω

(b)

j24
Let Z1 = 8 − j2 Ω , Z 2 = 6 || j4 = = 1.846 + j2.769 Ω
6 + j4
Z2 (2)(1.846 + j2.769)
I "o = (2) = = 0.4164 + j0.53
Z1 + Z 2 9.846 + j0.77

Therefore, I o = I 'o + I "o = 0.4961 + j1.086

I o = 1.1939∠65.45° A

P.P.10.6 Let v o = v 'o + v "o , where v 'o is due to the voltage source and v "o is due to
the current source. For v 'o , we remove the current source.

30 sin(5t ) ⎯
⎯→ 30 ∠0°, ω = 5
1 1
0 .2 F ⎯ ⎯→ = = -j
jωC j (5)(0.2)
1H ⎯
⎯→ jωL = j (5)(1) = j5

The circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig. (a).

8Ω

+
+
30∠0° V Vo' -j Ω j5 Ω
−
−

(a)
Note that - j || j5 = -j1.25

By voltage division,
- j1.25
Vo' = (30) = 4.631∠ - 81.12°
8 − j1.25
Thus, v 'o = 4.631 sin(5t − 81.12°)

For v "o , we remove the voltage source.

2 cos(10 t ) ⎯
⎯→ 2 ∠0°, ω = 10
1 1
0 .2 F ⎯ ⎯→ = = - j0.5
jωC j (10)(0.2)
1H ⎯
⎯→ jωL = j (10)(1) = j10

The corresponding circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig (b).

+ I

8Ω j10 Ω Vo" -j0.5 Ω 2∠0°

−

(b)

j80
Let Z1 = - j0.5 , Z 2 = 8 || j10 = = 4.878 + j3.9
8 + j10

By current division,
Z2
I= (2)
Z1 + Z 2
Z2 - j (4.877 + j3.9)
Vo" = I (-j0.5) = (2)(-j0.5) =
Z1 + Z 2 4.878 + j3.4
6.245∠ - 51.36°
Vo" = = 1.051∠ - 86.24°
5.94 ∠34.88°
Thus, v "o = 1.051 cos(10 t − 86.24°)

Therefore, v o = v 'o + v "o

v o = 4.631 sin(5t – 81.12°) + 1.051 cos(10t – 86.24°) V
P.P.10.7 If we transform the current source to a voltage source, we obtain the
circuit shown in Fig. (a).

4Ω -j3 Ω 2Ω jΩ

Io

1Ω
+
VS j5 Ω
−
-j2 Ω

(a)

Vs = I s Z s = ( j4)(4 − j3) = 12 + j16

We transform the voltage source to a current source as shown in Fig. (b).

V 12 + j16
Let Z = 4 − j3 + 2 + j = 6 − j2 . Then, Is = s = = 1.5 + j3 .
Z 6 − j2

Io

6Ω 1Ω
IS j5 Ω
-j2 Ω -j2 Ω

(b)

(6 − j2)( j5) 10
Note that Z || j5 = = (1 + j) .
6 + j3 3

By current division,
10
(1 + j)
3
Io = (1.5 + j3)
10
(1 + j) + (1 − j2)
3
− 20 + j40 44.72∠116.56°
Io = =
13 + j4 13.602∠17.1°
I o = 3.288∠99.46° A
P.P.10.8 When the voltage source is set equal to zero,
Z th = 10 + (- j4) || (6 + j2)
(-j4)(6 + j2)
Z th = 10 +
6 - j2
Z th = 10 + 2.4 − j3.2
Z th = 12.4 – j3.2 Ω

By voltage division,
- j4 (- j4)(30∠20°)
Vth = (30∠20°) =
6 + j2 − j4 6 − j2
(4 ∠ - 90°)(30 ∠20°)
Vth =
6.324 ∠ - 18.43°
Vth = 18.97∠-51.57° V

P.P.10.9 To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

8 + j4 8 + j4

+ Vo − + Vo −

5∠0°
V2 Is
VS a
V1 a

+
4 – j2 0.2Vo 4 – j2 0.2Vo 1∠0°
−

b
(a) (b) b

0 − V1 V − V2
At node 1, = 5+ 1
4 − j2 8 + j4
- (2 + j)V1 = 50 + (1 − j0.5)(V1 − V2 )
50 = (1 − j0.5)V2 − (3 + j0.5)V1 (1)

V1 − V2
At node 2, 5 + 0.2Vo + = 0, where Vo = V1 − V2 .
8 + j4

Hence, the equation for node 2 becomes

 V1 − V2
5 + 0.2 (V1 − V2 ) + =0
8 + j4
50
V1 = V2 − (2)
3 + j0.5

Substituting (2) into (1),

3 + j0.5
50 = (1 − j0.5)V2 − (3 + j0.5)V2 + (50)
3 − j0.5
50
0 = -50 − (2 + j) V2 + (35 + j12)
37
- 2.702 + j16.22
V2 = = 7.35∠72.9°
2+ j
Vth = V2 = 7.35∠72.9° V

To find Z th , we remove the independent source and insert a 1-V voltage source between
terminals a-b, as shown in Fig. (b).

Vs
At node a, I s = -0.2Vo +
8 + j4 + 4 − j2

8 + j4
But, Vs = 1 and – Vo = V
8 + j4 + 4 − j2 s
8 + j4 1 2.6 + j0.8
So, I s = (0.2) + =
12 + j2 12 + j2 12 + j2
V 1 12 + j2 12.166∠9.46°
and Z th = s = = =
I s I s 2.6 + j0.8 2.72∠17.10°
Z th = 4.473∠–7.64° Ω
P.P.10.10 To find Z N , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

4Ω j2 Ω 4Ω j2 Ω

I3
8Ω 1Ω -j3 Ω 8Ω 1Ω -j3 Ω a
a

ZN + IN
20∠0° I1 -j4 Ω I2
−

b
(a) (b) b

(4 + j2)(9 − j3)
Z N = (4 + j2) || (9 − j3) =
13 − j
Z N = 3.176 + j0.706 Ω

To find I N , short-circuit terminals a-b as shown in Fig. (b). Notice that meshes 1 and 2
form a supermesh.

For the supermesh, - 20 + 8 I 1 + (1 − j3) I 2 − (9 − j3) I 3 = 0 (1)

Also, I1 = I 2 + j4 (2)

For mesh 3, (13 − j) I 3 − 8 I 1 − (1 − j3) I 2 = 0 (3)

Solving for I 2 , we obtain

50 − j62 79.65∠ - 51.11°
IN = I2 = =
9 − j3 9.487 ∠ - 18.43°
I N = 8.396∠-32.68° A

Using the Norton equivalent, we can find I o as in Fig. (c).

Io

IN ZN
10 – j5 Ω

(c)
By current division,
ZN 3.176 + j0.706
Io = IN = (8.396∠ - 32.68°)
Z N + 10 − j5 13.176 − j4.294
(3.254 ∠12.53°)(8.396 ∠ - 32.68°)
Io =
13.858∠ - 18.05°
I o = 1.971∠-2.10° A

P.P.10.11
1 1
10 nF ⎯
⎯→ = = -j20 kΩ
jωC1 j (5 × 10 )(10 × 10 -9 )
3

1 1
20 nF ⎯
⎯→ = = -j10 kΩ
jωC 2 j (5 × 10 )(20 × 10 -9 )
3

Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.

-j20 kΩ

10 kΩ 20 kΩ V2 Io
+
V1 Vo
−
+
2∠0° V -j10 kΩ
−

As a voltage follower, V2 = Vo

2 − V1 V1 − Vo V1 − Vo
At node 1, = +
10 - j20 20
4 = (3 + j)V1 − (1 + j)Vo (1)

V1 − Vo Vo − 0
At node 2, =
20 - j10
V1 = (1 + j2)Vo (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

2
4 = j6Vo or Vo = ∠ - 90°
3
Hence, v o ( t ) = 0.667 cos(5000t − 90°) V
v o ( t ) = 0.667 sin(5000t) V

Vo − V1
Now, Io =
- j20k
-4
But from (2) Vo − V1 = - j2Vo =
3
-4 3
Io = = - j66.66 μA
- j20k

Hence, i o ( t ) = 66.67 cos(5000t − 90°) μA

i o ( t ) = 66.67 sin(5000t) μA

1 R
P.P.10.12 Let Z = R || =
jωC 1 + jωRC

Vs R
=
Vo R + Z

The loop gain is

Vs R R 1 + jωRC
1/ G = = = =
Vo R + Z R 2 + jωRC
R+
1 + jωRC
where ωRC = (1000)(10 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -6 ) = 10

1 + j10 10.05∠84.29°
1/ G = =
2 + j10 10.2∠78.69°
G = 1.0147∠–5.6°
P.P.10.13 The schematic is shown below.

Since ω = 2πf = 3000 rad / s ⎯ ⎯→ f = 477.465 Hz . Setup/Analysis/AC Sweep as

Linear for 1 point starting and ending at a frequency of 447.465 Hz. When the schematic
is saved and run, the output file includes

Frequency IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

4.775E+02 5.440E-04 -5.512E+01

Frequency VM($N_0005) VP($N_0005)

4.775E+02 2.683E-01 -1.546E+02

From the output file, we obtain

Vo = 0.2682∠-154.6° V and I o = 0.544∠-55.12° mA

Therefore,
v o ( t ) = 0.2682 cos(3000t – 154.6°) V
i o ( t ) = 0.544 cos(3000t – 55.12°) mA
P.P.10.14 The schematic is shown below.

We select ω = 1 rad/s and f = 0.15915 Hz. We use this to obtain the values of
capacitances, where C = 1 ωX c , and inductances, where L = X L ω . Note that IAC does
not allow for an AC PHASE component; thus, we have used VAC in conjunction with G
to create an AC current source with a magnitude and a phase. To obtain the desired
output use Setup/Analysis/AC Sweep as Linear for 1 point starting and ending at a
frequency of 0.15915 Hz. When the schematic is saved and run, the output file includes

Frequency IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

1.592E-01 2.584E+00 1.580E+02

Frequency VM($N_0004) VP($N_0004)

1.592E-01 9.842E+00 4.478E+01

From the output file, we obtain

Vx = 9.842∠44.78° V and I x = 2.584∠158° A

⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 10 × 10 6 ⎞
P.P.10.15 C eq = ⎜1 + ⎟ C = ⎜1 + ⎟(
3 10 × 10
-9 )
= 10 μF
⎝ R 1 ⎠ ⎝ 10 × 10 ⎠

P.P.10.16 If R = R 1 = R 2 = 2.5 kΩ and C = C1 = C 2 = 1 nF

1 1
fo = = = 63.66 kHz
2πRC (2π)(2.5 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -9 )
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 11

P.P.11.1 i( t ) = 15 sin(10 t + 60°) = 15 cos(10 t − 30°)

v( t ) = 80 cos(10 t + 20°)

p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = (80)(15) cos(10 t + 20°) cos(10 t − 30°)

1
p( t ) = ⋅ 80 ⋅ 15 [cos( 20 t + 20° − 30°) + cos( 20 − -30°)]
2
p( t ) = 600 cos( 20t − 10°) + 385.7 W

1
P= V I cos(θ v − θi ) = 385.7 W
2 m m

P.P.11.2 V = I Z = 200 ∠8°

1
P= V I cos(θ v − θi )
2 m m
1
P = (200)(10) cos(8° − 30°) = 927.2 W
2

P.P.11.3
3Ω

+
8∠45° V I j1 Ω
−

8∠45°
I= = 2.53∠26.57°
3+ j

For the resistor,

I R = I = 2.53∠26.57°
VR = 3 I = 7.59∠26.57°
1 1
PR = Vm I m = (2.53)(7.59) = 9.6 W
2 2
For the inductor,
I L = 2.53∠26.57°
VL = j I L = 2.53∠(26.57° + 90°) = 2.53∠116.57°
1
PL = (2.53) 2 cos(90°) = 0 W
2

The average power supplied is

1
P = (8)(2.53) cos( 45° − 26.57°) = 9.6 W
2

P.P.11.4 Consider the circuit below.

8Ω j4 Ω

+ +
40 V I1 -j2 Ω I2 j20 V
− −

For mesh 1,
- 40 + (8 − j2) I1 + (- j2) I 2 = 0
(4 − j) I1 − j I 2 = 20 (1)

For mesh 2,
- j20 + ( j4 − j2) I 2 + (- j2) I1 = 0
- j I 1 + j I 2 = j10 (2)

In matrix form,
⎡ 4 − j - j⎤⎡ I 1 ⎤ ⎡ 20 ⎤
=
⎢ -j
⎣ j ⎥⎦⎢⎣ I 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ j10 ⎥⎦

Δ = 2 + j4 , Δ 1 = -10 + j20 , Δ 2 = 10 + j60

Δ1 Δ2
I1 = = 5∠53.14° and I2 = = 13.6∠17.11°
Δ Δ

For the 40-V voltage source,

Vs = 40∠0°
I 1 = 5∠53.14°
-1
Ps = (40)(5) cos(-53.14°) = - 60 W
2
For the j20-V voltage source,
Vs = 20∠90°
I 2 = 13.6∠17.11°
-1
Ps = (20)(13.6) cos(90° − 17.11°) = - 40 W
2

For the resistor,

I = I1 = 5
V = 8 I 1 = 40
1
P = (40)(5) = 100 W
2

The average power absorbed by the inductor and capacitor is zero watts.

P.P.11.5 We first obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit across Z L . Z Th is

obtained from the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j4 Ω j10 Ω

Zth
8Ω 5Ω

(a)

(5)(8 + j6)
Z Th = 5 || (8 − j4 + j10) = = 3.415 + j0.7317
13 + j6

VTh is obtained from the circuit in Fig. (b).

-j4 Ω j10 Ω

I
+
8Ω 2A 5Ω Vth
−

(b)

By current division,
8 − j4
I= (2)
8 − j4 + j10 + 5
 (10)(8 − j4)
VTh = 5 I = = 6.25∠ - 51.34°
13 + j6

Z L = Z *Th = 3.415 − j0.7317 Ω

2
VTh (6.25) 2
Pmax = = = 1.429 W
8RL (8)(3.415)

P.P.11.6 We first find Z Th and VTh across R L .

Let Z1 = 80 + j60
(90)(- j30)
Z 2 = 90 || (- j30) = = 9 (1 − j3)
90 − j30
(80 + j60)(9 − j27)
Z Th = Z1 || Z 2 = = 17.181 − j24.57 Ω
80 + j60 + 9 − j27

Z2 (9)(1 − j3)
VTh = (120∠60°) = (120∠60°)
Z1 + Z 2 89 + j33
VTh = 35.98∠ - 31.91°

R L = Z Th = 30 Ω

The current through the load is

VTh 35.98∠ - 31.91°
I= = = 0.6764∠ - 4.4°
Z Th + R L 47.181 − j24.57

The maximum average power absorbed by R L is

1 2 1
Pmax = I R L = (0.6764) 2 (30) = 6.863 W
2 2

⎧ 4t 0 < t <1
P.P.11.7 i( t ) = ⎨ T=2
⎩8 − 4 t 1 < t < 2

I 2rms =
T
∫
1 T 2
0
i dt =
1 1
2
[∫ 0
( 4 t ) 2
dt + ∫1
2
(8 − 4 t ) 2 dt ]
I 2rms =
2 0
[
16 1 2
∫ t dt + ∫1
2
( 4 − 4 t + t 2 ) dt ]
⎡1 ⎛ t 3 ⎞ 2 ⎤ 16
I 2rms = 8 ⎢ + ⎜ 4t − 2t + ⎟ 1 ⎥ =
2

⎣3 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎦ 3
 16
I rms = = 2.309 A
3

⎛ 16 ⎞
P = I 2rms R = ⎜ ⎟(9) = 48 W
⎝3⎠

P.P.11.8 T = π , v( t ) = 8 sin( t ), 0 < t < π

1 T 2 1 π
∫ v dt = ∫ (8 sin( t )) 2 dt
2
Vrms =
T 0 π 0
π
64 1
[1 − cos(2t )] dt = 32
π ∫0 2
2
Vrms =

Vrms = 5.657 V

2
Vrms 32
P= = = 5.333 W
R 6

P.P.11.9 The load impedance is

Z = 60 + j40 = 72.11∠33.7° Ω

The power factor is

pf = cos(33.7°) = 0.832 (lagging)

Since the load is inductive

V 150 ∠10°
I= = = 2.08∠ - 23.7° A
Z 72.11∠33.7°

The apparent power is

1
S = Vrms I rms = (150)(2.08) = 156 VA
2

P.P.11.10 The total impedance as seen by the source is

( j4)(8 − j6)
Z = 10 + j4 || (8 − j6) = 10 +
8 − j2
Z = 12.69∠20.62°

The power factor is

pf = cos( 20.62°) = 0.936 (lagging)

Vrms 40∠0°
I rms = = = 3.152∠ - 20.62°
Z 12.69∠20.62°
The average power supplied by the source is equal to the power absorbed by the load.
P = I 2rms R = (3.152) 2 (11.88) = 118 W
or P = Vrms I rms pf = (40)(3.152)(0.936) = 118 W

P.P.11.11
(a) S = Vrms I *rms = (110 ∠85°)(0.4 ∠ - 15°)
S = 44 ∠70° VA

S = S = 44 VA

(b) S = 44 ∠70° = 15.05 + j41.35

P = 15.05 W , Q = 41.35 VAR

(c) pf = cos( 70°) = 0.342 (lagging)

Vrms 110∠85°
Z= = = 275∠70°
I rms 0.4∠ - 15°
Z = 94.06 + j258.4 Ω

P.P.11.12
(a) If Z = 250∠ - 75° , pf = cos( -75°) = 0.2588 (leading)

Q 10 kVAR
(b) Q = S sin θ ⎯
⎯→ S = = = 10.35 kVA
sin θ sin(-75°)

2
Vrms
(c) S= ⎯
⎯→ Vrms = S ⋅ Z = (10353)(250) = 1608.8
Z

Vm = 2Vrms = 2.275 kV

P.P.11.13 Consider the circuit below.

I 20 Ω
I1 I2
+
+ (30–j10)Ω (60+j20) Ω
V Vo
−
−
Let I 2 be the current through the 60-Ω resistor.
P 240
P = I 22 R ⎯⎯→ I 22 = = =4
R 60

I 2 = 2 (rms)

Vo = I 2 (60 + j20) = 120 + j40

Vo
I1 = = 3.2 + j2.4
30 − j10

I = I1 + I 2 = 5.2 + j2.4

V = 20 I + Vo = (104 + j48) + (120 + j40)

V = 224 + j88 = 240.7∠21.45˚ Vrms

For the 20-Ω resistor,

V = 20 I = 204 + j48 = 114.54 ∠ 24.8°
I = 5.2 + j2.4 = 5.727 ∠24.8°

S = V I * = (114.54 ∠24.8°)(5.727 ∠ - 24.8°)

S = 656 VA

For the (30 – j10)-Ω impedance,

Vo = 120 + j40 = 126.5∠18.43°
I 1 = 3.2 + j2.4 = 4∠36.87°

S 1 = Vo I 1* = (126.5∠18.43 °)(4 ∠ - 36.87 °)

S1 = 506∠ - 18.44° = 480 − j160 VA

For the (60 + j20)-Ω impedance,

I 2 = 2∠0°

S 2 = Vo I *2 = (126.5∠18.43°)(2 ∠ - 0°)
S 2 = 253∠18.43° = 240 + j80 VA

The overall complex power supplied by the source is

S T = V I * = (240.67 ∠21.45°)(5.727 ∠ - 24.8°)
S T = 1378.3∠ - 3.35° = 1376 − j80 VA
P.P.11.14

For load 1,
P1 = 2000 , pf = 0.75 = cos θ1 ⎯ ⎯→ θ1 = -41.41°
P1
P1 = S1 cos θ1 ⎯
⎯→ S1 = = 2666.67
cos θ1
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 = -176.85
S1 = P1 + jQ1 = 2000 − j1763.85 (leading)

For load 2,
P2 = 4000 , pf = 0.95 = cos θ 2 ⎯
⎯→ θ 2 = 18.19°
P2
S2 = = 4210.53
cos θ 2
Q 2 = S 2 sin θ 2 = 1314.4
S 2 = P2 + jQ 2 = 4000 + j1314.4 (lagging)

The total complex power is

S = S1 + S 2 = 6 − j0.4495 kVA
P 6000
pf = = = 0.9972 (leading)
S 6016.18

P.P.11.15 pf = 0.85 = cos θ ⎯ ⎯→ θ = 31.79°

Q 140
Q = S sin θ ⎯ ⎯→ S = = = 265.8 kVA
sin θ sin(31.79°)
P = S cos θ = 225.93 kW

For pf = 1 = cos θ1 ⎯
⎯→ θ1 = 0°

Since P remains the same,

P1
P = P1 = S1 cos θ1 ⎯
⎯→ S1 = = 225.93
cos θ1
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 = 0

The difference between the new Q1 and the old Q is Q c .

Q c = 140 kVAR = ωCVrms
2

140 × 10 3
C= = 30.69 mF
(2π )(60)(110) 2
P.P.11.16 The wattmeter measures the average power from the source.

Let Z1 = 4 − j2
(12)( j9)
Z 2 = 12 || j9 = = 4.32 + j5.76
12 + j9

Z = Z1 + Z 2 = 8.32 + j3.76 = 9.13∠24.32°

2
V (120) 2
S = VI =*
= = 1577.2 ∠24.32° kVA
Z* 9.13∠ - 24.32°

P = S cos θ = 1437 kW

P.P.11.17 Demand charge = $5 × 32,000 = $160,000

Energy charge for the first 50,000 kWh = $0.08 × 50,000 = $4,000
The remaining energy = 500,000 − 50,000 = 450,000 kWh
Charge for this bill = $0.05 × 450,000 = $22,500
Total bill = $160,000 + $4,000 + $22,500 = $186,500

P.P.11.18 Energy consumed = 800 kW × 20 × 26 = 416,000 kWh

The power factor of 0.88 exceeds 0.85 by 3× 0.01 . Hence, there is a power factor credit
which amounts to an energy credit of
0 .1
416,000 × × 3 = 1248 kWh
100

Total energy billed = 416,000 − 1,248 = 414,752 kWh

Energy cost = $0.06 × 414,752 = $24,885.12
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 12

P.P.12.1 For the abc sequence, Van leads Vbn by 120° and Vbn leads Vcn by 120°.

Hence, Van = 110 ∠(30° + 120°) = 110∠150° V

Vcn = 110 ∠(30° − 120°) = 110∠–90˚V

P.P.12.2
(a) Vab = Van − Vbn = 120∠30° − 120∠ - 90°
Vab = (103.92 + j60) + j120
Vab = 207.8∠60˚V

Alternatively, using the fact that Vab leads Van by 30° and has a
magnitude of 3 times that of Van ,
Vab = 3 (120) ∠(30° + 30°) = 207.85∠60°

Following the abc sequence,

Vbc = 207.8∠–60˚V
Vca = 207.8∠180˚V

Van
(b) Ia =
Z

Z = (0.4 + j0.3) + ( 24 + j19) + (0.6 + j0.7)

Z = 25 + j20 = 32 ∠38.66 °

120 ∠30°
Ia = = 3.75 ∠ - 8.66 ° A
32 ∠38.66°

Following the abc sequence,

I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 3.75 ∠ - 128.66 ° A
I c = I a ∠ - 240° = 3.75∠111.34˚A
P.P.12.3
The phase currents are
V 180∠ - 20°
I AB = AB = = 9 ∠ - 60° A
ZΔ 20∠40°

I BC = I AB ∠ - 120° = 9 ∠ - 180 ° A

I CA = I AB ∠120° = 9∠60°

The line currents are

I a = I AB 3 ∠ - 30° = 9 3 ∠ - 90° = 15.59 ∠ - 90° A

I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 15.59∠150˚A

I c = I a ∠120° = 15.59 ∠ 30° A

P.P.12.4 In a delta load, the phase current leads the line current by 30° and has a
1
magnitude times that of the line current. Hence,
3
Ia 22.5
I AB = ∠30° = ∠65° = 13 ∠65° A
3 3

Z Δ = 18 + j12 = 21.63∠33.69° Ω

VAB = I AB Z Δ = (13∠65°)(21.63∠33.69°)
VAB = 281.2 ∠98.69 ° V

P.P.12.5 Z Y = 12 + j15 = 19.21∠51.34°

After converting the Δ-connected source to a Y-connected source,

240
Van = ∠(150° − 30°) = 138.56 ∠ - 15°
3

Van 138.56∠ - 15°

Ia = = = 7.21∠ - 66.34 ° A
Z Y 19.21∠51.34°

I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 7.21∠ - 186.34 ° A

I c = I a ∠120° = 7.21∠53.66 ° A
P.P.12.6
For the source,
S = 3 Vp I*p = (3)(120∠30°)(3.75∠8.66°)
S = −1350∠38.66° = –1054.2 – j843.3 VA

For the load,

2
S = 3 Ip Z

where Z = 24 + j19 = 30.61∠38.37 °

I p = 3.75∠ - 8.66°

S = (3)(3.75) 2 (30.61∠38.37°)
S = 1291.36∠38.37° = 1012 + j801.6 VA

P 30 × 10 3
P.P.12.7 P = S cos θ ⎯
⎯→ S = = = 35.29 kVA
cos θ 0.85

S 35.29 × 10 3
S = 3 VL I L ⎯
⎯→ I L = = = 46.31 A
3 VL 3 (440)

Alternatively,
30 × 10 3 440
Pp = = 10 kW , Vp = V
3 3

Pp = Vp I p cos θ

Pp (10 × 10 3 ) 3
Ip = = = 46.31 A
Vp cos θ (440)(0.85)

P.P.12.8
(a) For load 1,
VL 840
Vp = =
3 3

Va 840 ∠0° 1
I a1 = = ⋅ = 9.7 ∠ - 53.13°
Zp 3 30 + j40

2
Vrms (840) 2
S1 = = = 14.112 ∠53.13° kVA
Z* 50 ∠ - 53.15°
 For load 2,
P2 48
S2 = = = 60 kVA
cos θ 2 0.8

Q 2 = S 2 sin θ2 = (60)(0.6) = 36 kVAR

S 2 = 48 + j36 kVA

S = S1 + S 2 = 56.47 + j47.29 kVA

S = 73.65 ∠39.94° kVA

with pf = cos(39.94°) = 0.7667

(b) Q c = P (tan θold − tan θ new )

Q c = (56.47)(tan 39.94° − tan 0°) = 47.29 kVAR

For each capacitor, the rating is 15.76 kVAR

(c) At unity pf, S = P = 56.47 kVA

S 56470
IL = = = 38.81 A
3 VL 3 (840)

P.P.12.9
The phase currents are
VAB 200∠0°
I AB = = = 17.89∠26.56°
Z AB 10 − j5

VBC 200∠ - 120°

I BC = = = 12.5∠ - 120° = -6.25 − j10.825
Z BC 16

VCA 200∠120°
I CA = = = 20∠83.13°
Z CA 8 + j6

The line currents are

I a = I AB − I CA = (16 + j8) − (2.392 + j19.856)
= 13.608 − j11.856 = 18.05 ∠ - 41.06 ° A

I b = I BC − I AB = (-6.25 − j10.825) − (16 + j8)

= -22.25 − j18.825 = 29.15 ∠ 220.2 ° A
 I c = I CA − I BC = (2.392 + j19.856) − (-6.25 − j10.825)
I c = 8.642 + j30.681 = 31.87 ∠74.27 ° A

P.P.12.10
The phase currents are
220∠0°
I AB = = j44
- j5

220∠0°
I BC = = 22 ∠30°
j10

220 ∠120°
I CA = = 22 ∠ - 120°
10

The line currents are

I a = I AB − I CA = ( j44) − (-11 − j19.05)
I a = 11 + j63.05 = 64 ∠ 80.1 ° A

I b = I BC − I AB = (19.05 + j11) − ( j44)

I b = 19.05 − j33 = 38.1∠ - 60° A

I c = I CA − I BC = (-11 − j19.05) − (19.05 + j11)

I c = -30.05 − j30.05 = 42.5 ∠ 225° A

The real power is absorbed by the resistive load

2
P = I CA (10) = (22) 2 (10) = 4.84 kW

P.P.12.11 The schematic is shown below. First, use the AC Sweep option of the
Analysis Setup. Choose a Linear sweep type with the following Sweep Parameters :
Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 100, and End Freq = 100. Once the circuit is saved and
simulated, we obtain an output file whose contents include the following results.

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

1.000E+02 8.547E+00 -9.127E+01

FREQ VM(A,N) VP(A,N)

1.000E+02 1.009E+02 6.087E+01

From this we obtain,

I bB = 8.547 ∠ - 91.27 ° A , Van = 100.9 ∠60.87 ° V
P.P.12.12 The schematic is shown below.

In this case, we may assume that ω = 1 rad / s , so that f = 1 2π = 0.1592 Hz . Hence,

L = X L ω = 10 and C = 1 ωX c = 0.1 .
Use the AC Sweep option of the Analysis Setup. Choose a Linear sweep type with the
following Sweep Parameters : Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq =
0.1592. Once the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain an output file whose contents
include the following results.

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

1.592E-01 3.724E+01 8.379E+01

FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2)

1.592E-01 1.555E+01 -7.501E+01

FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) IP(V_PRINT3)

1.592E-01 2.468E+01 -9.000E+01

From this we obtain,

I ca = 24.68 ∠ - 90° A I cC = 37.25 ∠83.79° A IAB 15.55∠–75.01˚A

P.P.12.13
(a) If point o is connected to point B, P2 = 0 W

P1 = Re (VAB I *a )
P1 = (200)(18.05) cos(0° + 41.06°) = 2722 W

P3 = Re ( VCB I *c )
where VCB = -VBC = 200 ∠(-120° + 180°) = 200 ∠60°

P3 = (200)(31.87) cos(60° − 74.27°) = 6177 W

(b) Total power is

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 = 2722 + 0 + 6177 = 8899 W

P.P.12.14 VL = 208 V , P1 = -560 W , P2 = 800 W

(a) PT = P1 + P2 = -560 + 800 = 240 W

(b) Q T = 3 ( P2 − P1 ) = 3 (800 + 560) = 2.356 kVAR

Q T 2355.6
(c) tan θ = = = 9.815 ⎯
⎯→ θ = 84.18°
PT 240
 pf = cos θ = 0.1014 (lagging / inductive)
It is inductive because P2 > P1
(d) For a Y-connected load,
V 208
Ip = IL , Vp = L = = 120 V
3 3

80
Pp = Vp I p cos θ ⎯
⎯→ I p = = 6.575 A
(120)(0.1014)

Vp 120
Zp = = = 18.25
Ip 6.575
Z p = Z p ∠θ = 18.25 ∠ 84.18° Ω

The impedance is inductive.

P.P.12.15 Z Δ = 30 − j40 = 50∠ - 53.13°

The equivalent Y-connected load is

Z
Z Y = Δ = 16.67 ∠ - 53.13°
3
440
Vp = = 254 V
3
Vp 254
IL = = = 15.24
ZY 16.67

P1 = VL I L cos(θ + 30°)
P1 = (440)(15.24) cos(-53.13° + 30°) = 6.167 kW

P2 = VL I L cos(θ − 30°)
P2 = (440)(15.24) cos(-53.13° − 30°) = 0.8021 kW

PT = P1 + P2 = 6.969 kW

Q T = 3 (P2 − P1 ) = 3 (802.1 − 6167 )

Q T = - 9.292 kVAR
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 13

P.P. 13.1 For mesh 1,

j6 = 4(1 + j2)I1 + jI2 (1)

For mesh 2, 0 = jI1 + (10 + j5)I2 (2)

⎡ j6⎤ ⎡4 + j8 j ⎤⎡ I1 ⎤
=
⎢0⎥ ⎢ j 10 + j5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣I 2 ⎥⎦
For the matrix form
⎣ ⎦ ⎣

Δ = j100, Δ2 = 6

I2 = Δ2/Δ = 6/j100

Vo = 10I2 = 60/j100 = 0.6∠-90° V

P.P. 13.2 Since I1 enters the coil with reactance 2Ω and I2 enters the coil with
reactance 6Ω, the mutual voltage is positive. Hence, for mesh 1,

12∠60o = (5 + j2 + j6 – j 3x2)I1 – j6I2 + j3I2

or 12∠60o = (5 + j2)I1 – j3I2 (1)

For mesh 2, 0 = (j6 – j4)I2 – j6I1 + j3I1

or I2 = 1.5I1 (2)

Substituting this into (1), 12∠60o = (5 – j2.5)I1

I1 = (12∠60o)/(5.59∠–26.57o) = 2.147∠86.57o A

I2 = 1.5I1 = 3.22∠86.57o A

P.P. 13.3 The coupling coefficient is, k = m/ L1 L 2 = 1 / 2x1 = 0.7071

To obtain the energy stored, we first obtain the frequency-domain circuit shown below.

20cos(ωt) becomes 20∠0o, ω = 2

 1H becomes jω1 = j2
2H becomes jω2 = j4
(1/8) F becomes 1/jωC = -j4

4Ω -j4

+ j4 j2
VS – I1 I2 2Ω

For mesh 1, 20 = (4 – j4 + j4)I1 – j2I2

or 10 = 2I1 – jI2 (1)

For mesh 2, –j2I1 + (2 + j2)I2 = 0

or I1 = (1 – j)I2 (2)

Substituting (2) into (1), (2 – j3)I2 = 10

I2 = 10/((2 – j3) = 2.78∠56.31o

I1 = 3.93∠11.31o

In the time domain, i1 = 3.93cos(2t + 11.31o)

i2 = 2.78cos(2t + 56.31o)

At t = 1.5, 2t = 3 rad = 171.9o

i1 = 3.93cos(171.9o + 11.31o) = –3.924 A

i2 = 2.78cos(171.9o + 56.31o) = -1.85 A

The total energy stored in the coupled inductors is given by,

W = 0.5L1(i1)2 + 0.5L2(i2)2 – 0.5M(i1i2)

= 0.5(2) (-3.924)2 + 0.5(1)(-1.85)2 – (1)(-3.924)(-1.85)
= 9.85 J
P.P. 13.4 Zin = 4 + j8 + [32/(j10 – j6 + 6 + j4)]

= 4 + j8 + 9/(6 + j8)

= 8.58∠58.05o ohms

The current from the voltage is,

I = V/Z = 10∠0o/8.58∠58.05o = 1.165∠–58.05o A

P.P. 13.5 L1 = 10, L2 = 4, M = 2

L1L2 – M2 = 40 – 4 = 36

LA = (L1L2 – M2)/(L2 – M) = 36/(4 – 2) = 18

LB = (L1L2 – M2)/(L1 – M) = 36/(10 – 2) = 4.5

LC = (L1L2 – M2)/M = 36/2 = 18

Hence, we get the π equivalent circuit as shown below.

18 H

18 H 4.5 H
P.P. 13.6 If we reverse the direction of i2 so that we replace I2 by –i2, we
have the circuit shown in Figure (a).

j3

-j4

+ j3 j6
– i1 i2 12 Ω
o
12∠0

(a)

We now replace the coupled coil by the T-equivalent circuit and assume ω = 1.

La = 5 – 3 = 2 H

Lb = 6 – 3 = 3 H

Lc = 3 H

Hence the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b). We apply mesh analysis.

-j4 j2 j3

j3
+ I1 I2 12 Ω
12∠0o
–

(b)
 12 = i1(-j4 + j2 + j3) + j3i2

or 12 = ji1 + j3i2 (1)

Loop 2 produces, 0 = j3i1 + (j3 + j3 + 12)i2

or i1 = (-2 + j4)i2 (2)

Substituting (2) into (1), 12 = (-4 + j)i2, which leads to i2 = 12/(-4 + j)

I2 = -i2 = 12/(4 – j) = 2.91∠14.04o A

I1 = i1 = (-2 + j4)i2 = 12(2 – j4)/(4 – j) = 13∠-49.4o A

P.P. 13.7

(a) n = V2/V1 = 110/3300 = 1/30 (a step-down transformer)

(b) S = V1I1 = 3300x3 = 9.9 kVA

(c) I2 = I1/n = 3/(1/30) = 90 A

P.P. 13.8 The 16 – j24-ohm impedance can be reflected to the primary

resulting in

Zin = 2 + (16 – j24)/16 = 3 – j1.5

I1 = 100/(3 – j1.5) = 29.82∠26.57o

I2 = –I1/n = –7.454∠26.57o

Vo = -j24i2 = (24∠–90o)(–7.454∠26.57o) = 178.92∠116.57oV

S1 = V1I1 = (100)( 29.82∠26.57o) = 2.982∠-26.57okVA

P.P. 13.9 8Ω
+ v0 –

4Ω i1 2Ω
1 1:2
2
i2

+ + + +
v1 v2 10 Ω
– v3
– – –
60∠0o

Consider the circuit shown above.

At node 1, (60 – v1)/4 = i1 + (v1 – v3)/8 (1)

At node 2, [(v1 – v3)/8] + [(v2 – v3)/2] = (v3)/8 (2)

At the transformer terminals, v2 = -2v1 and i2 = -i1/2 (3)

But i2 = (v2 – v3)/2 = -i1/2 which leads to i1 = (v3 – v2)/1 = v3 + 2v1.

Substituting all of this into (1) and (2) leads to,

(60 – v1)/4 = v3 + 2v1 + (v1 – v3)/8 which leads 120 = 19v1 + 7v3 (4)

[(v1 – v3)/8] + [(-2v1 – v3)/2] = v3/8 which leads to v3 = -7v1/6 (5)

From (4) and (5),

120 = 10.833v1 or v1 = 11.077 volts

v3 = -7v1/6 = -12.923

vo = v1 – v3 = 24 volts
P.P. 13.10 We should note that the current and voltage of each winding of the
autotransformer in Figure (b) are the same for the two-winding transformer in Figure (a).

6A

+
0.5A 6A 10V +
6.5A –
+ + + 130V
120V 10V
+ 120V
120V –
– – –
– 0.5A

(a) (b)

For the two-winding transformer,

s1 = 120/2 = 60 VA

s2 = 6(10) = 60 VA

For the autotransformer,

s1 = 120(6.5) = 780 VA

s2 = 130(6) = 780 VA

P.P. 13.11 i2 = s2/v2 = 16,000/800 = 20 A

Since s1 = v1i1 = v2i2 = s2, v2/v1 = i1/i2, 800/1250 = i1/20,

or i1 = 800x20/1250 = 12.8 A.

At the top, KCL produces i1 + io = i2, or io = i2 – i1 = 20 – 12.8 = 7.2 A.

P.P. 13.12

(a) sT = (√3)vLiL, but sT = pT/cosθ = 40x106/0.85 = 47.0588 MVA

iLS = sT/(√3)vLS = 47.0588x106/[(√3)12.5x103] = 2.174 kA

(b) vLS = 12.5 kV, vLP = 625 kV, n = vLS/vLP = 12.5/625 = 0.02

(c) iLP = niLS = 0.02x2173.6 = 43.47 A

or iLP = sT/[(√3)vLP] = 47.0588x106/[(√3)625x103] = 43.47 A

(d) The load carried by each transformer is (1/3)sT = 15.69 MVA

P.P. 13.13 The process is essentially the same as in Example 13.13. We are
given the coupling coefficient, k = 0.4, and can determine the operating frequency from
the value of ω = 4 which implies that f = 4/(2π) = 0.6366 Hz.

Saving and then simulating produces,

io = 100.6cos(4t + 68.52o) mA
P.P. 13.14 Following the same basic steps in Example 13.14, we first assume
ω = 1. This then leads to following determination of values for the inductor and the
capacitor.

j15 = jωL leads to L = 15 H

-j16 = 1/(ωC) leads to C = 62.5 mF

The schematic is shown below.

FREQ VM($N_0005,0) VP($N_0005,0)

1.592E-01 7.652E+01 2.185E+00

FREQ VM($N_0001,0) VP($N_0001,0)

1.592E-01 1.151E+02 2.091E+00

Thus,

V1 = 76.52∠2.18° V

V2 = 115.1∠2.09° V

Note, if we divide V2 by V1 we get 1.5042∠–.09˚ which is in good agreement that the

transformer is ideal with a voltage ratio of 1.5:1!
P.P. 13.15 V2/V1 = 120/13,200 = 1/110 = 1/n

P.P. 13.16

Z1
VS + +
– v1 ZL/n2
–

As in Example 13.16, n2 = ZL/Z1 = 100/(2.5x103) = 1/25, n = 1/5 = 0.2

By voltage division, v1 = vs/2 (since Z1 = ZL/n2), therefore v1 = 30/2 = 15 volts, and

v2 = nv1 = (1/5)(15) = 3 volts

P.P. 13.17

(a) s = 12x60 + 350 + 4,500 = 5.57 kW

(b) iP = s/vP 5570/2400 = 2.321 A

 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 14

Vo jωL
P.P.14.1 H(ω) = =
Vs R + jωL

jωL R jω ω 0
H (ω) = =
1 + jωL R 1 + jω ω0
R
where ω0 = .
L

ω ω0 π ⎛ω⎞
H = H(ω) = φ = ∠H (ω) = − tan -1 ⎜ ⎟
1 + (ω ω0 ) 2 2 ⎝ ω0 ⎠

At ω = 0 , H = 0, φ = 90°
As ω → ∞ , H = 1, φ = 0°
1
At ω = ω0 , H= , φ = 90° − 45° = 45°
2

Thus, the sketches of H and φ are shown below.

H

1
0.7071

0 ω0 = R/L ω

90°

45°

0 ω0 = R/L ω
P.P.14.2 The desired transfer function is the input impedance.
Vo (s) ⎛ 1 ⎞
Z i (s) = = ⎜5 + ⎟ || (3 + 2s)
I o (s) ⎝ s 10 ⎠
(5 + 10 s)(3 + 2s) 5 (s + 2)(s + 1.5)
Z i (s) = =
5 + 10 s + 3 + 2s s 2 + 4s + 5

The poles are at

- 4 ± 16 − 20
p1, 2 = = -2± j
2

The zeros are at

z1 = - 2 , z 2 = - 1.5

1 + jω 2
P.P.14.3 H (ω) =
( jω)(1 + jω 10)

H db = 20 log10 1 + jω 2 − 20 log10 jω − 20 log10 1 + jω 10

φ = -90° + tan -1 (ω 2) − tan -1 (ω 10)

The magnitude and the phase plots are shown in Fig. 14.14.

50 400 jω
P.P.14.4 H (ω) =
(1 + jω 4)(1 + jω 10) 2

H db = -20 log10 8 + 20 log10 jω − 20 log10 1 + jω 4 − 40 log10 1 + jω 10

φ = 90° − tan -1 (ω 4) − 2 tan -1 (ω 10)

The magnitude and the phase plots are shown in Fig. 14.16.

10 400
P.P.14.5 H (ω) =
⎛ jω8 ⎛ jω ⎞ 2 ⎞
( jω)⎜⎜1 + + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ 40 ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎠

H db = -20 log10 40 − 20 log10 jω − 20 log10 1 + jω 5 − ω2 400

⎛ 0.2 ω ⎞
φ = -90° − tan -1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝1 − ω2 400 ⎠
The magnitude and the phase plots are shown in Fig. 14.18.

P.P.14.6
A zero at ω = 0.5 , 1 + jω 0.5
1
A pole at ω = 1 ,
1 + jω 1
1
Two poles at ω = 10 ,
(1 + jω 10) 2

Hence,
1 + j ω 0 .5 (1 0.5)(0.5 + jω)
H (ω) = 2 =
(1 + jω 1)(1 + jω 10) (1 100)(1 + jω)(10 + jω) 2
200 (s + 0.5)
H (ω) =
(s + 1)(s + 10) 2

P.P.14.7
ω0 L QR (50)(4)
(a) Q= ⎯
⎯→ ω0 = = -3 = 8 × 10 rad / s
3
R L 25 × 10

1 1 1
ω0 = ⎯
⎯→ C = =
LC ω L
2
0 (64 × 10 )(25 × 10 -3 )
6

C = 0.625 μF

ω0 8 × 10 3
(b) B= = = 160 rad / s
Q 50

Since Q > 10 ,
B
ω1 = ω0 − = 8000 − 80 = 7920 rad / s
2
B
ω 2 = ω0 + = 8000 + 80 = 8080 rad / s
2

Vin2 100 2
(c) At ω = ω0 , P= = = 1.25 kW
2R 8

Vin2
At ω = ω1 , P = 0.5 ⋅ = 0.625 kW
2R

Vin2
At ω = ω2 , P = 0.5 ⋅ = 0.625 kW
2R
 1 1
P.P.14.8 ω0 = = = 10 5 = 100 krad / s
LC (20 × 10 )(5 × 10 )
-3 -9

R 100 × 10 3
Q= = = 50
ω0 L (10 5 )(20 × 10 -3 )

ω0 10 5
B= = = 2 krad / s
Q 50

Since Q > 10 ,
B
ω1 = ω0 − = 100,000 − 1,000 = 99 krad / s
2
B
ω 2 = ω0 + = 100,000 + 1,000 = 101 krad / s
2

1 50
P.P.14.9 Z = jω1 + 10 || = jω +
jω0.2 5 + j10ω
10 (1 − j2ω)
Z = jω +
1 + 4ω 2

20ω
Im(Z) = 0 ⎯
⎯→ ω − =0
1 + 4ω 2
20ω
ω= ⎯
⎯→ 1 + 4ω 2 = 20
1 + 4ω 2
19
ω= = 2.179 rad / s
2

Vo R 2 || sL
P.P.14.10 H (s) = = , s = jω
Vi R 1 + R 2 || sL
sR 2 L
H(s) =
R 1 R 2 + sR 1 L + sR 2 L
jωR 2 L
H (ω) =
R 1 R 2 + jωL (R 1 + R 2 )
H ( 0) = 0
jR 2 L R2
H(ω) = lim =
1 2 ω + jL ( R 1 + R 2 ) R1 + R 2
ω→ ∞ R R

i.e. a highpass filter.

1
The corner frequency occurs when H(ωc ) = ⋅ H(∞) .
2
 ⎛ R 2 ⎞⎛ jωL ⎞
H (ω) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ R 1 + R 2 ⎠⎝ jωL + R 1 R 2 (R 1 + R 2 ) ⎠
⎛ R 2 ⎞⎛ jω ⎞ R 1R 2
H (ω) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟, where k =
⎝ R 1 + R 2 ⎠⎝ jω + k ⎠ (R 1 + R 2 ) L

At the corner frequency,

1 R2 R2 jωc
⋅ = ⋅
2 R 1 + R 2 R 1 + R 2 jω c + k
1 ωc R1R 2
= ⎯
⎯→ ωc = k =
2 ωc2 + k 2 (R 1 + R 2 ) L

⎛ R 2 ⎞⎛ jω ⎞
Hence, H (ω) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ R 1 + R 2 ⎠⎝ jω + ωc ⎠

and the corner frequency is

(100)(100)
ωc = = 25 krad / s
(100 + 100)(2 × 10 -3 )

P.P.14.11 B = 2π (20.3 − 20.1) × 10 3 = 400π

Assuming high Q,
ω1 + ω2 (2π)(40.4 × 10 3 )
ω0 = = = 40.4π × 10 3 rad / s
2 2

ω0 40.4π × 10 3
Q= = = 101
B 400π

R R 20 × 10 3
B= ⎯
⎯→ L = = = 15.916 H
L B 400π

1 1
Q= ⎯
⎯→ C =
ω0 CR ω0 QR
1
C= = 3.9 pF
(40.4π × 10 )(101)(20 × 10 3 )
3

P.P.14.12 Given H (∞) = 5 and f c = 2 kHz

1
ω c = 2π f c =
R i Ci
 1 1
Ri = =
2πf c C i (2π )(2 × 10 )(0.1 × 10 -3 )
3

R i = 795.8 ≅ 800 Ω

- Rf
H(∞) = = -5 ⎯
⎯→ R f = 5R i = 3,978 ≅ 4 kΩ
Ri

P.P.14.13 Q = 10 , ω0 = 20 krad / s
ω0
B= = 2 krad / s
Q

B
ω1 = ω0 − = 19 krad / s
2
B
ω 2 = ω0 + = 21 krad / s
2

1
Since ω1 = ,
C2R
1 1
C2 = = = 5.263 nF
ω1 R (19 × 10 )(10 × 10 3 )
3

1 1
C1 = = = 4.762 nF
ω2 R (21 × 10 )(10 × 10 3 )
3

Rf
K= =5 ⎯
⎯→ R f = 5R i = 50 kΩ
Ri

ω′c 2π × 10 4
P.P.14.14 Kf = = = 2π × 10 4
ωc 1
C C 1 10 4
C′ = ⎯
⎯→ K m = = =
KmKf C′ K f (15 × 10 -9 )(2π × 10 4 ) 3π
10 4
R′ = K mR = (1) = 1.061 kΩ
3π
Km 10 4 2
L′ = L= ⋅ = 33.77 mH
Kf 3π 2π × 10 4

Therefore,
R 1′ = R ′2 = 1.061 kΩ
C1′ = C′2 = 15 nF
L ′ = 33.77 mH
P.P.14.15 The schematic is shown in Fig. (a).

(a)

Use the AC Sweep option of the Analysis Setup. Choose a Linear sweep type with the
following Sweep Parameters : Total Pts = 100, Start Freq = 1, and End Freq = 1K.
After saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain the magnitude and phase plots are
shown in Figs. (b) and (c).

(b)
 (c)

P.P.14.16 The schematic is shown in Fig. (a).

(a)

Use the AC Sweep option of the Analysis Setup. Choose a Decade sweep type with
these Sweep Parameters : Pts/Decade = 20, Start Freq = 1K, and End Freq = 100K.
Save and simulate the circuit.

For the magnitude plot, choose DB( ) from the Analog Operators and Functions list.
Then, select the voltage V(R1:1) and OK. Another option would be to type DB(V(R1:1))
as the Trace Expression. For the phase plot, choose P( ) from the Analog Operators
and Functions list. Then, select the voltage V(R1:1) and OK. Another option would be
to type VP(R1:1) as the Trace Expression. The resulting magnitude and phase plots
are shown in Figs. (b) and (c).
(b)

(c)
 1
P.P.14.17 ω0 = 2πf 0 =
LC
1
or C=
4π f 02 L
2

For the high end of the band, f 0 = 108 MHz

1
C1 = = 0.543 pF
4π (108 × 1012 )(4 × 10 -6 )
2 2

For the low end of the band, f 0 = 88 MHz

1
C2 = = 0.818 pF
4π (88 × 1012 )(4 × 10 -6 )
2 2

Therefore, C must be adjustable and be in the range 0.543 pF to 0.818 pF .

P.P.14.18
For BP6 , f 0 = 1336 Hz and it passes frequencies in the range 1209 Hz < f < 1477 Hz .

B = 2π (1477 − 1209 ) = 1683 .9

R 600
L= = = 0.356 H
B 1683.9

1 1
C= = = 39.83 nF
4π f 0 L 4π (1336) 2 (0.356)
22 2

P.P.14.19 C = 10 μF and R1 = R 2 = 8 Ω

1 1 1
2π f c = ⎯
⎯→ f c = = = 1.989 kHz
R 1C 2πR 1C (2π )(8)(10 × 10 -6 )

R2 8
L= = = 0.64 mH
2πf c (2π)(1.989 × 10 3 )
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 15

L[ t u ( t )] = ∫
∞
P.P.15.1 0
t e -st dt

Using integration by parts,

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
Let u=t ⎯
⎯→ du = dt .
- 1 -st
e -st dt = dv ⎯
⎯→ v = e
s

e -st 1
L[ t u ( t )] = e -st
-t ∞ 1 -st
∞
0 +∫ e dt = 0 + 2 ∞
0 =
s 0 s s s2

Also,

L[ e at u ( t )] = ∫
∞ - 1 -( s − a ) t 1
e at e -st dt = e ∞
=
0 s−a 0
s−a

L[ cos(ωt )] = ∫-∞
1 jωt
( e + e - jωt ) e -st dt
∞
P.P.15.2
2
L[ cos(ωt )] = ∫0 e -(s- jω) t dt + ∫0 e -(s+ jω) t dt
1 ∞ 1 ∞
2 2
1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
L[ cos(ωt )] = ⎜
s
+ ⎟= 2
2 ⎝ s − jω s + jω ⎠ s + ω 2

P.P.15.3 If f ( t ) = cos(2 t ) + e -3t ,

s 1 s 2 + 3s + s 2 + 4
F(s) = 2 + =
s + 4 s + 3 (s 2 + 4)(s + 3)
2s 2 + 3s + 4
F(s) =
(s + 3)(s 2 + 4)

P.P.15.4 Given f ( t ) = t 2 cos(3t )

L[ cos(3t )] = 2
s
From P.P.15.2,
s +9
d2 ⎛ s ⎞
F(s) = L[ t 2 cos(3t )] = ( - 1) ⎜ ⎟
2
Using Eq. 15.34,
ds 2 ⎝ s 2 + 9 ⎠
 d2
[ ] d2
[
F(s) = 2 s s + 9 = 2 (1) ( s 2 + 9) − (s)( 2s) ( s 2 + 9)
( 2 ) -1 -1 -2
]
ds ds
F(s) = ( - 2s) ( s + 9 ) − ( 4s) ( s 2 + 9 ) + ( 4s 2 ) ( 2s) ( s 2 + 9 )
2 -2 -2 -3

2s 3 − 54s
F(s) = ( - 6s) ( s 2 + 9 ) + ( 8s 3 )( s 2 + 9 ) = 2
-2 -3

( s + 9) 3
2s ( s 2 − 27 )
F(s) =
( s 2 + 9) 3

P.P.15.5 h ( t ) = 10 [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 2)] + 5 [ u ( t − 2) − u ( t − 4)]

⎛ 1 e -2s ⎞ ⎛ e -2s e -4s ⎞

H(s) = 10 ⎜ − ⎟ + 5⎜ − ⎟
⎝s s ⎠ ⎝ s s ⎠

H (s ) =
5
( 2 − e -2s − e -4s )
s

P.P.15.6 T=5
f1 ( t ) = u ( t ) − u ( t − 2)

F1 (s) = (1 − e -2s )
1
s

F1 (s) 1 − e -2s
F(s) = =
1 − e -Ts s (1 − e -5s )

s 3 + 2s + 6
P.P.15.7 g (0) = lim sF(s) = lim
s → ∞ (s + 2s + 1)(s + 3)
2
s →∞

2 6
1+ 2 + 3
s s
g(0) = lim =1
s →∞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
⎜1 + + 2 ⎟⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ s s ⎠⎝ s ⎠

Since all poles s = 0, - 1, - 1, - 3 lie in the left-hand s-plane, we can apply the final-value
theorem.
s 3 + 2s + 6
g (∞) = lim sF(s) = lim
s → 0 (s + 1) (s + 3)
2
s→0

6
g(∞) = lim 2 =2
s → 0 (1) (3)

4 5s
P.P.15.8 F(s) = 1 + − 2
s + 3 s + 16
 ⎡ 4 ⎤ -1 ⎡ 5s ⎤
f ( t ) = L-1 [ 1 ] + L-1 ⎢ −L ⎢ 2
⎣ s + 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣ s + 16 ⎥⎦
f ( t ) = δ( t ) + (4e -3t − 5 cos(4t ))u ( t ), t ≥ 0

A B C
P.P.15.9 F(s) = + +
s +1 s + 3 s + 4

6 (s + 2) 6
A = F(s) (s + 1) s= -1 = s = -1 = =1
(s + 3)(s + 4) (2)(3)
6 (s + 2) (6)(-1)
B = F(s) (s + 3) s= -3 = s = -3 = =3
(s + 1)(s + 4) (-2)(1)
6 (s + 2) (6)(-2)
C = F(s) (s + 4) s= -4 = s = -4 = = -4
(s + 1)(s + 3) (-3)(-1)

1 3 4
F(s) = + −
s +1 s + 3 s + 4

f ( t ) = (e -t + 3e -3t − 4e -4t )u ( t ), t ≥ 0

s 3 + 2s + 6 A B C D
P.P.15.10 G (s) = = + + 2 +
s (s + 1) (s + 3) s s + 1 (s + 1)
2
s+3

Multiplying both sides by s (s + 1) 2 (s + 3) gives

s 3 + 2s + 6 = A (s + 3)(s 2 + 2s + 1) + Bs (s + 1)(s + 3) + Cs (s + 3) + Ds (s + 1) 2
= A (s3 + 5s 2 + 7s + 3) + B (s 3 + 4s 2 + 3s) + C (s 2 + 3s) + D (s3 + 2s 2 + s)

Equating coefficients :
s0 : 6 = 3A ⎯ ⎯→ A = 2 (1)
s1 : 2 = 7 A + 3B + 3C + D ⎯
⎯→ 3B + 3C + D = -12 (2)
s :2
0 = 5A + 4 B + C + 2 D ⎯
⎯→ 4B + C + 2D = -10 (3)
s :3
1= A+ B+ D ⎯
⎯→ B + D = -1 (4)

Solving (2), (3), and (4) gives

- 13 -3 9
A = 2, B= , C= , D=
4 2 4

2 13 4 32 94
G (s) = − − 2 +
s s + 1 (s + 1) s+3
 g ( t ) = ( 2 − 3.25 e-t − 1.5 t e-t + 2.25 e-3t )u(t ), t ≥ 0

10 A Bs + C
P.P.15.11 G (s) = = + 2
(s + 1)(s + 4s + 13) s + 1 s + 4s + 13
2

Multiplying both sides by (s + 1)(s 2 + 4s + 13) gives

10 = A (s 2 + 4s + 13) + B (s 2 + s) + C (s + 1)

Equating coefficients :
s2 : 0= A+B ⎯ ⎯→ A = -B (1)
1
s : 0 = 4A + B + C ⎯
⎯→ C = -3A (2)
0
s : 10 = 13A + C ⎯
⎯→ 10 = 10A (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3) gives

A = 1, B = -1 , C = -3

1 s+3 1 s+2 1
G (s) = − = − −
s + 1 (s + 2) + 9 s + 1 (s + 2) + 9 (s + 2) 2 + 9
2 2

1
g ( t ) = (e - t − e - 2t cos(3t ) − e - 2t sin(3t )), t ≥ 0
3

P.P.15.12

2 x2(λ)

For 0 < t < 1 , consider Fig. (a). x1(t - λ) 1

∫ (1)(1) dλ = t
t
y( t ) = 0
t-1 0 t 1 2 λ
(a)
 2
For 1 < t < 2 , consider Fig. (b).
∫ (1)(1) dλ + ∫1 (1)(2) dλ = λ
1 t
y( t ) = t
+ 2λ t 1
t −1 t −1 1

y( t ) = 1 − t + 1 + 2 ( t − 1) = t
0 t-1 1 t 2 λ
(b)

For 2 < t < 3 , consider Fig. (c). 2

∫
2
y( t ) = t −1
(1)( 2) dλ = 2 λ 2
t −1
1
y( t ) = 2 ( 2 − t + 1) = 6 − 2 t

0 1 t-1 2 t λ
For t > 3 , there is no overlap so y( t ) = 0 .
(c)

y(t)
Thus,
⎧ t 2
0<t<2
⎪
y( t ) = ⎨ 6 − 2t 2 < t < 3
⎪ 0
⎩ otherwise
0 1 2 3 t
The result of the convolution is shown in Fig. (d). (d)
P.P.15.13

3e-λ
g(t-λ)

t-1 0 t 1 λ 0 t-1 1 t λ
(a) (b)

For 0 < t < 1 , consider Fig. (a).

∫ (1) 3 e
t
y( t ) = 0
-λ
dλ = -3 e -λ t
0 = 3 (1 − e - t )

For t > 1 , consider Fig. (b).

 ∫
t
y( t ) = t −1
(1) 3 e -λ dλ = -3 e -λ t
t −1 = 3 e - t (e − 1)

Thus,
⎧ 3 (1 − e-t ) 0≤t≤1
⎪⎪ -t
y( t ) = ⎨3 e (e − 1) t≥1
⎪
⎪⎩ 0 elsewhere

P.P.15.14 The circuit in the s-domain is shown below.

+
+
Vs 2/s Vo
−
−

2s
Vo = V
1+ 2 s s

Vo 2
H(s) = = ⎯
⎯→ h ( t ) = 2 e -2t
Vs s + 2

∫
t
v o (t) = h(t) ∗ v s (t) = 0
h ( λ) v s ( t − λ) d λ
t
= ∫ 2 e- 2λ 10 e- (t − λ ) dλ
0
t
= 20 e- t ∫ e- 2 λ eλ dλ = 20 e- t (-e- λ ) 0t
0

= 20 (e − e -2t )u(t ) V
-t

P.P.15.15 Taking the Laplace transform of each term gives

[ s 2 V(s) − sv(0) − v′(0) ] + 4 [ sV(s) − v(0) ] + 4 V(s) = 1
s +1
1 s + 6s + 6
2
(s 2 + 4s + 4) V(s) = s + 5 + =
s +1 s +1
s + 6s + 6
2
A B C
V (s) = 2 = + +
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2 (s + 2) 2
s 2 + 6s + 6 = A (s 2 + 4s + 4) + B (s 2 + 3s + 2) + C (s + 1)

Equating coefficients :
 s2 : 1= A+ B ⎯
⎯→ B = 1 − A or A = 1− B
1
s : 6 = 4A + 3B + C ⎯
⎯→ 6 = A + 3 + C or C = 3 − A
0
s : 6 = 4A + 2B + C ⎯
⎯→ 6 = 6 − B or B=0
Thus,
A = 1, B = 0, C=2
and
1 2
V(s) = +
s + 1 (s + 2) 2

Therefore,
v( t ) = (e -t + 2 t e -2t ) u(t ) Note, there were no units give for v(t).

P.P.15.16 Taking the Laplace transform of each term gives

2 2
sY (s) − y(0) + 3Y (s) + Y (s) =
s s+3
[ s 2 + 3s + 2] Y(s) = 2s
s+3
2s A B C
Y(s) = = + +
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3) s + 1 s + 2 s + 3

A = Y (s) (s + 1) s= -1 = -1
B = Y (s) (s + 2) s= -2 = 4
C = Y (s) (s + 3) s = -3 = -3

-1 4 3
Y (s) = + −
s +1 s + 2 s + 3

y( t ) = (-e -t + 4 e -2t − 3 e -3t ) u(t )

 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 16

P.P.16.1 Consider the circuit shown below.

s

Io
+
4/s 2/s 4 Vo(s)
−

Using current division,

4
s 2 8
Io = ⋅ =
4 s s (s + 4s + 4)
2
+s+4
s

32
Vo (s) = 4 I o =
s (s + 2) 2

32 A B C
2 = + +
s (s + 2) s s + 2 (s + 2) 2
32 = A (s 2 + 4s + 4) + B (s 2 + 2s) + Cs

Equating coefficients :
s0 : 32 = 4A ⎯ ⎯→ A = 8
1
s : 0 = 4A + 2B + C
2
s : 0= A+B ⎯ ⎯→ B = -A = -8

Hence, 0 = 4A + 2B + C ⎯
⎯→ C = -16

8 8 16
Vo (s) = − −
s s + 2 (s + 2) 2

v o ( t ) = 8 (1 − e -2t − 2t e -2t ) u(t ) V

P.P.16.2 The circuit in the s-domain is shown below.
1
Vo(s)

+
1/(s + 2) 2s i(0)/s 2
−

At node o,
1 Vo Vo i(0)
− Vo = + + where i(0) = 0A
s+2 2s 2 s
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞
= Vo ⎜1 + + ⎟
s+2 ⎝ 2 2s ⎠
2s 2s / 3 A B
Vo = = = +
(s + 2)(3s + 1) (s + 2)(s + 1 3) s + 2 s + 1 3

Solving for A and B we get,

A = [2(–2)/3]/(–2+1/3) = 4/5, B = [2(–1/3)/3]/[(–1/3)+2] = –2/15

45 2 15
Vo = −
s + 2 s +1 3

Hence,
⎛4 2 ⎞
v o ( t ) = ⎜ e - 2 t − e - t 3 ⎟ u ( t )V
⎝5 15 ⎠
P.P.16.3 v(0) = V0 is incorporated as shown below.

V(s)

+
I0/s R 1/sC V CV0

We apply KCL to the top node.

I0 V ⎛ 1⎞
+ CV0 = + sCV = ⎜ sC + ⎟ V
s R ⎝ R⎠

I0 CV0
V= +
s (sC + 1 R ) sC + 1 R
V0 I0 C
V= +
s + 1 RC s (s + 1 RC)
V0 A B
V= + +
s + 1 RC s s + 1 RC
I0 C I0 C
where A = = I0R , B= = - I0R
1 RC - 1 RC

V0 I0R I0R
V(s) = + −
s + 1 RC s s + 1 RC

v( t ) = ((V0 − I 0 R ) e - t τ + I 0 R ), t > 0, where τ = RC

P.P.16.4 We solve this problem the same as we did in Example 16.4 up to the point
where we find V1. Once we have V1, all we need to do is to divide V1 by 5s to
and add in the contribution from i(0)/s to find IL.

IL = V1/5s – i(0)/s = 7/(s(s+1)) – 6/(s(s+2)) – 1/s

= 7/s – 7/(s+1) – 3/s + 3/(s+2) – 1/s = 3/s – 7/(s+1) + 3/(s+2)

Which leads to iL(t) = (3 – 7e–t + 3e–2t)u(t)A

P.P.16.5 We can use the same solution as found in Example 16.5 to find iL.

All we need to do is divide each voltage by 5s and then add in the contribution
from i(0). Start by letting iL = i1 + i2 + i3.

I1 = V1/5s – 0/s = 6/(s(s+1)) – 6/(s(s+2)) = 6/s – 6/(s+1) – 3/s + 3/(s+2)

or i1 = (3 – 6e–t + 3e–2t)u(t)A

I2 = V2/5s – 1/s = 2/(s(s+1)) – 2/(s(s+2)) – 1/s = 2/s – 2/(s+1) – 1/s + 1/(s+2) –1/s

or i2 = (–2e–t + e–2t)u(t)A

I3 = V3/5s – 0/s = –1/(s(s+1)) + 2/(s(s+2)) = –1/s + 1/(s+1) + 1/s – 1/(s+2)

or i3 = (e–t – e–2t)u(t)A

This leads to iL(t) = i1 + i2 + i3 = (3 – 7e–t + 3e–2t)u(t)A

P.P.16.6
Ix 1/s
1Ω

+
+ +
5/s − Vo 2Ω − 4Ix
−

(a) Take out the 2 Ω and find the Thevenin equivalent circuit.

VTh =
Ix 1/s
1Ω

+
+ +
5/s − VTh − 4Ix
−
Using mesh analysis we get,

–5/s +1Ix +Ix/s + 4Ix = 0 or (1 + 1/s + 4)Ix = 5/s or Ix = 5/(5s+1)

VTh = 5/s – 5/(5s+1) = (25s+5–5s)/(s(5s+1)

= 5(4s+1)/(s(5s+1) = 4(s+0.25)/(s(s+0.2)

Ix 1/s
1Ω

+ +
5/s Isc − 4Ix
−

Ix = (5/s)/1 = 5/s Isc = 5/s + 4(5/s)/(1/s) = 5/s + 20 = (20s+5)/s = 20(s+0.25)/s

ZTh = VTh/Isc = {4(s+0.25)/(s(s+0.2))}/{20(s+0.25)/s} = 1/(5(s+0.2))

1
5(s + 0.2)

+
4(s + 0.25) +
Vo 2Ω
s(s + 0.2) −
−

4(s + 0.25)
s(s + 0.2) 4(s + 0.25) 10(4s + 1)
Vo = 2 = or
1 s(s + 0.3) s(10s + 3)
+2
5(s + 0.2)

(b) Initial value: vo(0+) = Lim sVo = 4V

s→∞

Final value: vo(∞) = Lim sVo = 4(0+0.25)/(0+0.3) = 3.333V

s→0
 (c) Partial fraction expansion leads to Vo = 3.333/s + 0.6667/(s+0.3)

Taking the inverse Laplace transform we get,

vo(t) = (3.333 + 0.6667e–0.3t)u(t)V

1
P.P.16.7 If x ( t ) = e -3t u ( t ) , then X(s) = .
s+3

2s A B
Y(s) = H(s) X(s) = = +
(s + 3)(s + 6) s + 3 s + 6

A = Y (s) (s + 3) s= -3 = -2
B = Y (s) (s + 6) s= -6 = 4

-2 4
Y (s) = +
s+3 s+6

y( t ) = (-2 e -3t + 4 e -6t )u ( t )

2s 2 (s + 6 − 6) 12
H(s) = = = 2−
(s + 6) s+6 s+6

h ( t ) = 2 δ(t ) − 12 e -6t u(t )

P.P.16.8 By current division,

2 + 1 2s
I1 = I
s + 4 + 2 + 1 2s 0

I1 2 + 1 2s 4s + 1
H(s) = = = 2
I 0 s + 4 + 2 + 1 2s 2s + 12s + 1

P.P.16.9
2s
Vo 1 || 2 s 1+ 2 s 2
(a) = = =
Vi 1 + 1 || 2 s 2s s+4
1+
1+ 2 s
 Vo 2
H(s) = =
Vi s + 4

(b) h ( t ) = 2 e -4t u(t )

2 A B
(c) Vo (s) = H (s) Vi (s) = = +
s (s + 4) s s + 4

1 -1
A = s Vo (s) s= 0 =
, B = (s + 4) Vo (s) s = -4 =
2 2
1 ⎛1 1 ⎞
Vo (s) = ⎜ − ⎟
2⎝s s + 4⎠

1
v o (t) = (1 − e -4t ) u(t ) V
2

8s
(d) v i ( t ) = 8 cos( 2 t ) ⎯
⎯→ Vi (s) =
s +4
2

16s A Bs + C
Vo (s) = H(s) Vi (s) = = + 2
(s + 4)(s + 4) (s + 4) (s + 4)
2

- 16
A = (s + 4) Vo (s) s= -4 =
5

Multiplying both sides by (s + 4)(s 2 + 4) gives

16s = A (s + 4) + B (s 2 + 4s) + C (s + 4)

Equating coefficients :
16
s2 : 0= A+B ⎯
⎯→ B = -A = (1)
5
16
s1 : 16 = 4B + C ⎯
⎯→ C = (2)
5
s0 : 0 = 4 A + 4C ⎯
⎯→ C = -A (3)

16 ⎛ − 1 s + 1 ⎞ 16 ⎛ − 1 s 1 2 ⎞
Vo (s) = ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ + + ⋅ ⎟
5 ⎝ s + 4 s + 4 ⎠ 5 ⎝ s + 4 s + 4 2 s + 4 ⎟⎠
2 2 2

[ ]
v o ( t ) = 3.2 − e - 4t + cos( 2t ) + 0.5 sin( 2t ) u(t ) V
P.P. 16.10 Consider the circuit below.

iR R1 i L

+ vL -
+ +
C R2 vo
vs + v
_ -
-

dv
iR = i + C
dt
vo = R2i (1)
vs − v
But iR =
R1
Hence,
vs − v dv
= i+C
R1 dt
or
• v i v
v=− − + s (2)
R1C C R1C

Also,
- v + vL + vo =0

di
vL = L = v − vo
dt

But vo = iR2 . Hence

• v iR2
i = v / L − vo / L = − (3)
L L
Putting (1) to (3) into the standard form
 ⎡ 1 1⎤
⎡ • ⎤ ⎢− − ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ v ⎥ = ⎢ R1C C ⎥ ⎡v ⎤ ⎢
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ + R 1 C ⎥ vs
⎢•⎥ ⎢ I R2 ⎥ ⎣ i ⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣i ⎦ ⎢ − ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
⎣ L L⎦
⎡v ⎤
vo = [ 0 R2 ] ⎢ ⎥
⎣i ⎦

If we let R1= 1, R2 = 2, C = ½, L = 1/5, then

⎡ −2 −2 ⎤ ⎡2⎤
A=⎢ ⎥ , B = ⎢ ⎥ , C = [ 0 2]
⎣ 5 −10 ⎦ ⎣0⎦

⎡s + 2 2 ⎤
sI − A = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −5 s + 10 ⎦

⎡ s + 10 −2 ⎤
⎢ 5 s + 2 ⎥⎦
−1 ⎣
( sI − A) = 2
s + 12s + 30

⎡s + 10 − 2 ⎤ ⎡2⎤
[0 2]⎢
⎣ 5 s + 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0⎥⎦
H (s) = C(sI − A) −1 B =
s 2 + 12s + 30
20
=
s 2 12s + 30

20
=
s 2 + 12s + 30

P.P. 16.11 Consider the circuit below.

i L
1 vo 2
io
+
i1 R1 v C R2 i2

-
At node 1,

v •
i1 = + C v+ i
R1
• 1 1 i
or v=− v− i+ 1 (1)
R1C C C
This is one state equation.
At node 2,
io = i + i2 (2)
Applying KVL around the loop containing C, L, and R2, we get

•
−v + L i + io R2 = 0
or
• v R2
i= − io (3)
L L
Substituting (2) into (3) gives
• v R R
i = − 2 i − 2 i2 (4)
L L L
vo = v (5)
From (1), (3), (4), and (5), we obtain the state model as
⎡ 1 1⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
⎡ • ⎤ ⎢− − ⎥
⎢C 0 ⎥
v
⎢ ⎥=⎢ 1 R C C ⎡ v ⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤
⎥ + ⎢ ⎥
⎢•⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎢ ⎥
R2 ⎥ ⎣ i ⎦ ⎢ R2 ⎥ ⎢⎣i2 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢
i − ⎥ 0 −
⎣ L L⎦ ⎢⎣ L ⎥⎦

⎡vo ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎡v ⎤ ⎡0 0⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤
⎢ i ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 ⎥ ⎢ i ⎥ + ⎢ 0 1 ⎥ ⎢i ⎥
⎣ o⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ 2⎦

Substituting R1 = 1, R2 =2, C = ½, L = ¼ yields

⎡•⎤
⎢ v ⎥ = ⎡ −2 −2 ⎤ ⎡v ⎤ + ⎡ 2 0 ⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤
⎢ • ⎥ ⎣⎢ 4 −8⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ i ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −8⎦⎥ ⎢⎣i2 ⎥⎦
⎣i ⎦

⎡vo ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎡v ⎤ ⎡0 0⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤
⎢ i ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 ⎥ ⎢ i ⎥ + ⎢ 0 1 ⎥ ⎢i ⎥
⎣ o⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ 2⎦
P.P. 16.12
Let x1 = y (1)
so that
• •
x1 = y (2)
• •
Let x2 = x1 = y (3)
Finally, let
• ••
x3 = x2 = y (4)
then
• ••• •• •
x3 = y = −6 y − 11 y − 6 y + z (5)
= −6 x3 − 11x2 − 6 x1 + z

From (1) to (5), we obtain,

⎡•⎤
⎢ x1 ⎥ ⎡ 0 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎡0⎤
⎢•⎥ ⎢
⎢ x2 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ x2 ⎥⎥ + ⎢⎢0⎥⎥ z (t )
⎢ • ⎥ ⎢ −6 −11 −6 ⎥ ⎢ x ⎥ ⎢1 ⎥
⎢ x3 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦⎣ 3⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ ⎦

⎡ x1 ⎤
y (t ) = [1 0 0] ⎢⎢ x2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ x3 ⎥⎦

P.P.16.13 The circuit in the s-domain is equivalent to the one shown below.

βVo

+
Z Z Vo
−
 - Vo = (βVo ) Z ⎯ ⎯→ - 1 = βZ , where
R
Z = R || 1 sC =
1 + sRC
βR
Thus, - 1 = or - (1 + sRC ) = βR
1 + sRC

For stability,
-1
βR > -1 or β>
R

From another viewpoint,

Vo = -(βVo ) Z ⎯ ⎯→ (1 + βZ) Vo = 0

⎛ βR ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟V = 0
⎝ 1 + sRC ⎠ o

(sRC + βR + 1) Vo = 0

⎛ βR + 1 ⎞
⎜s + ⎟V = 0
⎝ RC ⎠ o

βR + 1
For stability must be positive, i.e.
RC
-1
βR + 1 > 0 or β>
R

P.P.16.14
(a) Following Example 15.24, the circuit is stable when
10 + α > 0 or α > -10

(b) For oscillation,

10 + α = 0 or α = -10

P.P.16.15
R
Vo R s⋅
= = L
Vi 1 R 1
R + sL + s2 + s ⋅ +
sC L LC

Comparing this with the given transfer function,

 R 1
=4 and = 20
L LC

If we select R = 2 , then
2 1 1
L = = 0.5 H and C= = = 0 .1 F
4 20L 10

P.P.16.16 Consider the circuit shown below.

Y3

Y4

Y1 Y2
−
Vo
V1 V2 +
+
Vin
−

Clearly, V2 = 0

At node 1,
(Vin − V1 ) Y1 = (V1 − Vo ) Y3 + (V1 − 0) Y2
or Vin Y1 = V1 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 ) − Vo Y3 (1)

At node 2,
(V1 − 0) Y2 = (0 − Vo ) Y4
- Y4
or V1 = V (2)
Y2 o

Substituting (2) into (1),

- Y4
Vin Y1 = V (Y + Y2 + Y3 ) − Vo Y3
Y2 o 1
Vo - Y1 Y2
or =
Vin Y4 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 ) + Y2 Y3

1 1
If we select Y1 = , Y2 = sC1 , Y3 = sC 2 , and Y4 = , then
R1 R2
 C1
-s⋅
Vo R1
=
Vin 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ + sC1 + sC 2 ⎟ + s 2 C1C 2
R 2 ⎝ R1 ⎠

1
-s⋅
Vo R 1C 2
=
Vin 1 ⎛1 1 ⎞ 1
s2 + s ⋅ ⎜ + ⎟+
R 2 ⎝ C 1 C 2 ⎠ R 1 R 2 C1 C 2

Comparing this with the given transfer function shows that

1 1 ⎛1 1 ⎞ 1
= 2, ⎜ + ⎟ = 6, = 10
R 1C 2 R 2 ⎝ C1 C 2 ⎠ R 1 R 2 C1 C 2

If R 1 = 10 kΩ , then
1
C2 = = 0.5 mF
2 × 10 3

1 1
=5 ⎯
⎯→ = 5C1
R 2 C1 R2

1 ⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ C1 ⎞ C2
⎜ + ⎟=6 ⎯
⎯→ 5⎜1 + ⎟=6 ⎯
⎯→ C1 = = 0.1 mF
R 2 ⎝ C1 C 2 ⎠ ⎝ C2 ⎠ 5

1 1
R2 = = = 2 kΩ
5C1 (5)(0.1 × 10 -3 )

Therefore,
C1 = 0.1 mF , C 2 = 0.5 mF , R 2 = 2 kΩ
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 17

P.P.17.1 T = 2, ωo = 2π/T = π

f(t) = 1, 0<t<1
–1, 1<t<2

f ( t )dt = ⎡ ∫ (1)dt + ∫ (−1)dt ⎤ = 0.5(1 – 1) = 0

1 T 1 1 2
ao = ∫
T 0 2 ⎢⎣ 0 1 ⎥⎦

f ( t ) cos nω o dt = ⎡ ∫ 1 cos nπtdt + ∫ (−1) cos nπtdt ⎤

2 T 2 1 2
an = ∫
T 0 2 ⎢⎣ 0 1 ⎥⎦

=
1
[sin nπt ]10 − 1 [sin nπt ]12 = 0
nπ nπ

2⎡ 1
(−1) sin nπtdt ⎤
2 T 2
bn =
T ∫0
f ( t ) sin n ω o dt =
⎢
2⎣ ∫0
1 sin n πtdt + ∫1 ⎥⎦

−1
= [cos nπt ]10 + 1 [cos nπt ]12 = 2 [1 − cos nπ]
nπ nπ nπ

bn = 4/(nπ), for n = odd

= 0, for n = even

4 ∞ 1
f(t) = ∑ sin nπt ,
π k =1 n
n = 2k – 1

P.P.17.2 T = 1, ωo = 2π/T = 2π, f(t) = t, 0 < t < 1.

2
1 T ⎡ 1 ( t )dt ⎤ = t
T ∫0 ⎢⎣ ∫0
1
ao = f ( t ) dt = = 0.5
⎥⎦ 2 0

f ( t ) cos nω o dt = ⎡ ∫ t cos nπtdt ⎤

2 T 2 1
an = ∫
T 0 1 ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦

1
⎡ 1
= 2⎢ [cos 2nπt ] + t [sin 2nπt ]⎤⎥
⎣ (2nπ)
2
2 nπ ⎦0
 =
2
[[cos 2nπ1] − 1] = 0
4n 2 π 2

f ( t ) sin nω o dt = ⎡ ∫ t sin 2nπtdt ⎤

2 T 2 1
bn =
T ∫0 1 ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦

[cos 2nπt ]⎤⎥ = − 2 [cos 2nπ] = –1/(nπ)

1
⎡ 1
= 2 ⎢ 2 2 [sin 2nπt ] −
t
⎣ 4n π 2nπ ⎦ 0 2nπ

1 ∞ 1
f(t) = 0.5 − ∑ sin 2nπt
π n =1 n

P.P.17.3
f(t) = 1, –π < t < 0
–1, 0<t<π

f(t) is an odd function, ao = 0 = an

T = 2π, ωo = 2π/T = 1

4 T/2 4 ⎡ π ⎤
bn =
T ∫0
f ( t ) sin n ω o dt = ⎢
2π ⎣ ∫0
( −1) sin ntdt ⎥
⎦

π
⎡2 ⎤ 2
= ⎢ [cos nt ]⎥ = [cos nπ − 1]
⎣ nπ ⎦ 0 nπ

= –4/(nπ), n = odd
0, n = even

−4 ∞ 1
f(t) = ∑ sin nt ,
π k =1 n
n = 2k – 1
P.P.17.4 f(t) = t/π, 0 < t < π, T = 2π, ωo = 1

This is an even function, bn = 0.

2 T/2 2 ⎡ π ⎤ 1 t2 π

T ∫0 2π ⎢⎣ ∫0
ao = f ( t )dt = ( t / π)dt = 2 x = 0.5
⎥⎦ π 2 0

4 T/2 4 ⎡ π t ⎤
an = ∫
T 0
f ( t ) cos nω o dt = ⎢ ∫
2π ⎣ 0 π
cos ntdt ⎥
⎦

2 ⎡
[( t / n ) sin nt ]0π − 1 ∫0 sin ntdt ⎤⎥
π
= 2 ⎢
π ⎣ n ⎦

π
− 2 −1 2
= cos nt = 2 2 (cos nπ − 1)
nπ n
2
0 n π

= –4/(n2π2), n = odd
0, n = even

∞
1 4 1
f(t) = −
2 π2
∑n
k =1
2
cos nt , n = 2k – 1

P.P.17.5 f(t) = t/π, 0 < t < π, ωo = 2π/T = 1

This is half-wave symmetric. For odd n,

4 T/2 4 ⎡ π t ⎤
an = ∫
T 0
f ( t ) cos nω o dt = ⎢ ∫
2π ⎣ 0 π
cos ntdt ⎥
⎦

2 ⎡
[( t / n ) sin nt ]0π − 1 ∫0 sin ntdt ⎤⎥
π
= 2 ⎢
π ⎣ n ⎦

π
− 2 −1 2
= cos nt = 2 2 (cos nπ − 1)
nπ n
2
0 n π

= –4/(n2π2), n = odd
0, n = even
 4 T/2 4 ⎡ πt ⎤
bn =
T ∫0
f ( t ) sin nω o dt = ⎢ ∫
2π ⎣ π0
sin ntdt ⎥
⎦

π
⎡ 2 ⎤
= ⎢ 2 2 [sin nt − nt cos nt ]⎥ =
2
, n = odd
⎣n π ⎦ 0 nπ

2 ∞ ⎛ −2 1 ⎞
Thus, f(t) = ∑ ⎜ 2 cos nt + sin nt ⎟ ,
π k =1 ⎝ n π n ⎠
n = 2k – 1

P.P.17.6
∞
1
vs(t) = 0.5 – (1/π) ∑ sin 2πnt , ω = 2πn
n =1 n

vo(ω) = (1/(jωC))vs/(R + (1/jωC)) = vs/(1 + jωRC) = vs/(1 + j2ω), RC = 2

For the DC component (ω = 0, or n = 0), vs = 0.5 and vo = 0.5

For the nth harmonic, vs = –(1/(nπ))∠90° or

vo = –(1/(nπ))∠–90°/ 1 + 4ω2 ∠tan–12ω

or vo = –1∠(–90 – tan–12ω)/(nπ 1 + 4ω2 )

∞
1
Hence, vo(t) = 0.5 – (1/π) ∑ cos(2πnt – 90° – tan–12ω)
n =1 n 1 + 4ω 2

1 1 ∞ sin( 2πnt − tan −1 4πn

= − ∑
2 π n =1 n 1 + 16π 2 n 2

P.P.17.7
∞
⎛ 1 π ⎞
v(t) = (1/3) + (1/π ) 2
∑ ⎜⎝ n
n =1
2
cos nt −
n
sin nt ⎟
⎠

∞
= (1/3) + (1/π2) ∑A
n =1
n cos(nt - φn)
 1 1 1
where An = 2
+ π2 = 2 1 + n 2π2
n n n

φn = tan–1(bn/an) = tan–1(–nπ)

1 1
v(t) = (1/3) +
π2
∑n 2
1 + n 2 π 2 cos[nt – tan-1(–nπ)]

Z = 2 + 1||(1/(jω)), ω = n

= 2 + (1/(jω))/(1 + (1/(jω))) = 2 + (1/(1 + (jω))

= (3 + 2jω)/(1 + jω), ω = n

= (3 + j2n)/(1 + jn)

I = V/Z = [(1 + jn)/(3 + j2n)] V

2Ω
I Io

+
V(ω) −
1/jω 1Ω

By current division, Io = (1/jω)I/[1 + (1/jω)] = I/(1 + jω) = V/(3 + j2n)

For the DC component (n = 0), V = 1/3 and Io = V/3 = 1/9

For the nth harmonic, V = [1/(n2π2)] 1 + n 2 π 2 ∠–tan–1(–nπ)

Io = V/[ 9 + 4n 2 ∠–tan–1(2n/3)]

= 1 + n 2 π 2 ∠[–tan–1(–nπ)–tan–1(2n/3)]/[n2π2 9 + 4n 2 ]

But, tan–1(–nπ) = –tan–1(nπ)

In the time domain,

1 + n2π2
io(t) = {(1/9) + ∑ cos[nt – tan–1(2n/3) + tan–1(nπ)]}A
n π 9 + 4n 2 2 2

Note, the summation is to be carried out from n=1 to ∞.

 ∞
P.P.17.8 P = VDC IDC + 0.5 ∑ Vn In cos(φn – θn)
n =0

= 80(0) + 0.5(120)(5) cos(10°) + 0.5(60)(2) cos(30°)

= 295.44 + 51.962

= 347.4 watts

P.P.17.9 I2rms = 82 + 0.5[302 + 202 + 152 + 102]

= 64 + 0.5x1625 = 876.5

= 29.61 A

P.P.17.10 f(t) = 1, 0<t<1

= 0, 1<t<2

T = 2, ωo = 2π/T = π

T 1
Cn = (1/T) ∫ f ( t )e − jnωo t dt = 0.5[ ∫ 1e − jnπt dt + 0]
0 0

1
= 0.5[1/(–jnπ)]e–jnπt 0
= [j/(2nπ)](e–jnπ – 1)

But e–jnπ = cos(nπ) – jsin(nπ) = cos(nπ) = (–1)n

Cn = [j/(2πn)][(–1)n – 1] = 0, n = even

= [–j/(nπ)], n = odd ≠ 0

1
For n = 0, Co = 0.5 ∫ 1dt = 0.5
0

∞
1 j jnπt
Hence, f(t) = − ∑ e
2 n = −∞ nπ
n≠0
n = odd
P.P.17.11 f(t) = t, –1 < t < 1, T = 2, ωo = 2π/T = π

T/2 1
Cn = (1/T) ∫ f ( t )e − jnωo t dt = 0.5 ∫ te − jnπt dt
−T / 2 −1

= 0.5[e–jnπt/(–jnπ)2](–jnπt – 1)| 1−1

= [–1/(2n2π2)][e–jnπ(–jnπ – 1) – ejnπ(jnπ – 1)]

= [–1/(2n2π2)][(cos nπ – j sin nπ)(–jnπ – 1)

– (cos nπ + j sin nπ)(jnπ – 1)]

= [j cos nπ]/(nπ)

Cn = j(–1)n/nπ, n ≠ 0

T/2
For n = 0, Co = (1/T) ∫ f ( t )dt = 0
−T / 2

∞
j(−1) n jnπt
Thus, f(t) = ∑
n = −∞ nπ
e
n ≠0

|Cn| = 1/(nπ), n ≠ 0, θn = (–1)n 90°, n ≠ 0

The amplitude and phase spectra are shown below.

|Cn|
0.32 0.32

0.16 0.16
0.11 0.11
0.8 0.8

n
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
 90°

–3 –1 1 3
n
–4 –2 0 2 4
–90°

P.P.17.12 The schematic is shown below. The attributes of the voltage source is
entered as shown. After entering the final time (5 or 6T), the Print Step, the Step Ceiling,
and the Center Frequency in the transient dialog box, the circuit is saved. Once the
PSpice is run, the output contains the following Fourier coefficients.
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(1)

DC COMPONENT = 4.950490E-01

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE

NORMALIZED
NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)

1 1.000E+00 3.184E-01 1.000E+00 -1.782E+02 0.000E+00

2 2.000E+00 1.593E-01 5.002E-01 -1.764E+02 1.783E+00
3 3.000E+00 1.063E-01 3.338E-01 -1.747E+02 3.564E+00
4 4.000E+00 7.978E-02 2.506E-01 -1.729E+02 5.347E+00
5 5.000E+00 6.392E-02 2.008E-01 -1.711E+02 7.128E+00
6 6.000E+00 5.336E-02 1.676E-01 -1.693E+02 8.912E+00
7 7.000E+00 4.583E-02 1.440E-01 -1.675E+02 1.069E+01
8 8.000E+00 4.020E-02 1.263E-01 -1.657E+02 1.248E+01
9 9.000E+00 3.583E-02 1.126E-01 -1.640E+02 1.426E+01

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 7.363360E+01 PERCENT

P.P.17.13 The schematic is shown below. Since T = 1/f = 0.55 ms, in the
transient dialog box, we set Print Step = 0.01 ms, Final Time = 4 ms, Center Frequency
= 2,000 Hz, Number of Harmonics = 5, and Output Vars = V(R1:1). Once the circuit
is saved, we simulate it and obtain the following results.
 DC COMPONENT = -1.507149E-04

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE

NORMALIZED
NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)

1 2.000E+03 1.455E-04 1.000E+00 9.006E+01 0.000E+00

2 4.000E+03 1.845E-06 1.268E-02 9.624E+01 6.177E+00
3 6.000E+03 1.401E-06 9.629E-03 9.318E+01 3.120E+00
4 8.000E+03 1.015E-06 6.974E-03 8.118E+01 -8.880E+00
5 1.000E+04 8.345E-07 5.736E-03 5.922E+01 -3.084E+01

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 1.830344E+00 PERCENT

From this, we use the amplitude and phase of the Fourier components to get

v(t) = {–150.72 + 145.5sin(4π103t + 90°) + 1.845sin(8π103t + 96.24°)

+ - - -}μV

It should be noted that these answers are not quite the same as in the book. This is
probably due to different versions of PSpice.

P.P.17.14 From Example 16.14,

2ωo = 4π = 12.566 rad/s

3ωo = 6π = 18.84 rad/s
4ωo = 8π = 25.13 rad/s
5ωo = 10π = 31.41 rad/s
6ωo = 12π = 37.7 rad/s

Since the ideal bandpass filter passes only 15 < ω < 25, it means that only the 3rd, 4th, and
5th harmonics will be passed. Hence,

y(t) = (–1/3π)sin(3ωot) – (1/(4π))sin(4ωot) – (/(5π))sin(5ωot), ωo = 2π

 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 18

⎡1, 1< t < 2

P.P.18.1 (a) g(t) = u(t + 1) - u(t - 2) = ⎢
⎣0, otherwise
2 1
G(ω) = ∫ 1 ⋅ e − jωt dt = − e − jωt 12
1 jω
e − jω − e − j2 ω
=
jω

(b) F(t) = 4δ(t + 2)

∞ ∞
F(ω) = ∫−∞
f ( t )e − jωt dt = ∫ 4δ( t + 2)e − jωt dt
−∞
jωt
= 4e t =2 = 4e j2ω

(c) F(t) = sin(ωot)

⎡ − e jωo t ⎤ 1
F(ω) = F ⎢ ⎥= F e j ωo t − F e - jωo [( ) ( )]
⎣ 2 j ⎦ j2
= − jπ[δ(ω − ω o ) − δ(ω + ω o )]

∞ 1
P.P.18.2 F(ω) = ∫−∞
f ( t )e − jωt = ∫ (−1)e − jωt dt
0

[ ]
− jωt − j ωt
e e j
= 0
−1 − 1
= 1 − e jω − e − jω + 1
− jω − jω ω
0

2(cos ω − 1)
=
jω

e at , t<0
P.P.18.3 f (t) =
0, t>0
∞ ∞
F(ω) = ∫−∞
f ( t )e jωt dt = ∫ e at e − jωt dt
−∞

Let x = -t, then dt = -dx

0 0 − ( a − jω ) x
F(ω) = ∫ e −ax e jωx ( −dx ) = − ∫ e dx
∞ ∞
1 1
= e a − jω ) x =
a − jω a − jω
P.P.18.4 (a) g(t) = u(t) - u(t - 1)
F(ω) = u(ω) - e-jωu(ω) = (1 - e-jω)u(ω)
= (1 - e-jω)(πδ(ω) + 1/(jω))

(b) f(t) = te-2tu(t)

Let g(t) = e-2tu(t) G(ω) = 1/(2 + jω)
dG
f(t) = tg(t) j = j(-1) (2 + jω)-2(j)
dω
1
F(ω) =
(2 + jω) 2

(c) f(t) is sketched below.

f(t)
5

2 t

f '(t) = –10δ(t – 2) – 20δ(t – 2)

f "(t) = 10δ(t) - 10δ(t - 2) - 20δ'(t - 2)
(jω)2F(ω) = 10(1 - e-jω2) - 20jωe-jω2

F(ω) =
(
10 e − jω2 − 1 ) + 20je − jω2
ω2 ω

P.P.18.5 Given f(t), f '(t) and f "(t) are sketched below:

f(t)

t
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
 f ’(t)

t
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4

f “(t)

2 2 2 2

t
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4

–4 –4

f "(t) = 2δ(t + 4) - 4δ(t + 3) + 2δ(t + 2) + 2δ(t - 2) - 4δ(t + 3) + 2δ(t - 4)

We take the Fourier transform of each term.

(jω)2F(ω) = 2(ej4ω + e-j4ω) - 4(ej3ω + e-j3ω) + 2(ej2ω + e-j2ω)

= 4 cos 4ω - 8 cos 3ω + 4 cos 2ω
F(ω) = [1/(ω2)](8 cos 3ω - 4 cos 4ω - 4 cos 2ω)

6(2 jω + 3)
P.P.18.6 (a) H(ω) =
( jω + 1)( jω + 4)( jω + 2)
2 3 5
= + −
jω + 1 j ω + 2 jω + 4
h(t) = (2e-t + 3e-2t - 5e-4t)u(t)

(b) y(t) = u(t) + 2e-t cos 4t u(t)

= (1 + 2e-t cos 4t) u(t)

P.P.18.7 vi = 2 sgn (t) Vi(ω) = 4/(jω)

H(ω) = 4/(4 + jω)
16 A B
Vo (ω) = H(ω)Vi (ω) = = +
jω(4 + jω) jω 4 + jω
4 4
= −
j ω 4 + jω
 vo(t) = 2 sgn (t) - 4e-4tu(t) = 2[-1 + u(t)] - 4e-4tu(t)
= - 2 + 4 [1 - e-4t]u(t)

P.P.18.8 Is(ω) = 20π[δ(ω + 4) + δ(ω - 4)]

6 + jω2 3 + jω
H(ω) = =
10 + 6 + j2ω 8 + jω
⎛ 3 + jω ⎞
I0(ω) = H(ω)Is(ω) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(20π)[δ(ω + 4) + δ(ω − 4)]
⎝ 8 + jω ⎠
20π ∞ ⎛ 3 + jω ⎞
2π ∫−∞ ⎜⎝ 8 + jω ⎟⎠
i o ( t ) = F -1Io(ω) = ⎜ ⎟[δ(ω + 4) + δ(ω − 4)e jωt dω]

⎡ 3 − j4 − j4 t 3 + j4 j4 t ⎤
= 10 ⎢ e + e ⎥
⎣ 8 − jω 8 + j4 ⎦
But
3 + j4 5∠53.13D
= = 0.559∠26.57 D
8 + j4 80∠26.56 D

( D
i o ( t ) = 5.59 e − j( 4 t + 26.57 ) + e j( 4 t + 26.57
D
)
)
io(t) = 11.18 cos (4t + 26.57°)A

∞ ∞
(a) W1Ω = ∫ 100 e dt = 200∫ e − 4 t dt
−4 t
P.P.18.9
−∞ 0

since t is even.
200e −4 t ∞
W1Ω = = 50J
−4
0

40
(b) H (ω) =
4 + ω2
1 ∞ 1600 1600 1 ⎛ ω 1 ω⎞
W1Ω = ∫ dω = ⋅ ⎜ 2 + tan −1 ⎟ 0∞
π 0 4 + ω2 ( )
2
π 8⎝ω + 4 2 2⎠
200 ⎛ π ⎞
W1Ω = ⎜ 0 + − 0 − 0 ⎟ = 50J
π ⎝ 4 ⎠

P.P.18.10 F(ω) = F(ω) =

1 2 1
1 + jω 1 + ω2
2 ∞ dω 2 2 π
W2 Ω = ∫ = tan −1 ω ∞0 = ⋅ = 1
π 1+ ω
0 2
π π 2
for -4 < ω < 4,
2 4 dω
W= ∫
π 1+ ω
0 2
= 2 tan −1 ω 04
2 76
= ⋅ π = 0.844 = 84.4%
π 180
 i.e. 84.4% of the total energy.

P.P.18.11 If fc = 2 MHz, fm = 4 kHz

upper sideband = 2,000,000 + 4,000 = 2,004,000 Hz

Carrier = 2,000,000 Hz
Lower sideband = 2,000,000 -4,000 = 1,996,000 Hz

P.P.18.12 W = 12.5 kHz, fs = 2W = 25 kHz

1 1
Ts = = = 40 μs
f s 25x10 3
 February 5, 2006
P.P.19.11
V1 − 0
I1 = ⎯
⎯→ V1 = I 1 R 1
R1
0 − V2
Also, I1 = ⎯
⎯→ V2 = - I 1 R 2
R2

Comparing these with

V1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
V2 = z 21 I1 + z 22 I 2

shows that
z 11 = R 1 , z 21 = - R 2 , z 12 = z 21 = 0

Hence,
⎡ R1 0⎤
[z ] = ⎢
⎣ - R2 0 ⎥⎦

Since Δ z = z 11 z 22 − z 12 z 21 = 0 , [z ]-1 does not exist . Consequently, [y ] does not exist .

P.P.19.12 This is a series connection of two two-ports.

For N a , z 12 a = z 21a = 20 , z 11a = 20 − j15 , z 22 a = 20 + j10

For N b , z 12 b = z 21b = 50 , z 11b = 50 + j40 , z 22 b = 50 − j20

Thus, [z ] = [z a ] + [z b ]
⎡ 20 − j15 20 ⎤ ⎡50 + j40 50 ⎤
[z ] = ⎢ ⎥ +⎢
⎣ 20 20 + j10 ⎦ ⎣ 50 50 − j20 ⎥⎦
⎡ 70 + j25 70 ⎤
[z ] = ⎢
⎣ 70 70 − j10 ⎥⎦

V2 z 12 Z L
=
Vs (z 11 + Z s )(z 22 + Z L ) − z 12 z 21
V2 (70)(40)
=
Vs (70 + j25 + 5)(70 − j10 + 40) − 4900
V2 2800
=
Vs 8250 − j750 + j2750 + 250 − 4900
 V2 2800
= = 0.6799∠ - 29.05°
Vs 3600 + j2000

P.P.19.13 We convert the upper T network N a to a Π network, as shown below.

25 S

-j5 S j5 S

y 1 y 2 + y 2 y 3 + y 3 y 1 (-j5)(j5) + (j5)(1) + (1)(-j5)

ya = = = -j5
y2 j5
yb = 5 , y c = 25

For N a ,
y 12 a = -25 = y 21a , y 11a = 25 − j5 , y 22 a = 25 + j5
⎡ 25 − j5 - 25 ⎤
[y a ] = ⎢
⎣ - 25 25 + j5⎥⎦

For N b ,
y 12 b = j10 = y 21b , y 11b = 2 − j10 = y 22 b
⎡ 2 − j10 j10 ⎤
[y b ] = ⎢
⎣ j10 2 − j10 ⎥⎦

Since N a and N b are in parallel, [y ] = [y a ] + [y b ]

⎡ 27 − j15 - 25 + j10 ⎤
[y ] = ⎢ ⎥S
⎣ - 25 + j10 27 − j5 ⎦

P.P.19.14 Convert the left Π network to a T network.

(20)(30) (20)(50) (30)(50)
R1 = = 6, R2 = = 10 , R3 = = 15
20 + 30 + 50 100 100
Putting this network into the given network produces the network shown below. This
may be regarded as a cascaded connection of T two-port networks.

6Ω 15 Ω 40 Ω 60 Ω

10 Ω 20 Ω

Na Nb

For N a ,
6 ⎛6⎞
Aa = 1+ = 1 .6 , B a = 15 + ⎜ ⎟ ( 25) = 30
10 ⎝ 10 ⎠
1 15
Ca = = 0 .1 , Da = 1 + = 2 .5
10 10

⎡1.6 30 ⎤
[Ta ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣0.1 2.5⎦

For N b ,
40 ⎛ 40 ⎞
Ab = 1+ = 3, B b = 60 + ⎜ ⎟ (80) = 220
20 ⎝ 20 ⎠
1 60
Cb = = 0.05 , Db = 1 + =4
20 20

⎡ 3 220 ⎤
[Tb ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.05 4 ⎦

Hence,
⎡1.6 30 ⎤ ⎡ 3 220⎤
[T] = [Ta ][Tb ] = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0.1 2.5⎦ ⎣0.05 4 ⎦

We can now use MATLAB to obtain T.

>> Ta=[1.6,30;0.1,2.5]
Ta =
1.6000 30.0000
0.1000 2.5000
>> Tb=[3,220;0.05,4]
Tb =
3.0000 220.0000
 0.0500 4.0000
>> T=Ta*Tb
T=
6.3000 472.0000
0.4250 32.0000
⎡ 6.3 472 Ω ⎤
[T] = ⎢
⎣ 0.425 S 32 ⎥⎦

P.P.19.15 To obtain h11 and h 21 , simulate the schematic in Fig. (a) using PSpice.

(a)

Insert a 1-A dc current source to account for I 1 = 1 A . Also, include pseudocomponents

VIEWPOINT and IPROBE to display V1 and I 2 respectively. When the circuit is saved
and run, the values of V1 and I 2 are displayed on the pseudocomponents as shown in
Fig. (a). Thus,
V I
h11 = 1 = 4.238 Ω , h 21 = 2 = -0.6190
1 1

To obtain h12 and h 22 , insert a 1-V dc voltage source at the output port to account for
V2 = 1 V . The pseudocomponents VIEWPOINT and IPROBE are included to display
V1 and I 2 respectively. After simulation, the schematic displays the results as shown in
Fig. (b).
V I
h12 = 1 = -0.7143 , h 22 = 2 = -0.1429 S
1 1
 (b)

Thus,
⎡ 4.238 Ω - 0.7143 ⎤
[h ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ - 0.6190 - 0.1429 S ⎦

P.P.19.16 Insert a 1-A ac current source at the output terminals to account for
I 1 = 1 A . Include two VPRINT1 pseudocomponents to output V1 and V2 . For each
VPRINT1, set the attributes to AC = yes, PHASE = yes, and MAG = yes. In the AC
Sweep and Noise Analysis dialog box, set Total pt : 1, Start Freq : 60, and End Freq : 60.
The schematic is shown in Fig. (a).
 (a)

Once the schematic is saved and run, the output results include :

FREQ VM($N_0002) VP($N_0002)

6.000E+01 3.987E+00 1.755E+02

FREQ VM($N_0003) VP($N_0003)

6.000E+01 1.752E-02 -2.651E+00

From this table,

V1
z 11 = = 3.987 ∠175.5° , z 21 = 0.0175∠ - 2.65°
1

Similarly, insert a 1-A ac source at the output port with the two pseudocomponents in
place as in Fig. (a). The result is the schematic in Fig. (b).
 (b)

When the schematic is saved and run, the output results include :

FREQ VM($N_0002) VP($N_0002)

6.000E+01 1.000E-30 0.000E+00

FREQ VM($N_0003) VP($N_0003)

6.000E+01 2.651E-01 9.190E+01

From this table,

V1
z 12 = ≅0 z 22 = 0.265∠91.9°
1

Thus,
⎡ 3.987 ∠175.5° 0 ⎤
[z ] = ⎢ ⎥Ω
⎣ 0.0175 ∠ - 2.65° 0.265 ∠91.9° ⎦
P.P.19.17 In this case, R s = 150 kΩ , R L = 3.75 kΩ .

h ie h oe − h re h fe = (6 × 10 3 )(8 × 10 -6 ) − (1.5 × 10 -4 )(200) = 18 × 10 -3

The gain for the transistor is given as,

- (200)(3750)
Av = = Vo /Vb = –123.61
6000 + (18 × 10 - 3 )(3.75 × 10 3 )

To calculate the gain of the circuit we need to use,

–Vs + 150kIb + Vb = 0 or 0.002 = 150k(0.002/156k) – Vc/123.61

Vc = –9.506 mV which leads to the gain = –9.506/2 = –4.753

200
Ai = = 194.17
1 + (8 × 10 )(3.75 × 10 3 )
-6

Z in = 150,000 + 6000 − (1.5 × 10 -4 )(194.17) ≅ 156 kΩ

150 × 10 3 + 6 × 10 3
Z out =
(150 × 10 3 )(8 × 10 -6 ) − (1.5 × 10 -4 )(200)
156
= kΩ = 128.08 kΩ
1.248 − 0.03

P.P.19.18 Let D(s) = (s 3 + 4s) + (s 2 + 2)

Dividing both numerator and denominator by s 3 + 4s gives

2
s + 4s
3
H (s) =
s2 + 2
1+ 3
s + 4s

-2 s2 + 2
i.e. y 21 = y 22 =
s + 4s
3
s 3 + 4s

As a third order function, we can realize H (s) by the LC network shown in Fig. (a).
 L1 L3

+ +
V1 C2 V2 1Ω
− −

(a)

1 s 3 + 4s 2s
ZA = = 2 =s+ 2 = s L3 + Z B
y 22 s +2 s +2

L3 = 1 H

2s
ZB =
s +2
2

L1 L3
ZB

C2

(b) y22 = 1 / ZA
1 s2 + 2 1 1
YB = = = 0.5s + = s C 2 +
ZB 2s s YC

C 2 = 0.5 F

1 1
YC = = ⎯
⎯→ L1 = 1 H
s L1 s

Hence,
L1 = 1 H , C 2 = 0 .5 F , L3 = 1 H