BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER
❖ The Babcock and Wilcox Boiler was discovered by

George Herman Babcock and Stephen Wilcox in the

year 1967.

❖ Babcock and Wilcox Boiler is a horizontal type drum

axis, natural circulation, stationary, high pressure,

solid fuel-fired water tube boiler.

BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Boiler Shell:
❖ It consists of one or more steel plates bent into a

cylindrical form and riveted or welded together.

❖ The shell and ends are closed with the endplates.

BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER
Uptake Header:
❖ The steam from the water tubes to the drum flow

by means of Uptake Header.

BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER
Down take Header:
❖ The water flows from the drum to the water tubes

by means of down take header.

BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Water Tubes:
❖ The angle of inclination of the water tubes to the

horizontal is about 15 degrees.

❖ In this boiler, water will flow from the drum by

means of tubes only.

BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Superheater:
❖ It increases the temperature of saturated steam.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Grate:
❖ It is the platform in the furnace upon which fuel is

burnt.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Furnace:
❖ It is a chamber formed by the space above the

grate and below the boiler shell in which combustion

takes place.

❖ It is also called a firebox.

BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Baffles:
❖ The baffles are provided to deflect the hot flue

gases so that the water tubes experience more

amount of heat.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Mud Box:
❖ All the impurities which are present in the boiler

are deposited at the om and are stored in the mud box

BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Inspection doors:
❖ They are provided for cleaning and inspection of

the boiler.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Water space:
❖ It is the volume of a shell that is covered by water.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Steam Space:
❖ The volume of shell except, the volume of water

and tube space is called Steam space.

BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Water Level Indicator:

❖ It is the indicator, which shows the level of water in

the shell.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Pressure Gauge:
❖ It is used to check the pressure of steam within the

boiler drum.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER

Safety Valve:
❖ It is a valve which acts when the pressure of steam

within the boiler drum increase above the safety level.

❖ It opens and releases the extra steam in the

environment to maintain the desired pressure within

the boiler.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER
Working:
❖ First, the water starts to come in the water tubes
from the drum through down take header.
❖ The water present in the inclined water tubes gets
heated up by the hot flue gases.
❖ The coal-burning on the grate produces hot flue
gases and it is forced to move in a zigzag way with the
help of baffle plates.
❖ As the hot flue gases come in contact with water
tubes, it exchanges the heat with water and converts it
into steam.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER
Working:
❖ The steam generated is moved upward and
through uptake header, it gets collected at the upper
side in the boiler drum.
❖ An anti-priming pipe is provided in the drum.
❖ This anti-priming pipe filters the water content
from the steam and allows only dry steam to enter
into the superheater.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER
Working:
❖ The superheater receives the water-free steam
from the anti-priming pipe.
❖ It increases the temperature of the steam to the
desired level and transfers it to the steam stop valve.
❖ The superheated steam from the steam stop valve
is either collected in a steam drum or made to strike
on the steam turbine for electricity generation in the
steam power plant.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER
Advantages:
❖ Generate Steam at high pressure and rate is high
(140 bar and 40000kg/hr.)
❖ For a given output, it occupies less space.
❖ Parts are accessible for cleaning, inspection, and
repair
❖ Parts can be separated and transported easily.
❖ Due to the heating surface, Fuel is completely
burnt.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER
Disadvantages:
❖ Pure feed water required
❖ Cost is high
❖ High maintenance cost.
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER
Specifications:
❖ The diameter of the drum = 1.22 to 1.83 m
❖ Length = 6.096 to 9.144 m
❖ Size of the Super-heater tubes = 3.84 to 5.71 cm
❖ Steaming Capacity = 40000kg/h (max)
❖ Size of the water tubes are 7.62 to 10.16 cm
❖ Efficiency = 60% to 80%.
❖ Working pressure = 140 bar (max)
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER
Applications:
❖ In power generation industries, the Babcock and
Wilcox Boiler is used to produce high pressure steam.
❖ The steam generated is used to produce large
amount of electricity.
Thank You
STIRLING BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 STIRLING BOILER
❖ Stirling Boiler is one of the most basic variety of bent

tube boiler.

❖ In most of the modern thermal power generating

plants we use bent tube boiler.

❖ Stirling Boiler is one of the largest capacity boiler.

❖ A Stirling Boiler can generate as high as 50,000 kg

steam per hour and can produce pressure as high as

60 kgf per cm2.

 STIRLING BOILER
❖ This boiler was first designed in the year of 1888 by

Alan Stirling so we refer the boiler as Stirling Boiler.

❖ Because of the huge capacity we can use this boiler

in central power stations.

 STIRLING BOILER
Construction:
❖ In Stirling Boiler there are three steam drums and

two mud drums.

❖ Three steam drums are placed on the top portion

of the boiler system structure and two mud drums are

placed on bottom of the structure.

❖ The top steam drums are connected to the bottom

mud drums with banks of bent tubes.

 STIRLING BOILER
Construction:
❖ Since the tubes are bent, the mechanical stresses

due to expansion of the pipes during heating can not

effect the system much.

❖ The steam drums, mud drums and bent tubes are

made of steel.

❖ Also still structure is used to support the entire

system.
 STIRLING BOILER
Construction:
❖ The entire system is enclosed by a brickwork.

❖ Here the brick enclosure is used to prevent the

heat dissipation to the surroundings.

❖ The fire door is constructed at the bottom side of

the brick enclosure wall.

❖ The damper is provided on the other side of the

brick enclosure wall to take out the combustion gas as

when required.
 STIRLING BOILER
Construction:
❖ The fire brick arch is provided above the furnace.
❖ Three baffles are provided in the boiler system to
allow the combustion gas to flow in zigzag way.
❖ There is one water circulating tubes connecting the
mud drums.
❖ Also there are steam circulating tubes connecting
middle steam drums to outer steam drums.
❖ There is also a group of hot water circulating tube
from front steam drum to middle steam drum.
 STIRLING BOILER
Construction:
❖ A safety value is provided on the back steam drum.
❖ Finally the steam is collected from middle steam
drum.
❖ The steam compartment is constructed inside the
middle steam drum.
❖ The super heater is connected to steam compartment
through a steel pipe.
 STIRLING BOILER
Working:
❖ The Feed Water is allowed inside the drum by a feed
check valve.
❖ The water travels to the mud drum where any
unwanted particles will get settle at the bottom of the
mud drum, which will be eliminated by a blow-off valve.
❖ The rest of the water will move towards the other
two drums.
❖ The water circulation is maintained by circulating
tubes and steam pressure is maintained by equalizing
tubes.
 STIRLING BOILER
Working:
❖ The fuel that is burnt in the firebox over the grate
produces hot flue gases that travel over the water tubes
giving its temperature.
❖ For the proper passage of hot flue gases over the
water tubes baffle plates are arranged.
❖ The heated water generates high-pressure steam used
for the production of Electricity.
 STIRLING BOILER
Advantages:
❖ The steam production rate is very higher.

❖ Pressure drop inside the boiler is less.

❖ Great flexibility in the design.

 STIRLING BOILER
Disadvantages:
❖ Cleaning is difficult.

❖ The size of the boiler is large.

❖ Large in space (occupies more space).

❖ A very high level of superheating is not possible.

 STIRLING BOILER
Applications:
❖ Paper Mills

❖ Sugar Mills

❖ Steam Engine.
Thank You
BENSON BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 BENSON BOILER
❖ Benson Boiler is a high pressure, drum less,

supercritical, water tube steam boiler with forced

circulation.

❖ This boiler was invented in the year 1922 by Mark

Benson.

❖ This boiler is a supercritical boiler in which the feed

water is compressed to a supercritical pressure and

this prevents the formation of bubbles in the water

tube surface.
 BENSON BOILER
❖ The bubbles do not form because at supercritical
pressure the density of water and steam becomes
the same.
❖ It was Mark Benson who first proposed the idea to
compress the water at supercritical pressure before
heating into the boiler and due to this the latent heat
of water reduces to zero.
❖ As the latent heat of water reduces to zero the water
directly changes into steam without the formation of
bubbles.
 BENSON BOILER
Air Preheater:
❖ The air preheater is a necessary accessory that

develops the heat in the exhaust gases by heating the

air supplied to the furnace of the boiler.

❖ The Preheated air improves the thermal efficiency

of the fuel.
 BENSON BOILER
Economiser:
❖ In economiser, burning the feed water to a certain

temperature. It makes the recovery of heat in the

exhaust gases.

❖ Economiser improves the overall efficiency of the

boiler by reducing fuel consumption.

 BENSON BOILER
Radiant Superheater:
❖ It is superheater that heats the water with

radiation produced by the burnt fuel.

❖ It raises the temperature to supercritical

temperature.
 BENSON BOILER
Convection Evaporator:
❖ In convection evaporator, it evaporates

superheated water and transforms them into steam.

❖ It does this by the convection method of heat

transfer from hot exhaust gases to water.

 BENSON BOILER
Convection Superheater:
❖ It superheats the steam to the desired temperature

(nearly 650 degree Celsius).

 BENSON BOILER
Furnace:
❖ It is the space, above the grate and below the

boiler shell, in which the fuel is actually burnt.

❖ The furnace is also called firebox.

 BENSON BOILER
Feed Pump:
❖ It is used to supply the water inside the boiler at

supercritical pressure of 225 bar.

 BENSON BOILER
Steam Outlet Pipe:
❖ The superheated steam is supplied to the steam

turbine by a steam outlet pipe.

 BENSON BOILER
Working Principle:
❖ It works on the principle that the pressure of the

water is increased to the supercritical pressure (i.e.

above the critical pressure of 225 bar).

❖ When the pressure of water is increased to the

supercritical level, the latent heat of water becomes Zero

and due to this, it directly changes into steam without

boiling. And this prevents the formation of bubbles at

the tube surface.

 BENSON BOILER
Working:
❖ It is a water tube boiler, which works on the

principle of the critical pressure of water.

❖ Critical pressure is the pressure at which the water

and gas states are in equilibrium.

❖ The feedwater passes through the economiser to

the water-cooled walls of the furnace.

 BENSON BOILER
Working:
❖ The water receives heat by radiation and the

temperature increases to nearly critical temperature.

❖ It then enters the evaporator and may get

superheated to some degree.

❖ Finally, it is transferred through the superheater to

achieve desired superheated steam.

 BENSON BOILER
Working:
❖ This boiler is also known as light-weight boiler as

there is no large water and steam drum.

❖ The thermal efficiency of up to 90% may be

achieved by this boiler.

❖ The average working pressure and capacity of this

type of boiler is 250 bar and 135 ton/hour.

❖ It can be within 15 minutes.

 BENSON BOILER
Features:
❖ The weight of this boiler is less than other boilers.

Which reduces the cost of boilers.

❖ With no drums in this boiler, its parts transfer is

easy. All parts are likely to be transported to the site,

without pre-assembly.

❖ Once the feedwater entering at one end is

discharged as superheated steam at the other end.

 BENSON BOILER
Advantages :
❖ It is a drum less boiler and hence the weight of this

type of boiler is 20 % less as compared with other

types of boiler.

❖ It is light in weight.

❖ Occupy smaller floor area for its erection.

❖ Explosion hazard is almost negligible because of

the use of smaller diameter tubes.

 BENSON BOILER
Advantages :
❖ It can be started very easily within 15 minutes.

❖ It avoids bubble formation due to the supercritical

pressure of water.

❖ Transportation is easy.

❖ This boiler may achieve thermal efficiency up to

90%.
 BENSON BOILER
Disadvantages:
❖ Due to the supercritical type of boiler, its control

requires to be inspected every time to prevent an

explosion.

❖ This Boiler control is difficult for variable loads.

 BENSON BOILER
Applications:
❖ The supercritical boiler is used in various

industries to generate steam for the production of

electrical power.

❖ This boiler has an average operating pressure,

temperature and capacity of 650°C, 250 bar and 135

ton/hour, so used to generate the mechanical power.

Thank You
LA MONT BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 LA MONT BOILER
❖ Lamont Boiler is the first forced convection boiler.
❖ It is a high pressure water tube, forced circulation
externally fired. boiler.
❖ It was name Lamont Boiler because it was
introduced by Douglas La-Mont in the year 1925.
❖ In Lamont boiler, external water tube pump is used
to circulate water within water tubes of the boiler.
❖ So, pressure of water in the tubes is more as
compared with pressure of water in natural
circulation boiler.
 LA MONT BOILER
Feed Pump:
❖ Feed Pump supply water into the boiler from hot

well.
 LA MONT BOILER
Economizer:
❖ Economizer is used to increase the temperature of

feed water to some extent.

 LA MONT BOILER
Centrifugal Pump:
❖ Centrifugal pump is used to circulate water inside

the Lamont Boiler as it is a forced circulation boiler.

❖ The pump is driven by a steam turbine and the

steam for this turbine is taken by the boiler.

❖ This boiler uses its own steam to drive its pump

that circulate water in it.

 LA MONT BOILER
Steam Separating Drum:
❖ Role of this part of Lamont Boiler is indicated by

its name. It separates steam from water.

 LA MONT BOILER
Evaporator tube:
❖ The evaporator tube or can say water tubes are

situated at furnace wall which increase the heating

surface of boiler.

❖ This is also at the up side and down side of the

furnace and other equipment.

❖ The main function of these tubes to evaporate

water into steam. This also cools down the furnace

wall.
 LA MONT BOILER
Super Heater:
❖ Steam generated from the evaporator is saturated

steam and if used in steam turbine can cause

corrosion on the turbine.

❖ So the saturated steam is sent to the super heater

where it converts into superheated steam and this

superheated steam is sent to turbine.

 LA MONT BOILER
Radiant Evaporator:
❖ Radiant Evaporator heats the water with help of

radiation. It is located near furnace.

 LA MONT BOILER
Convective Evaporator:
❖ Convective Evaporator is located above the

Radiant Evaporator. It heats the water by convection

process.
 LA MONT BOILER
Air Preheater:
❖ Air preheater is present near the top of the Lamont

Boiler.

❖ Its main function is to improve thermal efficiency

of boiler by preheating the air from coming from the

blower and this preheated air is sent to the furnace.

 LA MONT BOILER
Blower:
❖ It blows the air into the air preheater which

further is sent to furnace to increase the efficiency of

boiler.
 LA MONT BOILER
Grate:
❖ The space in the furnace where the fuel is burn is

called grate. It is bottom side of furnace.

 LA MONT BOILER
Furnace:
❖ In the Lamont boiler vertical furnace is used. The

main function of Furnace is to burn the fuel.

 LA MONT BOILER
Construction:
❖ In Lamont boiler, air blower is connected to the air

preheater and supply air to this.

❖ This air preheater is connected to the furnace.

❖ The water feed pump is connected to the

economizer which preheats the water an this

economizer is connected to steam separator drum.

 LA MONT BOILER
Construction:
❖ The Steam separator drum is connected to the radiant

evaporator which is located near combustion chamber

and this radiant evaporator is connected to convective

evaporator which is present above it.

❖ The steam separator drum is also connected to the

super heater which further heats the air to desired level

and then transfer the steam to turbine to produce

electricity
 LA MONT BOILER
Working:
❖ At first, the air blower will blow air to the air preheater

where air is preheated and sent to the furnace to increase

the thermal efficiency of the boiler.

❖ On the other side, the water feed pump circulates the

water into the economizer of the boiler.

❖ The economizer heat the water to some extent and this

water is sent to the steam separator drum.

 LA MONT BOILER
Working:
❖ After the steam separator drum, this water is forced

circulated through the radiant evaporator by the external

centrifugal pump which is driven by steam turbine.

Radiant evaporator heats the water and convert some

portion of water into steam.

❖ Water and steam mixture from the radiant evaporator

is sent to convective evaporator.

 LA MONT BOILER
Working:
❖ In convective evaporator, water is further heated and

most of the water converts into saturated steam.

❖ Water passes from these two evaporators 10 – 15

times until almost all water converts into saturated steam.

❖ The mixture of saturated steam and water is then sent

to steam separator drum to separate the steam from

water.
 LA MONT BOILER
Working:
❖ In the steam separator drum, the steam is collected at

upper portion of the drum and the remaining water settles

down.

❖ This saturated steam present in steam separator drum

cannot be sent to the turbine directly as it will cause

corrosion in the turbine.

 LA MONT BOILER
Working:
❖ So, the saturated steam is passed through superheater

where the temperature of steam is increased to desired

level and saturated steam converts into superheated

steam.

❖ After that this superheated steam is either sent to the

steam collecting drum or sent to the turbine to produce

electricity.
 LA MONT BOILER
Working:
❖ Also, air from the air preheater reaches the furnace

where the fuel burn.

❖ The flue gases from the furnace first heat the

evaporator and then passes by the super heater.

❖ These gas after passing through the superheater

reaches the air preheater and are used to preheat the air

before reaching furnace.

 LA MONT BOILER
Advantages :
❖ Lamont Boiler has very flexible and simple design.

❖ It has high heat transfer rate.

❖ This boiler has high heat transfer rate.

❖ It has very high steam generating capacity (about 50

tonnes per hour ).

 LA MONT BOILER
Disadvantages :
❖ There is a bubble formation at surfaces of the tubes in

this boiler.

❖ This reduces the heat transfer rate to the steam.

 LA MONT BOILER
Applications :
❖ Boilers are mostly used in power plants where steam

turbines are used for the generation of electricity.

Thank You
LOEFFLER BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 LOEFFLER BOILER
❖ Loeffler Boiler is the improved version of the Lamont

Boiler.

❖ In La Mont boiler, a major problem was experienced

which is the salt and sediment deposition in the

inner surface of the water tube through which water

the flows.

❖ This deposition of salt and sediment decreases the

heat transfer in the inner surface area of the water

tube.
 LOEFFLER BOILER
❖ La Mont boilers also have overheating problems due

to the salt deposits.

❖ For these problems of La Mont boilers have been

solved with the Loeffler boiler by preventing the

flow of water in the tubes.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
❖ The Loeffler boiler is an internally fired furnace with

forced circulation, high pressure and water tube

boiler.

❖ In Loeffler boiler, 75% of superheated steam is used

to evaporate the water within the evaporator drum

and the remaining 25% of the steam from the

superheater is utilized by the turbine.

❖ Steam circulating pump is employed to circulate

steam inside the boiler.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Working Principle:
❖ Its main working principle is to evaporate the feed

water by means of superheated steam from the

superheater.

❖ The hot gases from the furnace are used for

superheating.

❖ The total produced superheat steam is used in two

ways. About 75% is used to evaporate the water and 25%

is used to drive the prime mover of the turbine.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Economiser:
❖ Economizer is used to heating the water before it

is entering into the drum.

❖ The process of preheating water increases the

overall efficiency of the boiler.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Evaporating Drum:
❖ The evaporating drum is placed at the bottom of

the boiler. It has a mixing nozzle.

❖ In this, the feed water is transformed into

saturated steam with the help of superheated steam

in the superheater.
 LOEFFLER BOILER
Steam Circulating Pump:
❖ Steam circulating pump is also known as

centrifugal pump.

❖ It exists between evaporating drums and radiant

superheaters. It transmits steam in the boiler.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Radiant Superheater:
❖ In radiant superheater, It superheats steam by the

method of radiation generated by the burnt fuel in the

boiler.
 LOEFFLER BOILER
Convection Superheater:
❖ In the convection superheater, it superheats steam

by the method of convection to the desired

temperature of about 500° C.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Mixing Nozzle:
❖ It is located inside the evaporated drum.

❖ It mixes the steam and feed water from the

superheater and evaporates them.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Drain:
❖ A drain is provided to the evaporating drum where

the mixing of the superheated and water takes place.

❖ It is open when the salts and sediments are settled

in the drum.

❖ It is also used to release the water when cleaning is

required.
 LOEFFLER BOILER
Safety Valve:
❖ A safety valve is provided to release excess steam

present in the vessel.

❖ When the pressure of steam exceeds its prescribed

limit, the safety valve automatically opens and the

excess steam rush out to the atmosphere and the

valve automatically closes when the pressure reaches

the normal value.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Working:
❖ The feed water from the economiser tubes is

forced to mix with the superheated steam in the

evaporating drum.

❖ In the evaporator drums, nozzles are provided.

❖ The two-thirds (70%) of superheated steam from

the superheater enters into the drum nozzles.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Working:
❖ This converts the feed water into the saturated

steam.

❖ The saturated steam, thus formed, is drawn from

the evaporating drum by a steam circulating pump.

❖ This allows the saturated steam to pass through

the radiant superheaters.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Working:
❖ In radiant superheater, It superheats steam by the

method of radiation produced by the burnt fuel in the

boiler.

❖ Heat transfer to water occurs through the

radiation produced.

❖ After the radiant superheater, steam is routed to

the convection superheater.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Working:
❖ In radiant superheater, It superheats steam by the

method of radiation produced by the burnt fuel in the

boiler.

❖ Convection superheater is located in the path of

hot exhaust gases.

❖ In the convection superheater, it superheats steam

by the method of convection to the desired

temperature of about 500° C

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Working:
❖ This steam then passes through the tubes of the
combustion chamber walls and then enters the
superheater.
❖ From the superheater, about one-third (30%) of
the superheated steam passes to the turbine and the
remaining two-thirds (70%) is used to evaporate the
feed water in the evaporating drum.
❖ The Loeffler boiler has the capability to generate
100 tons/hour of steam at a temperature of 500° C
and a pressure of 140 bar.
 LOEFFLER BOILER
Advantages:
❖ Able to carry high salt concentration for the steam

generation.

❖ The problem of sedimentation and scale

deposition in boiler tubes is fully eliminated.

❖ This boiler is compact in design.

❖ The high flow of steam on the tubes.

❖ The operation of the boiler is clean and salient.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Disadvantages:
❖ The bubble formation decreases the heat transfer

rate.

❖ The evaporating drum is used which improves the

overall cost and also makes it heavier.

 LOEFFLER BOILER
Applications :
❖ It can be used for power generation.

❖ Other industries like textile, Medical and so on

Thank You
VELOX BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 VELOX BOILER
❖ Velox boiler is a forced circulation water tube boiler.

❖ It is mostly used in gas turbine.

❖ In this boiler, the velocity of flue gases is greater than

the velocity of sound, which causes more heat

transfer from gas to the water, which increases the

steam generation rate.

❖ Due to this, it is most important boiler.

 VELOX BOILER
Principle:
❖ When the velocity of the gas is greater than the speed

of sound, its heat transfer rate is also increases.

❖ So more heat is transfer from gas to water as compare

when the heat transfer at the subsonic speed.

❖ This boiler can increase the heat transfer rate or can

say steam generation rate without increasing boiler size.

❖ This is why; Velox boiler is most successful boiler in

the gas turbine industries.

 VELOX BOILER
Economiser:
❖ Economizer is used to heating the water before it

is entering into the drum.

❖ The process of preheating water increases the

overall efficiency of the boiler.

 VELOX BOILER
Steam Circulating Pump:
❖ Steam circulating pump is also known as

centrifugal pump.

❖ It exists between evaporating drums and radiant

superheaters. It transmits steam in the boiler.

 VELOX BOILER
Axial Compressor:
❖ In this axial compressor is used to compress the air

and pass it to the combustion chamber for better

combustion rate.
 VELOX BOILER
Construction:
❖ Velox boiler is a water tube forced circulation

boiler.

❖ It has a gas turbine driven air compressor, which

compresses the air.

❖ This compressed air enters into the vertical

combustion chamber, as result, high rate of heat

release from the fuel, which increases the flue gases

velocity up to the sound velocity.

 VELOX BOILER
Construction:
❖ This is a force circulation boiler, so pump is used to

circulate water inside the boiler.

❖ This boiler also consist water and fire tube to

maintain the flow of gas and water inside the boiler.

This boiler also consists other necessary mounting and

accessories like economizer, super heater, blow off

valve, safety valve etc.

 VELOX BOILER
Working :
❖ At first water is feed to the economizer from the
feed pump.
❖ The economizer heats the water but does not heat
up to the boiling point.
❖ Then the warm water from the economizer is
passed to the water circulating pump.
❖ Then the water enters into the tube evaporating
section which is inside the combustion chamber.
❖ The water passes through the evaporator 15 -20
times at high speed forced by water circulating pump.
 VELOX BOILER
Working :
❖ On the other hand , a gas turbine drives an axial air

compressor .

❖ A gas turbine converts kinetic energy of gas into

mechanical energy and with that mechanical energy

axial air compressor is driven.

❖ In axial air compressor the air flows through the

axis of rotation of compressor.

 VELOX BOILER
Working :
❖ The compressed air by air compressor enter into
combustion chamber and passes from it.
❖ When this compressed air passes from the
combustion chamber more heat is released by the fuel
which increases the velocity of flue gas up to sound
velocity .
❖ Flue gases pass from the fire tubes near the bottom
of combustion chamber.
❖ These fire tubes are surrounded by the evaporator
water tubes.
 VELOX BOILER
Working :
❖ When the water enters the evaporating tube at high
speed , the heat form the gases are transferred at very
high rate due to high speed of water and gas.
❖ After that mixture of water and steam is formed
which is passed through water and steam separator.
❖ This separator separates the steam from water .
❖ The steam from steam separator is passed to the
super heater and after that passed for the prime mover
work.
❖ The remaining water again passes from the
evaporator tube and this process continues until the
water is converted to steam.
 VELOX BOILER
Working :
❖ The flue gases from the fire tubes are send to the
super heater for heating the steam .
❖ After that the flue gas from the super heater is send
to the gas turbine where it rotates the gas turbine and
after that gas passes through the economizer used to
heat the water initially which are coming from feed
pump.
 VELOX BOILER
Advantages :
❖ This boiler has high heat transfer rate.

❖ It has great flexibility.

❖ It is compact in design.

❖ It is easy to control. It is fully automatic.

❖ It has great thermal efficiency of about 90 – 95%.

 VELOX BOILER
Disadvantages :
❖ Requires additional parts

❖ Cost of fuel used is high

❖ It can only operate on liquid and gaseous fuels.

Thank You
SCHMIDT HARTMANN BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
SCHMIDT HARTMANN BOILER
Working:
❖ This boiler is high pressure indirectly heated boiler.

❖ There are two pressure circuits used to exchange

energy.

❖ In the primary circuit, steam is passed through

submerged heating coil, located in the evaporator

drum.
SCHMIDT HARTMANN BOILER
Working:
❖ The high pressure steam of primary circuit

possesses sufficient thermal head to produce steam at

500 N/cm2 with a heat transfer rate of 2000 W/m2

hr°C.

❖ This main steam is passed through a superheater

placed in the uptake and then to the application point.

SCHMIDT HARTMANN BOILER
Working:
❖ The condensate of high pressure primary circuit steam

is circulated through the water drum where feed water is

heated to its saturation temperature.

❖ In the primary circuit, natural circulation is used.

❖ For purpose of safety a combined pressure gauge and

thermometer are fitted to the primary circuit. There is an

arrangement is provided for making distilled water for the

primary circuit.
SCHMIDT HARTMANN BOILER
Advantages:
❖ Since if use distilled water in primary circuit, there

are less chances of overheating or burning of the

highly heated components as there is no danger of salt

deposition.

❖ There is no chance of interruption to the circulation

either by rust or other material, due to use of distilled

water in the primary circuit.

SCHMIDT HARTMANN BOILER
Advantages:
❖ The feed water outside the heating coil and hence it is

easy to remove salt deposits.

❖ Due to high thermal and water capacity, wide,

fluctuations of load are allowed without undue priming or

abnormal increase in the primary pressure.

❖ The absence of water risers in the drum, and the

moderate temperature difference across the heating coil,

allows evaporation to proceed without priming.

Thank You