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GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Topic: ORGAN SYSTEM
Week
Teacher: AMAYA S. TOBIAS, LPT
13-16
Date: JA

Student Name: ____________________________ Grade: _____ Section: __________

TARGET GUIDE

1. Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas
exchange, transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and
sensory and motor mechanisms. STEM_BIO11/12 -IVa-h-1
2. explain how some organisms maintain steady internal conditions that possess various structures and processes
STEM_BIO11/12 -IVi-j-2
3. describe examples of homeostasis (e.g., temperature regulation, osmotic balance and glucose levels) and the
major features of feedback loops that produce such homeostasis STEM_BIO11/12 -IVi-j-3
THINGS TO LEARN

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. Identify the functions of various anatomical structures within the renal and urinary systems.
2. Discuss the functions of the renal and urinary systems.
3. Discuss the physiology of how the renal and urinary systems work.
4. Describe the segments nephron and collecting system, including their general function.
5. Attribute specific functions of the skeletal system to specific components or structure.

THINK ABOUT IT

WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF WE WHY AGE PEOPLE SUFFERS FROM

DON’T URINATE? BONE PROBLEMS?

TEACHING POINTS
Our body is made up of cells. Each of which is
about five thousandth of a millimeter. It is too
contains practically all the information about
you: your eye color, blood type, sex, etc.
The invention of the microscope made
possible the discovery of cells. The first lenses
were used in Europe in the late 1500s by
merchants who needed to determine the
qualityORGAN
of cloth through
SYSTEMSthe quality of thread
and the precision of the weave. From these
simple lenses, combination of lenses was put
URINARY SYSTEM
together.
The urinary system is part of the excretory system, which removes wastes from the body. The urinary system includes
the pair of kidneys, which filter excess water and a waste product (called urea) from the blood and form urine. Two tubes
called ureters carry the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, which stores the urine until it is excreted from the
body through another tube called the urethra. The kidneys also produce an enzyme called renin and a variety of
hormones. These substances help regulate blood pressure, the production of red blood cells, and the balance of calcium
and phosphorus in the body.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, teeth. The bones of the skeletal system are connected by tendons,
ligaments, and cartilage. Functions of the skeletal system include supporting the body and giving it shape. Along with the
muscular system, the skeletal system enables the body to move. The bones of the skeletal system also protect internal
organs, store calcium, and produce red and white blood cells.

URINARY SYSTEM

The principal function of the urinary system is to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within
normal limits. One aspect of this function is to rid the body of waste products that accumulate as a result
of cellular metabolism, and, because of this, it is sometimes referred to as the excretory system.

Although the urinary system has a major role in excretion, other organs contribute to the excretory function. The
lungs in the respiratory system excrete some waste products, such as carbon dioxide and water. The skin is
another excretory organ that rids the body of wastes through the sweat glands. The liver and intestines
excrete bile pigments that result from the destruction of hemoglobin. The major task of excretion still belongs to
the urinary system. If it fails the other organs cannot take over and compensate adequately.

The urinary system maintains an appropriate fluid volume by regulating the amount of water that is excreted in
the urine. Other aspects of its function include regulating the concentrations of various electrolytes in the body
fluids and maintaining normal pH of the blood.

In addition to maintaining fluid homeostasis in the body, the urinary system controls red blood cell production
by secreting the hormone erythropoietin. The urinary system also plays a role in maintaining normal blood
pressure by secreting the enzyme renin.
\
COMMONDISEASES AFFECTING URINARY SYSTEM

 Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when bacteria enters the urinary tract and can affect the urethra,
bladder or even the kidneys. While UTIs are more common in women, they can occur in men. UTIs are
typically treated with antibiotics.
 Incontinence is the leakage of urine. It can come in the form of a pelvic prolapse, which can be the result of a
vaginal delivery. Then there is the overactive bladder. A third condition involves overflow, in which the
bladder does not completely empty. Some common treatments involve medications, physical therapy and
pelvic mesh surgery.
 Interstitial cystitis (IC), also called painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic bladder condition, primarily in
women, that causes bladder pressure and pain and, sometimes, pelvic pain to varying degrees. It can cause
bladder scarring, and can make the bladder less elastic. While the cause isn’t known, many people with the
condition also have a defect in their epithelium, the protective lining of the bladder.
 Prostatitis is a swelling of the prostate gland and, therefore, can only occur in men. Often caused by
advanced age, symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, pelvic pain and pain during urination.
 Kidney stones are clumps of calcium oxalate that can be found anywhere in the urinary tract. Kidney
stones form when chemicals in the urine become concentrated enough to form a solid mass. They can cause
pain in the back and sides, as well as blood in the urine. Many kidney stones can be treated with minimally
invasive therapy, such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, which disintegrates the kidney stones with
shock waves.
 Kidney failure, also called renal failure and chronic kidney disease, can be a temporary (often acute)
condition or can become a chronic condition resulting in the inability of the kidneys to filter waste
from the blood. Other conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, can cause chronic kidney
disease.
Acute cases may be caused by trauma or other damage, and may improve over time with treatment.
However, renal disease may lead to chronic kidney failure, which may require dialysis treatments or even
a kidney transplant.
 Bladder cancer is diagnosed in about 75,000 Americans each year and is more frequent in men and the
elderly. The symptoms, including back or pelvic pain, difficulty urinating and urgent/and or frequent
urination, mimic other diseases or disorders of the urinary system.

SKELETAL SYSTEM
 TASK TO DO

Instructions: Write or type your answers to the worksheet and email me your answers once completed.
For 1-9 Use the word bank to Label the diagram.

• Right Kidney , Ureter, Descending Aorta, Adrenal Gland, Left Kidney, Left Renal Artery, Bladder,
Inferior Vena Cava, Urethra

10. Urine flows out of the kidneys through narrow tubes called to the bladder.
a. Gallbladder
b. Ureter
c. Nephrons
d. Urethra

11. Before the kidney filter it out, where does urea exist?
a. In your intestines
b. In your liver
c. In your stomach
d. In your bloodstream
12. Urine production takes place in the:
a. Nephrons
b. Bladder
c. Ureter
d. Renal pelvis

13. The renal blood vessels enter and leave the kidney at the:
a. Cortex
b. renal papilla
c. medulla
d. hilum

14. A "ball of capillaries" within each nephron is called the .

a. Ureter
b. Urethra
c. Glomerulus
d. Hilum

15. What is normally found in urine?

a. red blood cells
b. bacteria
c. glucose
d. urea

16. What is the correct order that waste is eliminated out of the body from the urinary system?
a. Kidneys, urethra, bladder and ureters
b. Bladder, bladder, ureters and urethra
c. Ureters, kidneys, bladder and urethra
d. Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
Short Answer Questions

17. What is the function of the kidneys and maintaining homeostasis in the body?

18. In your own words describe the production of urine using the following terms: kidney, renal arteries,
nephron, glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, convoluted tubule, collecting tubule, and bladder. You may
draw a picture (color) and label … must be very clear.

19. Explain why the urethra is different in male and female individuals.

20. Choose 2 diseases of the urinary system to research and write a 5-6 sentence description of each disease.
Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

protect skeleton skeletal jellyfish

blood ribcage cranium marrow

shape tendon ligaments move

bones minerals

There are around 206 ________________ in the adult human body. These bones plus the connecting tissue make
up the _______________ system.

The skeletal system is very important for many reasons. Some bones help _____________ our organs. The
_____________, for example, protects our brains and the ________________ protects our lungs.

The skeletal system also gives us our _______________. Without a ______________, we would be

shapeless blobs like a ______________ or an earthworm. Our bones, which are connected by ______________,
provide a frame for the rest of the organs, giving us our unique body shape.

The skeletal system also helps us ______________. Muscles, which are attached to bones by _______________,
because the bones to move, which makes our bodies move.

Bones also help your body store ________________ such as calcium. If there is too much calcium in the blood,
some of it becomes bone. If there is not enough calcium, then the bones gives some to the blood.

Finally, another important function of bones is to produce ________________. Inside bones there is a soft
substance called ________________, which is used to make blood cells.

THINGS TO PONDER
 1. Your urinary system is responsible for several functions. List the 5 functions.

2. What would be the result of erythropoietin overproduction by the kidneys?

3. Why do the kidneys produce renin?

4. What would happen to your blood pressure if your kidneys could not regulate the production of renin?

5. What is the function of the bladder?

6. What is the function of the ureter and urethra?

Look for the words below inside the box and encircle it.
breastbone hipbone marrow spine

calcium humerus radius tendon

cartilage jawbone ribcage tibia

collarbone joint shoulder blade ulna

femur ligament skull vertebrae

fibula

TEST YOURSELF
 1. What materials are normally found in urine?
________________________________________________________________________

2. Identify the possible causes when these substances are found in urine.
a. Glucose
b. Proteins
c. WBC
d. RBC
3. Why is urine yellow?
_________________________________________________________________________________

4. Urine is sterile. What does this mean?

_________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is micturition?
_______________________________________________________________________
6. When blood volume drops, ADH is released. What is the function of ADH?
_______________________________________________________________________

7. Renin stimulates the secretion of aldosterone. What is the function of aldosterone?

_______________________________________________________________________
8. How is the urinary system affected as one ages?

9. Explain the route in the formation of urine.

Glomerulus
Collecting Tubules
Ureter

B.

1. What is a skeleton? What is it made from?

2. What would happen if we had no bones?

 4. How does aging affects our bones?

5. What happens to the bones when we break it?

LABELLING
 TRUSTED REFERENCES

https://www.coursehero.com/file/72892925/biopdf/
https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/urinary/urinary-system-structures
https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/orthopaedics/skeletal-system-1-the-anatomy-and-
physiology-of-bones-27-01-2020/
https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/6-1-the-functions-of-the-skeletal-system/