Republic of the Philippines

Philippine Normal University

The National Center for Teacher Education
Mindanao
The Multicultural Education Hub
Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur

LESSON PLAN

I. OBJECTIVES

A. Content Standards: The learners demonstrate understanding of…

1. how the major organs of the body work together to form organ system
B. Performance Standards: The l earners should be able to…
1. make a chart showing healthful habits that promote proper functioning of the
musculo-skeletal, integumentary, digestive, circulatory, excretory, respiratory, and nervous
systems
C. Learning competency: The learner should be able to…
1. explain how the organs of each organ system work together
D. Learning Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. make their own model of excretory system
2.identify the organs in excretory system
3. explain the process of excretion
4. identify disorders on excretory system
5. elaborate ways of taking care of excretory system

II. CONTENT

The Excretory System

III. Learning Resources

A. References:

Boyers, L. (2021, January 11). Common Excretory System Diseases. Healthfully. Retrieved
March 7, 2021, from https://healthfully.com/185871-common-excretory-system-
diseases.html
Buckley, G. (2021, January 15). Excretory System. Biology Dictionary. Retrieved March 7,
2021, from https://biologydictionary.net/excretory-system/#excretory-system-
diseases
CliffNotes. (2020). Human Excretory System. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/biology/biology/excretion-and-
homeostasis/human-excretory-system
Farabee, M. J. (n.d.). Excretory System. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM. Retrieved March 7, 2021,
from
https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookEXCRET.html
Mericle, M. (2012, July 26). Excretory System. CK-12. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from
https://www.ck12.org/user:[email protected]/section/excretory-
system/
Science Daily. (n.d.). Excretory system. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/excretory_system.htm
Toppr. (n.d.). Introduction to Excretory System. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from
https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/excretory-products/human-excretory-
system/

B. Materials
factsheet, PowerPoint Presentation, two plastic bottle with cap, plastic tubing. coffee
filter, elastic band, funnel, beakers, red food coloring, stones, sand, different sizes of
wire screen

IV. PROCEDURE/LEARNING TASKS

ENGAGE( 7 MINUTES)

Start the class by showing them a picture of a place full of garbage.

https://th.bing.com/th/id/Rf3a2ea2cf62ad73954ea945d7222221e?rik=r
%2fsOS3xA1ayA8w&riu=http%3a%2f%2fimg.izismile.com%2fimg
%2fimg2%2f20091211%2fcairo_garbage_city_15.jpg&ehk=wDdvcCvIuD5%2fT1ULUSXGJE
BgEeaKgj%2fnhV1ckSZkSzE%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw

After a few seconds ask the learners what would happen if we do not remove trash and
nobody would want to pick it up.

Smoothly relate it the discussion to our body. Ask them if humans also produce waste and
how we remove those wastes.

After that, show them a picture or a model of the excretory system. Explain that the
excretory system is a great example of how organs from other systems (i.e.
lungs/respiratory system, large intestine/digestive system) interact with one another to
stabilize body systems and ultimately ensure organism survival. This will be an easy
transition as they already have prior knowledge about the human body.

https://hi-static.z-dn.net/files/d73/f107559fd76b736423b0c4c65fc1c52c.jpg

 Additional references and readings

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/15-140429074200-phpapp01/95/excretory-system-10-
638.jpg?cb=1398757408

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/theexcretorysystem-150517145336-lva1-
app6891/95/the-excretory-system-power-point-3-638.jpg?cb=1431874440

EXPLORE (20 MINUTES)

Divide the class into four groups and let them do the
experiment.

FIL-TIRED

(BLOOD FILTRATION IN KIDNEY)

METHODS

1. Cut 2 pieces of plastic bottle in half (crosswise).

2. Make a hole on the bottle cap enough for the 10 inches
long of plastic tubing to fit. Secure the plastic tubing
with stick glue. Do this in both plastic bottles.
3. Let the coffee filter droop at the center of the plastic
bottle. Secure the coffee filter at the top of the plastic
bottle using an elastic band.
4. Attach the 2 plastic bottles in ¼ illustration board using
scotch tape.
5. Place a funnel at the bottom side of the plastic bottle
that was cut earlier.
 6. Let the illustration board stand and put the plastic bottle with the funnel, making
sure that the end of the tubing is place in the funnel. Did the model you created
looks like the excretory system that your teacher shown you earlier? What are its
similarities?
Similarities between the model/picture shown and the model that we made and what
organs they represent

7. Mix ¼ cup of water red coloring in one beaker.

8. Slowly pour the mixture at the right plastic bottle where the coffee filter sits. Record
your observation.
9. Replace the plastic bottle with the other one.
10. Mix ¼ cup of water, a teaspoon of sand, some tiny pebbles and red coloring in one
beaker.
11. Slowly pour the mixture at the left plastic bottle where the coffee filter sits. Record
your observation.

Guide questions:

1. What parts of the model you created represent to what organ in the excretory
system?
2. What is the difference between the two mixtures you filtered?
3. How can you relate it to your own body?
4. Why is it important that we take care of our body as regards to the lesson?

EXPLAIN (10 MINUTES)

Show a video about excretory system.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhnRhfFLyOg

This video will answer the following questions:

1)  What is excretion?
2)  What is the process that results in wastes being removed from body surface to water in
unicellular organisms?
3)  What is the chief organ of the excretory system?
4)  What organs make up the excretory system?
5)  Kidney is the basic _____________ unit.
6)  Why are nephrons crucial for kidney function?
7)  What does urine contain?  How is urine removed from the body?
8)  What is the reason we are able to control the urge to urinate?
Raise the questions first for them to be attended in the video and let them take notes about
the answers. Show them the video twice in order to let them comprehend it better.

ELABORATE (13 MINUTES)

Carousel Method

Have the students do a rotation in 4 stations you have already prepared before the class.
Each station has different discussion about the Excretory System. Let them jot down notes,
adding to what they already taken down from the video they saw. Every three minutes,
they must move to another station.

1st Station

Introduction

One of the most important homeostatic jobs your body does is to keep the right amount of
water and salts inside your body. Too much water and your cells would swell and burst.
Too little water and your cells would shrivel up like an old apple. Either extreme would
cause illness and death of cells, tissues, and organs. The organs of your excretory system
help to keep the correct balance of water and salts within your body.

Your body also needs to remove the wastes that build up from the metabolic activity of
cells and digestion. These wastes include carbon dioxide, urea, and certain plant materials.
If these wastes were not removed, your cells would stop working and you would get very
sick. In this lesson you will learn how waste is removed from the body, and how the
kidneys filter waste from the blood.

The Excretory System

The excretory system is the organ system that maintains homeostasis by keeping the
correct balance of water and salts in your body. It also helps to release wastes from the
body. Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body. The organs of the
excretory system are also parts of other organ systems. For example, your lungs are part of
the respiratory system. Your lungs remove carbon dioxide from your body so they are also
part of the excretory system.

More organs of the excretory system, and the other organs systems of which they are part
are listed in Table (below).

Table 1: Organs of the Excretory System

Organs of the Excretory System
Other Organ System of which it
Organ(s) Function
is Part
Lungs Remove carbon dioxide Respiratory system
Sweat glands remove water, salts, and other
Skin Integumentary system
wastes
Large Removes solid waste and some water in the
Digestive system
intestine form of feces
Remove urea, salts, and excess water from
Kidneys Urinary system
the blood

2nd Station

Functions of the Excretory System

The excretory system controls the chemical make-up of body fluids. The organs of the
excretory system remove metabolic wastes. They also maintain the proper concentrations
of water, salts, and nutrients in the body. In this way the excretory system has an important
homeostatic job.

Your body takes nutrients from food and uses them for energy, growth, and repair. After
your body has taken what it needs from the food, waste products are left behind in the
blood and in the large intestine. These waste products need to be removed from the body.
The kidneys work with the lungs, skin, and intestines to keep the correct balance of
nutrients, salts and water in your body.

The Urinary System

Sometimes and confusingly, the urinary system is

called the excretory system. But, the urinary system
is only a part of the excretory system. Recall that the
excretory system is made up of the skin, lungs, and
large intestine as well as the kidneys. The urinary
system is the organ system that makes, stores, and
gets rid of urine. It includes two kidneys, two
ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The urinary
system is shown in Figure.

Organs of the Urinary System

As you can see from Figure 1, the kidneys are two

bean-shaped organs. The kidneys filter and clean
the blood and form urine. They are about the size of your fists and are found near the
middle of the back, just below your rib cage. The ureters are tube-shaped structures that
bring urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder is a hollow,
muscular, and elastic-walled organ. It is shaped a little like a balloon. It is the organ that
collects urine which comes from the kidneys. Urine leaves the body through the urethra.

What is Urine?

Urine is a liquid that is formed by the kidneys when they filter wastes from the blood.
Urine contains mostly water and also dissolved salts and nitrogen-containing molecules.
The amount of urine excreted from the body depends on many things. Some of these
include the amounts of fluid and food a person consumes and how much fluid they have
lost in sweat and breathing.

Urine ranges from colorless to dark yellow, but is usually a pale yellow color. Dilute urine is
light yellow in color. Concentrated urine is dark yellow or may be brown. The darker the
urine, the less water it contains.

The urinary system removes a type of waste called urea from your blood. Urea is a
nitrogen-containing molecule that is made when foods containing protein, such as meat,
poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea and other wastes are
carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys where they are removed and form urine.

3rd Station

How the Kidneys Filter Wastes

The kidneys are important organs in maintaining homeostasis. Kidneys perform a number
of homeostatic functions:

 Maintain the volume of body fluids

 Maintain the balance of salt ions in body fluids
 Excrete harmful nitrogenous wastes (metabolic by-products) such as urea,
ammonia, and uric acid

There are many blood vessels in the kidneys, as you can see in
Figure. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny
filtering units called nephrons. Nephrons are tiny, tube-shaped
structures found inside each kidney. A nephron is shown in Figure.
Each kidney has up to a million nephrons. Each nephron collects a
small amount of fluid and waste products from a small group of
capillaries. If the body is in need of more water, water is removed
from the fluid inside the nephron and is returned to the blood. The
fluid within nephrons is carried out into a larger tube in the kidney
called a ureter which you can see in Figure.. Urea, together with water and other wastes,
forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and the kidney.\
Structures of the kidney; fluid leaks from the capillaries and into the nephrons where the
fluid forms urine then moves to the ureter and on to the bladder.

The location of nephrons in the kidney; the glomerulus is the network of blood vessels that
filter liquid into the nephron. The fluid collects in the nephron tubules, and moves to the
bladder through the ureter.

Formation of Urine

The process of urine formation is as follows:

1. Blood flows into the kidney through the renal artery, shown in Figure 2. The renal
artery branches into capillaries inside the kidney. Capillaries and the nephrons lie
very close to each other in the kidney.
2. The blood pressure within the capillaries causes water and solutes such as salts,
sugars, and urea to leave the capillaries and move into the nephron.
3. The water and solutes move along through the tube-shaped nephron to a lower part
of the nephron. At this point most of the water and solutes are returned to the
capillaries that surround the nephron.
4. The fluid that remains in the nephron at this point is called urine.
 5. The blood that leaves the kidney in the renal vein has much less waste than the
blood that entered the kidney.
6. The urine is collected in the ureters and is moved to the urinary bladder where it is
stored.

Nephrons filter 125 ml (about ¼ cup) of body fluid per minute. In a 24-hour period
nephrons produce about 180 liters of filtrate, of which 178.5 liters are reabsorbed. The
remaining 1.5 liters of fluid forms urine.

Urine enters the bladder through the ureters. Similar to a balloon, the walls of the bladder
are stretchy. The stretchy walls allow the bladder to hold a large amount of urine. The
bladder can hold about 400 to 620 mL (about 1½ to 2½ cups) of urine, but may also hold
more if the urine cannot be released immediately. Urination is the process of releasing
urine from the body. Urine leaves the body through the urethra.

Nerves in the bladder tell you when it is time to urinate. As the bladder first fills with urine,
you may notice a feeling that you need to urinate. The urge to urinate becomes stronger as
the bladder continues to fill up.

Kidneys play a large role in regulating the amount of water in urine. With the help of
hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and angiotensin II, when necessary
the kidneys can reabsorb water and prevent it from being excreted. This is known as
osmoregulation.

4th Station

Excretory System Problems

The urinary system controls the amount of water in the body, and removes wastes, so any
problem with the urinary system can badly affect many other body systems. Some common
urinary system problems are described here.

Kidney Stones

In some cases, certain mineral wastes in urine crystallize and form kidney stones. Stones
form in the kidneys and may be found anywhere in the urinary system. They vary in size.
Some stones cause great pain while others cause very little pain. Some stones may need to
be removed by surgery or ultrasound treatments.

A kidney stone; the stones can form anywhere in the urinary system.

Kidney failure

Kidney failure results when the kidneys are not able to regulate water and chemicals in the
body or remove waste products from the blood. If the kidneys are unable to filter wastes
from the blood, the wastes build up in the body. Homeostasis is disrupted because the ions
and fluids in the body are out of balance.

Kidney failure can be caused by an accident that injures the kidneys, the loss of a lot of
blood, or it can be caused by some drugs or poisons. Kidney failure may lead to permanent
loss of kidney function. But if the kidneys are not seriously damaged, they may recover.
Chronic kidney disease is the gradual reduction of kidney function that may lead to
permanent kidney failure.

A person who has lost kidney function may need to undergo kidney dialysis. Kidney
dialysis is the process of artificially filtering the blood of wastes. A dialysis machine (also
called a hemodialyzer) filters the blood of waste by pumping it through a semipermeable
membrane. The cleansed blood is then returned to the patient’s body.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Urinary tract infections are bacterial infections of any part of the urinary tract. When
bacteria get into the bladder or kidney and multiply in the urine, they cause a UTI. The
most common type of UTI is a bladder infection. Women get UTIs more often than men.
UTIs are often treated with antibiotics.

EVALUATION (10 MINUTES)

There will be a group quiz. With the same groupings in the experiment, the class will be
provided with flaglets and whoever will be able to raise their flaglets will answer the
question that is flashed in the PowerPoint Presentation.

1. What is the chief organ of the excretory system?

2. What is the process that results in wastes being removed from body surface to
water in unicellular organisms?
3. What parts of the model you created represent to what organ in the excretory
system?
4. What is the difference between the two mixtures you filtered?
5. Why are nephrons crucial for kidney function?
6. What does urine contain?  How is urine removed from the body?
7. What is the reason we are able to control the urge to urinate?
8. How can you relate it the experiment to your own body/ experience?
9. Why is it important that we take care of our body as regards to the lesson?
10. What do you think will happen if we don’t remove the waste in our system?

V. Remarks/ Reflection/ Assignment

Sharing more ideas about how to take care of excretory system.