What is Media

Media is a ‘channel of communication’ - a means through which people send and receive
information. The printed word, for example, is a medium; when we read a newspaper or magazine,
something is communicated to us in some way. Similarly, electronic forms of communication
television, telephones, film and such like - are media (the plural of medium). Mass, as you probably
realise, means ‘many’ and what we are interested in here is how and why different forms of media
are used to transmit to – and be received by – large numbers of people (the audience).

Mass media, therefore, refer to channels of communication that involve transmitting information in
some way, shape or form to large numbers of people (although the question of exactly how many a
“large number” has to be to qualify as a “mass” is something that’s generally left undefined - it’s one
of those things that we know when we see it.

Dutton et al (1998) suggest that, traditionally (an important qualification that will be developed
further in a moment), the mass media has been differentiated from other types of communication
(such as interpersonal communication that occurs on a one-to-one basis) in Distance, Technology,
Commodity and Scale.

References : http://www.sociology.org.uk/notes/media_defined.pdf

http://ffmgu.ru/images/c/c6/MASS_MEDIA.pdf

Different Form

There are several types of Mass Media:

1) Print Media: •Newspapers •Magazines •Booklets and Brochures •Billboards

2) Electronic Media: •Television •Radio

3) New Age Media: •Mobile Phones •Computers •Internet •Electronic Books

Top 10 Media houses in the world

Print Media:

Major Countries:

USA

UK

China

India
Who controls the world media?

Most powerful families in the world?

For World Media :

The format

▪ Intro
▪ Which are the biggest media channels (TV, newspaper, online media etc etc), who controls
them
▪ Who are those people and what do they do ?
▪ Controversies around those people
▪ What can people do to stay informed with objective and factual reporting
▪ Can split it by their global influence

Who controls US, who controls south America, Asia, Europe etc

TV News Channels

News Channels  disseminate current events via the medium of television. The News Channels  allow
users to access news headlines and current news events and keeps everyone up to date.  Here are
the biggest 10 news channels in the world.

1. BBC World News

BBC World News is the BBC’s international news and current affairs television channel. It has the
largest audience of any BBC channel. BBC World Service Television outside Europe, its name was
changed to BBC World on 16 January 1995 and to BBC World News on 21 April 2008.

BBC World News is an international pay television channel that is operated by BBC. The BBC is a
public corporation of the UK government's Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. It has
the largest audience of any channel.

Country -United Kingdom

Owned by-BBC Global News Ltd

The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary
of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. Its work is funded principally by an annual television
licence fee which is charged to all British households, companies, and organisations using any type
of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up. The fee is set by
the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBC's radio, TV, and online
services covering the nations and regions of the UK. Since 1 April 2014, it has also funded the BBC
World Service (launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service), which broadcasts in 28 languages and
provides comprehensive TV, radio, and online services in Arabic and Persian.
2. Fox News

Fox News Channel (FNC), also known as Fox News, is an American basic cable and satellite news
television channel that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox.

Owned by- Fox Corporation

Broadcast area-United States

Headquarters-New York City, NY

Murdoch is the current executive chairman and Suzanne Scott is the CEO.

3. CNN

The Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is
owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by
American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel.

Parent organizations: WarnerMedia, Turner Broadcasting System Trending

Founded: 1980, Atlanta, Georgia, United States

Headquarters: Atlanta, Georgia, United States

Founders: Ted Turner, Reese Schonfeld

Jeffrey Adam Zucker is an American media executive. He previously served as president and CEO of
NBCUniversal. Zucker served as an executive in residence at Columbia Business School. In November
2012, Zucker was picked to take over as the president of CNN Worldwide in January 2013 after Jim
Walton's tenure. Zucker oversees CNN, CNN International, HLN, and CNN Digital

Controversies : Resignation of Eason Jordan

In February 2005, Jordan resigned from CNN. The resignation came in response to controversy
sparked after bloggers wrote that, at the recent World Economic Forum, Jordan had seemed to
accuse the U.S. military of having purposely killed journalists. While Jordan acknowledged his
remarks were not sufficiently clear, he denied that this was what he had meant to imply, saying that
he had "great admiration and respect for the men and women of the U.S. armed forces".[60]

Jeff Zucker

CNN was criticized for its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombings, after erroneously reporting
that a "dark-skinned male" had been arrested in connection with the attack. In the aftermath of the
broadcast, Jeff Zucker – who became president of CNN in 2013 – lauded the coverage, claiming that
"CNN shined this week", and boasted ratings success that CNN achieved during the coverage, adding
that "viewers respected the network's accountability when it admitted its mistakes". Jon Stewart
criticized Zucker's comments after calling CNN's coverage of the Washington Navy Yard shooting
"breathless wrongness", claiming that, "The lesson they take from this is – it doesn't matter how
much they betray our trust. We'll keep coming back.

.4. Sky News

Sky News is a 24-hour international multimedia news operation based in Britain. Originally a 24-hour
television news channel in the UK, Sky News now provides rolling news on television, online, and on
a range of mobile devices.

It is owned by Sky Group, a division of Comcast. John Ryley is the head of Sky News, a role he has
held since June 2006. Wikipedia

Headquarters location: London, United Kingdom

Founder: Rupert Murdoch

Founded: 1986

Sky's CEO - Jeremy Darroch

5. MSNBC

MSNBC is an American basic cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and
political commentary from NBC News on current events. The network also carries a nightly ‘opinion’
programming block during prime time hours

.Launched-July 15, 1996

Owned by-NBCUniversal (Comcast)

Country-United States

Language-English

Broadcast area-United States

6. Al Jazeera

Al Jazeera literally “The Peninsula”, referring to the Arabian Peninsula), also known as JSC (Jazeera
Satellite Channel), is a Doha-based state-funded broadcaster owned by the Al Jazeera Media
Network, which is partly funded by the House of Thani, the ruling family of Qatar.

Launched —15 November 2006; 13 years ago

Network- Al Jazeera
Owned by—Al Jazeera Media Network

(Qatari Government)

Country-Qatar

Language- English

Broadcast area- Worldwide

CEO Al Anstey

7. Euronews

Euronews is a multilingual news media service, headquartered in Lyon, France. Created in 1993, it
aims to cover world news from a pan-European perspective. Naguib Sawiris, an Egyptian
businessman, is Chairman of its Supervisory board.

Headquarters location: Lyon, France

CEO: Michael Peters (Dec 2011–)

Founded: 1993

In television, the vast majority of broadcast and basic cable networks, over a hundred in all, are
controlled by eight corporations: Fox Corporation, The Walt Disney Company (which includes the
ABC, ESPN, FX and Disney brands), National Amusements (which owns ViacomCBS), Comcast (which
owns NBCUniversal), AT&T

References-

http://www.allrefer.com/top-10-popular-news-channels-world

https://www.businessinsider.com/the-30-biggest-media-owners-in-the-world-2016-5%3famp

Newspaper :

US : The print media industry is facing an uphill struggle due to increasing competition from the
internet and other digital platforms. The industry’s struggle to compete is perhaps best highlighted
by looking at the steadily decreasing revenues of U.S.-based newspaper publishers between 2010
and 2017. Despite the fact that the total number of magazine readers has actually grown in the past
five years, publishers seem to be finding profits harder and harder to come by. Even organizations
like the New York Times, an established and respected name in the print media industry, has faced
similar financial troubles in recent years, with the company’s revenue more than halving since 2006.
The printed book segment serves as the one relative constant in the industry. Even given the spread
of e-book and audiobook options, the physical format of printed books seems to be something that
readers see as a benefit rather than an inconvenience. Clearly challenges lie ahead for the print
media industry but it is clear that readers are not prepared to replace all of their physical
publications with computer screens just yet.

The New York Time

NYTimes.com is a multi-platform news tool that provides full access to New York Times and
International New York Times content, including breaking news, multimedia, reviews and opinion,
blogs, videos and more. NYTimes.com is updated 24/7 with corresponding time stamps. From the
home page, one can access more than 25 Times sections, including World, Politics, New York,
Opinion, Business, Technology, Science, Sports,Arts, Fashion & Style, and Video.The New York Times
Company (the “Company”) was incorporated on August 26, 1896, under the laws of the State of New
York. The Company is a diversified media company that currently includes newspapers, Internet
businesses, a radio station, investments in paper mills and other investments.

Owners : The paper is owned by The New York Times Company, which is publicly traded and is
controlled by the Sulzberger family through a dual-class share structure. It has been owned by the
family since 1896; A.G. Sulzberger, the paper's publisher, and his father, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.,
the company's chairman, are the fourth and fifth generation of the family to head the paper

International Edition

Edited from Paris, London, Hong Kong and New York, The International New York Times (formerly
The International Herald Tribune) provides readers with a continuous flow of geopolitical, business,
sports and culture coverage from a distinctly global perspective. Users are able to read the
International Edition with simple navigational tools on both the web and mobile apps. Users are also
able to read the Chinese Edition on the web.

Cross Searching with Other Relevant Content

NYTimes.com is primarily a single-source browsable tool, but it does provide content from other
sources selected by the New York Times newsroom via Times Wire, Times Topics and NYT Now(top
news iPhone app).
Controversies

The New York Times announced that its publisher, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., 66, is stepping down
at the end of the year and will be succeeded by his son, 37-year-old Arthur Gregg (A.G.) Sulzberger.

The familial exchange of power wasn’t unexpected. The younger Sulzberger is the sixth member of
the Ochs Sulzberger clan to serve as publisher of the prominent New York newspaper. He is a fifth-
generation descendant of Adolph S. Ochs, who bought the newspaper in 1896 as it was facing
bankruptcy.

The family’s Jewish history — Adolph Ochs was the child of German Jewish immigrants — has often
been the subject of fascination and scrutiny, especially during and after World War II, when the
paper was accused of turning a blind eye to atrocities against Jews.

2. The owners drew criticism for the way the paper covered Jewish affairs, particularly the
Holocaust. Critics said the newspaper failed to give adequate coverage to Nazi atrocities committed
against Jews, a charge that The Times later owned up to. Arthur Hays Sulzberger had experienced
anti-Semitism, and he was worried about his paper being perceived as too Jewish, Laurel Leff wrote
in her 2005 book “Buried by the Times: The Holocaust and America’s Most Important Newspaper.”

3. Hiring practices

In April 2016, two black female employees in their sixties filed a federal class action lawsuit against
The New York Times Company CEO Mark Thompson and chief revenue officer Meredith Levien,
claiming age, gender, and racial discrimination. The plaintiffs claimed that the Times advertising
department favored younger white employees over older black employees in making firing and
promotion decisions. The Times said that the suit was "entirely without merit" and was "a series of
recycled, scurrilous and unjustified attacks. The plaintiffs' gender discrimination claims were
subsequently dismissed by the court,] and the court also later denied class certification as to the age
and racial discrimination claims

Sources:

https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-sulzberger-family-a-complicated-jewish-legacy-at-the-new-york-
times/

https://www.statista.com/topics/1052/print-media/

Contemporary World Media - BS Mass Communication and Media - By Professor Jawed S. Ahmed

“There would be no special attention, no special sensitivity, no special pleading,” Leff wrote.

The business has been classified based on operating strategy into two segments, the News Media
Group and the About Group.

Advertising Revenue The majority of the News Media Group’s revenue is derived from advertising
sold in its newspapers and other publications and on its Web sites, as discussed below. We divide
such advertising into three basic categories: national, retail and classified. Advertising revenue also
includes preprints, which are advertising supplements.

Social Media

Chart Missing
Facebook:

Facebook, Inc. is an American social media and technology company based in Menlo Park,
California. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg, along with fellow Harvard College students and
roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes, originally as
TheFacebook.com—today's Facebook, a popular global social networking website.

Facebook offers other products and services. It acquired Instagram, WhatsApp, and Oculus, and
independently developed Facebook Messenger, Facebook Watch, and Facebook Portal.

Founder:

He is known for co-founding Facebook, Inc. and serves as its chairman, chief executive officer, and
controlling shareholder. He also co-founded and is a board member of the solar sail spacecraft
development project Breakthrough Starshot.

Born in White Plains, New York, Zuckerberg attended Harvard University, where he launched the
Facebook social networking service from his dormitory room on February 4, 2004, with college
roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes. Originally
launched to select college campuses, the site expanded rapidly and eventually beyond colleges,
reaching one billion users by 2012. Zuckerberg took the company public in May 2012 with majority
shares. His net worth is estimated to be nearly $54 billion as of March 2020. In 2007, at age 23, he
became the world's youngest self-made billionaire. As of 2019, he is the only person under 50 in the
Forbes ten richest people list, and the only one under 40 in the Top 20 Billionaires list. In December
2015, Zuckerberg and his wife, Priscilla Chan, pledged to give away 99% of their Facebook stake over
their lifetimes.

Since 2010, Time magazine has named Zuckerberg among the 100 wealthiest and most influential
people in the world as a part of its Person of the Year award. In December 2016, Zuckerberg was
ranked 10th on Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People.

Facebook. the social network Zuckerberg runs, has become a go-to communications tool during the
coronavirus pandemic lockdown. The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, his philanthropic and advocacy
arm, announced it would help quadruple the Bay Area's COVID-19 testing capacity.

Controversies surrounding MARK Z. : Couldn’t find any

Youtube:

YouTube is an American online video-sharing platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. Three
former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—created the service in
February 2005. Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion; YouTube now
operates as one of Google's subsidiaries.

Founders :
YouTube was founded by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees
of PayPal. Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim
studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

Controversies:

After clearing his profile of all but the very first video uploaded to the site, YouTube's co-founder
Jawed Karim added another comment – fuelling the controversy over Google's changes to its
comments system.

On April 23rd 2005, Karim uploaded YouTube's first video, of himself at the zoo. But his profile
shows nothing else until the question asked yesterday on his channel

“why the fuck do i need a google+ account to comment on a video?”, Jawed Karim

Google's overhaul of YouTube comments has sparked controversy: the YouTube video announcing
the change has nearly 30,000 comments, many including harsh criticism of the move through the
medium of ASCII art. As Karim has noticed, the site now requires a Google+ account to comment.
That has clearly angered him. Other commenters have said that they won't use Google+ to comment
on YouTube videos – and so will stop commenting. The company argues that this is necessary to
personalise comment sections for each viewer: "You’ll see posts at the top of the list from the
video’s creator, popular personalities, engaged discussions about the video, and people in your
Google+ Circles," Google explained in a blogpost. But others suspect that its intention is to artificially
boost the apparent number of users of its Google+ social network.

2. Maza, a video producer on Vox’s “Strikethrough,” last week took to Twitter to accuse YouTube of
allowing abuse, use of homophobic slurs and bullying to run rampant on its platform: “This has been
going on for years, and I’ve tried to flag this shit on several occasions,” he wrote. “But YouTube is
never going to actually enforce its policies. Because Crowder has 3 million YouTube subscribers, and
enforcing their rules would get them accused on anti-conservative bias.”

YouTube, amid heightened criticism, also made changes to its hate-speech policy that will see the
removal of thousands of videos advocating neo-Nazism, white supremacy and other extremist
ideologies.

Wojcicki said the changes are amongst many others in the works as the company considers both
stricter internal policies and external regulation.

Twitter:

Twitter is an American microblogging and social networking service on which users post and interact
with messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and retweet tweets, but
unregistered users can only read them. Users access Twitter through its website interface, through
Short Message Service (SMS) or its mobile-device application software ("app"). Twitter, Inc. is based
in San Francisco, California.
Founders :

Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams,
launched in July of that year.

Jack Dorsey is an American businessman best known as the founder of the social networking site
Twitter.