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SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Spring 2011

Concept of Stress
Heungjoo Shin

School of Mechanical &

Advanced Material Engineering
School of Nano-Bioscience &
Chemical Engineering

Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology

Concept of stress 2

The main objective of the study of the mechanics of materials is to provide

the future engineer with the means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.

Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the determination
of stresses and deformations. This chapter is devoted to the concept of
stress.

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Review of statics 3

The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load
The structure consists of a boom
and rod joined by pins (zero
moment connections) at the
junctions and supports
Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Structure free-body diagram 4

Structure is detached from supports and the

loads and reaction forces are indicated
Conditions for static equilibrium:
 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN

Ay and Cy can not be determined from these

equations

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Component free-body diagram 5

In addition to the complete structure, each

component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN

Results:
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 
Reaction forces are directed along boom and
rod

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Method of Joints 6

The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e., the

members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends

For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to to

an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

 B 0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Stress analysis 7

From a statics analysis

FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

Whether the member BC breaks or withstand

the load FBC depends on force distributed over
the section area of member BC.

At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
dBC = 20 mm or stress of
P 50 103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m 2
From the material properties for steel, the
allowable stress is
 all  165 MPa
Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
SDM 230 Solid Mechanics
Design 8

Design of new structures requires selection of

appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability, etc.,
the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa) What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50 103 N
 all  A   500 10 6 m 2
A  all 100 106 Pa
d2
A
4

d
4A


4 500 10 6 m 2   2.52 102 m  25.2 mm
 

An aluminum rod 25.2 mm or 26 mm or more in

diameter is adequate

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Axial loading: normal stress 9

Axial loading: The resultant of the internal forces

for an axially loaded member is normal to a
section cut perpendicular to the member axis.

The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A

The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A

The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Centric & Eccentric Loading 10

A uniform distribution of stress in a section

infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.

A uniform distribution of stress is only possible

if the concentrated loads on the end sections
of two-force members are applied at the
section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.

If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,

then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.

The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded

members cannot be uniform or symmetric.

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Shear stress 11

Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the

member AB.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of
section C and are called shearing forces.
The resultant of the internal shear force distribution
is defined as the shear of the section and is equal
to the load P.
The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be
uniform.

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Shearing stress examples 12

Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Bearing stress in connections 13

Bolts, rivets, and pins create

stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
P the resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to F the
force exerted on the pin.
The distribution of P is quite
complicated.

Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b  
A td

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Stress analysis & design example 14

Would like to determine the

stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.

From a statics analysis:

FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

Must consider maximum

normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Rod & boom normal stresses 15

The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.

At the rod center, the average normal stress in the circular

cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159 MPa.

At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional

area occurs at the pin centerline,
A  20 mm 40 mm  25 mm   300  10 6 m 2

P 50  103 N
 BC ,end    167 MPa
A 300  10 6 m 2

The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40 kN

and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.
A  30 mm 50 mm   1.5 10 3 m 2
P 40 103 N
 AB    26.7 MPa
A 1.5 10 3 m 2

The minimum area sections at the boom ends are

unstressed since the boom is in compression.
SDM 230 Solid Mechanics
Pin shearing stresses 16

The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,

and C,
2
2  25 mm  6 2
A  r     49110 m
 2 

The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
P 50 103 N
 C , ave    6 2
 102 MPa
A 49110 m

The pin at A is in double shear with a total

force equal to the force exerted by the
boom AB,
P 20 kN
 A, ave    40.7 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Pin shearing stresses 17

Divide the pin at B into sections to determine

the section with the largest shear force,
PE  15 kN
PG  25 kN (largest)

PG
0.5Q

FAB

Evaluate the corresponding average shearing

stress,
PG 25 kN
 G ,ave    50.9 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2
SDM 230 Solid Mechanics
Pin bearing stresses 18

To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB, we

have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm 

To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket, we

have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm 

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Sample problem 1.1 and 1.2 19

• Solve the problems by yourselves

• You are required to solve all the sample problems by

yourselves even if those problems are not solved during
class time.

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Stress in two force members 20

Axial forces on a two force member

result in only normal stresses on a
plane cut perpendicular to the
member axis.

Transverse forces on bolts and pins

result in only shear stresses on the
plane perpendicular to bolt or pin
axis.

Will show that either axial or transverse

forces may produce both normal and
shear stresses with respect to a plane
which is not perpendicular to the
member axis.

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Stress on an oblique plane 21

Pass a section through the member forming an

angle with the normal plane.

From equilibrium conditions, the distributed

forces (stresses) on the plane must be
equivalent to the force P.

Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cos V  P sin 

The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cos P
   cos 2 
A A0 A0
cos
V P sin  P
   sin  cos
A A0 A0
cos

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Maximum stresses 22

Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique

plane
P P
 cos 2   sin  cos
A0 A0

The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member axis,

P
m  and correspond ing shear stress    0
A0

The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at +

45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45o cos 45o 
A0 2 A0
P P
corresponding normal stress    cos 2 45o  m
A0 2 A0

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Stress under general loadings 23

A member subjected to a general

combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane which is
parallel to the yz plane and passes
through some point Q .

The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
 x  lim
A0 A

V yx Vzx
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A0 A A0 A

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

 24

For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.

τyx σyy

τxy
σxx σxx

τxy

y
τyx
σyy
x

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

State of stress 25

Stress components are defined for the planes

cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
F  F  F  0
x y z

M  M  M  0
x y z

Consider the moments about the z axis:

 M z  0   xy Aa   yx Aa
 xy   yx
similarly,  yz   zy and  yz   zy
It follows that only 6 components of stress are
required to define the complete state of stress
σx σy σz τxy =τyx τyz =τzy τzx =τxz
SDM 230 Solid Mechanics
State of stress 26

Shear cannot take place in one plane only; an

equal shearing stress must be exerted on
another plane perpendicular to the first one.

The same loading condition may lead to

different interpretations of the stress situation
at a given point, depending on the orientation
of the element considered.

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Design considerations 27

Ultimate load PU : the maximum load at which the specimen either breaks or
begins to carry less load.
Ultimate strength (ultimate stress) σU : ultimate load divided by original cross-
sectional area.

Factor of safety considerations:

Structural members or machines
must be designed such that the • uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than • uncertainty of loadings
the ultimate strength of the • uncertainty of analyses
material. • number of loading cycles
• types of failure
FS  Factor of safety • maintenance requirements and
u ultimate stress
deterioration effects
FS   • importance of member to integrity of
 all allowable stress
whole structure
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function
SDM 230 Solid Mechanics
Factor of safety 28

Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:

must be designed such that the
uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than the
ultimate strength of the material. uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
FS  Factor of safety
FS  Factor of safety types of failure
u ultimate stress
FS    ultimate stress maintenance requirements and
FS  all u allowable stress
 all allowable stress deterioration effects
importance of member to integrity of
whole structure
risk to life and property
influence on machine function

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Sample problem 1.3 29

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics

Sample problem 1.3: solution 30

SDM 230 Solid Mechanics