1.

Write down the main features,functions and uses of

i) Super Computer
ii) Mainframe Computer
iii) Mini Computer
iv) Micro Computer

Answer :
The word computer is derived from the Latin word “computer” which means a
calculating machine. It was first used as a calculating machine. But now we use
this in many fields.
Computer is an ultra-modern electronic device which accepts data through input
devices, stores and processes mathematically or logically and then sends the
results through the output devices according to the user requirements.
Computers are available in different sizes with different capabilities. They may be
classified in the following 4 categories :
i) Super Computer ii) Mainframe Computer iii) Mini Computer iv) Micro Computer
The main features, functions and uses of this computer is given below :

i) Super Computer:
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as compared to
a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly
measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million
instructions per second (MIPS). Since 2017, there are supercomputers which can
perform over 1017 FLOPS (a hundred quadrillion FLOPS, 100 petaFLOPS or 100
PFLOPS). Since November 2017, all of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run
Linux-based operating systems Additional research is being conducted in the
United States, the European Union, Taiwan, Japan, and China to build faster, more
powerful and technologically superior exascale supercomputers.
Supercomputers play an important role in the field of computational science, and
are used for a wide range of computationally intensive tasks in various fields,
including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas
exploration, molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of
chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), and
physical simulations. They have been essential in the field of cryptanalysis.

ii) Mainframe Computer:

A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a computer
used primarily by large organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing
(such as the census and industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource
planning, and large-scale transaction processing). Mainframe computer is less
powerful than the super computer. A mainframe computer is larger and has more
processing power than some other classes of computers, such as minicomputers,
servers, workstations, and personal computers. At first mainframe computer is
installed in Bangladesh at “Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission” in 1962.Also
installed in Dhaka University,BUET,PDB, Statistical- Bureau.
An example of mainframe computer is IBM 370 and VAX 11/780

iii) Mini Computer:

Minicomputer, Computer that is smaller, less expensive, and less powerful than a
mainframe or supercomputer, but more expensive and more powerful than a
personal computer. Minicomputers are used for scientific and engineering
computations, business-transaction processing, file handling, and database
management, and are often now referred to as small or midsize servers. The term
"minicomputer" developed in the 1960s to describe the smaller computers that
became possible with the use of transistors and core memory technologies,
minimal instructions sets and less expensive peripherals such as the ubiquitous
Teletype Model 33 ASR.They usually took up one or a few 19-inch rack cabinets,
compared with the large mainframes that could fill a room. It is usually used in
offices, banks, garments, hospitals etc.
iv) Micro Computer:
Microcomputer, an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central
processing unit (CPU). Microcomputer was formerly a commonly used term for
personal computers, particularly any of a class of small digital computers whose
CPU is contained on a single integrated semiconductor chip. Thus, a
microcomputer uses a single microprocessor for its CPU, which performs all logic
and arithmetic operations. The system also contains a number of associated
semiconductor chips that serve as the main memory for storing program
instructions and data and as interfaces for exchanging data of this sort with
peripheral equipment—namely, input/output devices (e.g., keyboard, video
display, and printer) and auxiliary storage units. Smaller microcomputers first
marketed in the 1970s contain a single chip on which all CPU, memory, and
interface circuits are integrated. As large-scale integration and then very-large-
scale integration have progressively increased the number of transistors that can
be placed on one semiconductor chip, so the processing capacity of
microcomputers using such single chips has grown commensurately. During the
1980s microcomputers came to be used widely in other applications besides
electronic game systems and other relatively simple computer-based recreations.
Increasingly powerful microcomputers began to be used in personal computer
systems and workstations, for instance. High-performance microcomputer
systems are used widely in business, in engineering, in “smart” or intelligent
machines employed in the factory and office, and in military electronics systems.
In the early 1990s, small computers that fit in a pocket yet provide the power of a
desktop personal computer were introduced. These pocket, or palm-sized,
computers, commonly known as personal digital assistants (PDAs), are
distinguished by their high portability, enhanced performance, and low cost.
Similarly, microprocessors began finding their way into cellular telephones and
portable MP3 music players.
2. Show the different parts of a computer system with all peripherals by a
schematic diagrams. Explain the importance and characteristics of each of the
components.
Answer :
For the task of computer its different parts are joined with each other connecting
according to a special rule. A joined condition by the connection of different parts
with each other is called system of a computer. System of a computer means its
hardware part.
A block diagram of a Computer is given below ,

Externarlly computer system is divided into 3 parts.

i) Input Device
ii) Central Processor Unit (CPU)
 iii) Output Device
Input device :
In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and
control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or
information appliance. By using this a user can communicate with his computer.
As input device keyboard is mostly used device. Besides this there are many input
devices such as,
Mouse, Modem, Light pen, Punch Card, Scanner, Game pad, OMR (Optical Mark
Reader), Remote, Webcam, CD, Floppy disk drive etc.

Central Processor Unit (CPU) :

A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, is the electronic
circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU
performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations
specified by the instructions in the program. A computer's CPU handles all
instructions it receives from hardware and software running on the computer.
The CPU is often referred to as the brain of the computer. However, it is more
appropriate to refer to software as the brain and the CPU as a very efficient
calculator. A CPU is really good with numbers, but if it wasn't for the software it
wouldn't know how to do anything else.
The CPU's main function is to take input from a peripheral (keyboard, mouse,
printer, etc) or computer program, and interpret what it needs. The CPU then
either outputs information to your monitor or performs the peripheral's
requested task.
It divided into 3 parts.
a) Control Unit
b) Arithmetic Logic Unit
c) Memory Unit
Control Unit :
The control unit (CU) is a component of the CPU that directs the operation of the
processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic and logic unit and input and
output devices how to respond to the instructions that have been sent to the
processor. It directs the operation of the other units by providing timing and
control signals. Most computer resources are managed by the CU. It directs the
flow of data between the CPU and the other devices. John von Neumann included
the control unit as part of the von Neumann architecture. In modern computer
designs, the control unit is typically an internal part of the CPU with its overall role
and operation unchanged since its introduction.

Arithmetic Logic Unit :

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit within the processor that
performs integer arithmetic and bitwise logic operations. The inputs to the ALU
are the data words to be operated on (called operands), status information from
previous operations, and a code from the control unit indicating which operation
to perform. Depending on the instruction being executed, the operands may
come from internal CPU registers or external memory, or they may be constants
generated by the ALU itself.

Memory Unit :
Memory function unit is to store data program. This unit stores instruction and
data. It also stores periodical results. Memory can be divided into 2 parts.
They are:
i) Main memory (RAM, ROM, Cache memory)
ii) Secondary memory (Hard disk, Floppy Disk, Compact Disk)
Output Device :
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts
information into human read able form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio,
and video. This devices are used for displaying result is called output device.
Example :
Headphones, Sound card, Monitor, Printer, Projector, Speaker, Plotter etc.

3. How does microprocessor of a computer work? Explain briefly.

Answer:
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) which incorporates core functions of
a computer’s central processing unit (CPU). It is a programmable multipurpose
silicon chip, clock driven, register based, accepts binary data as input and provides
output after processing it as per the instructions stored in the memory.
A microprocessor is similar to our human brain. It can be trained to do anything. It
can be programmed to do anything we want based on it’s instruction set and
capabilities. Sometimes solutions are very complex, circuits also become very
complex if we try to solve it without programming.
Processors can be found in PCs, smartphones, tablets and other computers. The
two main competitors in the processor market are Intel and AMD.
The basic elements of a processor include:
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which carries out arithmetic and logic operations
on the operands in instructions.
The floating point unit (FPU), also known as a math coprocessor or numeric
coprocessor, a specialized coprocessor that manipulates numbers more quickly
than the basic microprocessor circuitry can.
Registers, which hold instructions and other data. Registers supply operands to
the ALU and store the results of operations.
L1 and L2cache memory. Their inclusion in the CPU saves time compared to
having to get data from random access memory (RAM).

The four primary functions of a processor are fetch, decode, execute and write
back.
Fetch- is the operation which receives instructions from program memory from a
systems RAM.
Decode- is where the instruction is converted to understand which other parts of
the CPU are needed to continue the operation. This is performed by the
instruction decoder
Execute- is where the operation is performed. Each part of the CPU that is needed
is activated to carry out the instructions.
The main components of a CPU are the ALU, registers and control unit. The basic
functions of the ALU and register are labeled in the above “basic elements of a
processor section.” The control unit is what operates the fetching and execution
of instructions.
The processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often
called a microprocessor. That term means that the processor's elements are
contained in a single IC chip. Some computers will operate using a multi-core
processor—a chip containing more than one CPU. A CPU is typically a small device
with pins on it facing down in a motherboard. CPUs can also be attached to a
motherboard with a heat sink and a fan to dissipate heat.
So basically a microprocessor takes input from input devices, process it as per
instructions given in the memory and produces output.
4. Difference between
i) Main Memory and Secondary Memory
ii) Valotile Memory and Non-Valotile Memory
iii) Static RAM and Dynamic RAM

Answer :

(i)
Primary Memory Secondary Memory

1. In which memory, processor can 1. In which memory, processor can not

communicate directly is called primary communicate directly is called secondary
memory. memory.
2. Primary memory can be accessed by 2. Secondary memory is accessed by I/O
the data bus. channels.

3. The memory stores data temporary. 3. The memory stores data permanently.

4. it is a volatile memory 4. it is a non-volatile memory.

5. Example : RAM 5. Example : Hard disk

(ii)
Volatile Memory Non Volatile Memory

1. This type of memory loses all of its 1. This type of memory will retain all of
data when power source is turned off. its data when power source is turned off.

2. Volatile memory data is not 2. Non Volatile memory data is

permanent. permanent.

3. Volatile memory less storage capacity. 3. Non Volatile memory is more storage
capacity than volatile memory.

4. Data Transfer is easy in Volatile 4. Data Transfer is difficult in Non Volatile

Memory. Memory.

5. Example : RAM 5. Example : ROM, Hard disk.

iii)
Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

1. Made up of Flip flops. 1. Made up of Capacitors.

2. It is large in size 2. It is small in size

3. It consumes more power 3. It consumes less power

4. It used for CPU cache 4. It used for computer’s main memory

5. It is very fast 5. It is not as fast as SRAM.

5. Write down a short note on

i) Broadband
ii) Website and Webpage

Answer :
Broadband :
Broadband is a telecommunications technology that provides high-speed Internet
access using multiple channels of simultaneous digital signals. Broadband may
transmit on a wired connection using coaxial, fiber optic, twisted-pair cable, or
wirelessly on a cellular network.
All we need to use broadband is a device which can connect to the internet and
has software for accessing online services. This could be a desktop computer,
laptop, tablet, smartphone, or games console, or any other device capable of
connecting over wired or wireless networking.
A broadband connection will give us access to everything we can get from the
internet. We will be able to send and receive email, surf the web, use social
networks, stream music and video, do online banking, plus a whole lot more.

Webpage :
A web page or webpage is a document, commonly written in HTML, that is viewed
in an Internet browser. A web page can be accessed by entering a URL address
into a browser's address bar. A web page may contain text, graphics, and
hyperlinks to other web pages and files.
From the perspective of server-side website deployment, there are two types of
web pages: static and dynamic. Static pages are retrieved from the web server's
file system without any modification while dynamic pages must be created by the
server on the fly, typically drawing from a database to fill out a web template,
before being sent to the user's browser.
A web page is often used to provide information to viewers, including pictures or
videos to help illustrate important topics. A web page may also be used as a
method to sell products or services to viewers. Multiple web pages make up a
website, like our Computer Hope website.
When one clicks a link provided by a search engine, he is accessing a web page.
The Internet consists of millions of web pages, with more being added every day.
Website :
A website is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a
common domain name and published on at least one web server. Notable
examples are wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com.
All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web. There
are also private websites that can only be accessed on a private network, such as
a company's internal website for its employees.
Websites are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose, such as news,
education, commerce, entertainment, or social networking. Hyperlinking between
web pages guides the navigation of the site, which often starts with a home page.
Users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktops, laptops,
tablets, and smartphones. The software application used on these devices is
called a web browser.
Websites can be used in various fashions: a personal website, a corporate website
for a company, a government website, an organization website, etc. Websites can
be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and are typically
dedicated to a particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to
any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the
user, can be blurred.
Some websites require user registration or subscription to access content.
Examples of subscription websites include many business sites, news websites,
academic journal websites, gaming websites, file-sharing websites, message
boards, web-based email, social networking websites, websites providing real-
time stock market data, as well as sites providing various other services.

The End